BITUMEN

Submitted byVishakha Gaur: 02116101412

Tarun Pratap Singh: 02216101412

INTRODUCTION
A black or dark brown non-crystalline solid or
viscous material, composed principally of high
molecular weight hydrocarbons, having adhesive
properties, derived from petroleum either by
natural or refinery processes and substantially
soluble in carbon disulphide

PROPERTIES
Adhesion: Bitumen has the ability to adhere to a
solid surface in a fluid state depending on the
nature of the surface. The presence of water on the
surface will prevent adhesion.
Resistance to Water: Bitumen is water resistant.
Under some conditions water may be absorbed by
minute quantities of inorganic salts in the bitumen
or filler in it.

 Hardness: To measure the hardness of bitumen,

the penetration test is conducted, which measures
the depth of penetration in tenths of mm. of a
weighted needle in bitumen after a given time, at a
known temperature. Commonly a weight of 100
gm is applied for 5 sec at a temperature of 77 F.
The penetration is a measure of hardness. Typical
results are 10 for hard coating bitumen, up to 100
or more for water proofing bitumen.

 Viscosity and Flow: The flow properties of

bitumens vary considerably with temperature and
stress conditions. Deterioration, or loss of the
desirable properties of bitumen, takes the form of
hardening. Resultantly, decrease in adhesive and
flow properties and an increase in the softening point
temperature and coefficient of thermal expansion.
Ductility: Ductility test is conducted to determine
the amount bitumen will stretch at temperature
below its softening point. A briquette having a cross
sectional area of 1 in2 is placed in a tester at 77 F.
Ductility values ranges from 0 to over 150 depending
on the type of bitumen.

ORIGIN
It has been utilized since 3500 B.C. in building and road
construction.
The early bitumen were found in pools and bitumen
lakes. For example: Trinidad and Bermudez lake
deposits.
There constantly bubbling liquid bitumen with minerals
mixed out of the ground and has formed a bitumen lake
in the course of history. This mixture is of natural
bitumen and rock material.
An important mine in Europe is the mine in
Selenica in Albania.

TYPES
Depending upon the temperature and other factors
various types of bitumen are found and used
throughout the world.
Cutback Bitumen: Cut-back bitumens are those
which are prepared with the addition of a volatile to
reduce the thickness of the binder.
Fluxed Bitumen: Fluxed bitumens are those bitumen
which are prepared by the addition of relatively non
volatile oils to reduce the viscosity of the binder.

 Modified Bitumen: Modified bituminous binder

are those whose properties such as cohesive
strength, adhesive property, elasticity or viscosity
have been modified by the use of one or combined
chemical agents.
Asphalt: Asphalt is a mixture of aggregates both
fine (sand and filler) and coarse (stone) and a
bituminous binder. It contains approximately 4-7%
of bitumen. Asphalt is primarily used in road
construction and its properties depend upon the
type, size and amount of aggregate used in the
mixture, all of which can be adjusted to provide the
required properties for the desired application.

COMPOSITION
Constitutes of Bitumen :Complex chemical mixture
of molecules that are predominantly hydrocarbons
with a small amount structurally analogous species
(sulphur, nitrogen, oxygen atoms). Some trace
quantities of metal such as vanadium, nickel, iron,
magnesium, calcium.
Carbon : 82-88 %
Hydrogen : 8-11 %
Sulphur : 0-6 %
Oxygen : 0-1.5 %
Nitrogen : 0-1 %

BASIC REFINERY PROCESS

Asphalt is simply the residue left over from petroleum
refining.

Crude oil is heated in a large furnace to about 340 C (650

F) and partially vaporized. It is then fed into a distillation
tower where the lighter components vaporize and are
drawn off for further processing.
The residue from this process (the asphalt) is usually fed
into a vacuum distillation unit where a vacuum distillation
unit heavier gas oils are drawn off. Bitumen grade is
controlled by the amount of heavy gas oil remaining. Other
techniques can then extract additional oils from the asphalt.

BASIC REFINERY PROCESS

USES

Hydraulics & erosion control Catchment areas

Dam linings, protection
Drainage gutters, structures
Mattresses
Membrane linings, waterproofing
Sewage lagoons, oxidation ponds
Swimming pools
Waste ponds
Water barriers
Backed felts

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