Authoring conventions

What is a DVD (R)?

DVD+R is a digital optical disc storage format. A DVD+R is a DVD that
can be written once and read arbitrarily many times. A DVD+R disc holds
4.7 GB of storage, generally used for non-volatile data storage or video
applications. The DVD+R format is similar to, but not compatible with, the
older DVD-R format.
DVD+R discs can carry up to 8.5 GB of data. Similarly, to DVD-R and is
unlike DVD+RW discs, DVD+R can only be written to once. Thus, DVD+R
discs are suited to applications such as non-volatile data storage, audio or
video. This can possibly cause confusion because the DVD+RW alliance
logo is a stylized (RW). Therefore, a DVD+R disc may have the RW logo,
but it is not reliable.

DVD-R is a digital optical disc storage format. A DVD-R is a DVD that can
be written once and read arbitrarily many times. A DVD-R typically has a
storage capacity of 4.7 GB. Pioneer has also developed an 8.5 GB dual
layer version, DVD-R DL, which appeared on the market in 2005. DVD-R
have a larger storage capacity compared to a CD-R. this is achieved
through smaller pit size and smaller track pitch of the groove spiral which
guides the beam. Consequently, more pits can be written on the same
physical size disc. In order to write smaller pits onto the recording dye
layer, a red laser beam with a wavelength of 640 nm (for general use
recordable DVD, versus a wavelength of 780 nm for CD-R) is used in
conjunction with a higher numerical aperture lens. Because of this shorter
wavelength, DVD-R and DVD+R use different dyes from CD-R to properly
absorb this wavelength.

DVD-RW is a rewritable optical disc with equal storage capacity to a DVDR, typically 4.7 GB (4,700,000,000 bytes). The format for the DVD-RW was
developed by a pioneer in November 1999 and has been approved by the
DVD forum. The smaller Mini DVD-RW holds 1.46 GB, with a diameter of
8cm. the primary advantage of a DVD-RW over DVD-R is the ability to
erase and rewrite to a DVD-RW disc. According to the pioneer, the DVDRW disc may be written to about 1,000 times before needing replacement.
DVD-RW discs are commonly used to store data in a non-volatile format
such as when creating backups or collections of files.
DVD+RW is a physical format for rewritable DVDs and can hold up to 4.7
GB. DVD+RW were created by the DVD+RW Alliance, an industry
consortium of drive and disc manufacturers. Furthermore, DVD+RW
supports a method of writing known as lossless linking, which makes it
suitable for random access and improves compatibility with DVD players.
The rewriteable DVD+RW standard was formalized earlier than the nonrewritable DVD+R.
Dual Layer refers to a DVD recording technology that provides users with
8.5GB of recording space (as opposed to 4.7GB of space) on a standard
DVD+R disc. The additional recording space is the direct result of dual
layer technology. Dual layer technology provides two individual recordable
layers on a single sided DVD Disc. To be able to take advantage of dual
layer technology when recording DVDs, you must use a dual layer enabled
DVD burner and dual layer DVD media.

Writing Speed of modern compact discs support a writing speed of 52X

and higher, with some modern DVDs supporting speeds of 16X and higher.
It is important to note that the speed of writing a DVD at 1X (1,385,000
bytes per second) is approximately 9 times faster compared to writing a
CD at 1X (153,600 bytes per second). However, the actual speeds depend
on the type of data being written to the disc. However, for Blu-ray discs,
1X speed is defined as 36 megabits per second (Mbit/s), which is equal to
4.5 megabytes per second (MB/s).

DVD-Audio is a digital format for delivering high-fidelity audio content on

a DVD. DVD-Audio uses most of the storage on the disc for high quality
audio and is not intended to be a video delivery format. DVD-Audio has
much higher audio quality than video DVDs containing concert films or
music videos.

DVD-Video is a consumer video format used to store digital video on DVD

discs, and is currently the dominant consumer video format in Asia, North
America, Europe and Australia. Discs using the DVD video specification
require a DVD drive and an MPEG-2 decoder, for example a DVD player or
a computer DVD drive with a software DVD Player. Commercial DVD
movies are encoded using a combination MPEG-2 compressed video and
audio of varying formats.

An example of DVD-Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=v2kjQzFzjM4

DVD Menus are the main mechanism for navigating a DVD production.
Typically, a DVD menu consists of a background which can possibly be a
still image, title text, buttons to links for different elements of the DVD
and background audio. The viewer interacts with the menu by pressing
the up, down, left and right keys on a highlighted button.
Button is a selectable option on a DVD menu. Buttons can be graphics,
text, thumbnail images, or motion video; with graphical highlighting to
indicate the current selection state.
Motion menu is a DVD menu that incorporates motion video as the
background image and/or in the thumbnail buttons to link to video tracks.
Commonly, the video clips are short that repeat themselves until a menu
selection is made.

If you would like to look at the DVD menu:

https://youtu.be/VH_e09Z4yc0

Title menu is the menu in a DVD production which is designed as the top
or main menu for the disc. This menu is commonly displayed as the first

menu that the user faces as soon as they start up the disc. The viewer can
access this menu at any time by pressing the title key on the DVD remote.
Setup menu are designed for set-top DVD players, a menu built into the
player hardware to access global system parameters such as the
preferred language and parental controls. For commercial movies on DVD,
a menu that typically provides access to alternate audio formats such as
Dolby Digital 5.1 surround sound.
Scene index menu is a DVD menu or link set of screens that contains
thumbnails buttons to link to each chapter or key scene within a video
sequence. Commercial movies on DVD typically contain a scene index to
jump directly to a specific scene; then play from that point to the end.
Automated DVD authoring tools typically create scene index menus to
access each clip included on a DVD.
Subtitles are derived from either a transcript or screenplay of the dialog
or commentary in films, television programs, video games and subtitles
are usually displayed at the bottom of the screen, but can also be at the
top of the screen if there is already text at the bottom of the screen.
Subtitles can either be a form of written translation of a dialog in a foreign
language, or a written rendering of the dialog in the same language, with
or without added information to help viewers who are deaf and hard of
hearing to follow the dialog.

An example of subtitles in use.

Easter eggs are an intentional inside joke, hidden message or feature in

an interactive work such as a computer program, video game or DVD
menu screen. The name is used to evoke the idea of a traditional Easter
Egg Hunt. Furthermore, Easter eggs are also found on film DVDs and Bluray disks. Often as a deleted scene or bonus special feature. Klinger states
that their presence is another signifier of artistry in the world of DVD
supplements. According to Berardinelli and Ebert, most DVDs do not
contain Easter eggs but a very few, have Easter eggs hidden such as one
found on the memento DVD release, are worth the effort to seek out.

This is an example of an Easter egg due to the Iron Man film was created
before the Captain America film.
Sound formats
5.1 surround sound is the most common format. It includes a total of six
channels- five full bandwidth channels with 320,000 Hz frequency range
for front left and right, centre, and left and right surrounds, plus one low
frequency effects (LFE) subwoofer channel for frequencies from 3-120 Hz.
6.1 and 7.1 surround sound systems are also available, and simply add
another full bandwidth channel to the mix. These two systems are very
uncommon due to expensive retailing.
Regional codes
A- Americas, East and South East Asia
B- Europe, Africa, Oceania, Middle East, French territories, Greenland
C- Central and South Asia; Mongolia, Russia, and Peoples Republic of
China.

A DVD region code means that DVD movies from DVD region 1 (USA &
Canada) will not play on a DVD region 2-6. Effectively region 1 DVD discs
play on region 1 DVD players, Region 2 DVD disc play only on Region 2
DVD players and so on. There are 6 DVD regions because movies are
released on DVD at different times around the world, typically America
and Canada are the first to receive the film on DVD then 6 months later
Australia and Japan and finally 12 months later Europe.

Copyright protection scheme

A robust copyright protection scheme for digital images is proposed in the
paper. In the proposed scheme, the watermark does not require to be
embedded into the protected image but is used to generate a secret
image and public image by using the visual cryptography technique. Then
the secret image is registered to certified authority for further protection.

Parental control
Passwords is a code that is required to access restricted content. The old
password must be entered before a new one may be set. Be sure to record
the new password as it is required to change the security settings in the
future, including all of the parental controls settings listed below.
Parental control area code or country:
This setting determines the level of restriction for Blu-ray disc movie or
DVD movie based on the region of the movie. It does not determine what
region of Blu-ray disc movie or DVD movie will be playable on the system.