Conventional Sets and

Fuzzy Sets

Conventional Sets
A set is a collection of things, for example the room

temperature, the set of all real numbers, etc.

Conventional Sets
Such collection of things are called the Universe of

Discourse, X, and is defined as the range of all possible

values for a variable.
Universe of Discourse can be divided into sets or subsets.

For Example, consider a set A of the real numbers between 5

and 8 from the universe of discourse X.
Conventional sets called crisp sets

X
5

Conventional Sets
Operations on Classical Sets
If we have two sets A and B consisting of a collection of

elements in X universe of discourse.

xX

(x belongs to X)

xA

(x belongs to A)

xX

(x does not belong to A)

(A is fully contained in B; if x A, then x B)

(A is contained in or is equivalent to B)

A=B

(A

B and B

A)

The null set is the set with no elements, and the whole set

, X, is the set of elements in the universe.

4

Conventional Sets
Operations on Classical Sets: Union
AUB

; the union represent all elements that reside in

both sets A and B. This is called the logic or.

B
A U B = [x | x A or x B ]

Conventional Sets
Operations on Classical Sets: Intersection
AB

; the intersection represent all elements that

simultaneously reside in both sets A and B. This is called the

logic and.

B
A B = [x | x A and x B ]

Conventional Sets
Operations on Classical Sets: Complement

; the complement of set A is the collection of all

elements on the universe that do not reside in set A.

= [x | x A and x X ]
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Conventional Sets
Operations on Classical Sets: Difference
A|B

; the collection of all elements on the universe

that reside in A and do not reside in B at the same time.

B
A | B = [x | x A and x B]

Conventional Sets
Properties of Classical Sets
Commutativity: A U B = B U A; also for the intersection
Associativity: A U (B U C) = (A U B) U C
Distributivity: A U (B C) = (A U B) (A U C)
Transitivity: if A

C, then A

C.

Identity: A U = A

A=
AUX=X
AX=A
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Conventional Sets
Properties of Classical Sets
Law of Excluded Middle:

AU=X

A=
De Morgans law:

AB=UB

AUB=B

The complement of a union or an intersection is equal to the

intersection or union of the respective complement

10

Conventional Sets
Properties of Classical Sets: Example
Consider an arch consists of two members,

Load

if either members fails then the arch will

collapse. If E1 represents survival of
member 1 and E2 member 2.
The survival of the arch will be represented by E1 E2.
The collapse is E1 E2. Logically collapse will occur if either

members fail, i.e., E1 U E2.

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Conventional Sets
Mapping
If an element x is contained in X and corresponds to an

element y contained in Y, it is termed a mapping from X

to Y, : X Y.
This is called the characteristic function

A(x) =

1, x A
0, x A

X
5

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Fuzzy Sets
In classic sets, the transition of an element in the

universe between being a member and non member in a

given set is abrupt.
In fuzzy sets, this transition occurs gradually
A fuzzy set is a set containing elements that have varying

degree of membership in the set.

Accordingly, elements in a fuzzy sets can be members of

other fuzzy set on the same universe.

Elements of fuzzy sets are mapped to a universe of

membership values using a function-theoretic form

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Fuzzy Sets
This function maps elements of fuzzy set A to a real

numbered value between 0 and 1.

A fuzzy set A in the universe X can be defined as set of

ordered pairs
A = {(x, A(x) |x X}
A discrete and finite fuzzy set is represented as follow

A =

A(x1) /x1 + A(x2) /x2 +

When x is continuous A =

A(x) /x
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Fuzzy Sets
Example
Score

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

High

.1

.3

.5

.8

Medium

.1

.5

.8

.8

.5

Low

.9

.7

.5

.3

.1

high

medium

low

1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

15

110

Fuzzy Sets
Example
Score

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Medium

.1

.5

.8

.8

.5

B = Medium score = {(10, 0), (20, 0), (30, .1), (40, .5), (50,

.8), (60, 1), (70, .8), (80, .5), (90, 0), (100, 0)}
Or B = (30, .1), (40, .5), (50, .8), (60, 1), (70, .8), (80, .5)}

Or B = 0.1/30 + 0.5/40 + 0.8/50 + 1/60 + 0.8/70 +

0.5/80
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Fuzzy Sets
Fuzzy Sets Operations
Union: the membership functions of the union of the two

fuzzy sets A and B is defined as the maximum of both

A U B (x) = A (x) V B (x)

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Fuzzy Sets
Fuzzy Sets Operations
Intersection: the membership functions of the intersection

of the two fuzzy sets A and B is defined as the minimum of

both
A B (x) = A (x)

^ B (x)

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Fuzzy Sets
Fuzzy Sets Operations
Complement: the membership functions of the complement

of fuzzy set A is defined as

19

Fuzzy Sets
Fuzzy Sets Operations
The same operations of the classical sets are still valid for

the fuzzy sets.

Commutativity: A U B = B U A; also for the intersection
Associativity: A U (B U C) = (A U B) U C
Distributivity: A U (B C) = (A U B) (A U C)
Transitivity: if A

B and B

C, then A

C.

De Morgans law
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10

Fuzzy Sets
Fuzzy Sets Operations
Two fuzzy sets are equal if and only if A (x) = B (x) for all

x X.
A is a sub set of B: A

B, if and only if A (x) < B (x) for all

x X.

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Fuzzy Sets
Example
Consider the following two fuzzy sets:
A = { 1/2 + .5/3 + .3/4 + .2/5}
B = {.5/2 + .7/3 + .2/4 + .4/5}
Complement = { 1/1 + 0/2 + .5/3 + .7/4 +.8/5}
Complement B = { 1/1 + .5/2 + .3/3 + .8/4 +.6/5}
Union: A U B = {1/2 + .7/3 + .3/4 +.4/5}
Intersection: A B = {.5/2 + .5/3 + .2/4 +.2/5}
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11

Fuzzy Sets
Example
Consider the following two fuzzy sets:
A = { 1/2 + .5/3 + .3/4 + .2/5}
B = {.5/2 + .7/3 + .2/4 + .4/5}
Difference A | B = A B = {.5/2 + .3/3 + .3/4 +.2/5}
De Mogans law = A U B = B = { 1/1 + 0/2 + .3/3 +

.7/4 +.6/5}

23

Fuzzy Sets
Normal Fuzzy Set
A fuzzy set A is normal if its maximal degree of membership

is unity (i.e., there must exist at least one x for which A(x)
= 1. On the other hand, non-normal fuzzy sets have
maximum degree of membership less than one
Degree of
Membership
1

Universe of Discourse

24

12

Fuzzy Sets
Support of a Fuzzy Set
Support of a fuzzy set A

(written as supp(A)) is a
(crisp) set of points in X for
which A is positive supp(A)
= { x X | A(x)>0}
Score

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Medium

.1

.5

.8

.8

.5

Support (B) = Medium score = {30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80}
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Fuzzy Sets
Convex Fuzzy Set
A fuzzy set A is convex if and only if it satisfies the

following A( x1 + (1 ) x2 ) min ( A( x1) , A( x2 )),

where is in the interval [0,1], and x1 < x2

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13

Fuzzy Sets
-cut of a Fuzzy Set
-cut is defined as a crisp set A (or a crisp interval) for a

particular degree of membership, : A = [a , b]

, where

can take on values between [0,1]

27

Fuzzy Sets
-cut of a Fuzzy Set: Example
Consider the score example
Score

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Medium

.1

.5

.8

.8

.5

B0.8 = Medium score

0.8

= { 50, 60, 70}

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14

Fuzzy Sets
Fuzzy Numbers
Fuzzy number is a fuzzy set which is both normal and

convex. In addition, the membership function of a fuzzy

number must be piecewise continuous .
Most common types of fuzzy numbers are triangular and

trapezoidal. Other types of fuzzy numbers are possible,

such as bell-shaped or gaussian fuzzy numbers, as well as a
variety of one sided fuzzy numbers. Triangular fuzzy
numbers are defined by three parameters, while
trapezoidal require four parameters
29

Fuzzy Sets
Fuzzy Numbers

30

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Fuzzy Sets
Resolution Principle
A fuzzy set A can be expanded in terms of its -cuts.
A (x) = ^ A (x); x X
This means that a fuzzy set can be decomposed into A ,

[0, 1].
A(x)
1
2
1

2A2
1A1

A2
A1

X
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Fuzzy Sets
Resolution Principle: Example
Consider the following fuzzy set:
A = {.1/50 + .3/60 + .5/70 + .8/80 + 1/90 + 1/100}
Using the resolution principle:
A = .1 {1/50 + 1/60 + 1/70 + 1/80 +1/90 + 1/100}

+ .3 {1/60 + 1/70 + 1/80 +1/90 + 1/100}

+ .5 {1/70 + 1/80 +1/90 + 1/100}
+ .8 {1/80 +1/90 + 1/100}
+ 1 {1/90 + 1/100}
= .1 A.1 + .3 A.3 + .5 A.5 + .8 A.8 + 1A1

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16

Fuzzy Sets
Representation Theorem
As opposed to the resolution principle, a fuzzy set A can be

represent in terms of its -cuts. i.e., A fuzzy set can be

retrieved as a union of its A.
A(x)

A = U A

1
2
1

A2
A1

X
33

Fuzzy Sets
Representation Theorem: Example
If we are given: A0.1 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, A0.4 = {2, 3, 5}, A0.8 =

{2, 3}, and A1 = {3}

Then, fuzzy set A can be expressed as: A = U A for [0,

1].
A = 0.1 A0.1 + 0.4 A0.4 + 0.8 A0.8 + 1 A1

= 0.1 {1/1 + 1/2 + 1/3 + 1/4 +1/5}

+ 0.4 {1/2 + 1/3 + 1/5}
+ 0.8 {1/2 + 1/3}
+ 1 {1/3}
= 0.1/1 + 0.8/2 + 1/3 + 0.1/4 + 0.4/5
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17

Fuzzy Sets
Extension Principle
Consider a single relationship between one independent

variable x and one dependent variable y.

(x)

The function (x) represents the mapping of x on y.

y = (x)
The function y = ax + b, are mapping from one universe X

to another universe Y and is written as:

:X

Sometimes it is called the image of x under for y=(x)

35

Fuzzy Sets
Extension Principle
The extension principle can be also applied to fuzzy sets.
Given a function f : U

V , and a set A in U for x U,

then its image, set B, in the universe V is found from the

mapping, B = (A)
xB (y) = xf(A) (y)
B (y) = V f(A) (y); y=f(x)

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18

Fuzzy Sets
Extension Principle: Example
Consider a crisp set A = [0, 1] defined in the universe X =

{-2, -1, 0, 1, 2}, where A = {0/-2 + 0/-1 + 1/0 + 1/1

+0/2} and mapping function y= |4x|+2. Find the set B on
an output universe Y using the extension principle.
The universe Y = f(x) for x X

Then Y = {2, 6, 10}, the mapping for membership

B (2) = V [A (0)] = 1

B (6) = V [A (-1), A (1)] = 1

B (10) = V [A (-2), A (2)] = 0
Then B = {1/2 + 1/6 + 0/10} or B = [2, 6 ]

37

Fuzzy Sets
Extension Principle
The same operations of the classical sets are still valid for

the fuzzy sets.

Given a function : U

V and a fuzzy set A in U, where

A = 1/x1 + 2/x2+ 3/x3 + ., the extension principle

states: (A) = (1/x1 + 2/x2+ 3/x3 + .) = 1/ (x1)+
2/(x2) + 3/(x3)+ .
Or the resulting set B = A(x1)/y1 + A(x2)/y2 +
If more than one element of U is mapped to the same

element y of V, then the max membership is taken

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19

Fuzzy Sets
Extension Principle: Example
Consider X = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}; a fuzzy set A =

large is given as = {0.5/6 + 0.7/7 + 0.8/8 + .9/9 +1/10}

Given a function : y=f(x) = x2, find the fuzzy set B =

large2
B = {0.5/36 + 0.7/49 + 0.8/64 + .9/81 + 1/100}
One to one mapping always reserve the membership values
39

Fuzzy Sets
Extension Principle: Example
Consider A = {0.1/-2 + 0.4/-1 + 0.8/0 + 0.9/1 +0.3/2}
(x) = x2 3, using extension principle to find B = (x)
B ={0.1/(4-3)+0.4/(1-3)+0.8/(0-3)+0.9/(1-3)+0.3/(4-3)}
B = {0.1/1 + 0.4/-2 + 0.8/-3 + 0.9/-2 + 0.3/1}
B = {(0.1 V 0.3)/1 + (0.4 V 0.9)/-2 + 0.8/-3}
B = {0.3/1 + 0.9/-2 + 0.8/-3}
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20

Fuzzy Sets
Extension Principle: Example

0.8

0.9

0.4

0.8

0.3

0.9

(x) = x2 3

0.3

0.1
-3

-2

-1

-3

-2

-1

41

21