Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
WORDS
February 2011
Manuscript, University of Bielefeld
Table of Contents
Introduction
Our aim is to create a lexical inventory of Urum, a non-documented and not previously
described language of the Minor Caucasus. For this purpose, we used a list of concepts to be
elicited in the object language by means of translation. Our expectation from this list is to
obtain a inventory of lexical items representing a broad range of fields of language
communication. On the basis of this material we expect to estimate the consistency of the
lexicon of this virtually unknown language and to identify the lexical input from the involved
contact languages (i.e., Russian, Turkish, Georgian, and Greek) as well as the extend to which
the object language is intelligible with the languages in its environment.
Why we use word-list translation? Given that there is no available text collection in the
object language in order to establish a lexical inventory by observational means, our
methodological choices are restricted to those methods that allow for collecting lexical
material from scratch. Beyond word-list translation, there are at least two methods that are
popular in field linguistics.
The first possibility is to elicit lexical material through the presentation of extra-linguistic
stimuli (pictures or videos). This method have been effectively explored for semantic fields
that allow for visual representation, e.g., colour terms (see Berlin and Kay 1969), spatial
relations (see Levinson 2003) or several types of artefacts (see Bowern 2008: 107f.). The
main advantage of the use of extra-linguistic stimuli is that it excludes interferences from the
contact language. However, it shares with translation a number of common problems: pictureelicitation is based on an a priori determined inventory of concepts, and the product of
elicitation is a laboratory (i.e., non-naturalistic) dataset. In contrast to translation, the product
of picture description is less controlled, i.e., the obtained data may contain a substantial
amount of variation with respect to the choice of concepts or with respect to the
morphosyntactic environment. Furthermore, picture description has the crucial limitation that
it can be only applied for a very restricted subset of the lexical inventory, namely for those
concepts that may be visually represented.
A further possibility is to collect lexical material by asking the native speaker for the
concepts that are contained by a particular field, e.g. tell me the names of fruit and
vegetables you grow and eat (Mosel 2006: 76). The most important merit of this approach to
field lexicography is that it allows for insights into the relevance of the particular concepts in
the specific language and culture. In comparison to word-list or picture elicitation, this
2. Method
2.1. Inventory of concepts
The basis for our inventory is the word list of the World Loanword Database/WOLD (see
Haspelmath and Tadmor 2009). Our inventory involves some marginal deviations from the
original list: we removed some concepts that are unknown in the cultural environment of the
Urum people and added other concepts that are of substantial cultural relevance. Terms
corresponding to the Caucasian flora and fauna as well as to the traditional food and spices in
Georgia have been added from Roudik (2009: 3-4; 128-137). Efy Yordanoglu added a set of
concepts that are of particular relevance for the Greek minority of Turkey. The final inventory
contains 1419 concepts classified in 24 semantic fields following the classification of the
WOLD database, see Table 1.
Table 1. Basic vocabulary in semantic fields
semantic field
illustrative examples
sense perception
47
spatial relations
71
body
kinship
82
motion
76
physical world
71
54
138
INTRODUCTION
quantity
39
time
56
64
cognition
51
42
animals
possession
47
35
56
agriculture
68
law
20
house
39
clothing
52
33
modern world
51
miscellaneous
14
TOTAL
104
109
1419
Target concept:
goat
Sentential frame:
(3)
(4)
goat
Sentential frame:
Relational concepts are encoded (in the stimulus) as subjects possessed by a 3rd person.
Target concept:
nose
Sentential frame:
Target concept:
big
7
(b)
Sentential frame:
Target concept:
wake up
Sentential frame:
Instruction:
I will present you a sentence in Russian. Imagine that you are speaking to an Urum
speaker and try to express the very same message in your language. Do not worry if you
need to use words from foreign languages for this purpose. Just express this message
spontaneously as you would do in speaking with another Urum speaker.
The entire inventory of sentential frames was collected with four native speakers in order
INTRODUCTION
observations in corpora: it is not possible to draw generalizations about the semantic
extension of a lexical item by means of singular observations of its occurrence (see discussion
and illustrative examples in Haviland 2006: 136). There is only one aspect of semantic
extension that can be discovered through word-list translations: the case that one lexical unit
in the object language corresponds to n (>1) lexical units in the contact language.
C. Citation forms
A word list is a set of lexical items of the contact language in their citation form. Ideally the
product of word-list translation would be a list of the translational equivalents of the object
language in the citation form. However, citation forms are not linguistic entities but scientific
abstractions for the representation of lexical knowledge. Hence, a translation from citation
form to citation form involves a large amount of meta-linguistic assumptions that should be
avoided with linguistically nave native speakers. For this purpose and in order to avoid
variation from the random spontaneous selection of morphosyntactic forms of the lemma, we
embedded our material in sentential frames, as illustrated in Section 2.2.
D. Between-subjects variation
Between-subject variation may be crucial, either in the individual ability to translate elements
from a source to a target language or with respect to the proper linguistic properties of the
object language (e.g., variation in the phonological or phonetic realization of the items). For
this purpose, it is important to obtain a minimum of repeated observations at least to make
sure that the obtained data are not the product of an idiolect and to have a preliminary
estimation of the locus of between-subjects variations in the language.
E. Interferences from the contact language
This is an inherent problem of the translation approach. The only possibility to control effects
of interferences is the comparison with naturalistic data.
F. Metalinguistic procedures
Translation is a meta-linguistic activity, hence the process of lexical choice in the production
of a translational equivalent may involve additional procedures, e.g., normative assumptions
of the native speaker about the correct translation or the proper form of lexical items.
Such processes are not limited to translation data but occur in any laboratory type of language
production as well as in several types of naturalistic language production. We should be aware
that we are recording a particular register that is selected by the native speaker for the
particular discourse occasion. We should be aware that there are certainly further registers in
9
4. Transcriptions
There is no established orthography (no writing tradition at all) for the Urum language and
there is not yet a linguistic analysis of the phonological system. The transcriptions of the the
collected data were made by Violeta Moisidi following a convention adopted by our project.
The development of a normed convention based on phonological contrasts is a future aim.
Table 2. Transcription symbols
Transcription
a
b
ch
d
dzh
e
f
g
gy
k
ky
q
l
m
IPA value
a
b
t
d
d
e
f
g
k
c
k'
l
m
Transcription
n
ny
o
p
r
s
sh
t
ts
u
v
x
xy
z
zh
y
IPA value
n
p
r
s
t
ts
u
y
v
x
References
Berlin, Brent and Paul Kay 1969. Basic Color Terms. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University
of California Press.
Bowern, Claire 2008, Linguistic Fieldwork: A practical guide. New York: Palgrave
Macmillan.
10
INTRODUCTION
Gippert, Jost, Nikolaus P. Himmelmann, and Ulrike Mosel (eds.) 2006, Essentials of
language documentation. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter.
Haspelmath, Martin and Uri Tadmor (eds.) 2009, Loanwords in the World's languages: A
Comparative Handbook. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter.
Haviland, John 2006, Documenting lexical knowledge. In Gippert et al. (eds.), 129-162.
Levinson, Stephen C. 2003, Space in Language and Cognition. Explorations in Cognitive
Diversity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mosel, Ulrike 2006, Fieldwork and community language work. In Gippert et al. (eds.), 67-85.
Roudik, Peter L. 2009, Culture and Customs of the Caucasus. Westport: Greenwood.
Berlin, 28.2.2011
Stavros Skopeteas
11
the
14
su;
sp-3:
15
16
2. Kinship
18
KINSHIP
. 'This old
man is beautiful.' (code: UUM-LEX-02-461000X)
sp-1: odzha adam; sp-2: odzha adam; sp-3:
odzha arif; sp-4: odzha adam.
the grandmother (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. Bykanne), elicited in:
. 'Her grandmother is
beautiful.' (code: UUM-LEX-02-47000-0X)
sp-1: by; sp-2: by; sp-3: by; sp-4: by.
the old woman (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. Yal kadn), elicited in:
. 'This old
woman is beautiful.' (code: UUM-LEX-0247100-0X)
sp-1: odzha ari; sp-2: odzha ari; sp-3:
odzha ari; sp-4: odzha ari.
the grandparents (Rus. ; Grk.
; Geo. ; Trk.
Dede-nine), elicited in:
. ' His grandparents are
beautiful.' (code: UUM-LEX-02-47110-0X)
sp-1: dydy by; sp-2: dydy by; sp-3:
dydy by; sp-4: by dydy.
the grandson (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. Erkek torun), elicited in:
. 'Her grandson is beautiful.'
(code: UUM-LEX-02-48000-0X)
sp-1: torun; sp-2: torun; sp-3: torun; sp-4:
torun.
the granddaughter (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. Kz torun), elicited in:
. 'His granddaughter is
beautiful.' (code: UUM-LEX-02-49000-0X)
sp-1: torun; sp-2: iz torun; sp-3: torun; sp-4:
torun.
the grandchild (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. torun), elicited in:
. 'Her grandchild is beautiful.' (code:
UUM-LEX-02-50000-0X)
sp-1: torun; sp-2: olan torun; sp-3: torun; sp-4:
torun.
the uncle (Rus. ; Grk. " ; Geo. ; Trk.
Day,amca), elicited in: .
'His uncle is beautiful.' (code: UUM-LEX-0251000-0X)
sp-1: dai; sp-2: mi; sp-3: dai; sp-4: dai.
the mother's brother (uncle) (Rus.
(); Grk. ( ); Geo.
( ); Trk. day), elicited in:
. 'His uncle (mother's side) is
beautiful.' (code: UUM-LEX-02-51100-0X)
sp-1: dai; sp-2: dai; sp-3: dai; sp-4: dai.
the father's brother (uncle) (Rus. ();
Grk. ( ); Geo.
( ); Trk. amca), elicited in:
. 'His uncle (father's side) is
beautiful.' (code: UUM-LEX-02-51200-0X)
19
(
);
Geo.
; Trk. kaynana), elicited in:
. 'Her mother-in-law is
beautiful.' (code: UUM-LEX-02-62100-0X)
sp-1: ainana; sp-2: ainana; sp-3: ainana; sp4: ainana.
the parents-in-law (Rus. ();
Grk.
;
Geo.
/
; Trk. Kaynana-kaynpeder), elicited
in: 'His parents-inlaw is beautiful.' (code: UUM-LEX-02-622000X)
sp-1: ainata, ainana; sp-2: ainana, ainata;
sp-3: ainana ainata; sp-4: ainata ainana.
the son-in-law (of a man) (Rus. ; Grk. "
( ); Geo. ; Trk. enite),
elicited in: . 'His son-in-law
of is beautiful.' (code: UUM-LEX-02-630000X)
sp-1: enshty; sp-2: enshty; sp-3: enishty;
sp-4: ensht.
the son-in-law (of a woman) (Rus. ; Grk. "
( ); Geo. ; Trk.
enite), elicited in: . 'Her sonin-law of is beautiful.' (code: UUM-LEX-0263100-0X)
sp-1: enshty; sp-2: enshty; sp-3: enishty;
sp-4: ensht.
the daughter-in-law (of a man) (Rus. ;
Grk. ( ); Geo. ; Trk.
gelin), elicited in: . 'His
daughter-in-law is beautiful.' (code: UUM-LEX02-64000-0X)
sp-1: gyln; sp-2: gyln; sp-3: gylin; sp-4:
gylin.
the daughter-in-law (of a woman) (Rus. ;
Grk. ( ); Geo. ; Trk.
gelin), elicited in: . 'Her
daughter-in-law is beautiful.' (code: UUM-LEX02-64100-0X)
sp-1: gyln; sp-2: gyln; sp-3: gylin; sp-4:
gylin.
20
KINSHIP
. 'Our family is beautiful.' (code:
UUM-LEX-02-82000-0X)
sp-1: odzhax; sp-2: odzhax; sp-3: odzhax; sp-4:
odzhax.
I (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo. ; Trk. ben), elicited in:
. 'I run fast (code: UUM-LEX02-91000-0X)
sp-1: byn; sp-2: byn; sp-3: byn; sp-4: byn.
you (singular) (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo. ; Trk.
sen), elicited in: . ' You run
fast (code: UUM-LEX-02-92000-0X)
sp-1: syn; sp-2: syn; sp-3: syn; sp-4: syn.
he/she/it (Rus. , , ; Grk. //;
Geo. ; Trk. o), elicited in: , ,
. 'He/she/it runs fast.' (code:
UUM-LEX-02-93000-0X)
sp-1: o, o, o; sp-2: o, o, o; sp-3: o, o, o; sp-4: o o
o.
he (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo. ; Trk. o), elicited
in: . 'He runs fast.' (code:
UUM-LEX-02-93100-0X)
sp-1: o; sp-2: o; sp-3: o; sp-4: o.
she (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo. ; Trk. o), elicited
in: . 'She runs fast.' (code:
UUM-LEX-02-93200-0X)
sp-1: o; sp-2: o; sp-3: o; sp-4: o.
it (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo. ; Trk. o), elicited
in: 'It runs fast.' (code:
UUM-LEX-02-93300-0X)
sp-1: o; sp-2: o; sp-3: o; sp-4: o.
we (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo. ; Trk. biz),
elicited in: . 'We run fast.'
(code: UUM-LEX-02-94000-0X)
sp-1: biz; sp-2: biz; sp-3: biz; sp-4: biz.
you (plural) (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo. ;
Trk. siz), elicited in: . ' You
run fast.' (code: UUM-LEX-02-95000-0X)
sp-1: siz; sp-2: siz; sp-3: siz; sp-4: siz.
they (Rus. ; Grk. ( ); Geo.
; Trk. onlar), elicited in:
. 'They run fast.' (code: UUM-LEX-0296000-0X)
sp-1: onnar; sp-2: onnar; sp-3: onnar; sp-4:
onnar.
the German (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. Alman), elicited in:
. 'This German (person) is
beautiful.' (code: UUM-LEX-02-99906-0X)
sp-1: nemets; sp-2: nms; sp-3: o; sp-4:
nymsy.
21
3. Animals
24
ANIMALS
the hawk (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo. ;
Trk. ahin), elicited in: .
'The hawk is ugly.' (code: UUM-LEX-0358500-0X)
sp-1: yastreb; sp-2: qorush; sp-3: yastreb; sp-4:
yastreb.
the vulture (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
Trk.
akbaba),
elicited
in:
;
. 'The vulture is big.'
(code: UUM-LEX-03-58600-0X)
sp-1: stervyatnik; sp-2: stervyatnik; sp-3:
stervyatnik; sp-4: stervyatnik.
the bat (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. yarasa), elicited in:
. ' The bat is bad.' (code: UUMLEX-03-59100-0X)
sp-1: uchan schan; sp-2: gedzhy uchan
schan; sp-3: uchan schan; sp-4: uchan
schan.
the parrot (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. papaan), elicited in:
. ' The parrot is clever.' (code:
UUM-LEX-03-59200-0X)
sp-1: papugai; sp-2: papugai; sp-3: papugai; sp4: papugai.
the crow (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. karga), elicited in:
. 'The crow is ugly.' (code: UUM-LEX03-59300-0X)
sp-1: arar; sp-2: ara; sp-3: ara; sp-4:
ara.
the dove (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. gvercin), elicited in:
. 'The dove is small.' (code: UUMLEX-03-59400-0X)
sp-1: ggrchin; sp-2: ggrchin; sp-3:
gygyrchin; sp-4: ui.
the owl (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo. ;
Trk. bayku), elicited in: . 'The owl
is clever.' (code: UUM-LEX-03-59600-0X)
sp-1: baiush; sp-2: qorush; sp-3: qorush; sp4: qorush.
the dog (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. kpek), elicited in:
. 'The dog is lazy.' (code: UUM-LEX03-61000-0X)
sp-1: it; sp-2: it; sp-3: it; sp-4: it.
the rabbit (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. tavan), elicited in:
. 'The rabbit is fast.' (code:
UUM-LEX-03-61400-0X)
sp-1: krolik; sp-2: davushan; sp-3: daushan; sp4: daushan.
the cat (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo. ; Trk.
kedi), elicited in: . 'The cat is clever.'
(code: UUM-LEX-03-62000-0X)
sp-1: pisiq; sp-2: pisiq; sp-3: pisiq; sp-4: pishiq.
the mouse (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. fare), elicited in: .
.
'The
freshwater eel is long.' (code: UUM-LEX-0366500-0X)
sp-1: presnavodni ugor; sp-2: chai sun ugori;
sp-3: su ugori; sp-4: chai ugari.
the wolf (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo. ;
Trk. kurt), elicited in: . 'The wolf is
clever.' (code: UUM-LEX-03-71000-0X)
sp-1: dzhanavar; sp-2: dzhanavar; sp-3:
dzhanavar; sp-4: dzhanavar.
the lion (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo. ;
Trk. aslan), elicited in: . 'The lion
is beautiful.' (code: UUM-LEX-03-72000-0X)
sp-1: lev; sp-2: aslan; sp-3: aslan; sp-4: aslan.
the bear (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. ay), elicited in:
25
26
ANIMALS
petek), elicited in: .
'The beeswax is useful.' (code: UUM-LEX-0382100-0X)
sp-1: petq mumi; sp-2: petq mumi; sp-3: petq
mum; sp-4: petq mumi.
the beehive (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo. ;
Trk. Ar kovan), elicited in: .
'The beehive is big.' (code: UUM-LEX-0382200-0X)
sp-1: ua; sp-2: petqlx; sp-3: petqlx; sp4: petq vi.
the wasp (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo. ;
Trk. Yaban ars), elicited in: . 'The
wasp is dangerous.' (code: UUM-LEX-0382300-0X)
sp-1: yabani petq; sp-2: yaban petq; sp-3:
yabani petq; sp-4: yabani petq.
the fly (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo. ; Trk.
sinek), elicited in: . 'The fly is
awful.' (code: UUM-LEX-03-83000-0X)
sp-1: sinq; sp-2: sinyq; sp-3: siyanq; sp-4:
siyanq.
the mosquito (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. sivrisinek), elicited in:
. 'The mosquito is small.' (code:
UUM-LEX-03-83200-0X)
sp-1: kamar; sp-2: mm; sp-3: kamar; sp-4:
kamar.
the shrimp (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. karides), elicited in:
. 'The shrimp is tasty.' (code:
UUM-LEX-03-83300-0X)
sp-1: krevetka; sp-2: krevetka; sp-3: krevetka;
sp-4: kevetka.
the worm (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. kurt), elicited in: .
'The worm is awful.' (code: UUM-LEX-0384000-0X)
sp-1: urt; sp-2: urt; sp-3: urt; sp-4: urt.
the snake (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo. ;
Trk. ylan), elicited in: . 'The snake
is bad.' (code: UUM-LEX-03-85000-0X)
sp-1: ilan; sp-2: ilan; sp-3: ilan; sp-4: ilan.
the hare (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. tavan), elicited in:
. 'The hare is fast.' (code: UUM-LEX03-86300-0X)
sp-1: davushan; sp-2: davushan; sp-3: daushan;
sp-4: daushan.
the quail (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. bldrcn), elicited in:
. 'The quail is beautiful.' (code: UUMLEX-03-86500-0X)
sp-1: perepel; sp-2: bldrchn; sp-3: yaban
gygyrchin; sp-4: bldrchin.
the squirrel (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. sincap), elicited in:
. 'The squirrel is beautiful.' (code:
UUM-LEX-03-86900-0X)
27
28
4. The body
30
();
Geo.
; Trk. Az dii), elicited in:
. 'His molar tooth
is ugly.' (code: UUM-LEX-04-27200-0X)
sp-1: azi dish; sp-2: gerqi dish; sp-3: anadish;
sp-4: ana dish.
the neck (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo. ;
Trk. boyun), elicited in: . 'Her
neck is beautiful.' (code: UUM-LEX-04-280000X)
sp-1: bon; sp-2: boini; sp-3: boini; sp-4: bon.
the nape of the neck (Rus. .; Grk. ;
Geo. ; Trk. ense), elicited in:
. 'His nape of the neck is
strong.' (code: UUM-LEX-04-28100-0X)
sp-1: boinunun nssi; sp-2: zatlog; sp-3:
zatlog; sp-4: zatlok.
THE BODY
the throat (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo. ;
Trk. boaz), elicited in: .
'His throat is strong.' (code: UUM-LEX-0429000-0X)
sp-1: booz; sp-2: booz; sp-3: booz; sp-4:
booz.
the shoulder (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. omuz), elicited in:
. 'His shoulder is strong.' (code: UUMLEX-04-30000-0X)
sp-1: umbuz; sp-2: umuz; sp-3: umbuzi; sp-4:
umbuz.
the shoulderblade (Rus. ; Grk. ;
Geo. ; Trk. Krek kemii), elicited in:
. 'Her shoulderblade is
beautiful.' (code: UUM-LEX-04-30100-0X)
sp-1: lapatka; sp-2: lapatka; sp-3: lapatka; sp-4:
lapatka.
the arm (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo. ;
Trk. el), elicited in: . 'Her arm
is beautiful.' (code: UUM-LEX-04-31000-0X)
sp-1: li; sp-2: al; sp-3: li; sp-4: l.
the armpit (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. Koltuk alt), elicited in:
. 'Her armpit is dirty.' (code:
UUM-LEX-04-31200-0X)
sp-1: oltu; sp-2: oltuunun dibi; sp-3:
oltuunun dibi; sp-4: oltux.
the elbow (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. dirsek), elicited in:
. 'His elbow is strong.' (code:
UUM-LEX-04-32000-0X)
sp-1: dirsyg; sp-2: dirsg; sp-3: dirsyg; sp-4:
dirsyq.
the wrist (Rus. ; Grk. ();
Geo. ; Trk. bilek), elicited in:
. 'His wrist is strong.' (code:
UUM-LEX-04-32100-0X)
sp-1: bilyg; sp-2: zapyasti; sp-3: zapyastya; sp4: l.
the hand (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo. ; Trk.
el), elicited in: . 'His hand is
big.' (code: UUM-LEX-04-33000-0X)
sp-1: al; sp-2: li; sp-3: li; sp-4: l.
the palm of the hand (Rus. ; Grk. ;
Geo. ; Trk. avu), elicited in:
. 'His palm (of the hand) is
white.' (code: UUM-LEX-04-33100-0X)
sp-1: avudzh; sp-2: linn ichi; sp-3: linin
ichi; sp-4: lnn ichi.
the finger (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. parmak), elicited in:
. 'Her finger is beautiful.' (code:
UUM-LEX-04-34000-0X)
sp-1: barmax; sp-2: barmax; sp-3: barmax; sp4: barmax.
the thumb (Rus. ; Grk. ;
Geo. ; Trk. Ba parmak),
elicited in: . 'His
31
32
THE BODY
to yawn (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. esnemek), elicited in:
. 'Sofia yawns.' (code: UUMLEX-04-52000-0X)
sp-1: sner; sp-2: snier; sp-3: snier; sp-4:
snier.
to hiccough (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. hkrk), elicited in:
. 'Maria hiccoughs.' (code: UUMLEX-04-52100-0X)
sp-1: gygrer; sp-2: gygrier; sp-3:
gygirier; sp-4: gygrier.
to cough (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. ksrmek), elicited in:
. 'Katerina coughs.' (code:
UUM-LEX-04-53000-0X)
sp-1: qsrer; sp-2: oqsrier; sp-3: oqsrier; sp4: oqsrier.
to sneeze (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. haprmak), elicited in:
. 'Ana sneezes.' (code: UUM-LEX04-54000-0X)
sp-1: psxrer; sp-2: psxrier; sp-3:
psxrier; sp-4: psxrier.
to perspire (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. terlemek), elicited in:
. 'Sofia perspires.' (code: UUMLEX-04-55000-0X)
sp-1: tyrlier; sp-2: tyrlier; sp-3: tyrlier; sp-4:
trlier.
to spit (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. tkrmek), elicited in:
. 'Maria spits.' (code: UUM-LEX04-56000-0X)
sp-1: tqrier; sp-2: tqrier; sp-3: tqrier; sp4: tqrier.
to vomit (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. kusmak), elicited in:
. 'Katerina vomits.' (code: UUM-LEX04-57000-0X)
sp-1: rgi arsher; sp-2: rygi arishier;
sp-3: rygi arshier; sp-4: rygi arshier.
to bite (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. srmak), elicited in:
. 'Ana bites an apple.' (code:
UUM-LEX-04-58000-0X)
sp-1: qtlier; sp-2: qtlier; sp-3: qtlier; sp-4:
qtlier.
to lick (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. yalamak), elicited in:
. ' Sofia licks a candy.'
(code: UUM-LEX-04-59000-0X)
sp-1: yalier; sp-2: yalier; sp-3: yalier; sp-4:
yalier.
to dribble (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. akmak), elicited in:
. ' The tap dribbles.' (code: UUM-LEX04-59100-0X)
33
34
THE BODY
the itch (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo. ;
Trk. kant), elicited in: . 'The
itch is awful.' (code: UUM-LEX-04-85400-0X)
sp-1: ashnti; sp-2: ashnti; sp-3: ashnti;
sp-4: ashnti.
the blister (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
Trk. kabarck), elicited in:
;
. 'The blister is awful.' (code:
UUM-LEX-04-85500-0X)
sp-1: valdr; sp-2: valdir; sp-3: valdir; sp-4:
valdir.
the pus (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo. ; Trk.
iltihap), elicited in: . 'The pus is
awful.' (code: UUM-LEX-04-85700-0X)
sp-1: irn; sp-2: irin; sp-3: irin; sp-4: irin.
the scar (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. Yara izi), elicited in:
. 'The scar is awful.' (code:
UUM-LEX-04-85800-0X)
sp-1: yara izi; sp-2: shram; sp-3: shram; sp-4:
shram.
to cure (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. iyiletimek), elicited in:
. 'Sofia cures the cow.'
(code: UUM-LEX-04-86000-0X)
sp-1: eilyder; sp-2: eilydier; sp-3: eilydier;
sp-4: eilyadier.
the physician (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. doktor), elicited in:
. 'The physician is clever.' (code: UUMLEX-04-87000-0X)
sp-1: doxtor; sp-2: doxtor; sp-3: doxtor; sp-4:
doxtor.
the medicine (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
Trk. ila), elicited in:
;
. 'The medicine is useful.'
(code: UUM-LEX-04-88000-0X)
sp-1: meditsina; sp-2: meditsina; sp-3:
meditsina; sp-4: meditsina.
the poison (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. zehir), elicited in: .
'The poison is awful.' (code: UUM-LEX-0489000-0X)
sp-1: au; sp-2: au; sp-3: zyir; sp-4: zyr.
tired (Rus. (); Grk. ;
Geo. ; Trk. yorgun), elicited in:
. 'Maria is tired.' (code: UUMLEX-04-91000-0X)
sp-1: yorun; sp-2: yorun; sp-3: yorulmush; sp4: yorulmush.
to rest (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. dayanmak), elicited in:
. 'Maria rests on the
armchair.' (code: UUM-LEX-04-91200-0X)
sp-1: dindzhyler; sp-2: dindzhylier; sp-3:
dindzhylier; sp-4: dindzhylier.
lazy (Rus. (); Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. tembel), elicited in:
35
38
39
40
41
42
44
45
7. The house
48
50
51
52
54
55
56
10. Motion
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
58
MOTION
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
. 'Katerina
carries the watermelon in hands.' (code: UUMLEX-10-61200-0X)
sp-1: gtrer lind; sp-2: gtrier lnd; sp3: gtrier lindy; sp-4: gtrier lind.
carry on shoulder (Rus. ; Grk.
; Geo.
; Trk. Omuzunda tamak), elicited
in: . 'Ana carries the
watermelon on shoulder.' (code: UUM-LEX-1061300-0X)
sp-1: gtrer umbuzunda; sp-2: gtrier
umuzunda; sp-3: gtrier umbuzunda; sp-4:
gtrier umbuzunda.
carry on head (Rus. ; Grk.
( ); Geo.
; Trk. Kafasnda tamak), elicited
in: . 'Sofia carries
the watermelon on head.' (code: UUM-LEX-1061400-0X)
sp-1: gtrer bashnda; sp-2: gtrier
bashnda; sp-3: gtrier bashnda; sp-4:
gtrier bashnda.
carry under the arm (Rus. ;
Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. Koltuk altnda
tamak), elicited in:
. 'Maria carries the watermelon
under the arm.' (code: UUM-LEX-10-615000X)
sp-1: gtrer goltuunun dibnd; sp-2:
gtrier oltuunun dibnd; sp-3: gtrier
oltuunun bibnd; sp-4: gtrier oltuun
dibnd.
bring (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. getirmek), elicited in:
. 'Katerina brings a
watermelon.' (code: UUM-LEX-10-62000-0X)
sp-1: gtrer; sp-2: gytrier; sp-3: gytrier;
sp-4: gtrier.
send (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. gndermek), elicited in:
. 'Ana sends a letter.'
(code: UUM-LEX-10-63000-0X)
sp-1: yoller; sp-2: yollier; sp-3: yollier; sp-4:
yollier.
lead (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. gtrmek),
elicited in: . 'Sofia leads the
people.' (code: UUM-LEX-10-64000-0X)
sp-1: gtrer; sp-2: gtrier; sp-3: gtrier; sp4: gtrier.
drive (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. srmek), elicited in:
. 'Maria drives the car.' (code:
UUM-LEX-10-65000-0X)
sp-1: srer; sp-2: srier; sp-3: srier; sp-4:
srier.
ride (Rus. ; Grk. (); Geo.
; Trk. binmek), elicited in:
59
60
11. Possession
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
62
POSSESSION
the merchant (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. tccar), elicited in:
. 'The merchant is clever.' (code: UUMLEX-11-84000-0X)
sp-1: kupets; sp-2: kupets; sp-3: kupets; sp-4:
kupets.
the market (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. pazar), elicited in:
. 'The market is big.' (code: UUMLEX-11-85000-0X)
sp-1: bazar; sp-2: bazar; sp-3: bazar; sp-4:
bazar.
the shop (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. dkkan), elicited in:
. 'The shop is small.' (code:
UUM-LEX-11-86000-0X)
sp-1: magazin; sp-2: magazin; sp-3: magazin;
sp-4: magazin.
the price (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo. ; Trk.
fiyat), elicited in: . 'The price is
expensive.' (code: UUM-LEX-11-87000-0X)
sp-1: tsena; sp-2: imyt; sp-3: imt; sp-4:
imyti.
expensive (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. pahal), elicited in:
. 'The ring is expensive.' (code: UUMLEX-11-88000-0X)
sp-1: zg; sp-2: zg; sp-3: uzg; sp-4: zg.
cheap (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo. ;
Trk. ucuz), elicited in: . 'The
dress is cheap.' (code: UUM-LEX-11-890000X)
sp-1: kaba; sp-2: gaba; sp-3: gaba; sp-4: gaba.
to share (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. paylamak), elicited in:
. 'Katerina
shares the house with Sofia.' (code: UUM-LEX11-91000-0X)
sp-1: byler; sp-2: blier; sp-3: blier; sp-4:
blier.
to weigh (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. tartmak), elicited in:
.
'Ana
weighs
the
watermelon.' (code: UUM-LEX-11-92000-0X)
sp-1: darter; sp-2: dartier; sp-3: dartier; sp-4:
dartier.
the gift (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. hediye), elicited in:
. 'The gift is beautiful.'
(code: UUM-LEX-11-99903-0X)
sp-1: padarok; sp-2: padarok; sp-3: padarak;
sp-4: padarok.
63
66
SPATIAL RELATIONS
sp-1: ichnd; sp-2: da; sp-3: -d; sp-4:
ichnd.
to grow (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. bymek), elicited in:
. 'Katerina grows.' (code:
UUM-LEX-12-53000-0X)
sp-1: bler; sp-2: bier; sp-3: bier; sp-4:
blier.
to measure (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. lmek), elicited in:
. 'Ana measures the table.' (code:
UUM-LEX-12-54000-0X)
sp-1: lycher; sp-2: olchier; sp-3: olchier; sp-4:
lchier.
the fathom (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. kula), elicited in:
. 'The fathom is small.' (code: UUMLEX-12-54100-0X)
sp-1: sazhen; sp-2: arshn; sp-3: shitil; sp-4:
sazhen.
big (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo. ;
Trk. byk), elicited in: . 'The
cow is big.' (code: UUM-LEX-12-55000-0X)
sp-1: bq; sp-2: inq; sp-3: bq; sp-4: bq.
small (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. kk), elicited in:
. 'The goat is small.' (code: UUMLEX-12-56000-0X)
sp-1: chchq; sp-2: gechi; sp-3: chchq; sp-4:
chchq.
long (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. uzun), elicited in:
. 'The table is long.' (code: UUMLEX-12-57000-0X)
sp-1: uzun; sp-2: uzun; sp-3: uzun; sp-4: uzun.
tall (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo. ;
Trk. uzun), elicited in: . 'Maria
is tall.' (code: UUM-LEX-12-58000-0X)
sp-1: uzun; sp-2: sqq; sp-3: uzun; sp-4: qsq.
short (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo. ;
Trk. ksa), elicited in: . 'Ana is
short.' (code: UUM-LEX-12-59000-0X)
sp-1: ssa; sp-2: alchax; sp-3: ssa; sp-4:
ssa.
outside (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo. ;
Trk. dars), elicited in:
. 'Maria stands outside the house (code:
UUM-LEX-12-60000-0X)
sp-1: api; sp-2: dishrd; sp-3: apda; sp-4:
dishri.
wide (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. geni), elicited in:
. 'The road is wide.' (code: UUM-LEX12-61000-0X)
sp-1: enni; sp-2: enni; sp-3: enni; sp-4: enni.
narrow (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo. ;
Trk. dar), elicited in: . 'The path is
narrow.' (code: UUM-LEX-12-62000-0X)
sp-1: dar; sp-2: dar; sp-3: dar; sp-4: dar.
thick
(Rus.
; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. iman), elicited in:
. 'Maria is thick.' (code: UUM-LEX-1263000-0X)
sp-1: qq; sp-2: qq; sp-3: aln; sp-4: aln.
thin (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. zayf), elicited in:
. 'Ana is thin.' (code: UUM-LEX-1265000-0X)
sp-1: arx; sp-2: arx; sp-3: arx; sp-4: arx.
deep (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo. ;
Trk. derin), elicited in: . 'The
river is deep.' (code: UUM-LEX-12-67000-0X)
sp-1: dyrn; sp-2: dyrn; sp-3: dyrin; sp-4:
drin.
shallow (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. s), elicited in:
. 'The lake is shallow.' (code: UUMLEX-12-68000-0X)
sp-1: ufax; sp-2: gl; sp-3: yuxa; sp-4: gyl.
under (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo. ;
Trk. aasnda), elicited in:
. 'Katerina stands under the apple
tree.' (code: UUM-LEX-12-70000-0X)
sp-1: dibnd; sp-2: dibnd; sp-3: dibind;
sp-4: dibndy.
flat (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo. ;
Trk. dz), elicited in: . 'The field is
flat.' (code: UUM-LEX-12-71000-0X)
sp-1: dz; sp-2: dz; sp-3: dz; sp-4: tarla.
straight (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
, ; Trk. dz), elicited
in: . 'The road is straight.' (code:
UUM-LEX-12-73000-0X)
sp-1: dz; sp-2: dz; sp-3: dz; sp-4: yol.
crooked (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. yamuk), elicited in:
. 'The path is crooked.' (code: UUMLEX-12-74000-0X)
sp-1: gri; sp-2: gri; sp-3: gri; sp-4: gri.
the corner (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo. ;
Trk. ke), elicited in: . 'The
corner is far away.' (code: UUM-LEX-1276000-0X)
sp-1: qsh; sp-2: qsh; sp-3: qsh; sp-4:
qsh.
the cross (Rus. ; Grk. ;
Geo. ; Trk. Drt yol),
elicited in: . 'The
cross is far away.' (code: UUM-LEX-12-770000X)
sp-1: perekrstik; sp-2: gechrt; sp-3: drt yol;
sp-4: perekryostak.
the square (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. drtgen), elicited in:
. 'The square is small.'
(code: UUM-LEX-12-78000-0X)
sp-1: meidan; sp-2: meidan; sp-3: meidan; sp-4:
ploshad.
67
68
13. Quantity
(Rus.
; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. bo), elicited in:
. 'The cup is empty.' (code: UUM-LEX13-22000-0X)
sp-1: stakan; sp-2: chashka; sp-3: chashka; sp4: stakan.
the part (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo. ;
Trk. blm), elicited in: . 'This
part is small.' (code: UUM-LEX-13-23000-0X)
sp-1: parcha; sp-2: yarm; sp-3: yarsi; sp-4:
chast.
the piece (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
, ; Trk. para), elicited
in: . 'This piece is beautiful.'
(code: UUM-LEX-13-23100-0X)
sp-1: yari; sp-2: parcha; sp-3: kusok; sp-4:
parcha.
the half (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. yarm), elicited in:
. 'This half is beautiful.'
(code: UUM-LEX-13-24000-0X)
sp-1: yari; sp-2: yarsi; sp-3: yarsi; sp-4:
yari.
three (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo. ; Trk. ),
elicited in: . 'Three cows
are on the street.' (code: UUM-LEX-13-300000X)
sp-1: ch; sp-2: ch; sp-3: ch; sp-4: ch.
only (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo. ;
Trk. sadece), elicited in:
. 'only three cows are on the street.' (code:
UUM-LEX-13-33000-0X)
sp-1: tyq; sp-2: bir; sp-3: tq; sp-4: tyq.
alone (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo. ; Trk.
yalnz), elicited in: . 'Katerina is
alone.' (code: UUM-LEX-13-33100-0X)
sp-1: tyq; sp-2: yalanz; sp-3: yalanuz; sp-4:
yalanuz.
first (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. birinci), elicited in:
. 'The first cow is near
the house.' (code: UUM-LEX-13-34000-0X)
sp-1: birndzhi; sp-2: birindzhi; sp-3: birindzhi;
sp-4: birndzhi.
last (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. sonuncu), elicited in:
. 'The last cow is near
the apple tree.' (code: UUM-LEX-13-35000-0X)
sp-1: pasledni; sp-2: gerqi; sp-3: geriqi; sp-4:
raxqi.
second (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. ikinci), elicited in:
. 'The
second cow is near the fig tree.' (code: UUMLEX-13-36000-0X)
sp-1: iqndzhi; sp-2: iqindzhi; sp-3: iqindzhi;
sp-4: iqindzhi.
the pair (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. ift), elicited in:
70
14. Time
72
TIME
sp-1: dngn; sp-2: dnygn; sp-3: dngin;
sp-4: dnin.
the day before yesterday (Rus. ; Grk.
; Geo. ; Trk. Geen gn),
elicited in:
' Sofia went to the church the day before
yesterday.' (code: UUM-LEX-14-49100-0X)
sp-1: otgn; sp-2: dnygin yox irylqi gn;
sp-3: tgin; sp-4: rtin.
the hour (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo. ; Trk.
saat), elicited in: . 'The hour is
short.' (code: UUM-LEX-14-51000-0X)
sp-1: sayat; sp-2: saat; sp-3: saat; sp-4: saat.
the clock (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo. ;
Trk. saat), elicited in: . 'The
clock is beautiful.' (code: UUM-LEX-14-530000X)
sp-1: sayat; sp-2: saat; sp-3: saat; sp-4: saat.
the week (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. hafta), elicited in:
. 'This week is nice.' (code: UUMLEX-14-61000-0X)
sp-1: afta; sp-2: afta; sp-3: afta; sp-4: afta.
Sunday (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. Pazar), elicited in:
. 'Sunday is a beautiful day.'
(code: UUM-LEX-14-62000-0X)
sp-1: bazargn; sp-2: bazargn; sp-3: bazar; sp4: bazar.
Monday (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. pazartesi), elicited in:
. 'Monday is a
beautiful day.' (code: UUM-LEX-14-63000-0X)
sp-1: bazarrtsi; sp-2: bazarortasi; sp-3:
bazarortasi; sp-4: bazarortasi.
Tuesday (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. sal), elicited in:
. 'Tuesday is a
beautiful day.' (code: UUM-LEX-14-64000-0X)
sp-1: sali; sp-2: sali; sp-3: sali; sp-4: sali.
Wednesday (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. aramba), elicited in:
. 'Wednesday is a
beautiful day.' (code: UUM-LEX-14-65000-0X)
sp-1: charshamba; sp-2: charchamba; sp-3:
charchamba; sp-4: charshamba.
Thursday (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. perembe), elicited in:
. 'Thursday is a
beautiful day.' (code: UUM-LEX-14-66000-0X)
sp-1: ortagn; sp-2: aftaortsi; sp-3: aftaortasi;
sp-4: aftaortasi.
Friday (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. cuma), elicited in:
. 'Friday is a
beautiful day.' (code: UUM-LEX-14-67000-0X)
sp-1: dzhumagn; sp-2: dzhuma; sp-3: dzhuma;
sp-4: dzhuma.
73
76
SENSE PERCEPTION
dry (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo. ;
Trk. kuru), elicited in: . 'The dress
is dry.' (code: UUM-LEX-15-84000-0X)
sp-1: uri; sp-2: gaba; sp-3: uri; sp-4: uri.
hot (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo. ;
Trk. scak), elicited in: . 'The
oven is hot.' (code: UUM-LEX-15-85000-0X)
sp-1: sdzhax; sp-2: sdzhax; sp-3: sdzhax;
sp-4: sdzhax.
warm (Rus. ; Grk. ();
Geo. ; Trk. scak), elicited in:
. 'The kettle is warm.' (code: UUMLEX-15-85100-0X)
sp-1: ilndzhx; sp-2: isnmsh; sp-3:
isnmsh; sp-4: isnmish.
cold (Rus. ; Grk. ();
Geo. ; Trk. souk), elicited in:
. 'The bottle is cold.' (code: UUMLEX-15-86000-0X)
sp-1: sox; sp-2: soyux; sp-3: sox; sp-4: sox.
clean (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo. ;
Trk. temiz), elicited in: . 'The
kitchen is clean.' (code: UUM-LEX-15-870000X)
sp-1: tymz; sp-2: tymz; sp-3: tmz; sp-4:
tymiz.
dirty (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. kirli), elicited in:
. 'The toilet is dirty.' (code: UUM-LEX15-88000-0X)
sp-1: qirli; sp-2: mrdar; sp-3: qirli; sp-4: qirli.
wrinkled (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. bzlm), elicited in:
. 'The blanket is wrinkled.'
(code: UUM-LEX-15-89000-0X)
sp-1: bzlmsh; sp-2: bzlmsh; sp-3:
bzlmsh; sp-4: bzlmsh.
77
to
kiss
80
81
17. Cognition
84
COGNITION
because
(Rus.
; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. nk), elicited in:
,
. 'Maria is laughing because the cow is
near the house.' (code: UUM-LEX-17-520000X)
sp-1: onuchunqi; sp-2: onuchunqi; sp-3:
onchnqi; sp-4: onuchun qi.
if (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo. ; Trk. eer),
elicited in: ,
. 'Ana goes to the church if the sun
shines.' (code: UUM-LEX-17-53000-0X)
sp-1: navaxqi; sp-2: dan; sp-3: gr; sp-4:
gyr.
or (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo. ; Trk. veya), elicited
in: . 'Ana or Maria is
laughing.' (code: UUM-LEX-17-54000-0X)
sp-1: yoxsa; sp-2: ya; sp-3: yada; sp-4: yoxsa.
yes (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo. , , ;
Trk. evet), elicited in: , . 'Yes,
Maria is laughing.' (code: UUM-LEX-1755000-0X)
sp-1: x; sp-2: x; sp-3: x; sp-4: x.
no (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo. ; Trk. hayr),
elicited in: , . 'No, Maria
is not laughing (code: UUM-LEX-17-560000X)
sp-1: yox; sp-2: yox; sp-3: yox; sp-4: yox.
how? (Rus. ?; Grk. ";"; Geo. ?;
Trk. Nasl?), elicited in:
? 'How do you make sulguni? (code:
UUM-LEX-17-61000-0X)
sp-1: nysl; sp-2: nydzhry; sp-3: nysil; sp4: nysl.
how many? (Rus. ?; Grk. ";"; Geo.
?; Trk. Ka?), elicited in:
. 'How many cows are on the
street? (code: UUM-LEX-17-62000-0X)
sp-1: nxbyr; sp-2: xoch; sp-3: ach; sp-4:
ach.
how much? (Rus. ?; Grk. ";"; Geo.
; Trk. Ne kadar?), elicited in:
? 'How much cheese
do you buy? (code: UUM-LEX-17-63000-0X)
sp-1: nxbyr; sp-2: nyxbr; sp-3: nyxbr;
sp-4: nyxbyr.
what? (Rus. ?; Grk. ";"; Geo. ?; Trk. Ne?),
elicited in: ? 'What did you buy?
(code: UUM-LEX-17-64000-0X)
sp-1: ny; sp-2: ny; sp-3: n; sp-4: ny.
when? (Rus. ?; Grk. ";"; Geo.
?; Trk. Ne zaman?), elicited in:
? 'When are
you going to the church? (code: UUM-LEX-1765000-0X)
sp-1: nyvax; sp-2: nyvydy; sp-3: navax; sp4: navax.
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the screw (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo. ;
Trk. vida), elicited in: . 'The
screw is small.' (code: UUM-LEX-23-550000X)
sp-1: vint; sp-2: vint; sp-3: vint; sp-4: vint.
the screwdriver (Rus. ; Grk. ;
Geo. ; Trk. tornavida),
elicited in: . 'The
screwdriver is small.' (code: UUM-LEX-2355500-0X)
sp-1: atvyorka; sp-2: atverka; sp-3: atvrtka; sp4: atvyortka.
the bottle (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. ie), elicited in:
. 'The bottle is beautiful.' (code: UUMLEX-23-56000-0X)
sp-1: budurga; sp-2: butilka; sp-3: budurga; sp4: bodirga.
the candy (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. eker), elicited in:
. 'The candy is sweet.' (code: UUMLEX-23-56500-0X)
sp-1: ledinets; sp-2: kamfet; sp-3: kamfet; sp-4:
kanfet.
the plastic (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. plastik), elicited in:
. 'The plastic is cheap.'
(code: UUM-LEX-23-57000-0X)
sp-1: plassmas; sp-2: plasmasa; sp-3: plasmas;
sp-4: plasmas.
the bomb (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. bomba), elicited in:
. 'The bomb is awful.' (code: UUMLEX-23-57500-0X)
sp-1: bomba; sp-2: bomba; sp-3: bomba; sp-4:
bomba.
the workshop (Rus. ; Grk. ;
Geo. ; Trk. seminer), elicited in:
. 'The workshop is big.'
(code: UUM-LEX-23-58000-0X)
sp-1: seminar; sp-2: seminar; sp-3: seminar; sp4: seminar.
the cigarette (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. sigara), elicited in:
. 'The cigarette is dangerous.'
(code: UUM-LEX-23-59000-0X)
sp-1: babiroz; sp-2: sigaret; sp-3: sigareta; sp-4:
babroz.
the newspaper (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo.
; Trk. gazete), elicited in:
. 'The newspaper is big.' (code: UUMLEX-23-60000-0X)
sp-1: gazet; sp-2: gazeta; sp-3: gazet; sp-4:
gazet.
the film (Rus. ; Grk. ; Geo. ;
Trk. film), elicited in: . 'The
film is nice.' (code: UUM-LEX-23-62000-0X)
sp-1: film; sp-2: kino; sp-3: film; sp-4: kino.
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