LECTURE 2 Reaction Kinetics across oveavave I present some methods for characterizing restions in nt tural waters. Then several graphical and computer methods are outined 10 {etermine the order and rate ofa reaction. In addition I review the action sloichiometry and th effect of temperature ‘As describod in Fig. 1.5, numberof things can happen toa pollutant once itenters a waterbody. Some ofthese relate to transport. For example it ean be translated and dispersed by currents within the system. Tn addon the pollutant can exit the system volatilization, by sedimentation, or by transport along with outlowing water, All these mechanisms affect the pollutant without altering its chemical composition. In contrast the pollutant might Be transformed into other compounds via chemical and biochemical reactions. In this lecture we focus on such reactions. Suppose that you want 9 perform an experiment to determine how a pollutant reaets afterit enters antaral water. A simple approach would be to itroduce some of the pollutant ino a series of bottles filled withthe water. stirrer could be included ineach bottle to keep the contents well mixed, Such vessel ed toa batch reaciors, By measuring concentration ineach bot overtime, you would selop data for ime and coneengation (Fig 2.1) The purpose of tis lecture is to explore how such data can be employed : characterize the reactions that affect the pollutant. Thats, we will invest gate how to quanttavely summarize (mode! the reaction. 24. REACTION FUNDAMENTALS Before discussing how reactions can be quantified, we must ist de eral definitions and nomenclature,twcre 2 Reaction Kneis 25 . Fioure 2.1, ‘ane oguinat cole rau fr a 2:41 Reaction Types “Heterogeneous reactions involve more than one phase, with the reaction wsually ‘occuring atthe surfaces between phases, In contrist a homogeneous reaction i {What is liquid, pas, or sold), Because they are the most fun- {damental type of reaction employed in water-quality modeling, this lecture focus ‘ake place in the hud phase ‘A reversible reaction can proceed in either direction, depending onthe relative concentrations ofthe reactants and the products: aA += eC + aD en where the lowercase letters represent stoichiometric coefficients and the uppercase letlers designate the reacting compounds, Such reactions fend to approach an equi [ibyum state wheze the forward and backward reactions are in balance. Tay are the basis forthe area Known a egullrlum chemisiry. We will eur o these lypes of reactions when we address the topic of pl later inthe book, Although reversible reactions are important in water-quality modeling, mote ‘emphasis has been placed on irreversible reactions. These proced ina single di rection and continue until the reactants are exhausted For these cases, we ae dealing With the determination ofthe at of disappearance of one or more ofthe substances that staking part inthe reaction. For example forthe ierovesible reacica a +0B = C+ aD we might be imerete in determining the rate st which substance A dseppears. ‘4 common example ofan iereversile reaction isthe decomposition o orga mater, which can be represented generally by C205 + 60s + 6COs + 640 ex26 axes Completely Mined Systems where CHa is glucose, which canbe taken asa simple representation of oganic matter, When sewage is discharged ino a receiving water, reaction ofthis ype takes place, The organic mater in the sewage is oxidized by bacteria to form ear bon dioxide and water. Although photosynthesis (hats, plant growth represents a Fevers reaction that prices organic matter and oxygen, it doesnot usually occur in the same vicinity 2s the decomposition, In addltion because decomposition and photosynthesis ae relatively slow. they would not come to equilibrium onthe time Scales of interest in most water-quality problems. Therefore the decompostion is usually characterized asa one-way process. 2.1.2 Reaction Kinetics ‘The kinetics or rate of such reactions can be expressed quantitatively by the law af mass action, which sates tha the rate i proportional tothe concentration of the fant, This rate canbe represented generally a= deg Kfleas eo.) ea a ‘This relationship is called rate law. It specifies thatthe rte of reaction is dependent on de product of a temperaturedependemt constant kan! function of the concentrations of the reactants fea, ce) The functional relationship f(a, co...) is almost always determined experi ‘mentally. A common general form is den dt “The powers o which the concentrations ae raised ae referred to asthe reaction ‘order. in Eq, 2-5 the reaction is order with respect to reactant A and order with respect to reactant B. The overall order af the eacton is +p 26) The overall order ofthe reaction, or the order with sespect to any individual component, does not have 1 bean integer, However, several ofthe most important feactions used in water-quality modeling exhibit integer orders Th this lecture we focus on a single reactant, For this ese Eq, 2. plied as the concentration of the single reactant and n = the onder 2.12 Zero-, First, and Second-Order Reactions Although tere are an infinite number of Ways to characterize reactions, Eg, 27 with ‘n= 0,1, and 2is most commonly employed in natural watersFIGURE 22 FIGURE 23 Plott conceriraton versus time fra zero: ‘Plot cneantaten versus me for ‘ero-order, For ro-order model (1 = 0), the equation w integrate is de =k es) where has units of M L~?T-!. Ife = ¢p at = 0, then this equation ean be integrated by separation of variables to yield cot es) As denoted by this equation and the graph in Fig, 2.2, tis model specifies constant rate of depletion per unit ime. Thus fa plot of concentration vers tie yilds a Sight line, we can infer thatthe rection i zero-order, Firstoorder, For the first-order model the equation to integrate is ote em where khasuisof Tse Box 21 I = ott =, hn thiseqston can bs imegrtd hy seperation of vrs eh tneIney an Taking the exponen f bot sides gen cn ae ane [As denoted by this equation, tis model specifies an exponential depletion: Chats, the concentration halves per uni time, Ths, asin Fig. 2.3, the concenretion curve asymptotically approaches zeo with time 0x24, The ng ‘Order Rate Constant You may bave noticed thatthe wit ofthe reaction ate depend onthe. | action, For the zero-order reaction the rate and its units ac easy to inter re fhe Thmeanestates that a zero-order decay reason has ate of 2 ng Ld, simply means that the substance dsappering trae of 0.2 mg" every dy, Tn contrast a frstorer rate of 01 yt" isnt as strihtortard, What docs ean?” A way to gsi insight is provided bythe Maclarn seis approximation of Tete seros is nested ater the ston term, ts As depicted in Fig. B21, we se thal the fest ner approximation describes the rite of decrease wll for small vlus of. Belo x — 03th discrepancy fees than DIE, Ar ighor values the apposition and the re vale diverge oproimaton FiGURE 821 Pot ol he exponen ‘ong wth the ftrcar Macias fonction constant its mapitae i esta 0.5, i can loosely be interpreta a the ton ‘ofthe ollitn hat ot per unit ine. Ths arate of 1 yr mean tat Oo 10% slow in ayer I the marie ofthe ai ighr than 0.5, change of the units am be sed a intespet For example aa of 6 leary cannot ete os resning tht 600% goes away per day. However by converting ito 4 uly ae 4 (are | ‘This eds uso the following interpretation of the “meaning” of the irst-onder ate ‘ye can sate that 25% goes away per hr eee ‘The docay rato used in Eq, 2.12 is called a “base-e” rate, because it is wed in conjunction withthe exponential function to define the depletion of concentration With ime. It should be noted that any base can be employed to describe the same teend. For example it should be recognized that the base-e or Napevian logarithm is related to the base-10 of common logeithm by 8s into ~ 23025 ayed in This relationship can be substituted into Bg, 2.11 to give loge ~ logy = ~¥'s eu where & ~ a~hase-10" rate that is related to the haso- rte by ‘Taking the inverse logarithm of Eg. 2.14 6 = e10-® “This equation yields identical predictions to Eq. 2. “Although most first-order ates are written in terns of base, some ae expres in base-10. Therefore its important to understand which base is being sed. Mis interpretation would lead to sing a rte that was incorect by a face of 23025 4,215), ‘Second-order. For the second-otder mode! the equation to evalua is ket a where & has units of L! M-!T-!, Ie = gy at r = 0, then this equiton can be integrated hy septation of variables yield eu teteu 218) ‘Therefore if he reaction is second-order, a plot of Le versus should ye a straight line: Equation 2.18 ean also be expressed in terms of concentration as ¢ function of time by inverting it give 1 2.19 Thus, as was the case forthe first-order reaction, dhe concentration approaches zero ina curved, asymptotic fashion Finally it should be obvious that a pater is emerging that ean be employed model higher order rates, That i, for psitive integer values of n, where nv ae te ee 220) or solving fore 1 Te hey 22. ANALYSIS OF RATE DATA “There are variety of ways to analyze batch-reactor data of the pe shown in Fig. 2.1, Inthe preset section, we will review several methods. Althcugh we will30 rar Completely Mixed Systems tse Bq, 2.7 asthe basis for illustrating these techniques, many ofthe general ideas apply to other rate models 2.2.1 The Integral Method asst of guessing mand integrating Eq. 2.7 wobtain a func ployed to determine whether the model fits The integral method eo tion, e0). Graphical methods ae then the data adequately. “The graphical approaches are based on Tineaized versions of the underlying models. Forte zero-order rection, merely potinge versus should yield a straight fine (2g. 29), For the first-order reaction, Bg. 2.11 suggests a semi-hg pot. These “andthe other commonly applied models are summarized in Table 21, TABLE 24 ‘Somnary of the plotting strategy sed for applyag the integral method 10 Irreversible, unmmolecoar reactions : rer ir ‘o Dr _merept Slope Seoni@n 2) LOU : Me . EXAMPLE 24. INTEGRAL METHOD. tpoy the inp metnd to dese ‘wheter te following dt is er sto second-dr: Iran of these models seem tbo, evalate kan Solution: Figace 24 sows pst evant the order fhe reaction ach ins Ines the Chat along wih a best ine developed wih Linear regression. Cleat the pot of nc ern mont cisely apposite straight ine. The eset ine forth case is Ine aor? = 095) Therefore the estates ofthe two model parameters ae k= a0o72e" =e? = 18 mg “Thus the resukng model is = 207 younscrum: Reaction Kineice 31 © A Plot evita wheter he rocton (9) 280 © ber, est order oe eeconc arr which canbe substituted nto Eq 216, = tsaoy 2 “The equivalence of theta expessons canbe iatted by computing athe same vos of tie, = 126 = 11810" ic the sme reat, 2.2.2 The Diterontial Method The differentia! method applies a logaithmie transform t Bg. 2:7 ive 4 a) Joa| log + mloge ‘Therefore the general model (Eq. 27) hols, a plot ofthe log del versus tg. should yield a straight line witha slope ofr alan itercpt of log “The differential approach has the advantage tha it automatically provides an estimate of the order. It has the disadvantage that it hinges on obiaiaing a numer eal estimate ofthe derivative, This can be dane in several ways. One ofthe mast common is based on numerical differentiation. Numerical differentiation, Numerical differentiation usos finte-diference approximations to estimate derivatives (Chapra and Canale 1988), For example &ros + Completely Mixed Systems . } | / cure 25 centered diference can be employed (Fig. 25): dade ama dM teh |Athough this is ceranly valid approximation, numerical differentiation is an sherently unstable operation thats, it amplifies errs. As dopctedin Fig 2.6, be cause the finite differences (Eq, 2.28) are subracive, andom positive and negative terrors inthe data are additive, As described in the following example, a technique Known as egual-szea differentiation ean be used to moderate this problem (Fogler 1986). N K © 7 4 5 dha eros are arpa ty umareal dort (6) the rguting numerical ‘iteration: eat mestiog ity: (te roslng ‘Stereniton nants cy arcnwe > Reseon Kinatis 33 EXAMPLE 22. DIFFERENTIAL METHOD, Use the iferental method 19 eval tate te order andthe constant for the data oun Example 1, Use equ ren differen ‘ton to smooth the drat estimates. Solution: ‘The data from Example 21 canbe ciferemotd numerical 0 yield the fnimats iTable 2.2 The dervaive estimates can be rapid as aur cart (Fig 2 Then a smooth curve cate dn tet es approimites the area ude ne istogram, nother word yt balance ut the hsogram ares above and below the drawn curve “Thea the derivative estimates tthe daa outs can be rea rectly fen te curve These a stein the last colunn of Tble 3.2 Figure 28shows lt ote logo he hcgative ervaive vere the Ingo oncention Te esi ne fo his eas Is va(-£)- 108+ 10stmpe = 0990 mane2a Tenant oder Soave ata tom tine seo a ener / eof boo) eat > = a8 ws 8 * * mGURE 27 1 Enuareaifreniaon7 FIGURE 20 Pat flog dt versus og ‘Therefore the exists of the ml parameters ne n= 1.002 = 10 nso! ‘Thos the ferential approach suggests that fist model svi approximation 2.2.3 The Method of Initial Rates There ae cases where reactions occur in which complications arise overtime. For ‘example a significant reverse reaction might occur. Further some resetions are Very ‘Slow and the time required for the complete experiment might be prohibitive. For Suc cases the method of inital rates uses data from the beginning stages of the ‘experiment to determine the rate constant and ordet In his method a series of experiments i carried out at eiferent initial concen tuations eo. For each experiment, the initial rate ~depldt is determined by differ: ‘entiating the data and extrapolating to zero time For the case where the rate lav follows Eg, 27, the differential method (hat is apt of log(=dey/di) versus log ca) canbe used t estimate kand n How thsi accomplished can be llusrated by aking the logarithm ofthe negative of Eq. 2.7 ey tog 2 “Thos the slope provides an estimate ofthe order, whereas te intercept provides an estimate ofthe logarithm ofthe rate 2.2.4 The Method of Halt-Lives The hallife ofa reaetion isthe time it takes forthe concentration to dop to one-half oft intial vale. In other words elt) = 0.5e9 225) where f= bal P= 0, 59.27 can Again we use Ea, 2.7 as our rate law model. IF ¢ = cp at integrated to giveI EEEEEEEEEEEI'!SSISSSSR seve > Reaction Kinetics 35, tt ffeayt ‘ale Eg, 2.258 combined with 2.26, the ests Fant “Teking the logarithm of this equation provides a linear relatonship ogo ea ree ‘Thus a plot of the log of the hale versus the Ing ofthe initial concentration wil Ida straight line with a slope of 1 ~ m providing, of couse, that Ea, 2.7 hold). ‘The esimate of nan then be used in conjunction withthe intercept elt k It should be noted thatthe choice of a half-life is arbitrary. La fact we could have picked any other response time fy, here & isthe percent reduction, For this general case, Eg, 2.27 becomes 100/(100 ~ 4 T= 1 2.2.5 The Method of Excess When a reaction involves many reactants, it is often posible wo add excess qu tities ofall but one of the reactants In such cases the reaction will depend solely ‘on the single scarce reactant. Fr example several decomposition reactions for toxic substances (such as biodegradation and hydrolysis) can sometimes be represented by the reation| A+B products 230) where A = the toxic compound and B = another as tucteria oe hy 60; + 61:0 233) “This equation specitis that 6 moles of oxygen wil react with 1 mule of glucose to form 6 moles of earbon dioxide and 6 moles of wate. In late lectures we dr ‘molar concentrations when we mathematically manipulate such equations to solve Chemical equilibrium problems. For the time being, as vutlined in the previous lee ue, we must be able to interpret Eg. 2.33 frm a mass-concentration perspective. ist, let's understand how the glucose in Eq 2.33 would be expressed in mass unis This sually done in wa ways, The mos dict way isto express the concen ttatioa on the basis ofthe while molecule. For example we might say that a beaker n-? as glucose. This offen abbreviated as 100 g-plucose m””. + of glucose in this solution can be determina with the contained 100 The number of mx molecular weight of glucose The gram molecular weight canbe calculated as Cam motsoa wake = 180 This result can be sed t0 compute the molar concentration, S cose (1 mole 100 Tara) ~ 055 moe em An alternative is to expres the concentration in terms of the mass of on components of glucose, Because itis an organic carbon compound, glucose could be expressed at gm”? of carbon. For example srplucose (6 moles CX 12 gCiole C as )=sogem? aa 100!termes Reaction Kinetics 39 “Thus 100 g-glucose m corresponds to 40 gm”? of organic carbon, or 40 gC ‘Such conversions are often expressed as stoichiometric ratios, Fo example the mass of carbon per mass of glucose can be expressed as _ Gimoles © x 12 80 10 glucose melee = 04 gC g-elucose ey 026) where acy = soichiomettie ratio of carbon to glucose, This ratio ean be used to Formulate Bq. 2.35 alternatively as (100888) —apgcm! (237) release here the subscripts and designate carbon and glucose, respective ‘Aside from calculating how much individual clement is contained ina molecule, stoichiometric conversions ae often used to determine how much ofa teactant or provict is consumed or produced by a reaction. For example how much ox¥2 ‘would be consumed if 40 gC m of glucose weacted according i Ea, 2.33? Fst, wo can calculate the mass of oxen consumed per mass of glucose carbon decomposed, {6 moles 0: * 32 gO/mote O: fl re = “Soles CX 12 gCimole € ~ 67 £08C ) seer = mss of ge costed pr non deem Tisro an be 26/22 (uC) = 106.67 g0m > uy ote (fs) Hosea es ‘Thus if 40 gC m i will be consum of glucose (or 100 gglucose m*) is decomposed, 106.67 60 qi EXAMPLE 24, STOICHIOMETRIC RATIOS. Aside fiom the dsompositon of érpani eat corpo ach as pcre, ocr etons cone Ox i ata teres. One sch proces, called mlefcton, avalos the coaversion 2farsmoniym {Nit tate (NO,-). Although we wil lear in Lec 25 tha i's ile ote con pated the neni eason ean be represented by NH! £20; -+ 2H + 10 +NOs Suppose you are fold tha a beuker contin 12g-anmoniumy mn? ele wording tole fistorde reaction an = kan. whee ny ~ ammonivm concentration i fy = frond rate constant for {ay Conver the conentattont Nm) Determine how mich oxygeniseo the nitidcaion reaction goesto completion () Cale teratef oxygen consumption athe sat ofthe roses Oy ~ O18,aN, xg om (neta ear EN = 9.33 gh” » oe 457,09"! foe 4.57 0 are taken up for every gN chats mod. Fr our xan N (457 #0 m7 gw) (At he onset of he experiment, the ammonium eoacetraton wil be at 9:33 gN ‘of exyge consumption can be 4267 0m © usarifes 4.264 0m? 24. TEMPERATURE EFFECTS “The rates of most reactions in natural waters increase with temperature. A general rule of thumb is thatthe rate will approximately double fora temperature rise of Wc ‘A more rigorous quantification ofthe temperature dependence is provided by the Arrhonine equation, My) = et 240) where A = apreesponenta or frequency factor vation energy (J mole) the gas constant (83145 mole! K} = absolute temperature (K) Equation 2.40 is often used to compare the reaction rate constant at wo diferent temperatures, This ean be done by expressing the ratio of he aes, sin ea equation 241 can be simplified by realizing that: + Because temperatures in most water bodies vary over a rather natrow range (273 1 313 K), the product of Ty and Ta is eatvely constant. + The difference in temperature (Tan ~ Ty is identical whether an absolute or 2 centigrade sale i used, Consequently the following can be defined asa constant: Om Fras 42) and Bq. 2.41 can be reexpressed asler 2 Reaction ines 41 ‘TABLE 23 Some typical ec in ater. ert xy Gaza SOD) whe the temperature is expressed in *C. Tn water-quality modeling, many eactons are reported a 20°C (see Prob. 2.16) ‘Therefore, Fa 2.43 is usually expressed as HT) = k20)0" Tuble2.3 summarizes some commonly wed values fr @, Figure 2.11 illustrates the functional dependency on temperature across he range com in natral waters “The temperature dependence of biologi pressed asthe quantity Qj, which is defined as the ratio eu) ly mediated rations is often ox #20) ow = ea ‘Subsiatig Fy. 24 yields Qo = 0” (246) Note tht Eg, 2.46 can be used to compate that a Qi of 2 (roca the heuristic at the ‘eginning of this section is equivalent to 2 @ of 2°! = 1.072, Thusa 8 = LOT2 corresponds toa doubling ofthe rate for a temperature rse from 10 t0 20°C KeTVRC20) FigURE 211 oot of temperate on eecton rata for various vals of42 mars Completely Mixed Systems EXAMPLE 25. EVALUATION OF TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCY OF RI ACTIONS. A latorstory provides you with the fllong resis fora reaction n=#c k= 012d T= 16C b= 0md (a) Bvaloate 0 fortis eaton @) Determine the ew 20°C Solution: (a) To evaluate his information, we can take the logarithm of Bg, 2.45 and "aie the resulta power of 101 ie Substiting the data eve (b) Bauation 243 can thea be used to compute 420) = 020% L035" = sw Finally it shouldbe noted that there are some reactions that > not follow the Anhenins equation, For example cern biologically mediated reactions shut down very high and very low temperatures, The formulations used in such station are introduced in later lectres. PROBLEMS 2.4, You perform a series of bch experiments and come up withthe flowing dat _Dtertine the order (andthe ate (A) of the undrying restion 222, Derive arapicl approach to determine whether reaction i thir-onler 23, To study the photodegradation of aqueous bromine, we dissolved ama quantity of Ii brome in wat, placodit ina clear ja andexposdit sunlight, Te flloing data were obtained Determine whether te sesctionis er isto scone anderimat the rection 224, Ata later date the laboratory informs you that hey havea mire complet dat set dan the two measurements usd in Example 25CN 26 A 28, Limonng isthe dy of aks, Te tangy i des fot Grek won sere 2 Reaction Kinetiss 43 ro | 4 os op 6 oui key ans 037) 020 0250 03i0 0340 Use thi dato entinat @ and 20°C An scl in linoleic’ jum reponts a Q fra phytoplankton growth rte of 19: tthe growth ate repel a ibd at 20°C what is the rate at °C? You se up a svios of 300-mL. bes snl a 1 ml ofa givnsesokon to each [Note that he glucose soliton has a concentration of 100 mg L*. To ech tle you da small quantity (hats, with an insignificant amnunt of carbon cempaed fa he tines) of bacteria, You il te remainder ther volunes up with was Finals YOU Sealeac tote and incbate them a 20°C. Atvaroa times youopen one ofthe Bales nd eases oxygen conte. The following dears 1 o 2s wm» » 9 © 0 (a) Develop a sonceptal adel fr wha sting plac nse he bate (sing the norman rm his ec, emt exit he decay ete for he cose, nthe allot 1972 Larsen et (1979 measured the following consent tons of tal hnsphors in Shagawa Lake, Minnesota {kis knowa thatthe primary reason forthe dtm in concentration ding this peo swath sting of paul phosphors, he lake is assumed acts bath ectr fn setiag i assined to fallow a eonder pres, determine the removal rate of teal phos forthe lake. I the lake's mean depths 5.1, calcul the setting ‘elo for ttl phosphorus Population dymanies simortan in predicting how human development of «wate shed might infvence water quality. One ofthe snes sndels nearest th Sunsion tht the zat of change ofthe population p is proportional the exiting Poptlation a anytime20. rane) Completely Mined Systems ner G = the growth rate (9¢"). Suppose that census dat provides the following {tend in population of small own over a 20-9 period ve model (Bq P28) hols estimate Gand the ppulation a 1995. The word took about 300 years to grow from abot 0. billion o 4 Billion people Assuming st-oder growth, determine the growth ate. Estimate the population over the next sentry ithe rate contin, Many lakes tmpersteepons ar thermally tein the ummar consisting fan pre layer pitino) ad lowe ayer Chypolianiot), In general the srfaslyer ha dsclvedoxyen concentration na sstaration, His poctiv hts has high Plant growth), sting past matter an cll inthe hypoianion Te decomposition this mater can the lead to severe oxygen depen i the tte waters. When turnover occurs in he fl tat, vert sing due to decreasing temperate and increasing winds), the mixing the twolayerscanreutin the lake's ving an yen oncenfaton wel below stron. The following data were called ft Onondaga Like in Spaces, Now York: | Sep.30 O83 On6 O89 On12 OH IS OX 18 Ox fe saturation concentration 92, us this data ta evaluate first-order reseiton ae forthe system (unite fd"), Assuine tat the ake ats a en atch eat, ha 1, jor inflows and cutowof oxygen excep ges wane crs the k's sia Ain, expres the ata a tans vlocity (uns of d") Noted Onondaga Lake bea srfce area of 1.7 km anda mean Seq of 12m, A reaction as 2 Op of 22.1 te reaction ae at 25°C is 0853 we wa isthe A.commonly used anesthetics absoed by oman body organ atte proponal o ‘tcconcenraton inthe blosdstream. sue that patent requires 1 mg ofthe anes thetic per kof body neigh to rmntinanaceptable levee anestesi for surgery. {Compute how many mg mist he aniseed oa Sg tet fo maintain a proper evel fora 2 5-hr operation. Assume that the anata cn be inoue in the ‘ders Boodsueam sa pulse input and hat decays a arate of 02% per minute simat the age ofthe fossil remain ofa skeleton with 2 5% of its riginl crbon-14 In 1928 Friedrich Wobler discover tht the inorganic salt ammoniom cyanate (NHLOCN) ean be converted int the organi compound wea (NH,CONH) 38 in NHLOCN (a9) — NHSCONHs (ag) The roof hat his reaction occured make the begining of madre organic and bio chemistry, a investor his reps the flowing daa for an expen ally entanig a pure solution of amsociun yana crume: Reset Kneis 45 NAOCNGoxieL) | Oa 264 018 GIST Ome Dteranne the order an ste ofthe seston 2.18. You perform atch experiment and develop the allowing dats ‘You know fom experience that heaton shouldbe fling third ection [Use information and he itera method to dterine ale forte reaction re 2.16, Sappos: hate temperate dependence of areeton eis based on sae at 25°C foot hat ti te nent naa such as chemical enginesing), Fr exarple Ar) = 0.4.06)" ‘Reexpes this elatioship se on the rat's wale a2 c 2.17, The following das for concentrations animes were dev expen having siferet ntl conditions ope fr series af batch ae ee oneal Assuming ha E27 hols se he rtd oil rates a determine the ode sd 2.48, Assuming tht Bg, 2-T bods, ws the method of al-ves tp detec teraction t= ‘eran xe by evaluating the following bal-tves sad intl concentra develope froma serie of atch expciment: 219, Assuming tht 2:7 bls, use the integral least-squares method to determine tbe reve nde ail ate by evtuating the folorng daa clleced fom s atch expe 2220, The canenzation of inngani phosphors in natural waters is usualy expressed as Phosphor (However te sometimes exresed as pnepate (P04), When eading "cic are, yom se ta an estuary bat an ganic Hosp concentration of46 mer Completely Mited Systems omg". Asis sometimes the case no guidance is given rgardng ew the concen ‘eaton i expressed How does the concentaton change if itis aceallymgPOx m=? By what factor would you be off? A more complete representation ofthe decomposition resction is provide by CiesHanOpNiePx + 10703 + 1488 — 106CO, + 16NHL” + HPOE™ + 10810 In contrast the simplified veson in Bg, 23, thi reaction elects hat opie mater contains the nuns nitrogen (8) and phosphors (P). On the basis of this equation, ven that 10 gC m of egunie materi decompose, calculate ) the svchiometic rato for te amu of oxygen consumed per cabon decom: sed, Fs £0 20") (0) tamount of oxygen consumed 0 11?) (6) the amount of ammonium released (expresed as mgN 1)