AUTOMATIC RAIN OPERATED WIPER AND HEAD

LIGHT DIM & BRIGHT CONTROLLER

PROJECT REPORT 2012-2013
Submitted by:
SANALRAGHU.E
NITHIN JOSEPH
SARATHKUMAR V.M
RENISH M.S
NIKHIL K.S
ROBIN.K ROY

COLLEGE LOGO

Guided by:
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the
Award of Diploma in AUTOMOBILE ENINEERIG
By the State Board of Technical Education Government of
Tamilnadu, Chennai.

Department :
College name:
Place:

NANDHA POLYTECNIC COLLEGE

ERODE
DEPARTMENT OF AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING
PROJECT REPORT-2012-2013

This Report is certified to be the Bonafide work done by

Selvan/Selvi ---------------- Reg.No.------------ of VI Semester class of this college.

Guide

Head of the Department

Submitter for the Practical Examinations of the board of Examinations,State Board of

Technical Education,Chennai,
TamilNadu.On --------------(date) held at the ------------(college name),Coimbatore

Internal Examiner

External Examiner

DEDICATED TO OUR BELOVED

PAREANTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
At this pleasing movement of having successfully completed our project, we wish
to convey our sincere thanks and gratitude to the management of our college and our
beloved chairman mr.V.SHANMUGAN, B.com.who provided all the facilities to us.
We would like to express our sincere thanks to our principal mr.M.RABI
AHAMED,ME,(Ph.D),for forwarding us to do our project and offering adequate
duration in completing our project.
We are also grateful to the Head of Department mr.R.SARAVAN,B.E, for
her/him constructive suggestions &encouragement during our project.

With deep sense of gratitude, we extend our earnest &sincere thanks to our guide
VIVEKANADHAN, B.E, Department of Mechanical for her/him kind guidance and
encouragement during this project we also express our indebt thanks to our TEACHING
staff

of

AUTOMOBILE

POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE.

ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT,

NANDHA

AUTOMATIC RAIN OPERATED

WIPER AND HEAD LIGHT DIM
& BRIGHT CONTROLLER

CONTENTS

CONTENTS
CHAPTER NO

TITLE

SYNOPSIS
LIST OF FIGURES
NOMENCLATURE
1

Introduction

Literature review

Description of equipments
3.1 Battery
3.2 Wiper
3.3 Sensor
3.4 LDR
3.5 Comparator
3.6 Motor
3.7 Control unit

Drawing

Working principle

Merits

applications

List of materials

Cost Estimation

10

Conclusion
BIBLIOGRAPHY
PHOTOGRAPHY

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
Number
1
2

Title
Motor
Overall Diagram

SYNOSPSIS

SYNOPSIS
The first windshield wipers were operated manually by moving a lever inside the
car back and forth. Today, most of us take our electric windshield wipers for granted. The
wipers faithfully keep the window clear, moving back and forth across the windshield
countless times as they sweep the water away. On their highest speed, they move
impressively fast. This project deals with automatic rain operated wiper.

CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
A wiper generally consists of an arm, pivoting at one end and with a long rubber
blade attached to the other. The blade is swung back and forth over the glass, pushing
water from its surface. The speed is normally adjustable, with several continuous speeds
and often one or more "intermittent" settings. Most automobiles use two synchronized
radial type arms, while many commercial vehicles use one or more pantograph arms.
Mercedes-Benz pioneered a system called the Monoblade in which a single wiper extends
outward to get closer to the top corners, and pulls in at the ends and middle of the stroke,
sweeping out a somewhat 'W'-shaped path. Some larger cars are equipped with "hidden"
(or "depressed-park") wipers. When wipers are switched off, a "parking" mechanism or
circuit moves the wipers to the lower extreme of the wiped area, near the bottom of the
windscreen, but still in sight. To hide the wipers, the windscreen extends below the rear
edge of the hood, and the wipers park themselves below the wiping range at the bottom
of the windscreen, but out of sight.

falls the driver has to sense it and switch on the button that actuates the wiper.
Wipers may be powered by a variety of means, although most in existence today are
powered by an electric motor through a series of mechanical components, typically two
4-bar linkages in series or parallel. Vehicles with air operated brakes sometimes use air
operated wipers, run by bleeding a small amount of air pressure from the brake system to
a small air operated motor mounted just above the windscreen. These wipers are activated
by opening a valve which allows pressurized air to enter the motor.
So in conventional wiper system, when the rain in our project we have installed
a sensor to detect the rainfall and actuate the wiper automatically.

CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE SURVEY

CHAPTER-II
LITERATURE SURVEY

WIPER
The first windshield wipers were operated manually by moving a
lever inside the car back and forth. Today, most of us take our electric
windshield wipers for granted. The wipers faithfully keep the window clear,
moving back and forth across the windshield countless times as they sweep
the water away. On their highest speed, they move impressively fast,
sometimes shaking the car from side to side. Windshield wipers are found on
car windshields, some car headlights, and airplanes and even on the space
shuttle. In this article, we'll take a look inside windshield wipers, learn about
the blades and the controls and then explore a new rain-sensing wiper
control system.
INSIDE THE WIPERS
The wipers combine two mechanical technologies to perform their task:
A

combination electric motor and worm gear reduction provides power to

the wipers.
A

neat linkage converts the rotational output of the motor into the back-

and-forth motion of the wipers.

In the past, automakers have tried to either eliminate the wipers

or to control their speed automatically. Some of the schemes involved
detecting the vibrations caused by individual raindrops hitting the
windshield, applying special coatings that did not allow drops to form,
or even ultrasonically vibrating the windshield to break up the droplets
so they don't need to be wiped at all. But these systems were
plagued by problems and either never made it to production or was
quickly axed because they annoyed more drivers than they pleased.
However, a new type of wiper system is starting to appear on a
car that actually does a good job of detecting the amount of water on
the windshield and controlling the wipers.
But we thought of a better idea of detecting the rain, which is
less costly and simple in construction. We used a pair of copper
plates, to one of the plates the current is passed while the other is
connected to microcontroller.

CHAPTER-3
DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT

CHAPTER-III
DESCRIPTION OFEQUIPMENT
3.1 BATTERY
Battery is use for storing the energy produced from the solar
power. The battery used is a lead-acid type and has a capacity of
12v; 2.5A.the most inexpensive secondary cell is the lead acid cell
and is widely used for commercial purposes. A lead acid cell when
ready for use contains two plates immersed in a dilute sulphuric acid
(H2SO4) of specific gravity about 1.28.the positive plate (anode) is of
Lead peroxide (PbO2) which has chocolate brown colour and the
negative plate (cathode) is lead (Pb) which is of grey colour.
When the cell supplies current to a load (discharging), the chemical
action that takes place forms lead sulphate (PbSO 4) on both the
plates with water being formed in the electrolyte. After a certain
amount of energy has been withdrawn from the cell,both plates are
Transformed into the same material and the specific gravity of the
electrolyte

(H2so4)

is

lowerd.the

cell

is

then

said

to

be

discharged.there are several methods to ascertain whether the cell is

discharged or not.

To charge the cell, direct current is passed through the cell in

the reverse direction to that in which the cell provided current. This
reverses the chemical process and again forms a lead peroxide
(PbO2) positive plate and a pure lead (Pb) negative plate. At the same
time,(H2so4) is formed at the expense of water,restoring the
electrolyte (H2so4 ) to its original condition. The chemical changes that
Occur during discharging and recharging of a lead-acid cell
3.1.1 BATTERY CIRCUIT DIAGRAM DETAILS:
In our project we are using secondary type battery. It is
rechargeable Type. A battery is one or more electrochemical cells,
which store chemical energy and make it available as electric current.
There are two types of batteries, primary (disposable) and secondary
(rechargeable), both of which convert chemical energy to electrical
energy. Primary batteries can only be used once because they use
up their chemicals in an irreversible reaction. Secondary batteries can
be recharged because the chemical reactions they use are reversible;
they are recharged by running a charging current through the battery,
but in the opposite direction of the discharge current. Secondary, also
called rechargeable batteries can be charged and discharged many

times before wearing out. After wearing out some batteries can be
recycled.
Batteries have gained popularity as they became portable and
useful for many purposes. The use of batteries has created many
environmental concerns, such as toxic metal pollution. A battery is a
device that converts chemical energy directly to electrical energy it
consists of one or more voltaic cells. Each voltaic cell consists of two
half cells connected in series by a conductive electrolyte.
One half-cell is the positive electrode, and the other is the
negative electrode. The electrodes do not touch each other but are
electrically connected by the electrolyte, which can be either solid or
liquid. A battery can be simply modeled as a perfect voltage source
which has its own resistance, the resulting voltage across the load
depends on the ratio of the battery's internal resistance to the
resistance of the load.
When the battery is fresh, its internal resistance is low, so the
voltage across the load is almost equal to that of the battery's internal
voltage source. As the battery runs down and its internal resistance
increases, the voltage drop across its internal resistance increases,

so the voltage at its terminals decreases, and the battery's ability to

deliver power to the load decreases.

DC MOTOR:
The d.c generators and d.c motors have the same general
construction. When the machine is being assembled, the workmen
usually do not know whether it is a d.c generator or motor.any
d.c.generator can be run as a d.c.motor and vice versa. All
d.c.machines have five principal components viz(i)Field system (II)
armature core (iii) armature winding (iv)Commutator (v) brushes
(i)

FIELD SYSTEM:

the function of the field system is to produce Uniform field within

which the armature rotates.it consists of a number of salient poles(of
course, even number) bolted to the inside of circular frame (generally
called yoke).the yoke is usually made of solid cast steel whereas the
pole piece are composed of stacked laminations. Field coils are
mounted on the poles and carry the d.c exciting current. The field
coils are connected in such a way that adjacent poles have opposite
polarity.The m.m.f. developed by the coils produces a magnetic flux
that passes through the pole pieces,the air gap,the armature and the

frame.practical d.c machines have air gaps ranging from 0.5mm to

1.5mm.since armature and field systems are composed of materials
that have permeability,most of the m.m.f.of field coils is required to
set up flux in the air gap.by reducing the length of air gap,we can
reduce the size of field coils(number of turns).
(ii)

ARMATURE CORE:

The armature core is keyed to the machine shaft and rotates

between the field poles. It consists of slotted soft-iron laminations
(about 0.4 to 0.6mm thick) that are stacked to form a cylindrical
core. The laminations are individually coated with a thin insulating
film so that they do not come in electrical contact with each other.the
purpose of laminating the core is to reduce the eddy current loss.the
laminations are slotted to accommodate and provide mechanical
security to the armature winding and to give shorter air gap for the
flux to cross between the pole face and the armature teeth.
(iii)

ARMATURE WINDING:

The slots of the armature core hold conductors that are connected
in a suitable manner.this is known as armature winding. This is the
winding in which workinge.m.f. is induced.the

The armature conductors are connected inseries-parallel: the

conductors being connected in series so as to increase the voltage
and in parallel paths so as to increase the current. The armature
winding of a d.c.machine is a closed circuit winding: the
conductors being connected in a symmetrical manner forming a
closed loop or series of closed loops.
(iv)

COMMUTATOR;

a commutator is a mechanical rectifier which converts the

alternating voltage generated in the armature winding into direct
voltage across the brushes.the commutator is made of copper
segments insulated from each other by mica sheets and mounted
on the shaft of the machine. The armature conductors are soldered
to the commutator segments in a suitable manner to give rise to the
armature winding.depending upon the manner in which the
armature conductors are connected to the commutator segments
,there are tow types of armature winding in a.d.c. machine viz(a) lap
winding (b) wave winding.Great care is taken in building the
commutator because any eccentricity will cause the brushes to
bounce, producing unacceptable sparking .the sparks may burn the
brushes and overheat and carbonize the commutator.

(v)

BRUSHES:

The purpose of brushes is to ensure electrical connections between

the rotating commutator and stationary external load circuit. The
brushes are made of carbon and rest on the commutator, the brush
pressure is adjusted by means of adjustable springs. if the brush
pressure is Very large, the friction produces heating of the
commutator and the bruches.on the other hand, if it is too weak, the
imperfect contact with the commutator may produce sparking.
3.2 WIPER:
Wiper blades are like squeegees. The arms of the wiper drag a
thin rubber strip across the windshield to clear away the water. When
the blade is new, the rubber is clean and has no nicks or cracks. It
wipes the water away without leaving streaks. When the wiper blades
age, nicks or cracks form, road grime builds up on the edge and it
doesn't make as tight a seal against the window, so it leaves streaks.
Sometimes you can get a little extra life out of your wiper blade by
wiping the edge with a cloth soaked in window cleaner until no more
dirt comes off the blade.

Another key to streak-free operation is even pressure over the

length of the rubber blades. Wiper blades are designed to attach in a
single point in the middle, but a series of arms branch out from the
middle like a tree, so the blade is actually connected in six to eight
places. If ice or snow forms on these arms, it can make the
distribution of pressure uneven, causing streaks under part of the
blade. Some wiper manufacturers make a special winter blade with a
rubber boot covering the arm assembly to keep snow and ice out.

3.3.SENSOR
The sensor incorporated in our project detects the rainfall and
triggers the wiper motor to activate the wiper. The sensor consists of
a pair of copper plates of 1 mm thick, separated by a distance of 1
mm. One of the copper plates is connected to a 5 V battery, while the
other copper plate is connected to a micro controller which in turn is
connected to the wiper motor.

3.4.LDR
LDR means light dependent resistor. It is a component that
changes with the light Intensity that falls upon it. They have a

resistance that falls with an increase in the light Intensity falling upon
the device. There are many applications for Light Dependent
Resistors. The most obvious application for an LDR is to
automatically turn on a light at certain light level. An example of this
could be a street light.

3.5.COMPARATOR
Comparator is an electronic device. A device which compares
to voltages are current And switches its output to indicate which is
larger. Dedicated voltage comparator will generally be faster than a
general-purpose op-amp pressed into service as a comparator. A
dedicated voltage comparator may also contain additional features
such as an accurate, internal voltage reference, an adjustable
hysteresis and a clock gated input. Small factor to put emphasis on
the leading edge of the pulse - and connected to the noninverting
input of a comparator. One component is connected to the inverting
input of this comparator. One component is connected to the
noninverting input of another comparator.

3.6.MOTOR

PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
In

any

electric

motor,

operation

is

based

on

simple

electromagnetism. A current-carrying conductor generates a magnetic

field; when this is then placed in an external magnetic field, it will
experience a force proportional to the current in the conductor, and to
the strength of the external magnetic field. As you are well aware of
from playing with magnets as a kid, opposite (North and South)
polarities attract, while like polarities (North and North, South and
South) repel. The internal configuration of a DC motor is designed to
harness the magnetic interaction between a current-carrying

conductor and an external magnetic field to generate rotational

motion.
Let's start by looking at a simple 2-pole DC electric motor (here
red represents a magnet or winding with a "North" polarization, while
green represents a magnet or winding with a "South" polarization).

Every DC motor has six basic parts -- axle, rotor (armature),

stator, commutator, field magnet(s), and brushes. In most common
DC motors, the external magnetic field is produced by high-strength
permanent magnets. The stator is the stationary part of the motor -this includes the motor casing, as well as two or more permanent
magnet pole pieces. The rotor (together with the axle and attached
commutator) rotate with respect to the stator. The rotor consists of
windings (generally on a core), the windings being electrically

connected to the commutator. The above diagram shows a common

motor layout -- with the rotor inside the stator (field) magnets.
The geometry of the brushes, commutator contacts, and rotor
windings are such that when power is applied, the polarities of the
energized winding and the stator magnet(s) are misaligned, and the
rotor will rotate until it is almost aligned with the stator's field
magnets. As the rotor reaches alignment, the brushes move to the
next commutator contacts, and energize the next winding. Given our
example two-pole motor, the rotation reverses the direction of current
through the rotor winding, leading to a "flip" of the rotor's magnetic
field, driving it to continue rotating.
In real life, though, DC motors will always have more than two
poles (three is a very common number). In particular, this avoids
"dead spots" in the commutator. You can imagine how with our
example two-pole motor, if the rotor is exactly at the middle of its
rotation (perfectly aligned with the field magnets), it will get "stuck"
there. Meanwhile, with a two-pole motor, there is a moment where the
commutator shorts out the power supply. This would be bad for the
power supply, waste energy, and damage motor components as well.

Yet another disadvantage of such a simple motor is that it would

exhibit a high amount of torque "ripple" (the amount of torque it could
produce is cyclic with the position of the rotor).

So since most small DC motors are of a three-pole design, let's

tinker with the workings of one via an interactive animation
(JavaScript required):

A few things from this -- namely, one pole is fully energized at a

time (but two others are "partially" energized). As each brush
transitions from one commutator contact to the next, one coil's field
will rapidly collapse, as the next coil's field will rapidly charge up (this
occurs within a few microsecond). We'll see more about the effects of
this later, but in the meantime you can see that this is a direct result
of the coil windings' series wiring:

There's probably no better way to see how an average DC

motor is put together, than by just opening one up. Unfortunately this

is tedious work, as well as requiring the destruction of a perfectly

good motor.
The guts of a disassembled Mabuchi FF-030-PN motor (the
same model that Solarbotics sells) are available for (on 10 lines / cm
graph paper). This is a basic 3-pole DC motor, with 2 brushes and
three commutator contacts.
The use of an iron core armature (as in the Mabuchi, above) is
quite common, and has a number of advantages. First off, the iron
core provides a strong, rigid support for the windings -- a particularly
important consideration for high-torque motors. The core also
conducts heat away from the rotor windings, allowing the motor to be
driven harder than might otherwise be the case. Iron core
construction is also relatively inexpensive compared with other
construction types.
But iron core construction also has several disadvantages. The
iron armature has a relatively high inertia which limits motor
acceleration.

This

construction

also

results

inductances which limit brush and commutator life.

in

high

winding

In small motors, an alternative design is often used which

features a 'coreless' armature winding. This design depends upon the
coil wire itself for structural integrity. As a result, the armature is
hollow, and the permanent magnet can be mounted inside the rotor
coil. Coreless DC motors have much lower armature inductance than
iron-core

motors

of

comparable

size,

extending

brush

and

commutator life.

The coreless design also allows manufacturers to build smaller

motors; meanwhile, due to the lack of iron in their rotors, coreless
motors are somewhat prone to overheating. As a result, this design is
generally used just in small, low-power motors. Beamers will most
often see coreless DC motors in the form of pager motors.

Again, disassembling a coreless motor can be instructive -- in

this case, my hapless victim was a cheap pager vibrator motor. The
guts of this disassembled motor are available (on 10 lines / cm graph
paper). This is (or more accurately, was) a 3-pole coreless DC motor.

3.7.CONTROL UNIT
Microcontrollers are destined to play an increasingly important
role in revolutionizing various industries and influencing our day to
day life more strongly than one can imagine. Since its emergence in
the early 1980's the microcontroller has been recognized as a
general purpose building block for intelligent digital systems. It is
finding using diverse area, starting from simple children's toys to
highly complex spacecraft. Because of its versatility and many
advantages, the application domain has spread in all conceivable
directions, making it ubiquitous. As a consequence, it has generate a
great deal of interest and enthusiasm among students, teachers and
practicing engineers, creating an acute education need for imparting
the knowledge of microcontroller based system design and
development. It identifies the vital features responsible for their

tremendous impact, the acute educational need created by them and

provides a glimpse of the major application area.

A microcontroller is a complete microprocessor system built on

a single IC. Microcontrollers were developed to meet a need for
microprocessors to be put into low cost products. Building a complete
microprocessor system on a single chip substantially reduces the
cost of building simple products, which use the microprocessor's
power to implement their function, because the microprocessor is a
natural way to implement many products. This means the idea of
using a microprocessor for low cost products comes up often. But the
typical 8-bit microprocessor based system, such as one using a Z80
and 8085 is expensive. Both 8085 and Z80 system need some
additional circuits to make a microprocessor system. Each part
carries costs of money. Even though a product design may requires
only very simple system, the parts needed to make this system as a
low cost product.

To solve this problem microprocessor system is implemented

with

single

chip

microcontroller.

This

could

be

called

microcomputer, as all the major parts are in the IC. Most frequently
they are called microcontroller because they are used they are used
to perform control functions.
The microcontroller contains full implementation of a standard
MICROPROCESSOR, ROM, RAM, I/0, CLOCK, TIMERS, and also
SERIAL PORTS. Microcontroller also called "system on a chip" or
"single chip microprocessor system" or "computer on a chip".
A microcontroller is a Computer-On-A-Chip, or, if you prefer, a
single-chip computer. Micro suggests that the device is small, and
controller tells you that the device' might be used to control objects,
processes, or events. Another term to describe a microcontroller is
embedded controller, because the microcontroller and its support
circuits are often built into, or embedded in, the devices they control.
Today microcontrollers are very commonly used in wide variety
of intelligent products. For example most personal computers
keyboards and implemented with a microcontroller. It replaces
Scanning, Debounce, Matrix Decoding, and Serial transmission
circuits. Many low cost products, such as Toys, Electric Drills,
Microwave Ovens, VCR and a host of other consumer and industrial
products are based on microcontrollers.

CHAPTER-4
DRAWING

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF BATTERY:

BATTERY DIAGRAM:

DRAWING FOR AUTOMATIC RAIN OPERATED WIPER

DRAWING FOR DIMMER AND DIPPER

CHAPTER-5
WORKING PRINCIPLE

CHAPTER-VI
WORKING PRINCIPLE
The wipers combine three technologies to perform their task:
A sensor on the windscreen to sense the rain
A combination electric motor and worm gear reduction
provides power to the wipers.
A neat linkage converts the rotational output of the motor
into the back-and-forth motion of the wipers.
Sensor is fixed in the wind screen. This sensor is used to pass the
rain fall signal to the electrical circuits.
MOTOR AND GEAR REDUCTION:
It takes a lot of force to accelerate the wiper blades back and
forth across the windshield so quickly. In order to generate this type
of force, a worm gear is used on the output of a small electric motor.
The worm gear reduction can multiply the torque of the motor
by about 50 times, while slowing the output speed of the electric
motor by 50 times as well. The output of the gear reduction operates
a linkage that moves the wipers back and forth. Inside the motor/gear
assembly is an electronic circuit that senses when the wipers are in

their down position. The circuit maintains power to the wipers until
they are parked at the bottom of the windshield, and then cuts the
power to the motor. This circuit also parks the wipers between wipes
when they are on their intermittent setting.
A short cam is attached to the output shaft of the gear
reduction. This cam spins around as the wiper motor turns. The cam
is connected to a long rod; as the cam spins, it moves the rod back
and forth. The long rod is connected to a short rod that actuates the
wiper blade on the driver's side. Another long rod transmits the force
from the driver-side to the passenger-side wiper blade. The system
consists power supply unit, lighting system, LDR (light dependent
resistor), comparator, and a relay. The LDR is a light detecting
resistor, which output voltage varies depends on the environmental
light, it is connected with comparator for compare the reference
voltage and input voltage, when the sun light is dark, the LDR sends
low voltage to the comparator, so the reference voltage and LDR
output voltage are not matched with each other, then the comparator
triggers a high pulse from its output pin, this is given to the relay
driver circuit for control light brightness. If the environmental light is in
normal power the LDR output voltage will be equal to the reference

voltage then the comparator triggers a low pulse to the relay driver
circuit, so the head light will glow normally. Also there is one switch is
there to control the power to headlight, that is operated manually. If
that switch is in the ON position then with respect to LDR input the
brightness will be control.

CHAPTER -7
MERITS

CHAPTER-VII
MERITS

Simple in construction
Low cost
Easy to maintain

CHAPTER-8
APPLICATIONS

CHAPTER-VIII
APPLICATIONS

It is applicable for all type of four and heavy vehicle

CHAPTER-9
LIST OF MATERIALS

CHAPTER-IX
LIST OF MATERIALS
FACTORS DETERMINING THE CHOICE OF MATERIALS
The various factors which determine the choice of material are
discussed below.
1. Properties:
The material selected must posses the necessary properties for
the proposed application. The various requirements to be satisfied
Can be weight, surface finish, rigidity, ability to withstand
environmental attack from chemicals, service life, reliability etc.

The following four types of principle properties of materials

decisively affect their selection
a. Physical
b. Mechanical
c. From manufacturing point of view
d. Chemical
The various physical properties concerned are melting point, thermal
Conductivity, specific heat, coefficient of thermal expansion, specific
gravity, electrical conductivity, magnetic purposes etc.

The various Mechanical properties Concerned are strength in tensile,

Compressive shear, bending, torsional and buckling load, fatigue
resistance, impact resistance, eleastic limit, endurance limit, and
modulus of elasticity, hardness, wear resistance and sliding
properties.
The various properties concerned from the manufacturing point
of view are,
Cast ability
Weld ability
Surface properties
Shrinkage
Deep drawing etc.

2. Manufatuing case:
Sometimes the demand for lowest possible manufacturing cost or
surface qualities obtainable by the application of suitable coating
substances may demand the use of special materials.

3. Quality Required:
This generally affects the manufacturing process and ultimately
the material. For example, it would never be desirable to go casting of
a less number of components which can be fabricated much more
economically by welding or hand forging the steel.
4.Avilability of Material:
Some materials may be scarce or in short supply.it then
becomes obligatory for the designer to use some other material which
though may not be a perfect substitute for the material designed.the
delivery of materials and the delivery date of product should also be
kept in mind.
5. Space consideration:
Sometimes high strength materials have to be selected because the
forces involved are high and space limitations are there.
6. Cost:
As in any other problem, in selection of material the cost of
material plays an important part and should not be ignored.
Some times factors like scrap utilization,appearance,and nonmaintenance of the designed part are involved in the selection of
proper materials.

CHAPTER-10
COST ESTIMATION

CHAPTER-X
COST ESTIMATION

1. LABOUR COST
Lathe, drilling, welding, power hacksaw, gas cutting cost =Rs

2. OVERGHEAD CHARGES
The overhead charges are arrived bymanufacturing cost
Manufaturing Cost

=Material Cost +Labour Cost

=
=

Overhead Charges

=20%of the manufacturing cost

=

3.TOTAL COST
Total cost = Material Cost +Labour Cost +Overhead Charges
=
=
Total cost for this project =

CHAPTER-11
CONCLUSION

CHAPTER-XI
CONCLUSION
The project carried out by us made an impressing task in the
field of automobile. It is very usefully for all four and heavy vehicles.
This project has also reduced the cost involved in the concern.
Project has been designed to perform the entire requirement task
which has also been provided.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Design data book

-P.S.G.Tech.

2. Machine tool design handbook Central machine tool Institute,

Bangalore.

3. Strength of Materials

-R.S.Kurmi

4. Manufacturing Technology -M.Haslehurst.

PHOTOGRAPHY