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    Engineering fracture mechanics

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Scarica in formato PDF o leggi online su Scribd
    Segnala contenuti inappropriati
    103 visualizzazioni58 pagine

    Ed 7002 Efm Notes

    Caricato da

    Ashok
    Engineering fracture mechanics

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Scarica in formato PDF o leggi online su Scribd
    Segnala contenuti inappropriati
    di 58
    ENGG, FRACTURE MiEeHanres ye Me-e0 5 ‘CHAPTER TWO THE STATIONARY CRACK UNDER STATIC LOADING of a eracklike noteh or ie action due to the 0 that dynamic garded. After jch must appear in these cases oF intense based on the usual first-order theory. whereby eradients are formally treated as small. Isotherm: Dodies which are homogeneous anc isotropic in the comaia considered, Ds ‘TWO-DIMENSIONAL ELASTIC FIELDS AS A X he 7OWER-SERIES SOLUTION be addressed, A plate in a state ofp two concurrent straight edges defining the solid ‘gle 22 and by remote doundaries of body forees equilibrium ie sat pbitae> “o-=%9 pa ws0g ro D- =D esos si uses 94, (6) wD pur 2D 20 4D pun ID wooeieg digs : a sannenco8i9 ddooowun upeiwes sroas 122 sive sey ystuM ure om cus fo sonpes uiog (912) “sbg Ue ¥ YpRordde © 204 2m yoRID © aTeIMAMIS 1 ee EEE a PaeET = pycus+ aus y— o=mrcus+ etary © ¥ anfeauadia 24 0) suojrenbe oastionoeszys anticedsor sup 1 SPEDE SALE "ySIURD Suonenbs 2yp jo MueuIULIeeD se UU Af oe (62) (]-[2T" +0esGtD I oJ"LOJL xa + nse J su ppe ajgeuns saye (Lt) ba 430 1wi03 Serpuodsosso9 our “(qunes pur pues) 1d a\nouwAs & jo ssIs¥0D (82) at + UBIO + A(t + 1180059 + Bt — EBD + aI — H)s00'9 =F s @2) 30 wonnios yexeu98 ou, Fwonauny og pus y weisu0s (ee) Bae (E') BF peonpostut sy erat Dip auruuoyep yorum suonenbo up aa wa @ tasoy roapord oun curnsse pus [6] suiRiiem mottos om sat o=teate eo 2 = 901 (1 “Sig) suompues Arepunog ruosaid ax sapun (22) ator OL “o10u onedpom ve sami st0d 1 emt 4 vS Je | sonvnzas myuaves oF NotanGOUN § 10 sTRODUCTION 70 IMACTUIKE MECHANICS Mode 1 =e + 1) c05$ + 3c0522 ceeneneta seni] where plane plane strain vel arbitrary rigid-body displacements may be superposed. ‘tym stlhoxary CRACK UNDER STATIC LOADING IT The functional forms of u, and w suggest that all roots 2 <0 would produce splacements in r = 0, singe the maltplie: generalizing 19) ana 17. We therefore reject these and concentrate on A= 0. T? cs and strains of the Which is considered physically unfeasible. For thete reasons all roots 4 < 0 must be excluded from the solu around the periphe Hooke’s law and the kinematic constraint ate expressed by 2, G2, tee Gina OS tym ig = SE ea strse components Fig. 20 displacement rp. They ean fealy be shown 12 have sels nines 9 the sluion in pron inthe plane ofthe seton, a derived by St. Venant’s | I \ | DS 104 12% soa O= TUL SPOR OS 304 SEP oe ype 7 oR 04 f= 11 9POW UM iy Qh 5 ates = yyn- = Ge O51 10d wel “Tea yz 208 "9 v xy o94 ‘sousniodus rejnaared Jo [naa papusixa ays Swope so8SO2IS Te aueuraep suey amp Aju sey sooyeauati oun nynuas 01 ¥ puemoy # umnow LSE (rd om ep sco on 20) fh ontevol ouvas WANT HOME AWYNOIENCS aH ‘uonenbo onstsaigessup aus ons 02 (1£°Z) a pousosuy 5 IG IUEITUOD © 51g 9F9G wero pousg= 8 adds oun yo Atop $4 (97°) Jo wOH.n|Os du soso Jo t= @ ot toadsas atm wuowaoerdnp oowisdsne a4) KUO SOUS a @ «ao eEwom on F = 50+ 6 0 R043 5 pus © 205, stconenbo 3ujuson08 a4: pio ot (pe) PUE (EC'Z) Hi puONpOAAL! PUR POUUNSEE s ee) (50 tata) ronpoud ous “¢'¢ “Bit 07 Duypi0o0e 20 eFeou Bao-% oo em Bao suoqipuce Azepunog ous J9pun panjos 94 plnoUs WorReNbo si, eo 20} vonenbs renusiod agp soni wo referred (o Fig. 25.¢ ‘The three scalars K to Ky denote the sueast 3 the fields near the crack 4 uy factors. They will characterize the dominant ip completely. since the distribution is otherwise Tully ned. It is rather casy to demonstrate that the same type of near-tip 20 appear even when body forces are present and when the erack surface is Subjected to tractions having fnite intensity. 2.2 TWO- AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL ELASTIC FIELDS: SOLUTIONS ON AN ANALYTICAL OR NUMERICAL BASIS the stress (But cacy bate) a9 ‘2m oe oxen plane ofthe rigs Fahionany CRACK UNDER STATIC LOADING 15 IE of dis Giscussed above, Essentially the types of the singularities re also the same. This means thet the curvature of the crack front inftuences the elds only through the stress intensity factors, as do the geometry of the body and the boundary conditions otherwise ‘Therefore the analysis in Sec. 2.1 has already disclosed the general character of the feds which dominate the solution near the crack front, in the plane as wel 3 in space, It is reasonable, as that this is fost that part of the Solution which serves to decide whether the state is eritcal ai the crack tip Jn an essentially elastic body. Tt remains then to determine the stengths Xt when special geor fered. series solution in Sec ns at the crack sides ries and a chosen scheme of approximation tion, ete.) one then arrives at the set of rermines Cie Coy andeD, (= 12.3, 32), Results from such an at through @. ids [22-34] and others has made it possible to consider Saite se through the use of conf 2 basis of earlier work by Green and ‘The results in Appendix C must apply equally well if a uniform tension or compression is applied parallel to the plane of the erack. Nor ean any other stress field jafuence the intensity factors if itis superposed wish finite intensities. In particular, such a fleld might be caken as 2 uniform compression normal to the plane of the crack, having the intensity ¢.. This explains why expressions such 88 (C.1) 10 (C5) and (C.7) are also vali for the respective geometries ifthe remote ‘oad @,, it replaced by a comprestive load o, acting on the crack facet. ‘Armieng numerical methods for determi stress intensity factors, besides hose applying the power ser be par noted, The body is then con ed as an assemblaxe lements, and the solution is interpolated between typical primary variables associated with nodal points common o adjacent elements, Two varieties have autracced attention: (1) methods which make use of singular elements, which by ANOZ SLLSVTe AZIS THI AO NOLLYWIXONdAY S.NIAVH sound ur 34) 02 2 >HEWoUry sind # nasi 96E9 € Je Mey 9 aE sys am sandiego pure ou Gf aoid oxen immu di yoeso amp wo. Tulpuarxs YontoyRee|d P uoRcuUINsse ‘Aatonsea ayn Aa oous9p soasaans o81e| out [fe AUTO p]NOD {euDEM eas OU AONE INOW HOVE: YVAN ONIGTEIA JO NOISSADSIG FATLYLIIVAO Yi quand 75 0 dn stoo sed cczap Aron pue moneys 195 (@D) pee WD) fe UBD OUO SouISAND asoq UssAeg “s2yIeU luseaieg uosejodioww) Aq pantsep usaq ancy ret paienoo PuLsOyUY YOR “Z “AEYD 505 5 248101 syesp 2) ome OB Of soyovordde jo ssquant 24 Aisno!agO aon s1 uoposepisiog sapien wergoud 241 51 Aycesdoriera un ut worssno 2 podnosS 2q ues $1505 \disex> Asoronpone 80] a1 usDy0g Podojsaap 24, ur “seniseinsus fwoidé: ats spniouy usisop where F) denotes the Decween curves 1 and ea) 8s we proceed. It should is can only be to consider a Decause the analysis clastic term woule d yielding in mode I of a iy plastic material. The analysis thus win study discussed above and offers a check on that result imagine th thin plate anc, by consequence, look upon the yield zone 2s ihiekness strip emanating from the crack tip. Thus, the half plane x, > 0 10 be considered as purely Simultaneously adding a negative singularity By manipulating the erack-line 17 of Appendix C Kum ments d+ rer f ‘ represents the length of the yield Kuyt Kys=0 2.43) eve that in sucha interpretation the O78 6 i Jo 9UEIE russiod og ano. yrs 398 i rd) 3 sonpoid 5 stoouT ty woe oro | sapusddy ur ¢ oeno 203 se poonpons 1c wajgoud sno Buinjos “umouruR 2 fod jousarxe avo sin Aq or (229499 51 rede YOK (ore) DIVIDE sUnIO VE OL NoNLDRAOLENL 0 Seg ee J INTEGRAL AND [TS RELATION TO ENING DISPLACEMENT tes will be considered: 8/2x,=0. Taken slong a ‘teed in the counterclockwise sense between the iso integral equals ass) wafers ayenz3 ‘on per unit of volume, s is the are length, and g, is the ody bounded by T and the crack surface.t In Appendix a ofthe parenthesis in Eq, @.88) around the bouncary iw depends wnigvely om 4, and no resenes of body for th aceelera fo the integral since here p,— 0 and APE) =0 ;) is satis ied in the region between T and I”. This leads to ‘he J integral is independens of the chosen path if ‘material point, which is never realized exactly but someti cracked body before ihe crack has started to move. The (appr independenes 's the most important property of the J integral; special physi ns may also be observed. With the invariance it follows (1) that J raust express a typical scalar measure of the state of straining at the crack tip since its is conserved if Tis shrunk arbitrarily close to the crack tip and (2) that J be evaluated along a path chosen to give the greatest computational advantage. ‘An example illustrating properties | and 2 is provided by the Dugdsle model The COD 6 indicated in Fig. 2.10 will now be expressed by the J integral. Since « path of integration can be arbitra 2, we take the curve T around the yield scrip boundary, from the lower side at x, =a, past =a. (0 che upper side at x, =a, Since here dxy=0 and a= ay. 25 =, there remains pe Pes —mreneferturn ae) "eu (UZ) is the displacement of the upper (lower) side, This implies, dood 2.50) ial constant relates the J integral to the COD 5 and Tresea properiies being considered ing (2.87) can be inserted in (2.50) to provide =A “= J es considering the ease of plane stress, mode I. This is an important specialization ofa more general result io be derived later, relating Jo the stress intensity factors ing (2.51) would be to insert the elasticity solution (2.15), 18 defining exprestion (2.48). then shrinking T toward the is pol smallescale y for plane strain ick plate) when ideal plasticity and iding are assumed. Invoking J © K3/E [compare the plane-stress te wespuodopu aus © ws 22 6 500m ee f (y upuoddyy 20 er 9900 possoidao se y90}08 aL, su OR Cex) y twat oso eso ain mo 3yr pur “es oui Stonpisadsor asp siuotsornbes aiseg ‘olbe 228 siuouoduioa wea Surmoney yf seewuuDeW puE In Aq sisKjeun ue twos} soaudp eng sapi0 Jessy UF peuosaad 00 fom suonenbs Suipaomd 2 1 yenbo 51 auoaxo 942 Teun ‘2n;n0p ajduas 5.4m INO] am $7 “Bey Us oFR9 ath See, '[2p0ur Br suoreopicude aesognie 210m 347 POIOUE UE Se puE ume Sir UO Y0g 2oUEDOdU UP pou! ur Sunydere or Surpuodsassos ‘saves suejdlue jo sisAfoue 34, UI FAOW NI SISKIVNY QLISVTAOLSVTS YARN Lt Ly uaKo soveanias @ ney Ke ‘PossnoHIp 9q [IMM SY “SsoURIEIROHT axa fapun segs sr CHAPTER FOUR CRACK INITIATION AND GROWTH: CRITERIA AND STATIC ANALYSIS 'be the separation wor in both cases, the expectat ‘compared with one oF more typical constants sas on both sides) then Chap. 3 to begin our systematic eval referring once more 10 Griffith. He was primarily concerned tight be considered purely elastic (specifically glass): then by 0 peo) Busasso8 9 spuodss uorsnj3409 or sous pur (Z's) $0 ub yoeunoidl a 0 spuodsass03 go pea] auow Aq powIarOs #1 ipMou? food br 20g ¥F jam se WoRNNAIE yRooKs Joy PHPe st reMD dis poe fr) 36a “suosRUSU] “Te “SOS wl pHAUEP suo) 94} Su St namo 51 wou soes9 2x1 oun a90[6 soxer stim JT “some wore oy uf s0L0) satioeeIE 242 sutear9s0 oF soyR 1 OM 94) se PoIOK soujins on “pa sueisur 298 x2 s|uueUd © sreorput 01 “ureBe anos wySlwl (0) uoeRby "uonod ous Azwssooou oq pinion. < fg peo] iudty vey mOU Om “oNaEy otouTy one aisixo G2 yy prey sou30 ays uo “soumisisos st OT SPE 791229 TevoNoUs [eAIU! Ou reIP paplnoid ‘samsue poroodxs diteiaut Duy HY Hare aaa 81 (2) &q ansez on “9 = Ep wm owspejduup renuiia © 42 am se poystres 99 03 sty = /reus soMadae eeonIPDS uur se auinsse om, ou seu wioiqaud ay “sage poreinustos sy Honow isms or g Pro[ 2qp “(lr = 9 sredux wsu0o = y = fs ween fontee UPISUOD © Te st yzom [eEORDNK) our ‘apuis s30p 4o0Ia ous usu eu pounsaud #11 “(I'p) "be on slameduicn se uersonee HHL Wwowisoetdsip Jo run sod M20m {et P= Pa) é3:2us aaoun, wy wowssou 2m stenbo atop 20m 249 32014 tonidup v a0 souoy jeuonau) Susoddo ve kq “ovonbaruoe natin x dq Aiaanae popes: aIge1 © HO SUI YooIg V “tdurece poueisa» 28 Buryoo) Aq uornduansse sigs jo ssouanbosuos ata sveoasdse bes ane eon ipuo> yusuiied 2a ee) XBI'e) StH aK Jo AE arog sapun iugjeunbs 24 Ave (Ee'¢) 30 “(6r'e) (en) owes y PW 203 Wououse wo.oyns w apinoad o1 pobod seus 9q 1 1 Buimoas sy y98I9 94 SDINWHOGH sURIOVEE OF NOMORGOMN! Fe. Sepenes on whether 1s load or the displacement is her P or w can be identified here as the aetion parameter '4.2) has the solution ©) exgca: omarion AND GROWN 77 4.2 A GENERALIZED APPROACH CONSIDERING SEPARATION WORK We retain the essential hypothetis on the growth of the rack, that is € =2y = const, when the material and its environment are given. The content of assumption will be discussed further with regard to real material behavior. In such context, however, it is necessary to consider the plastification ousie the fructure process zone, as waulc be a consequence in general of the concen trated straining, This meane that the dissipation term D must be included in the cenengy balance (3.12) and (3.13), which then takes the form a ~p=w-2_p=r an e-pew-B_paw @n When dT dA = 0, Such 2 balance may also apply to the initfation of crack motion, 5 before, but we should nove now that the cissipation term D generally depends nthe history of separation and deform: takes on gifferent values for @ precrac ack, Condition (4.7) is ilustrated in Fig. 4.2. By anal ) equal to 27 ‘During local yielding @ is essentially equal to the crack driving force of the fully elastic body, It has been recognized, furthermore, that D(x) may be nearly as large a¢ @ (it even equals # if singularity requirements are not formally met at the erack tip), Thus i appears, om the basis of the genes that the critical action derived by purely elastic eonsicer: small, Indeed, one chould recognize the screening effect provided by the region at the erack sip: an amount of energy will be dissipated which otherwise contribute to separation work in the process zone. - For the fracture parameter 7 the situacion is more diffuse than in the ideal world of Grifith. He considered 7 10 be related only 10 separation in regular latices, whieh hae an implication on pure cleavage fractures in si Doring aeal quasi-brittle fractares ie polyerystals, on the other hand. y should also. include dissipation through noahomogencous slip within and between the grains, vy Din) wil suas the el vale of the load or dplacument Peto" ity ven propery, 4 u pase 124! 03 A IUHIS UoIIMOL FB Z 29404 Susp ABUID a42 EB ') Je SPI pury-yoj ay “ssoqe wo4s ovse YBvOsdde Su ‘2084 Sunt] 2y2 sposoxs Uonot 18g F puEmon "y= soLEINis 28us5 24) a) “sso[oyuaAOH “UH ‘3ig) ssvosou! syuoiouow y ‘uonetyKoldde 1514 © se uoyer oq dow rouoreus una fe pozeoar os SuproKe wunsse owes 241 &q poioinsos uD9q ante) SsAteue Ww (Ge) BdueiEg AB.9UN r102 BYP 3UDA9 SHWEUKD ® SaLINg, aowvava Aowana amano @_- HLMOUD NOVY OINVNAG GALS waLavHD ; 4 5 x equation is which can be comhined with Hook's law, ann et bs ae fe ve vase crack crown 111 (if che bar were restricted from undergoing lateral cisplacements, the modulus would have to be replaced by EC — A).-such that ¢ should be chunged into a constant ¢,, defined Iater,] Equation (5.6) has solutions of the form 6s) becuse speed ¢, and 2 constant profil. Gorrespondit a € = EF w EH Em BH Fat) 6% alia moving with the speed ey. and the partite veloity arateag, =#2, dara Le sone Fane F280 6 the signs still referring to waves in the positive ané negative x cirections, : finned So, 6.8) Figure $2 Postion of « mateal point @ (o) before a. (6) afer vs Sa sed 1 330m yeuso1x9 21 “pos ‘enum S50u15 pon oy) sotto Suynou3 s] yoeio sup Imep {PUES OMT S[BuDIELE 2UDIOYIP Uoddeieg dolsaop Kee A> "1'§ Sid Bt poguianep y uonouny 2 ax ado00e seuss any ~PeONPOINUT USRG Fey g Hipln IDEIEOD 2 D234 eg oe oy BE PE yw ers) Ow BE Bras (U's) souryng Biau> ay jesodsrp sno ze See {INE 29 99IeA qeAUONED =e unusiniep of “(,1'S) 8) wmouyun up sureuies (2 20) p poods YORE ey “ZORomoR 2 Bee poods yoe0 aaneyor oop Jo sua uy gent e+ att Eitto np wittay witty Supeq synsos aut *x pur “2 “2 semourun saan yp or 3sodsa qiym puntos 2q ued (01's) 0 (g's) suoRenby (Cpaxy diqero: 9q or pauinsse s1 yess oun Jo 0033 1 eq ou veNp e904) “sae prEmyyS0q yn SeAEDsesdoD (1's) Jo USE sodoHd Ox HE 9 toZan G's) yBroz p0[en syonsed 942 or poretas Busoq uIo2 ese] a4 ion bustier Rj A{0) > 1 must be n (compare win 4) through 6.8) Fig. 5.6, the desired esponding values = R(G} of erack driving jcular. if (a) = R= const {the cashed a RuR=1 % RIRET Gis as moved a distance a given by ha _ 2a +40 sage 620) rward fump of the crack ang the back-and-forth ay be foune ve Ref, 275 fsbarving an ( From (5.20) we find Dysnane eRAck oxown 11S displacement of the waveftont. Here « denotes the initial free length of the Dar. 2 gn ayttt oy 2 ‘Tae message brought by the reflected wave is essential for the further development. I constant load P were preseribed to act at the left end (Fig. 5.2), ‘cen be shown that the crack speed would suddenly ingrease and new stress waves ‘would be emitted. The history of incident reflected waves would go om to approach 8 steady state, in which ease the erack speed would be constant and all emitied and reflected sizesses would add to zere, We note in thiz case that tendo (5.22) with o, in (5.8) 1ow being equal to 2, and aT =tpSdaae Zi Zo domtsaa waa =P Bde = expressing the kinetic and elastic energy of the detached length da and the external hing of that lengrs, Wi work & the energy balance (5.13) we then (6.23) teresting case may occur when the displacement 4, instead is kept constant after the initiation of cracking. The leftend 1en superimpose a forward-moving stress wave on the wave first ‘mitted from the erack front, so that the resulting particle velocity becomes zero. By (5.7) and (5.10) the reflected stress must have the same size c, and sign a8 the ted one. When this reflected stress impinges on the crack front, we have a total load moot e,t es (628) replacing (5.9). and with the generated new stress pulse 2 a particle velocity & wade; (525) results in Eqs. (5.14) to (5.16) can therefore be carried over when ¢s and d are replaced by 9+ 20, = el a) (I +a) according to (S.l1a) and the new velocity a” =a, This provides the new crack ériving force and irs resistance (526) | i ih eis ayn tse pea 24) Uy yd GaN ASOIPX 40 os" Seqoas9n0 ussg sy s9u3eq ous Sas ‘dn jguie sm ange Meus Suypooosd tame sp mnt: ae Sn ‘Ausppns #9 psods ou: sou ) sounpisut -s w gone =“ jerwooes | suugas =" 20 49p seqyes SurmoI.es ‘aid ox “f soussoudde a ve day Bales 1 Fonsi wzeohe o=nsey 239, synoiwos 9 uopeSedosd Jo poads © pur ns 204) seau read spe Kew $9228 yu sem ad aszy 243 Jo 2|dCIEXD UY some) sa Bercow «es 1 ers) 1p ory uoyouq 9g usd £8 J09 aJ0U Ja} ase paIt9Ues santo FHL 400 ésepunog wand o42 z9puN 3030) ee a suonteiopsuos aners q aeaLaP 29 UOKp PIOUS # “saKem GMS Jo SUOPISUE sey aq3 weyy umous ancy (Zez) Raeuss ap au0y0q. pies brea pee [ger] panos “sesso out} [peisnijas Jo souvoyruSis 9) pur sauersq ABsouD oy: s0j spiow s syotuoa [naouod a10W B Ui APEde SISA;PUE feuOIsUsUIp-suO su Jo SoIMIED} 20S SUSVD IYNOISNAWIG-OML €'¢ ‘anem persoyar © dq poredist uooq sey aSessou 24) nun seseo ont sup usemieg UsINBURSID OULD UOM; AOEID aut ITY ITO psrLIO 050g Sey IF GOMNE "WsuoD = UeED Isoyo Huypserss sow w aney O1 SUC g inb seadde eu: 1 joan jOnS *U208 DAEY OME “PUR OA notin jo vouswousyd st} “suoxy ype at Jo dof ferer 9% soayop (:2's) Aa, ‘by vou “seduidurr nem poiooyas ogi Uoym dors yenus obeo yusend sup Ur SueCIS ars) + ow Pow ‘ety poode yon> yp Uo swepuadap os sy soueisisoy ou JF ‘S20/0:9K, ow «= far ws anooo Ama wusjuegoou! vorurs aur *€es “wnt (> wy!9P YS “ADADMOY “sOIDUNCID Fxap uw) pOALONa! AI! or (ey) suonefss saneway surat ‘nie (gg) bu (g°5) wf Daisy, eibancoRARY (BUDIBeA 343 Jo 26S ye iyy se ce ain/np merdussse 241 Sapajou! 240 bm dey = fosoursut JO) S20KH urw yp “Sued > pur | stuersuo> \euosuoUp (eps) fuse fa pfu oe eps acyl = cers) 9 sgt etn aide suoeayspowy Yimou’ Jo 210s 94 HE poy 30 3] Sor or de yo = "™y Suva APus Y Jo 2500200) UT YT Jo sonjen 20810) 20, Psoos prs owos ezr snouvs ‘sunaniys Us 4) RgIV z= 'Y DHE Hort tos JO), EQDE SIR A SHOREOPUNE ‘sousisey Jog nwapusdap-y reqmatwor “yy Suneur q popnious oq uED tayo sep & jonot proysosun op 20K “ex 21a oxEdutOD ty Uo a, sequence of effectively ion, Ibe a matier of is ues. If on the other hand, a of Figs. 8.8 4.9.9 smaller thaa 2, there may stil be sr opportunity to prevent a global 1e, Reasonably, "yof the erack throug igs, Perhaps the condition for sich detection is some further eracking inte ‘ize a) > a, and we then have reason to hope for «, > 45. before brouk"" are keywords related 10 fatigue crack growth in a desirable course of events, they provice selection. AS implied above, the inpiate “ger thicknesses) of the material should be high to ensure that the ertical length of a erack not be smatier than the length necessary for discover) ge this length will be is a complex matter ca ELEMENTS OF APPLIED FRACTURE MECHANICS 189 of empiricism involving many variables, but efforts toward establishing useful criteria are being made, | simplified model of the above valuation appears if the presrack, say as Geveloped internally, along a weld, has a large longitudinal extent compared with the ‘all thickness. Then in a first stage of eracking the front will move rather ifermly io the radial direction, and = time co leakage can be estimated by the developed erack-tip intensity factor X, (or example, case 5 in Table { Canswerse material toughness Xi... With the penetration s longitudinal crack has been generated, its length similar to that of the preerack. For ick the stress intensity factor X; is next evaleated and compared with the toughness X, ic Urns out chat an effec anisotropy K/Kig> 1 is usually sssary for the developed through-erack to be stable, Ifthe wall fs suitably thin. 1 for leak before break may well be satisfied even with basic notropy ial (compare Fig. 4.52). FG unite CRACK INITIATION UNDER LARGE-SCALE YIELDING Our earlier experiences with eracici inear feature mechanics were assessments within the frame of to Figs. 4.7, 410, and 412. In 625.288 omy the expression for the tip opening of a through-crack normal to the remote tension ein a large plate 3 =e [Coon ey] 13 ‘The analytical result was the initiation condition (4.25), or 9.13) introducing the critical stress which would follow through formal use of quasi= linewr fracture mechanics, i, oun Foe 914) ‘The plate being chin, Tresea type, and ideally plastic was a prerequisite for the form (9.12). In this ease the simple relation Jaod also holds. Thus, as previously pointed out, the J integral might equally been the basis of Fig. 4.7 uader these special condi Ihave san og = 2% a te% aw sopinoad “sDueisy! 404 “vonspued mosns aL “anjea areuipio 2m Ut g pro} a2 3 241 30 Buypens : ms sutuansts pu jpuotew ude ay} 303 "ype Jo BoReny 20 sigijozsn duis Sunetnideoos 05 doors suouruoo sounany snowayn uonsodone a) soca) 2x4 Slston amssaid poe “jooqy‘Suaulzsods 11 [RoEpUMED 40 VOR} ECD 9 soseo 1Uasaytp YRS 1Wasa1dar Aa sy ‘uonss38ee 249 joddns ov uoyes 2g uve sieiod jerusuundee Jo 198 FsonomoH (C1'9) Jo SuPIIE tuts puoeg “oosz00 sxe seiouduedse out 204) oR) tt Osh 10j pronppe og ueo uoseas oN “svOjTEni JO AD4ea © ewnnoudde ue uy Buxkidde anana sotsew 10 afeiane 3408 se paloplsoa ag plots wre) wonojos semmonsed sims vous parseBSns fens~c9s) dnosd yoseosos wey “Atennsedses “42 pur Mo ‘Me Surseidas My pue um Lp Bia JO 1176 Sia wi saan 2x3 yo Aaz2doud yeisads fon a4. peresedss éepim cor 9g iou dem sumuew st ang ‘worsen us ‘deys uy Sunioese pus Surpiers aL “Apog 241 Jo Gurypess Suyumnese Goedes Suxderre aun Bung 9g ND avt jo OMe si szeuIpsO ay3 2104] “p>BESTALD 9q UES 11°6 PU TI'y “slg ays] Suyoo) wansseyp aonyrey e °AtlEIOURT OW (995 shun asow wo poe pissin pu (soup) syns! atid syns pow Sep SDINVADAN YRS OF SOUDNGOLANL OE in Seo. 9.8. Thus faa $234 = 28.1 MP Fec= FRA = 28.1 MPa he Grtieal pressuse equals = 0.8(30) = 24MPa 300.94 and (from Fig. 9.11) the ratio ‘of crack growth by yparent constancy of ELEMENTS OF APPLIED FRACTURE MEDKANICS 193 " ee Lb Figure 9.43 Recond of stable erackgrowrh in 9 etal shoe 573 land the crack length could be inereased by about 50 wvas lost. An attempt to trace a similar development parameter independ the one measured (only of erack length would have been a load curve qui steeper) in the present case, An ot ‘each cate the derived Cis at a nearly constant value, possibly ransient. If, conversely. the constants had been used as input ion work should be kept constant at its enforced i fan ordinate level by open symbols, These are rocess zone specifically (Sess. 3.3.4and 4 ng independent constant valuc C has emerged, and the predic- tive capability scars to be atleast as good aS above. “AL leas refers (0 the fact that such noment nce makes regular meshes more feasible ané even 19 = possibility alae C may be invariant to further geometries, given the material and the Ofcourse, a coupling of € to the particular has to be accepted 0 have the “basic” property of being a he etacketip opening angle CTOA (See usgsua anny 01 sreodde YOUD wou potted o43 ren “nmosS Jo soe 5 uruson0d wag AoW jesSorur {e91) 9 0m usa Suspuodssso oy jo susuye rout (Q) put aa vou? Hans pola one a9 | mine snd compaction mnioned i Soc 42 previovs approseh ELEMENTS OF APPLIED FRACTURE MECHANICS 197 ed i8 « known onal mode!) chis f relevance: if the constant valve to be (possibly assigned to thickness and a comput ‘The discussion of stable fracture has not been concluded yet, and the reader is advised to be critically open to furcher suggestions, Brmrcwness as 4 vesten earaveren Jn economic bounds the design of a strucvural philosophy could be to address the modes separately and to assess their interaction ‘some final synthesis. Aspects of sich an evaluation were illustrated ia See. 9.5, ‘which cate the failure stress must be fairly Independent of the thiekness. On the other hand, when activated, the fracture mode may be thickness-sensiiive 10 a high degree. We have already seen (Fig. yielding observation has been verified by experiment. Indeed, the tisk of fallure even by cracks growing normal to the surface (from external flaws) may ingreuse with thickness, precrack size and remote siress being given, We ilustrate crack tip can be stated in the form Ky = KG =0) = 6 nay (0. 8.8) @.18) where J; is © multiple which incorporates che stress-concentzation effect of nonzero toe (maximum) angle 6. Typically Mf, behaves as in Fig. 9. sug 32M 2 sump sayy 19) :981'6 ig ut Knawos9 91 pur (91) ba or Seer Ny sNnUs UonestIauED Vere Sad * so ee vo So rom nig 30 es © Jo 9% oe FOES A, $6 ey SONVIDSH TURIDVIE 0% NOLOAGOMLA! 86 RACK INSTABI IN THERMAL OR oy ELEMENTS OF APPLIED FRACTURE sEcHiCS 207 in wooms of current crack length @ = 4/2. The relation fs ilustrated in Fig, 9.21, ‘4 being the erack length before motion and Ta > as) = 0 defining a crack length such that the Ovo hatched areas are equal Tia,) = 0 or, = a; above. Second, @ is repinced by its statigyalue O° for the same boundary conditions, defining ~dor/aa = 2+, Figure 7.$ illustrated the nom validity of the first assumption, in gener that the second may be ie ne way resembl and the figure to Prob. 5.3 clearly shows from correct (Indeed, in that case ©* = Oyapla, which ei ‘would have to be known a however. and the success of the approach remains unexplored in general with that ° 9.8.1 Cracking by Thermal Action Materials subjected to a severe thermal environment, £8. in refractory linings and biast furnaces, Bessemer converters, and eyclis!y operated kilns and ovens, operate under such conditions that generally thermal stress cracking cannot be avoided Relying on a semi scudy related to. such simulated by considering s plane specimen normal lower edge before cooling (Fig. 9.22). This is a kinematic co exerted from the supporting walls in a reel si 1a] 10 A@ was assumed. The analysis is point proceeded effectively as follows After the temperature drop the average vertica) stress equals fg = HE, AO 18) where a is the linear expansion coeficient ané &, the effective Young's modulus of the cracked structure (e.g,. Ref. 225) £ See x J \ ty sendi08 suena £26) pur (17'@) Buisn oPeATOVUF preavonUBrENS ‘suondwnsse woRbosans wo seule uonenbo sit ust top/,or~ =.2g WH [EOE conn a-mrs| =o ore) aoptpuos aun £@ uaaid kroaneius: Sussg sone; og: Jo 2246 aun “onsuD ysoUe ap 07 % tos duinf ype LePpNS y “aIqEISUN s}_BupYOEID 1 ssyduy wpSe9] oes ape 4g Jo aseoson! yoy an “Yo we “auna puis sun se oec"S “Ska UL urcous st (Cr'6) Suipnioes (Cz'6) INS! SUL, 9, z = el i ‘aus soem 241 9 sreadde polsen sy 0 se 99 Jo waunUL B20 47 Jo tMUpETEN Y “FEIROAIES Uy "y =. YORIDIOD aK WO} (#4 ot ze pout x we =ov s Supyoeso r2eis 01 doup oxnvesodurr 247 ‘(Ist1eg ou) uoow jenlay oy: SuEU!OAOS ‘ste y sourasigau unIsuOD mou & pue % oF [eAbs yPSUD, yoBID [SEISHO UE WDE “ste ey wh | SONWHOEN unsaved OL NoUDNGOMEN! toe of the type chown, ig the yield éynamic effect, of this conclusion, 9 of temperature difference, combined action of If residval stresses were ignored, a predicted, given the intial resistance @, This estimate ri ve side. By the residual 7). This may be a supereritcal crack . which means that a otal unstable faneous eect mnction along, tal fracture may result Residual Steess We be sites for brittle erucking, This is not due ine process in such zones, where cracks "ger cracks ate present, i | | | [ | sWwa180Ud paxoo|s0no 2g 10u Pinoys sonreysour auniseiy £q soouonbostos syn Bul PRPs! pue sy2ez0 Surprooss jo aneuioe aap ‘sired Jf Joy woetnonp 185 295 -oE0 (2) yom tng © 0 rp Suponsa jo scurry 90 unt APPENDIX A ELEMENTS OF SOLID MECHANICS Dae ceomerny oF STRESS AND STRAIN 1g by a rotation of the coordinate axes is that typical By varyi jon to arrive at the extreme = principal stresses a the points cir values 2, (a2 | | | PaO oe = opp + ps O= pte — -kjpapsedsaa “WRLgK NBS ( 7 pte op Cory om a0(21~ a+ 52) tp a"em tp sous ow sussouoe yeisads 39 “*aoae Y sis Jo 2181S BHOLEIAED SHEA OL € 4 ve o'r ow) rou 248 YoIa ‘pepunog doris) au) Ul f eI8Ue yey Jo jley-ouo séew CV GOWN 281 104 jo 2fue uo v reyr F2m v Yns wy “uons: indiguisd 9uo 01 oyfeied soueyd uy sonqen seane-zeoys pur -youso¥ Sujpuodso.i07 Jo snoo| aif % sis Yoeg “s2]ou> eros sayopy WOK} porsayUI 2q UBD 9 ona 2 CD aa ME tb onjea wanes 34) A328D 03 UMOUS 24 1d syoppoumur oyp Jo uoRDALIp aun O: o(TtIEd Si ) Neus m "D} SOBEONIS [EULION DMALIXD 217 JO ms So 30 2/3uB UP TP St UY dautd au SENN ["Y 23S; on Y woseas syqh 30d p2s2791 we dpe) a OP fay 9g) Tauy 19949 343 OF SE BuDY Pardope ayn UOREUIUNNS 24. Uajep =o (ev) y= Nor + Gor + foc Got Ro + Lot mG —%0"s) +Roetos omy susuoditos (\'y) ayn jo sua ul siusrowece spi [DINWHDEN HHAUDYAE OF NOUDNOOLIN! OLE (A102) (a0b) ELEMENTS OF SOLID veECHUNICS 213 (A.12] govern the variation of stresses inside the boey. oe, where the st to given Let ABC in Fig. A$ be an clement of the 1 Taoee x, — const) a under the action of pan the intereal strees sed by the static boundary condition png, clastic and large plastic defor rue” or Cauchy-defined values 1 deformed body as zeferred to axes fixed in space jon and ro nt the fed of ps igh the local geadiente bbe defined. In a cartesian frame (ais) tc, represent siretching of ing elements along the.axes; the remaining cerms, the rates of shea 283 = jn et Finwe As ey omg own seus gorge ov ans {'n] 50 suonesasp resound om Suaye sowe 02 Suys:ajos mS ISH] 241 uw weet ra paty jyustrenny 242 Aq anni st p Sajsnp ruewav0u1 auinjon oypeds ax ‘snuy “pateuds axe 29pIo sousHy BJO stenUDIayLP uouN (Cap + 1) Sep ep bp = (ap + 1) 8 Cap + Dp Caw + 1)? ay Sep Tap bap tuody suanjon su aBuEGD 1p feAISIU "x o} jeunzou so0ey TUIARY I4aWw UTE Y povestay: 4) peou aga wy yp 7 mp 18 ory) vp op a (ey Tia) seoue Jo ayes wnenrve op oreoqpeE KUL pauyap 29 oste wea UOReWOJEp JO SO=UD SayoHY “Auadosd reuOSUe: jindue aaelss 210u9p {ev ag 6 (9'Y ig) xe om SuOpe souq Jo seMID0} me a 40 SI SOINWHDAN BUOY OF NOWONGONE FIE i t 7 (a2) EeaMENTS OF SOLD MeCHANeS 217 being oer ar \anees fs can be verified by direct substitution, On aay material clement the stresses perform work when the body is deformed. The power per vnit of volume will be which can be meaningfully intograted through a small deformation into wn [eet m feat fevety 028 the total work of deformation per uni: of material volume, By integrating (A.24) over the whole volume ¥ of the bedy ene ean derive the identity Josar=[anes[o formal transformations to the surface Sand the use of the equations ion (A.13), and the Kinema of virtual work, which ean be interpreted ind external work @ denotes the sirain energy density, This implies that yd; = 4 for Fy variations of ¢,. so that 26, oa (4.28) at utrase 1h uniqueness copends on conitons beg cher adiabatic or iothenn then @ equ the lntrnal energy or the fre energy fer unt of vou, respectively ¥ u ‘uo ay us porussaides ag yum vont Nouvnuossa dusviaoisy1s avy ousv1a &) I RE ENA zusiodig 242 Surapos 403 anbluyon ajgsiser-xoieui09 y Giz SINWNDIEN GrTON 4O SUSE ‘un wou paysnes 2g 01 Uses exe Key] “(0408 03 UD 904) SO1EUIp 009 ansau uy djdde (Sy) wnuqnmbe jo suonenba ou sores ued eons UT Hon Boa = HOL Fon Ho(e—T) M207 ome Mgetegg Noten may (rev) se SaYOOH “Wo|ssaRaY YBNom pausPIgo sf 9s puodse dip ata “mOILC} cow (Ooyttiate) ats ao (mipihELen)or wt ‘suonepes upensesens ax (62"¥) DUE (82°) Ke or'v) perverse sBnomm 7 suympow sure, suyep gown (SOS 456) « ones suossiog pur 9 salnpou says 2up fipueE sHUEIsUOD [eUOIEU Omi jo S49 +oijone ev [een £q vous 1 Axjsuop A@zoua ayp (souss9prD) Teuonzasp) Adonost pue AuDRswa sau LLM, SONHORN miALowE OL NOUONOOKEN! BIE (With sieuln-hardening plas tension (Fig. A.11) onder & unis Beran een rere ay = maxe, 6.20 ios of the stress components ate kept cor © the coefficients 2¢,/ée, and also, according 1 tes of efor the low rule should generalize the known relation and /i(e) to be known, both for ideal plasticity’ and isotropic rotion conveys the fa 5. Thi ELEMENTS OF SOLID MECHANICS 221 aan reasonable (as) that the adopted measure ¢, is only es in the » 40 sonsodoud poatap auc wey) AEM S ot ey omsta 100 uoyo are suorinjos punog-ssddp) sey seu 7! pus. sioroa} 2urpunog Jo moe v *éionngodso: * a pus ied Sundose 20198) fp oud, mnbour! 241 SOHC SL, “spunog 49) postepe 50 aAzy SPONSE ns Jo Aungydiues yossues ax) Jo 9sNnone ‘uonoipaad peo ae Snoop Sumuye sisKreue ue ur aueMIWIO fun YEN Os “Ped yuOUIND EOF puodso1s0 51 pup poitionadd st uon ‘a 8 (peo] soussa}es & Jo zoydninus) 203045 Pool Surpuedsoss09 oyL “suN.onAIE oy passausd sey SupreHk aouis “wsivegoou © O¥t sedos Aq aemneay Jp uans Ausedes Suptases oy ot usamieg uo} yo sumioanns cea meri ey) 15eq © yt poUYsp sq Or YROUD [!euIs 02 pea) (eo'y) ue to pur “2 “Ho 30 suonsonp dup Suoye ways) axe Ge pur sv) fam o "tym ag mp 20 ‘Jeanna 9g 01 ssonis seous 2s98se) am1 pouopisuOD ease4. sv) tee 4 spee, uormisdo wep o4L, “GGr'V) Pa poonpostur 29 61 usw) rey 08 “Gry) Sussn sv) domi mpg ato PaUnsse Sosy UOA ~eseINOEAY TosEA, B41 UE sosiyy uoa aun aye uoRDURY prox Oy UO us2OuOD aUDswed Jo suoNuNssY “ured ssons 241 ul Auraomuodord moxy suonersp usp usa “Coay) urouas-joroy Jo suse 387 29puN SOINVHOAN mUALOMAd OF NOUDNOOMEN! Zz ELEMENTS OF SOUID MECHANICS 225 ion ané with the other nonstretching direstion «Clearly, this a direction ,s. The dissipation per unit of thickness and length along ng (AAO). tests + 28 = — Bhs, — op tsi (@, te: — 243) (AG}) when (A.59) is observed, In 2 wwe further obtain apply to 2 Tresea mate compare (A.85). or plane deformation, when é,=0 and therefore 4, =~, it foltows.from that if the principal stresses yo locity discontinuity i face, Along this shear line e, Where 3, 8 ti in terms of the shear yield stress, ty = oy//3 or ty= oy/2s for the Mises of respectively Tn general y must be varied in an upper-bound an svienation of the viele Tine, in order 09 minimize sis, together with the Toad factor 2. Ta ad has been determined exactly stretched with a feed ided edges. This can be to the wuss w 9aey 99 SMe, sponjan 9 uaa 3 Pn prey ssons ajqteeuios = furs (o9'¥) Aq Bulut oavegs? o

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