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ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
BY
K.V.V.S.CHAKRADHAR (06J21A0241)
1
JOGINPALLY B.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Yenkapally, Moinabad Mandal, R.R.District
Affiliated to J.N.T. University, Hyderabad
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
EXTERNAL EXAMINER
2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We express our profound sense of gratitude for the administration
of JOGINPALLY B R ENGINEERING COLLEGE for giving
us an opportunity to take up the TECHNICAL SEMINAR work in their
organization
3
INDEX
CONTENT : Pg.No
1. ABSTRACT……………………………………………..5
2. INTRODUCTION………………………………………7
3. WHAT IS SHORT CIRCUIT?........................................8
4. SHORT CIRCUIT TYPES …………………………….9
5. REASONS OF SHORT CIRCUIT…………………….13
6. EFFECTS OF SHORT CIRCUIT…………………….17
7. PREVENTION METHODS ………………………….19
8. ADVANTAGES OF SHORT CIRCUIT STUDY…….27
9. CONCLUSION………………………………………..29
4
ABSTRACT
5
Suggested modifications to rectify the underrated
equipment; (trip sizes within the same frame, the
time curve characteristics of induction relays, CT
ranges, etc.).
6
INTRODUCTION
Fires from electrical cords or from wiring devices are
increasing in these years. The reason is supposed to be
the increase of electrical power dissipation for domestic
use.
This is the reason why a circuit breaker does not cut off
the current more than 100 Amps and fire hazardous
sparking continues.
7
India has approximately 60000 fires a year. The number
of fires related to electrical cause or electrical appliances
are shown in table 1. Although insulating materials have
been increased their quality, the number of electrical
fires have not been decreased.
8
Short circuit arcing was made intentionally in this study.
Although insulating materials have been increased their
quality, fires are still caused by these failures. It is
necessary to doubt about their safety and to make a
study on the mechanism of the beginning of short circuit
arcing in order to prevent these fires.
9
Simple activity showing the effect of shorting out a
bulb.
10
Simulation A full explanation of what happens when a
bulb is shorted out.Now you've reduced the resistance of
the series circuit and so the current everywhere
increases. The current through the unshorted bulb
increases and so it gets brighter. But brightness isn't just
a function of current.
In the same way the shorted bulb has a very low voltage
across it so the current through it is very small and that's
why it's out. The wire doing the shorting has the same
voltage across it as the bulb but it also has a very low
resistance so the current through the wire is big. The
current through the wire and the current through the
bulb add up to the current through the unshorted bulb.
11
This is exactly the same as saying that the power supply
is shorted out. In this case the explanation of why the
bulb goes out is slightly different
When you work very hard you sweat a lot and this is
similar to what the battery does. The chemical reactions
in the battery take place very rapidly and lots of the
energy released gets turned straight into heat rather than
being given to the charges in the circuit. This means the
voltage is a lot less than it should be. The voltage across
the components is very low and so none of them work.
This type of short can cause a battery to get very hot. It
may even explode!
12
How does a short circuit happen?
Examples
13
An easy way to create a short circuit is to connect the
positive and negative terminals of a battery together
with a low-resistance conductor, like a wire. With low
resistance in the connection, a high current exists,
causing the cell to deliver a large amount of energy in a
short time.
14
Possible effects include unexpected energisation of a
circuit presumed to be isolated. To help reduce the
negative effects of short circuits, power distribution
transformers are deliberately designed to have a certain
amount of leakage reactance. The leakage reactance
(usually about 5 to 10% of the full load impedance)
helps limit both the magnitude and rate of rise of the
fault current.
15
A short circuit may be in a direct- or alternating-current
(DC or AC) circuit. If it is a battery that is shorted, the
battery will be discharged very quickly and will heat up
due to the high current flow.
16
to item and wires that you are going to test. Set to
measure resistance at the highest setting. Place one lead
at the beginning or end of the wire and then place the
other lead the other end of the wire. With the
measurement of infinite resistance or very high
resistance, that means that there is a break in that wire.
With zero or very little resistance, that means the wire is
good. Safety is a large concern. The following images
show some steps of the setup. There are areas available
17
for double-checking setup before taking actual
measurements. The motor contactor below is used to
cause the transformer to short circuit to show a fault.
Figure 2
18
A diagram of the shorting circuit is below.
19
Figure shows Normal and short circuit conditions.
20
system and could not be avoided despite careful
planning and
Design, good maintenance and thorough operation of
the system.
This paper discusses the short circuit analysis conducted
in KSO
Briefly comprising of its significances, methods and
results. A result sample of the analysis based on a single
transformer is
detailed in this paper. Furthermore, the results of the
analysis and
its significances were also discussed and commented.
21
Start by turning off all wall switches and unplugging all
lights and appliances. Then reset the circuit breaker. Pull
the lever to off and then to on again to reset a circuit
breaker with a lever switch. If a fuse is blown, it must be
replaced. Unscrew the fuse to replace it with one with
exactly the same amperage rating (both circuit breakers
and fuses should be sized according to the wire used in
the circuit they protect).
Table 2
22
Causes and effects of short circuit :
Causes Effects
23
grounded to the ship's ground (the hull), the chassis can
be charged (or can float) several hundred volts above
ship's ground. If you come in contact with the metal
chassis at the same time you are in contact with the
ship's hull, the current from the chassis can use your
body as a low resistance path back to the ship's ac
generators. At best this can be an unpleasant experience;
at worst it can be fatal. For this reason Navy electronic
equipment is always grounded to the ship's hull, and
approved rubber mats are required in all spaces where
electronic equipment is present. Therefore, before
starting to work on any electronic or electrical
equipment, ALWAYS ENSURE THAT THE
EQUIPMENT AND ANY TEST EQUIPMENT YOU
ARE USING IS PROPERLY GROUNDED AND
THAT THE RUBBER MAT YOU ARE STANDING
ON IS IN GOOD CONDITION. As long as you follow
these simple rules, you should be able to avoid the
possibility of becoming an electrical conductor.
TESTING :
24
chapter 1 and 2 of this module, it will not be discussed
at this time. If you have problems in this area, refer to
chapter 1 for diodes or chapter 2 for transistors.)
25
way. Make a note to replace the part after signal tracing.
There is no sense in risking a new part until the trouble
has been located.
26
change to pulsating dc at the rectifier output, and then
see the pulsations smoothed out by the filter. The point
where the signal stops or becomes distorted is the place
look for the trouble. If you have no dc output voltage,
you should look for an open or a short in your signal
tracing. If you have a low dc voltage, you should look
for a defective part and keep your eyes open for the
place where the signal becomes distorted.
27
However, when you look at the scope pattern for point 6
(the voltage at the rectifier cathodes), you see the
waveshape for pulsating direct current. This pulsating dc
is fed through the first choke (L1) and filter capacitor
(C1) which remove a large part of the ripple, or "hum,"
as shown by the waveform for point 7. Finally the dc
voltage is fed through the second choke (L2) and filter
capacitor (C2), which remove nearly all of the
remaining ripple. (See the waveform for point 8, which
shows almost no visible ripple.) You now have almost
pure dc.
Component Problems
28
TRANSFORMER AND CHOKE TROUBLES. - As
you should know by now, the transformer and the choke
are quite similar in construction. Likewise, the basic
troubles that they may develop are comparable.
29
symptoms are eliminated. Keep in mind that
transformers are difficult to replace. Make absolutely
sure that the trouble is not elsewhere in the circuit
before you change the transformer. Occasionally, the
shorts will only appear when the operating voltages are
applied to the transformer. In this case you might find
the trouble with a megger-an instrument which applies a
high voltage as it reads resistance.
30
of being leaky with an ohmmeter; if it reads less than
500 kilohms, it is more than likely bad. However,
capacitor troubles are difficult to find since they may
appear intermittently or only under operating voltages.
Therefore, the best check for a faulty capacitor is to
replace it with one known to be good. If this restores
proper operation, the fault was in the capacitor.
31
electronic parts. Although you may observe problems
that have not been covered specifically in this chapter,
you should have gained enough knowledge to localize
and repair any problem that may occur. The continuous
rating of the main components such as generators,
transformers, rectifiers, etc., therefore determine the
nominal current carried by the busbars but in most
power systems a one to four second short-circuit current
has to be accommodated. The value of these currents is
calculated from the inductive reactance of the power
system components and gives rise to different maximum
short-circuit currents in the various system sections.
DAMAGES
32
in power sockets, or even the site of the short circuit
itself). Such overheating is a common cause of fires. An
electric arc, if it forms during the short circuit, produces
high amount of heat and can cause ignition of
combustible substances as well.
Benefits :
33
Reports ac and dc current for 4 user defined
times.
Reports zero crossing time of total current.
Increase the safety and reliability of the power system and related equipment.
Evaluate the application of protective devices and equipment.
Identify problem areas in the system.
Obtain recommended solutions
34
power distribution system. This determination requires a
calculation.
CONCLUSION
Finally from this short circuit study, We have to learn
about short circuit And we can clarify from some
doubtable question like, what is short circuit?, how it
happens?, when it happen?, why it happens?. And also
learn prevention methods of short circuit. We can know
the advantages about short circuit study.
35
Short Circuit (Fault Current) studies are required to
insure that existing and new equipment ratings are
adequate to withstand the available short circuit energy
available at each point in the electrical system. Fault
currents that exceed equipment ratings are capable of
extensive equipment damage and are a serious threat to
human life.
REFERENCE
36
1. www.google.com \ short circuit phenomenon
2. www.howstuffworks.com \ electrical stuff
3. IEEE journals on short circuit phenomenon
37