History of the Americas Review

1) The Expansion of Europe

2) The English Colonization
a) Organization
i) Settlement began in late 16 th century
ii) Company colonies
(1) Controlled from England profit
(2) Va. (1607, London Company)
(3) Mass. Bay (1630, Mass. Bay Company)
iii) Proprietary colonies
(1) Controlled by royal favorites w/grants from king
(2) Md. (1634, First Lord Baltimore)
(3) N.H. (1635, Captain John Mason)
(4) N.J. (1663, Berkeley and Carteret)
(5) Carolinas (1663, group of proprietors)
(6) N.Y. (1664, James, Duke of York)
(7) Pa. (1682, William Penn)
(8) Ga. (1732, James Oglethorpe)
iv) Corporate colonies
(1) Possessed own charters (self-governing)
(2) Conn. (1662)
(3) R.I. (1663)
b) Economy
i) New England (or maritime) colonies
(1) Farming, fishing, commerce, ship building, manufacturing of textiles, leather goods, iron
wares, and rum
ii) Middle (or provision) colonies (N.Y., N.J., Pa.)
(1) Farming, fur-trading, manufacturing
iii) Southern (or plantation) colonies
(1) Tobacco, rice, indigo, naval stores
c) Land Systems
i) Freeholds in New England organized in townships
ii) Semi-feudal patroonships (Dutch land grants) in N.Y.
iii) Large manors in N.J., Pa., Md.
iv) Plantations in Va., the Carolinas, Ga.
3) The English Policies in the Colonies
a) The Old Colonial System
i) Mercantilism
(1) Favorable balance of trade
(2) Supply of gold and silver
(3) Possession of colonies as markets + sources for raw materials
ii) Navigation Acts
(1) Goods sent from colonies to England = in British vessels w/English crews (1651)
(2) Enumerated goods shipped to England only (1660)
(3) Imports to colonies = to Englands ports first (1663)
(4) Rigidly enforced
4) The English-French Struggle
a) The Background
i) Early French settlements on St. Lawrence expanded from Great Lakes to mouth of Miss.
(1) Threatened to hem English colonists

ii) Indecisive initial conflicts

(1) King Williams War (1689-97)
(2) Queen Annes War (1702-13)
(3) King Georges War (1744-48)
iii) The Albany Plan of Union (1754)
(1) Seven colonies
(2) Continuing French + Indian threat to British
b) The French and Indian War (1754-63)
i) William Pitt turn tide after 2 years of English defeat
ii) Peace of Paris (1763)
(1) Canada + everything east of Miss. (except New Orleans, Frances last continental possession)
to England
5) Colonies vs. Mother Country
a) Imperial Reorganization
i) After 1763, new regulation of West aroused protest
(1) Royal Proclamation of 1763 ordered colonists to remain east of Alleghenies
(2) Quebec Act of 1774 extended Quebecs boundary to Ohio R.
(3) Colonists felt both violated charter grants
ii) Laws to make provinces pay for administration + defense = revolution
(1) Sugar Act (1764) reduced duty on foreign molasses to discourage smuggling
(2) Currency Act (1764) forbade issuance of paper money
(3) Stamp Act (1765) required revenue stamp on newspapers, legal documents, etc.
(4) Mutiny Act (1765) allowed quartering of soldiers on populace to reduce army expenditures
iii) Vigorous protest
(1) Pressure on stamp collectors
(2) Non-importation and non-consumption agreements by merchants
(3) Organization of Sons of Liberty
(4) Violence against local officials
(5) Pressure of British merchants = Stamp Act repeal (1766)
(a) Declaratory Act (1766) = right to tax colonies at will
iv) Townshend Duties (1767)
(1) Levies on glass, paper, tea, painters colors, lead
(2) Boston Massacre (1770)
(a) Same day, Townshend Acts repealed (except tea tax)
v) Committees of Correspondence
(1) Samuel Adams colony contact maintained, 1770-73 period of quiet
vi) Tea Act (1773)
(1) Lord North gave East India Co. right to monopolize tea sale in America
(2) Boston Tea Party = Intolerable Acts (1774)
(a) Closed port of Boston + forbade town meetings
b) The Revolution
i) First Continental Congress (Sept. 1774)
(1) Rejected Galloways conciliatory plan of union
(2) List of grievances to King and Parliament
(3) Created associations to boycott trade w/England
ii) Lexington and Concord (April 1775) + Second Continental Congress (May 1775)
(1) Began to create national government
(2) George Washington = commander-in-chief of Continental Army
(3) Not war for independence
iii) Pressure for complete break
(1) Need to organize state governments

(2) Hope for foreign aid

(3) Effects of propaganda (Thomas Paines Common Sense)
(4) R.H. Lees resolution on June 7, 1776 = Declaration of Independence (Thomas Jefferson,
accepted July 4)
(5) Revolution financing
(a) Issuance of paper money
(b) Domestic borrowing
(c) Foreign loans from France, Spain, Holland
(6) Treaty of alliance w/France (1778) = military + naval assistance
(7) Cornwallis surrender at Yorktown (1781)
iv) Treaty of Paris (1783)
(1) U.S. independence recognized w/ boundary at Miss. R
(2) Free navigation of Miss opened to Britain + U.S.
(3) American share of Newfoundland fisheries
(4) Congress recommend to states restoration of Tory property
(5) Debts to British creditors to be paid
6) Creating The Republic
a) The Frame of Government
i) Second Continental Congress
(1) Committee completed Articles of Confederation in 1777, adopted in 1781
(2) Defects outweighed advantages; they didnt:
(a) Provide for judiciary or strong executive
(b) Create power to raise army or taxes
(c) Exercise control over foreign + interstate commerce
ii) Confederation (1781-87)
(1) Land Ordinance of 1785 divided Northwest Territory into towns six miles square, with 36
sections + 640 acres apiece
(2) Northwest Ordinance of 1787 barred slavery in Northwest + determined that not less than 3
nor more than 5 states would be there (enter Union based on equality w/ original)
b) Diplomacy
i) British refused to abandon fur-trading outposts on Great Lakes
ii) Spanish refused to grant free navigation of Mississippi
c) The Movement to Amend the Articles
i) Business anxious for strengthening of Articles
(1) Domestic economic distress Shays Rebellion (1786) in MA
(a) Debtors tried to prevent courts from foreclosing mortgages
ii) March 1785, Md. + Va. Delegates met at Mt. Vernon to discuss navigation of Potomac River +
Chesapeake Bay
(1) Called Annapolis Convention (1786), attended by reps. of 5 states
(2) Alexander Hamilton calls for convention of all states at Philadelphia in May 1787
d) Philadelphia Convention (1787)
i) Every state represented except R.I.
(1) 55 delegates, George Washington = chairman
(2) Held in secret
(3) Virginia (large state) Plan by Edmund Randolph = two-house congress based on population
w/ lower elected by popular vote and upper by lower
(4) New Jersey (small state) plan by William Paterson = congress based on states, not population
(5) Connecticut Compromise = lower house elected by population and having sole power to
initiate revenue legislation, and upper house w/ 2 rep. from each state
ii) Constitution
(1) Replaced weaknesses of Articles

(2) Federal republic based on separation of powers, checks + balances, protection of private
property, + interests of minorities
iii) Ratification
(1) Contested b/c of lack of Bill of Rights + fear of submergence of states
7) Launching the New Government
a) The First Administration
i) George Washington inaugurated in 1789
(1) Thomas Jefferson = Sec. of State
(2) Alexander Hamilton = Sec. of Treasury
ii) First Congress
(1) Established federal judiciary
(2) Reenacted Northwest Ordinance
(3) Created Bill of Rights
(4) Passed Hamiltons financial program
(a) Assumption of state debts
(b) Funding of consolidated debts
(c) Import duties + excise taxes
(d) First Bank of the U.S. (est. 1791) w/ $10,000,000 capital stock + auth. to issue notes
(e) Encouragement of manufacturing
b) Parties
i) Strife over Hamiltonian system (Jeffersons disagreements w/ Hamilton + Whiskey Rebellion in
1794) = emergence of parties
(1) Jeffersonian opposition = Democratic-Republican
(a) Strong in rural sections of North + frontier communities in South and West
(b) Favored France in foreign relations
(2) Federalists = Hamiltonians
(a) Merchants + manufacturers
(b) Strong in commercial cities of East
(c) Favored England in foreign relations
c) Foreign Relations
i) War bet. France + coalition led by Britain = Washingtons Neutrality Proclamation (1793)
(1) British occupied western trading posts + seized Amer. war ships bound for West Indies
(2) Jays Treaty (1795)
(a) British surrender of fur posts by 1796
(b) Admission of U.S. to East Indian trade
(c) Concessions in West Indies trade
(d) Ratified, yet opposed b/c no mention of ship + crew seizures
(3) Pinckneys Treaty w/ Spain (1795)
(a) 31st parallel = Floridas boundary
(b) Amer. right to use Mississippi in perpetuity + right of deposit at New Orleans
d) John Adams Term
i) Washington retires after 2 terms, John Adams elected in 1796
(1) Jefferson = Vice-President
(2) Hamiltons opposition to Adams split Federalists
ii) XYZ Affair (1797)
(1) Talleyrand wanted bribe for favorable treaty w/ France
(2) Stimulated war preparations
(3) Adams wanted peace, Convention of 1800
(a) Treaty of 1778 w/ France was abrogated + commercial relations regularized
iii) Federalists reacted to Republican attack w/ Naturalization Act (1798)
(1) Extended term of residence req. for citizenship from 4 to 14 years

(2) Alien Acts empowering president to deport aliens deemed dangerous to U.S. peace + security
(3) Sedition Act allowing imprisonment + fining of those publishing false, scandalous, and
malicious writings against the government
(4) Republicans responded w/ Kentucky + Virginia Resolutions (1798)
(a) Written by Jefferson + Madison
(b) States could nullify laws passed by Federal government
iv) Aaron Burr tied w/ Jefferson in electoral votes in 1800, House chose Jefferson
(1) 12th Amendment (1804) prevented recurrence of this situation
v) Federalists out of power in 1801
8) The Jeffersonian Era
a) Personalities and Programs
i) James Madison = Sec. of State, Albert Gallatin = Sec. of Treasury
ii) Jeff. administration vs. Federalist policies
(1) Reduced naturalization period
(2) Repealed whiskey tax + Judiciary Act of 1800
(3) Refused to deliver commissions to Adams midnight appointees
(4) Economized in government spending
(5) Cut army and navy size
(6) Unsuccessful attempt to impeach partisan Federalist judges
b) Accomplishments
i) Louisiana Purchase from France (1803)
(1) Jefferson wanted only New Orleans, doubted constitutionality but didnt want Napoleon to
change his mind
ii) Meriwether Lewis + William Clark sent along Missouri River and across great divide to
Columbia River valley (1804-06)
(1) Helped establish U.S. claims in Oregon country
c) Splits in the Ranks
i) Republicans split by quarrels, John Randolph of Roanoke leading anti-Jeffersonian faction
(1) Federalists wanted to united NY + New England in confederacy
(2) Hamilton broke up plot death in 1804 in duel w/ Burr
(3) Essex Junte = hard-core Federalist leadership
d) The Shadow of War
i) Jeffersons second administration (1805-09) disturbed by consequences of war bet. Napoleon +
England
(1) English (by Orders-in-Council of 1806-07) wanted all neutral ships to British port before
France
(a) Impressed American seamen into naval service (Chesapeake-Leopard affair of 1807)
(2) French (by Berlin + Milan decrees of 1806-07) threatened to seize all ships obeying British
ii) Non-Importation Act (1806) closes American ports to certain important British products
(1) Insufficiency led to Embargo Act (1807) forbidding Amer. or foreign vessel in foreign trade
to enter or leave Amer. ports
(2) Violent opposition in New England (hurt economically)
(3) Non-Intercourse Act (1809) prohibited trade w/ England + France only
iii) James Madison = President (1809)
(1) Macons Bill No. 2 replaced expired Non-Int. Act (1810)
(a) If England / France repealed its orders or decrees, non-intercourse would be revived
against the other
(b) France lied about repealed decrees
(2) President-Little Belt incident + Battle of Tippecanoe (both 1811) = anti-British sentiment
9) The War of 1812
a) The Causes

i) War Hawks
(1) Young Republicans elected to Congress in 1810
(a) Henry Clay of Kentucky, John Calhoun of S.C., Grundy of Tenn.
(2) Fight England b/c:
(a) Conquer Canada
(b) Get Florida from Britains ally, Spain
(c) Blamed British for Tecumsehs Conspiracy to link together Indians from Lakes to Gulf
against white mans westward advance
(d) Uphold rights of neutrals on seas
b) The Course of Hostilities
i) Madison reelected in 1812 by small margin
(1) Untrained, small army + old, inadequate navy
(2) Began as U.S. invasion of Canada, almost ended as English invasion from Canada
(a) Prevented by O.H. Perrys naval victory on Lake Erie + William Henry Harrisons
recapture of Detroit (1813)
(3) British invaded Washington + burned White House
(4) Andrew Jackson victorious at New Orleans (1815) after peace treaty already signed
ii) New England opposed war b/c it ruined commerce + was fought for exclusively Southern and
Western reasons
(1) Hartford Convention (1814)
(a) Delegates from 5 states
(b) Proposed constitutional amendments to reduce southern power
(c) War ended before any changes
c) The Peace
i) Treaty of Ghent (1814)
(1) British = restore conditions in existence before war
(2) Boundary + fisheries questions left for future settlement
(3) Issues that brought war on were unmentioned
ii) Rush-Bagot agreement (1817)
(1) Demilitarized the Great Lakes
10) Emergent Nationalism
a) Economic
i) Americans beginning to develop national outlook
(1) Increased army + navy
(2) Completion of Cumberland National Road to Wheeling, West Virginia
(3) Passage of protective tariff (1816)
(4) Chartering for 20 years of Second Bank of the U.S. (1816)
(5) Calhouns Bonus Bill (1817)
(a) Set aside for internal improvements the bonus the Bank of the U.S. paid to the government
b) Constitutional
i) John Marshalls Supreme Court strengthening power of Federal government
(1) Marbury v. Madison (1803) = right of Sup. Court to declare an act of Congress
unconstitutional
(2) Fletcher v. Peck (1810) = Sup. Court can declare state legislation unconstitutional
(3) Martin v. Hunters Lessee (1816) = Sup. Court can review + overrule decisions made by
highest state court
(4) McCullech v. Maryland (1819) = forbade taxing of a function of Fed. government by a state +
upheld constitutionality of Second Bank of the U.S.
(5) Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) = charter is a contract and not subject to state
violation

(6) Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) = traffic on interstate waterways w/in meaning of interstate
commerce + therefore subject to exclusive congressional control
c) Political
i) Era of good feelings
(1) James Monroe elected in 1816
(2) Henry Clays American System
(a) Harmonize sections of the country w/ tariff protection, internal improvements, sale of
western lands
d) Diplomatic
i) Sec. of State = John Quincy Adams
(1) Convention w/ Great Britain (1818) = joint occupation of Oregon for 10 years
(2) Treaty w/ Spain (1819) = secured Florida + fixed western boundary of Louisiana Territory
(3) Monroe Doctrine (1823)
(a) Holy Allies in Europe had pledged to recover power + possessions of legitimate rulers
(b) Neither Great Britain nor U.S. wanted Spanish colonies in New World restored to Spain
(c) George Canning, British Foreign Minister, suggested joint U.S.-British declaration, but
U.S. went alone at Adams insistence
(d) Embedded in Monroes annual message in December:
(i) American continents no longer subject to further colonization
(ii) American political system separate + different from Europes
(iii)U.S. would feel threatened by attempt to extend Europes political system to its
hemisphere
(iv) U.S. wouldnt interfere w/ existing European colonies + internal European affairs
e) The Impact of the West
i) Since the war Ind. (1816), Miss. (1817), Ill. (1818), Ala. (1819) had entered Union
(1) Mo. applied for statehood (1818)
(a) Tallmadge of N.Y. proposed amendment to bill that all slave children born after admission
be freed at age 25
(b) Missouri Compromise (1820)
(i) Maine separates from Mass. + enter Union as free state
(ii) Mo. admitted as slave state
(iii)Slavery barred from La. Territory north of 36 30 except in Mo.
ii) Republicans splitting up
(1) Sectional rivalries reasserted themselves as favorite sons got support for presidency in 1824
(John Quincy Adams + Daniel Webster of Mass., William Crawford of Ga., John C. Calhoun
of S.C., Thomas Hart Benton of Mo., Henry Clay of Ky., Andrew Jackson of Tenn.)
(2) Electoral vote: Jackson 99, Adams 84, Crawford 41, Clay 37
(3) House chose Adams w/ Clays support
(4) Adams chose Clay as Sec. of State
(a) Jacksons supporters: corrupt bargain
(5) Calhoun = Vice-President
(6) Calhoun-Jackson-Crawford segment = Democrats
(7) Adams-Clay group = National Republicans
iii) Adams administration at odds w/ Congress; advocated:
(1) Federal construction of internal improvements
(2) Construction of naval vessels
(3) Federal endowment of institutions of learning
(4) Jackson received twice as many electoral as Adams in 1828
(a) Appealed to urban middle class, western agrarian, and planter class
(b) Aided by extension of suffrage in many states through abolition of property + religious
qualifications

11) The Age of Jackson

a) Program and Methods
i) Self-declared follower of Jefferson + champion of the people
(1) No announced principles or program
(2) Relied on unofficial advisors (Kitchen Cabinet)
(3) Introduced Spoils System on large scale
b) The Tariff
i) Rift in administration in 1831
(1) Mrs. Calhoun refused to accept Peggy Eaton (wife of Sec. of War)
(2) Rooted in emerging sectionalism
(a) S.C. had supported tariff of 1816
(b) Nation prospered in general (except for 1819 panic) but S.C.s relative position declined
b/c more producing cotton land in west opened
(c) S.C. came to oppose tariff but East + West (followers of Clay) made it higher in 1824
ii) Jacksons supporters wanted him to seem both for + against tariff by creating schedules so
obnoxious that New England would vote against them
(1) Act passed as Tariff of Abominations (1828)
iii) Calhoun devised of nullification (Exposition and Protest)
(1) State in a convention can declare a law of Congress unconstitutional + prevent its
enforcement
(2) While waiting on administrations tariff policy, Conn. Senator Footes resolution (1830) on
public land sales = debate between Hayne of S.C. + Webster of Mass. on the nature of union
iv) Protectionist tariff of 1832
(1) S.C. nullified it + threatened to secede if gov. used coercion
(2) Jackson prepared to send troops
(3) Clay proposed Compromise of 1833
(a) Tariff to be lowered by 1842
(b) Force Bill to permit president to use army + navy to collect it
c) Indian Policy and Internal Improvements
(1) Jackson followed policy of moving Indians westward
(2) Supported reduction in price of public land
(3) Opposed Clays distribution bill
(4) Against general use of Federal monies for internal improvements (Maysville veto, 1830)
d) The Bank
i) Clay sought Presidency in 1832
(1) Induced Nicholas Biddle, pres. of Bank of the U.S., to apply 4 years early to recharter Bank
(a) Provide an issue w/ which to embarrass Jackson
(2) Bill passed Congress but Jackson vetoed it:
(a) Unconstitutionality,
(b) Monopoly character
(c) Hostility to small banks in the West
(d) Domination by Easterners
ii) Jackson reelected in 1832
(1) Interpreted it to mean he had a mandate to continue attack on Bank
(2) Sec. of Treasury, Roger B. Taney, withdrew gov. funds from it + deposited in pet banks
(3) Speculation, esp. in land + internal improvements, was stimulated as wildcat banks + their
notes spread beyond legitimate demand
(4) Jackson tried to halt inflation by Specie Charter (1836)
(a) Public land = purchasable w/ gold + silver only
(b) Precipitated Panic of 1837
e) Van Buren and Depression

i) Whigs nominated 3 favorite sons in 1836 to throw election into House

(1) Democrats candidate, Martin Van Buren of N.Y., received more votes than opponents
ii) Pressed by unemployment + crop failure
(1) Independent Treasury Act (1840) provided for removal of gov. funds from pet banks + their
depositing in sub-treasuries
f) The Whig Victory
i) Whigs nominated William Henry Harrison of Ind. + John Tyler of Va. In 1840
(1) Log cabin + cider campaign capitalized on depression
(2) Defeated Van Buren ticket
(3) Daniel Webster = Sec. of State
(4) Harrison died 1 month after inauguration Tyler, states rights advocate, became President
(1841)
ii) Clays program unacceptable to Tyler
(1) New Bank of the U.S.
(2) Protective tariff
(3) Distribution bill
iii) Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842)
(1) Established Maine-New Brunswick boundary
(2) Gave U.S. 7,000 of 12,000 sq. mi. of disputed territory
12) Manifest Destiny
a) The Annexation of Texas
i) Moses Austin granted land by Mexico to settle Texas (1821)
(1) Americans revolted (1836) w/ attempts at more Mexican control
(a) Heroic fighting at Alamo
(b) Capture of Santa Anna at San Jacinto + his acknowledgement of Texan independence
ii) James K. Polk of Tenn. (dark horse) nominated by Democrats (1844)
(1) Re-annexation of Texas + re-occupation of Oregon
(2) Won over Whigs Clay
(3) Tyler, just prior to end of own term, supported joint resolution calling for annexation of Texas
(1845)
b) The Settlement of the Oregon Question
(1) Convention of 1818 renewed in 1827 for indefinite period
(2) Campaign 54 40 or fight (1844) popular in slogan
(3) 49th parallel established as northern boundary of Oregon in 1846
c) Mexican War (1846-8)
i) Mexico resented U.S.s annexation of Texas + interest in securing Ca.
(1) John Slidell sent to Mexico (1845) to settle Tex. boundary at Rio Grande + purchase New
Mexico and Ca.
(a) Mexicans refused to see him
(2) Gen. Zachary Taylor occupied disputed territory between Nueces + Rio Grande Rivers
(3) When Mexicans crossed Rio, Congress (w/ Polks initiative) declared war (May 1846)
ii) Col. S. W. Kearney went from Fort Leavenworth in Kansas to Santa Fe
(1) New Mexico fell w/o fight
(2) Commodores Sloat + Stockton captured San Francisco, Monterey, Los Angeles = fall of Ca.
(a) Capt. John C Fremont took over Bear Flag republic of American settlers
iii) Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (1848)
(1) Arranged by Nicholas P. Trist who negotiated w/o proper authorization
(2) Mexican relinquishment of claims above Rio + cession of New Mexico + Calif.
(3) U.S. payment of $15,000,000 to Mexico + assumption of claims of U.S. citizens against
Mexico
d) Expansion

i) Gold discovered in Calif. (1848) at Sutters Creek

ii) Mormons prospered
(1) Settled in basin of Great Salt Lake in 1847 under Brigham Young
(2) Utah admitted (territorial status) in 1850
iii) U.S. interest in Western Pacific growing
(1) Commodore Matthew C. Perry opened up Japan (1854)
iv) Need for quick access to Pacific = interest in trans-Isthmian communications
(1) Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850) = U.S. + Great Britain jointly guarantee neutrality of canal
across Isthmus of Panama
(a) Neither nation to fortify canal
v) Gadsden Purchase (1853)
(1) 50,000 sq. mi. of Gila Valley completed U.S. continental boundaries
13) The Coming of the Civil War
a) Slavery
i) Sectional differences in U.S. accentuated by slaverys existence (peculiar institution)
(1) Gradual emancipation in northwestern states by 1800
(2) American Colonization Society (org. in 1817) principally by Southerners
(a) After gradual emancipation, freedmen go to Liberia
ii) Immediate abolition urged in the 1830s
(1) William Lloyd Garrison
(a) Wanted followers to avoid polls
(b) Some split to form Liberty Party (1840)
(i) Nominated James G. Birney of Ky. for presidency in 1840 + 1844
(2) Theodore Dwight Weld
(3) Tappan brothers
(4) Grimke sisters
(5) Free Soil Party (1848) opposed slaverys extension
iii) By underground railroad abolitionists helped slaves escape
(1) Southern defense:
(a) Compared favorably slaves lot w/ that of Northern factory operatives
(b) Cited Nat Turner insurrection (1831)
(c) Raised specter of further slave uprisings
(d) Tried to prevent anti-slavery petitions from reaching House by gag rule
b) The Politics of Slavery
i) Wilmot Proviso (1846) = slavery never permitted in territory acquired by Mexican War
(1) Didnt pass, but brought slavery issue to political arena
(2) Lewis Cass of Mich. Nominated by Democrats in 1848
(a) Whigs chose Zachary Taylor won on Mexican War record
(3) South became alarmed at upset balance of power w/ free Calif.s application for admission
(1850)
(4) Henry Clay Compromise of 1850
(a) Final settlement of controversy
(i) Calif. = free state
(ii) Slave trade abolished in District of Columbia
(iii)New Mexico + Utah determine slavery stance w/ admission as states
(iv) Strong Fugitive Slave Law
(v) Texas compensated for cession of portion of territory to New Mexico
(5) Taylor died during debates Millard Fillmore of N.Y. = President (1850)
ii) Truce ruptured by Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) by Stephen A. Douglas of Ill.
(1) Repealed Missouri Compromise (which barred slavery above 36 30)
(2) Organized La. Territory into Kansas + Nebraska w/ squatter sovereignty

(a) Encouraged South to capture balance

(b) Civil strike in Bleeding Kansas
(c) Increased abolitionist activity
iii) Republican Party (1854) = no further extension of slavery
(1) Nominated John C. Fremont in 1856
(a) Lost to Democrat James P. Buchanan of Pa.
iv) Dred Scott case in Supreme Court (1857)
(1) No Negro could be U.S. citizen
(2) Congress had no power over slavery in territories + Missouri Compromise = unconstitutional
(3) Southern Democrats overjoyed
(4) Douglas, in debates w/ Lincoln in Ill., enunciated Freeport Doctrine
(a) According to Court, slavery might go anywhere but its practice depended upon friendly
legislation
(b) Alienated Southerners = no chance for presidency
v) Lincoln = Republican leader
(1) Partys principles blamed for John Browns raid on Harpers Ferry (1859)
14) The Irrepressible Conflict
a) The Election of 1860
(1) Democrats nominated Douglas
(2) Southern Democrats chose John C. Breckenridge of Ky.
(3) Constitutional Unionists picked John Bell of Tenn.
(4) Republicans had Lincoln
(a) Won w/ 40% of popular vote
b) Secession
(1) S.C. seceded Dec. 20, 1860
(a) Followed by 6 others at Montgomery, Ala. in Feb. 1861
(2) Formed Confederate States of America
(3) Last-minute compromises failed
(a) Crittenden proposals + Virginia Peace Convention
c) Lincoln and the War
i) Cabinet
(1) Sec. of State = William H. Seward
(2) Sec. of Treasury = Salmon P. Chase
(3) Fort Sumter fired on in April
(a) Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers Va., Ark., N.C., Tenn. joined Confederacy
(b) Border slave states Del., Md., Ky., Mo. remained in Union
ii) North outnumbered South 4 to 1 in white population
(1) South relied on cotton + well-trained military leaders
(2) North relied on industrial capacity + resources
d) The Military and Naval Events
i) North used anaconda policy which brought victory
(1) Blockade
(2) Closing of Miss. River
(3) Capture of Richmond
ii) General Ulysses S. Grant = outstanding Union leader
(1) Accepted Gen. Robert E. Lees surrender at Appomattox Court House (April 9, 1865)
e) Emancipation
(1) Lincoln originally planned gradual, compensated emancipation
(2) Announced after Battle of Antietam (Sept. 1862) that Emancipation Proclamation would be
issued Jan. 1, 1863 freeing slaves in rebellious states
(3) 13th amendment (1865) prohibited slavery in U.S.

f) Finances
(1) War financed in North by taxation, borrowing, issuing of legal tender greenbacks
(2) National Bank Act of 1863
(a) Banking system empowered to issue national bank notes
(3) South relied on taxes, bond issues, paper money
g) Foreign Affairs
i) Confederacy failed to get recognition
ii) U.S. + England = close to war in 1863
(1) Federal vessel stopped British vessel Trent + removed James M. Mason + John Slidell
(Confederate commissioners)
(2) Settled by Lincolns tact
15) Reconstruction of the Union
a) Reunion Begun
i) Lincolns 10% Plan (1863)
(1) Restored a seceded state upon request of 10% of its 1860 voters
(2) Provincial governments created in Va., Tenn., La., and Ark.
(3) Lincoln gave more severe Wade-Davis Bill (1864) a pocket vote
ii) Radical Republicans
(1) Wanted more drastic policy
(2) After Lincolns assassination (April 14, 1865 by John Wilkes Booth at Fords Theater in
Washington), pressed his successor (War Democrat Andrew Johnson of Tenn.) for action
iii) No Congress = Johnson governments
(1) N.C., Miss., Ga., Tex., Ala., S.C., and Fla.
(2) State conventions that drew new constitutions to make loyal white regimes
(a) Former Confederate officers + certain wealthy men denied amnesty
iv) Congress refused (Dec. 1865) to seat newly elected Southern representatives
v) Radicals passed Freedmens Bureau Bill (1866)
(1) Protect rights of Negroes
(2) Vetoed by Johnson, overrode by Congress passed Civil Rights Bill (1866)
(a) Citizenship + legal equality to freedmen
vi) Joint Committee on Reconstruction
(1) 14th Amendment (1868)
(a) Citizenship for all persons born/naturalized in U.S.
(b) Reduction in representation for states denying Negroes right to vote
(c) Disqualification of ex-Confederate leaders
(d) Repudiation of Confederate debt
vii) Mid-term elections of 1866
(1) Radical Republicans won 3 Reconstruction Acts (March-July 1867)
(a) Divided ten unreconstructed states into 5 military districts, each commanded by a majorgeneral
(b) Constitutional conventions elected by Negroes + loyal whites to frame constitutions
providing for Negro suffrage
(c) After approving constitutions, Congress would readmit states w/ ratification of 14 th
Amendment
viii) Johnson removed Sec. of War Edwin M. Stanton w/o senatorial consent (1868)
(1) Violated Tenure of Office Act (1867)
(2) House impeached him in 1868, but Senate failed to remove him
b) Reunion Completed
i) Secret organization prevented free exercise of Negro rights
(1) Ku Klux Klan (1866) + Knights of the White Camelia
(2) North responded w/ Ku Klux Klan Acts (1870, 1871)

(a) Enforced 14th + 15th Amendments

ii) White rule restored in South
(1) General Amnesty Act (1872) = removed Confederate political disabilities
(2) Withdrawal of troops from last of carpetbag governments, S.C., Fla., La. (1877)
c) The Supreme Court
i) Reconstruction decisions
(1) Ex parte Milligan (1866) = military tribunals might not operate where civil courts were open
(2) Ex parte Garland (1867) = Federal + state loyalty oaths which prevented ex-Confederates
from pursuing vocations were invalid
(3) Texas v. White (1869) = Congress could reconstruct states, although Union couldnt be
dissolved
16) The Development of Industrial America
a) Resources
i) Development accelerated by Civil War
(1) Natural resources from trans-Mississippi West opened after fierce wars between advancing
settlers + Indians
(a) Battle of Little Big Horn (1876) = Gen. George Custer + entire command killed in war to
clear the Black Hills
(2) Dawes Act (1887) = citizenship + homestead to Indians pledging allegiance to U.S. over tribe
ii) Mining frontier (1849-80) developed w/ discovery of gold + silver in western states
(1) Cal., Colo., Nev., S. Dakota
(2) Mining camps + vigilante committees
iii) Cattle kingdom of the Great Plains
(1) Cowboy + cattle baron
iv) Farmers frontier expanded by passage of Homestead Act (1862)
(1) Quarter-section (160 acres) of arable land to any citizen/prospective citizen who settled +
cultivated it for 5 years
(2) Railroads sold sections as land-grants to settlers
(3) States had public lands for establishment of agricultural colleges under Morrill Act (1862)
(4) Agricultural growth aided by:
(a) Influx of European immigrants
(b) Increased demand for wheat
(c) Invention of agricultural machinery
b) Transportation
i) Union Pacific chartered by Congress (1862) to build road westward from Neb. + Central Pacific
authorized to construct one eastward from Calif.
(1) Roads met at Ogden, Utah (1869)
ii) Railroad mileage = 35,000 to 75,000 miles (1865-73)
c) Communication
i) First San Francisco-Washington telegraph sent in 1861
(1) Atlantic cable laid successfully by Cyprus W. Field (1866)
(2) Telephone invented by Alexander Graham Bell (1876)
d) The Human Factors
i) Panic of 1873
(1) Precipitated by failure of Jay Cooke & Co. of Philadelphia
(2) Depressed agricultural prices
(3) Agrarian economy slow b/c of:
(a) World increase in wheat production
(b) High tariff which kept up price of manufactured goods bought by farmers
(c) High taxes on farm lands
(d) High rates for grain storage + for shipping crops by railroad

(e) Inadequate farmer organization

ii) Oliver H. Kelley organized Patrons of Husbandry (Grangers, 1867)
(1) Spread good fellowship + agricultural knowledge among lonely farmers
(2) After 1873 Granges became political clubs which unsuccessfully experimented w/
cooperatives
iii) Granger Laws in several farm states
(1) Fixed railroad + elevator rates
(2) Constitutionality upheld in Munn v. Illinois (1877)
iv) National Labor Union (1866)
(1) Organized by William H. Sylvis
(2) Attempted to bring together all national unions
(3) Broken by dissension among leaders
v) Knights of Labor (1869)
(1) Formed by Uriah Stephens
(2) Based on individual rather than craft principle
(3) Included unskilled + skilled workers
(4) Aims:
(a) Eight-hour day
(b) Income + inheritance taxes
(c) Equal pay for equal work for both sexes
(d) Prohibition of contract labor
(e) Government ownership of railroads + telegraph lines
(f) Peak strength in 1886
(i) Declined due to friction between skilled + unskilled workers and unsuccessful strikes
in 1880s
vi) Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions (1881)
(1) Formed by Samuel Gompers + Adolph Strasser
(2) Became American Federation of Labor in 1886
(3) Based on craft principle
(4) Concentrated on hours, wages, and working conditions
17) The Political Scene 1868-1893
a) Election of Grant (1868)
i) Strong support from Eastern businessmen = Grants election by Radicals
(1) Democrats had nominated Horatio Seymour of N.Y.
(a) Repudiated Ohio Idea plank (payment of government bonds in greenbacks)
ii) Black reconstruction government functioned in former Confederate states
(1) Inexperienced Negroes in legislature depended on Southern whites (scalawags) + Northerners
(carpetbaggers) who went South for power + profit
(2) Corruption in these gov. = rise in state debts + taxes
(3) Public schools introduced
iii) By 1868 most seceded state back in Union
(1) Va., Ga., Miss., Tex. readmitted in 1870 after ratifying 15 th Amendment (Negro suffrage)
b) Corruption
i) Grants first administration (1869-73) marked by low morality standards + malfeasance in public
office (Grantism)
(1) Second Sec. of State, Hamilton Fish, was a good appointment but his advisors were political
bosses like Roscoe Conkling, Benjamin F. Butler, Zachariah Chandler, Simon Cameron
ii) Grant naively allowed Jim Fish + Jay Gould to corner gold supply
(1) Led to financial panic on Black Friday (Sept. 24, 1869)
iii) Fraud + corruption marked by:

c)

d)

e)

f)

g)

(1) The Tweed Ring (1871), Tammany Hall plunderers, who stole between 75 and 200 million
dollars
(2) Salary Grab Act (1873) = 50% retroactive pay increase for public officials
Attempt at Reform
i) Election of 1872 marked by Liberal Republicans
(1) Opponents of Grantism
(2) Led by Carl Schurz + B. Gratz Brown
(3) Nominated Horace Greeley, editor of N.Y. Tribune, as did Democrats
(a) Overwhelmingly defeated by Grant
ii) Further scandals:
(1) The Sanborn Contracts (1874) = 50% commission to be paid for collecting back internal
revenue claims
(2) The Whiskey Ring (1875) = conspiracy of internal revenue collectors + distillers to defraud
the government of tax payments
(3) Impeachment of Sec. of War William Belknap for taking bribe to appoint Indian agent
Disputed Election
i) Republicans nominated Rutherford B. Hayes of Ohio in 1876
(1) Democrats chose Samuel J. Tilden of N.Y.
(a) Won popular-vote majority but lacked one vote for victory in Electoral College
(i) 20 votes contested from Fla., La., S.C., Oregon
ii) Congress selected 15-member bipartisan electoral commission (5 senators, 5 representatives, 5
Supreme Court justices)
(1) Gave disputed votes to Hayes = his election
Hayes Administration
i) In Republic Party, reform element often held balance between 2 factions:
(1) The Stalwarts led by Roscoe Conkling of N.Y.
(2) Half-Breeds behind James G. Blaine of Maine
ii) Hayes, a reformer, chose a cabinet of capable men, including Carl Schurz
iii) Hayes alienated his party
(1) In 1880 Half-Breeds succeeded in nominating dark horse, James A. Garfield of Ohio
(2) In spite of Stalwarts who wanted Grant
Assassination and the Advent of Reform
i) Garfield won over Democrats Gen. Winfield S. Hancock of Pa.
ii) Assassination of Garfield (1881)
(1) By disappointed office-seeker, Guiteau
(2) Completed demise of Stalwarts
iii) VP Chester A. Arthur of N.Y. = new President
(1) Conkling supporter
(2) Turned to Civil Service Reform
(a) Pendleton Act (1883) = Civil Service Commission to organize merit system for federal
employees
The Return of the Democrats
i) James G. Blaine = Republican nominee (1884)
(1) Reformers in party (Mugwumps) switched to Democratic nominee, Grover Cleveland of N.Y.
who was elected
(a) Victory may have been in part to Mulligan letters which impugned Blaines integrity +
defection of Catholic voters who resented the charge that the Democrats represented
Rum, Romanism and Rebellion
ii) Clevelands first administration notable for:
(1) Extension of Civil Service
(2) Presidents numerous vetoes of unjustified private pension bills

iii) Tariff issue central in 1888 campaign

(1) Cleveland vs. Benjamin Harrison of Ind.
(a) Harrison won even though Cleveland had 100,000 more votes
h) Prosperity and Depression
i) Authoritarian tactics of Speak of House, Thomas (Czar) Reed
(1) Republicans passed range of appropriations = first billion dollar Congress
(2) Democrats Grover Cleveland elected 2 nd time in 1892 as depression of 1893 began
18) Economic Dislocations
a) The Effect of Industrial Growth on Business
i) Business combinations
(1) Pools = divided markets, set prices, controlled output
(2) Trusts = brought companies together + turned their stock over to a board of trustees who
conducted the business
(3) Holding companies = incorporated specifically to own stock in other corporations
ii) Attack on trusts
(1) State anti-trust laws
(2) Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890) = trusts or other combinations or conspiracy in restraint of
trade illegal + subject to prosecution
iii) Railroads under control of Interstate Commerce Commission created in 1887
b) The Effect of Industrial Growth on Labor
i) Labor-capital relations strained by:
(1) Black list stigmatized union members
(2) Yellow dog contracts = non-union membership a condition of employment
(3) Spies + detectives = reporting on union activities + strike preparation
(4) Injunction = court order used to stop strikes, boycotts, picketing
ii) Railroad strike of 1877 = violence
(1) Began on Baltimore + Ohio railroad
(2) Ended w/ President Hayes calling Federal troops
iii) The great upheaval (1885-86)
(1) Many labor disorders
(2) Culminated in Haymarket Affair (1886) in Chicago
(a) Fatalities from bomb thrown at strike meeting
iv) Homestead Strike (1892) affected Carnegie Steel Co.
(1) Iron + steel workers union after pitched battles began between strikers + Pinkerton men
v) Pullman Strike (1894) = refusal of Eugene v. Debs American Railway Union members to handle
trains carrying Pullman cars
(1) Broken when Cleveland (on Attorney-General Richard B. Olneys advice) ordered mail carts
attached to trains + Federal troops be sent to Chicago
c) The Money Problem
i) Deflation = currency question
(1) Resulted from Resumption Act (1875, into effect in 1879) = greenbacks redeemable in specie
once again
ii) Greenback Party (opposed resumption) ran first candidate for pres. in 1875
iii) Free silver movement
(1) Attempted to inflate currency
(2) For years silver had been worth more in commercial markets than mint
(3) Coinage Act of 1873 omitted silver from U.S. coins
iv) Rich silver deposits in West discovered
(1) Ore worth more at mint than silversmiths lodge
(2) Silver men + farmer referred to Crime of 73
(3) Demand grew for free and unlimited coinage of silver at a ratio to gold of 16 to 1

v) Agitation = Bland-Allison Act (1878)

(1) Government agreed to purchase monthly between $2,000,000 and $4,000,000 worth of silver
to mint into coins
vi) Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1890)
(1) Government buys 4,500,000 ounces of silver + issue legal tender against it
(2) Call for free + unlimited coinage continued
d) The Tariff
i) Cleveland urged reductions in 1887
(1) Claimed that high protective tariffs would keep prices up
(2) Mills Bill called for reductions
(a) Died in Senate
ii) McKinley Tariff (1890)
(1) Raised taxes
(2) Provided for 2 cents per pound bounty on domestic sugar
(3) Included reciprocity agreements
(4) Prices rose as a result
iii) Wilson-German Tariff (1894)
(1) Lowered McKinley rates + extended free list
e) The Political Result
i) Farmers variegated resentments = join agricultural self-help organizations like Agricultural
Wheel, Northwestern Alliance, Farmers Alliance
(1) North vs. South outlooks (esp. on Negroes) blocked consolidation
ii) Populist Party (1892)
(1) Disaffected, principal farmers
iii) Omaha platform (1892) of Populists called for:
(1) Free unlimited coinage of silver
(2) Graduated income tax
(3) Government ownership of railroads + telephone + telegraph lines
(4) Popular election of senators
(5) Appealed to labor
iv) Convention named James B. Weaver of Iowa over 1 million votes in election
v) Several farmers helped strengthen Populists in next four years by:
(1) Business dislocation occasioned by depression of 1893
(2) Consequent unemployment marked by march of Coxeys army on Washington (1894)
(3) Repeal of Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1893)
(4) Drain on gold reserves when Cleveland tried to remedy by Morgan gold deal (1895)
vi) Republicans (guided by Marcus A. Hanna, nominated William McKinley of Ohio in 1896
(1) Committed to gold standard
vii) Democratic convention repudiated President Cleveland + committed themselves to free silver
(1) Following his crop gold speech in behalf of silver, William Jennings Bryan of Neb. was
nominated w/ conservative Arthur Sewall of Maine as running mate
viii) Populists were in a cult position b/c Democrats had stolen their thunder
(1) Nominated Bryan too, w/ Tom Watson of Ga. as vice-presidential nominee
(2) Democrats + Populists won in many states, but McKinley triumphed
19) Foreign Affairs (1865-1897)
a) The Civil War Aftermath
i) Post-Civil War triumphs:
(1) Withdrawal of French from Mexico (1867)
(a) Archduke Maximilian had attempted to establish himself on throne
(2) Settlement of Alabama Claims
(a) Grew out of activities on behalf of Confederacy of British-built cruisers

b)

c)

d)

e)

(b) Treaty of Washington (1871) sent issue to a tribunal in Geneva that awarded the U.S.
$15,500,000 (1872)
Pan-Americanism
i) U.S. looked for expansion in Latin America after 1865
(1) Advocate = Sec. of State James G. Blaine (1881, 1889-92)
ii) Pan-American Union = principal representative of first inter-American Congress (1889)
Controversies with Great Britain
i) Bering dispute (1889-93)
(1) Blaine contended that this sea, important for its seal fisheries, was w/in the exclusive
jurisdiction of U.S.
(2) British warships seized outside of the 3 mile limit = imminent war
(3) Arbitration = upholding of British position + payment of damages by U.S.
ii) Venezuelan Boundary dispute
(1) Long-standing conflict b/t Venezuela + British Guiana came to head in 1895 w/ apparently
excessive British territorial demands
(2) Sec. of State Richard B. Olney invoked Monroe Doctrine
(a) War fever high but settled by arbitration in 1897
Territorial Acquisitions
i) Sec. of State William H. Seward purchased Alaska from Russia for $7,200,000 (1867)
ii) Samoan Islands
(1) American role began w/ possession of harbor rights (1872) to
(2) Domination of port of Pago Pago (1878)
(3) Tripartite division of islands among U.S., Britain, Germany (1899)
iii) Reciprocity treaty w/ Hawaiian Islands (1875)
(1) Strengthened sugar planters who revolted against Queen Liliuokalani (1893)
(a) Sought treaty of annexation to U.S.
(b) Cleveland withdrew treaty Queen was wronged
(2) Hawaii annexed in 1899
Imperialism
i) The Background of the Spanish-American War
(1) Stimulating factors for empire:
(a) Example of European imperialism
(b) Big navy advocated by spokesmen like Capt. Alfred Mahan
(c) Desires of political figures like Theodore Roosevelt, John Hay, Albert J. Beveridge for
large policy
(d) Sensational reporting in certain important Eastern newspapers of Spanish activities in
Cuba
ii) U.S. interest in Cuba
(1) Heightened by 10 Years War (1868-78) b/t Spain + Cuba
(a) Virginius Incident (1873) = arms-running expedition from U.S. soil to insurgents that
might have involved Americans in war
iii) Insurgents continued their agitation + betting on economic decline
(1) Partly attributable to Wilson-German Tariff (1895)
(2) Cuban War of Independence (1895)
iv) Spanish Gen. Valeriano Weyler responded w/ reconcentration policy which aimed to restore
order by isolating the insurrectos
v) Yellow press in U.S. claimed horrors
(1) William Randolph Hearsts N.Y. Journal published (1898) the de Lome letter from Spanish
minister to a correspondent in Cuba
(a) Uncomplimentary to McKinley
(b) Followed by de Lome resignation

vi) Battleship Maine mysteriously blew up in Havana Harbor

(1) Newspapers made Remember the Maine a war cry
vii) McKinley sent war message to Congress on April 20, 1898
(1) Despite Spains important concessions to U.S. demands
(2) Following declaration included Teller Amendment
(a) U.S. would withdraw from Cuba after its independence
f) The Direct Results
i) Spain requested peace
(1) Conference opened in Paris October 1, 1898
(2) Treaty, signed Dec. 10, 1898, provided:
(a) Spain withdrew from Cuba
(b) Puerto Rico, Guam, the Philippine Islands ceded to U.S.
(c) U.S. pay $20,000,000 for Philippines
(d) Serious opposition from anti-imperialists
(e) Treaty ratified 1899
ii) Enunciation by Sec. of State John Hay of Open Door policy in China
(1) Identical notes to all powers (1899-1900)
(2) Hoped to get equality of commercial opportunity for U.S.
iii) Boxer Rebellion (1900)
(1) Anti-Western excesses in China
(2) International relief army captured Peking
(3) Hay took lead in seeking settlement that protected Chinas territorial integrity
iv) U.S. invited to Hague Conference (1899) which created Permanent Court of International
Arbitration
g) Colonialism
i) U.S. empire organized variously
(1) The Philippines
(a) Insurrection under Emilio Aguinaido until 1902
(b) Jones Act (1916) increased Filipino participation in government (ultimate self-rule)
(c) Tydings-McDuffie Act (1934) set 1946 as year of independence (granted as promised)
(2) Puerto Rico
(a) Foraker Act (1900) made island a compromise b/t colony + territory
(b) Jones Act (1916) made Puerto Ricans U.S. citizens
(c) Congressional authority over islands asserted by Sup. Court in insular cases (1901-03)
(3) Cuba
(a) Liberated (1901) but forced to accept Platt Amendment
(i) Bound not to impaired her sovereignty by treaty w/ any foreign power
(ii) Limited her debt w/in ability to pay
(iii)Permitted U.S. intervention
(iv) Allowed 2 U.S. naval stations
20) The Age of Theodore Roosevelt
a) The Background
i) McKinley reelected in 1900
(1) Theodore Roosevelt of N.Y. = Vice-President
(2) Republicans credited w/ return of prosperity
(a) Dingley Tariff (1897) = highly protective
(b) Gold Standard Act (1900) = gold dollar, ending silver agitation
ii) Democratic nominee was Bryan who campaigned against imperialism
iii) Roosevelt = President when McKinley was assassinated in 1901
(1) At Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, by Czolgosz, anarchist
b) Roosevelt and Domestic Matters

i) Expressed hope for square deal for all societal classes

(1) Brought John Mitchell of United Mine Workers + coal operators to unsuccessful White House
Conference
(a) Pres. ended anthracite coal strike of 1902 by arbitration
ii) Reputation as trust-buster
(1) Stemmed from his prosecution of James J. Hills Northern Securities Co. (1904) for violating
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
(a) Subsequent legal proceedings against Beef Trust, Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey, The
American Tobacco Co.
iii) Laws relating to railroads
(1) Elkins Act (1903) = strengthened laws against rebates
(2) Hepburn Act (1906) = increased size + powers of Interstate Commerce Commission
(a) Extended ICC authority over express companies, ferries, pipe lines, terminals
(b) Gave ICC power to suspend rates pending court action
(3) Mann-Elkins Act (1910) = extended ICC authority over telephone, telegraph, cable, wireless
companies
iv) Roosevelt called journalists writing in behalf of reform muckrakers
(1) Ida M. Tarbell
(2) Frank Norris
(3) Lincoln Steffens
(4) Jacob Riis
(5) Ray Stannard Baker
(6) Munseys
(7) Colliers
(8) Cosmopolitan
(9) McClures
(10) Their agitation caused:
(a) Meat Inspection Act (1906)
(b) Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)
v) Conservation of natural resources
(1) Newlands Act (1902) allocated for irrigation money from public land sales
(2) Inland Waterways Commission studied water resources
(3) Conference of Governors at the White House (1908) = appointment of National Conservation
Commission
c) Roosevelt and Diplomacy
i) Speak softly and carry a big stick
ii) Venezuelan incident (1902)
(1) Persuaded Germany to arbitrate the debt controversy
iii) Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine enunciated (1904)
(1) European powers threatened to interfere in Dominican Republic to collect debts
(2) U.S. assumed police powers over Latin neighbors
iv) Construction of Panama Canal (1904-14)
(1) Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (1901) abrogated Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850) w/ Britain
(a) Gave U.S. exclusive right to construct canal
(2) Hay-Herran Treaty gave U.S. 6-mile strip across isthmus of Panama
(a) Rejected by Colombian Senate = Panamanian revolution for independence (1903)
(i) Countenanced by U.S.
(3) Hay-Burnau-Varilla Treaty (1904) = Panama leased 10-mile strip of land to U.S. for 99 years
for $10,000,000 and $250,000 annually
v) Roosevelt helped settle Russo-Japanese War (1904-5)
(1) Mediation in Treaty of Portsmouth (1905)

vi) Algeciras Conference (1906) to settle Moroccan question

vii) Strained relations w/ Japan
(1) Gentlemens Agreement (1907) = Japan would limit emigration to U.S.
(2) Fleet went on world tour to impress Japan (1907-8)
d) Tafts Term
i) Roosevelt overwhelmingly elected over Democrats Alton B. Parker of N.Y. in 1904
ii) Republicans William Howard Taft won over Bryan in 1908
iii) Tafts administration faced tariff question at special session of Congress
(1) Resultant high Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1909) split party
(a) Standpatters in East approved + insurgents in West were hostile
iv) Ballinger-Pinchot controversy over whether conservation was going forward properly (1909-11)
hurt Taft
v) Successful attack by insurgents on power of Speaker of House to appoint all committees led to
fall of Speaker Joseph G. Cannon
vi) Canadian Reciprocity Treaty (1911)
(1) Easier for agricultural products to enter
(2) Further alienated Western insurgents
(3) Tafts record of trust prosecutions didnt make up his lost political ground
21) The New Freedom
a) The Election of 1912
i) Republicans could only renominate Taft in 1912
(1) Progressives (at first supported Robert M. LaFollette of Wisc.) named Theodore Roosevelt at
Bull Moose Convention
ii) Democrats picked Woodrow Wilson of N.J.
(1) Advocating of New Freedom won over Roosevelt who wanted New Nationalism
(2) Bryan = Sec. of State
b) The Legislative Successes
i) Underwood-Simmons Tariff (1913) = first scientific tariff in U.S. history
ii) Federal Reserve Act (1913)
(1) Created Federal Reserve Board
(2) Divided country into 12 Federal Reserve Districts
(3) Made possible an elastic currency
iii) Federal Trade Commission (1914) = judicial enforcement of its rulings against unfair business
practices
iv) Clayton Act (1914) = Magna Carta of Labor
(1) Specifically exempted unions from operation of anti-trust laws
v) LaFollettes Seamens Act (1915) = regulation of seamens working conditions
vi) Keating-Owen Act (1915) = forbidding of shipment in interstate commerce of goods
manufactured by child labor
vii) Adamson Act (1916) = 8-hour work day for railroad employees
c) The Mexican Problem
i) Overthrow of Mexican president Porfirio Diaz (1910)
(1) Reformer Francisco Madero in power
(2) Overthrown + murdered (1913) by Gen. Victoriano Huerta
ii) Wilson refused to recognize unspeakable Huerta
(1) Mediation of Argentina, Brazil, Chile (ABC powers) availed nothing
iii) Carranzas antagonist, Pancho Villa, raided Columbus, N.M.
(1) Troops under Gen. John J. Pershing crossed Mexican border in unsuccessful pursuit
d) Caribbean Interests
i) U.S. military intervention in Nicaragua (1912), Haiti (1915), Dominican Republic (1916)
(1) Keep order around canal

ii) U.S. purchased Virgin Islands from Denmark for $25,000,000 in 1917
22) The First World War
a) Neutrality
i) War broke out in Europe (1914)
(1) Wilson hoped U.S. would remain neutral
ii) German submarine activity = sinking of Lusitania (1915)
(1) Loss of American lives
iii) Germany gave assurances for future
(1) After torpedoing Sussex (1915) gave Sussex pledge to provide warning + protect lives
iv) Wilson reelected (He kept us out of war) in 1916 over Charles Evans Hughes in close election
(1) Despite vigorous preparedness campaign, hoped to mediate peace through advisor Col.
Edward M. House
(2) Peace without victory in Jan. 1917
b) Involvement
i) Germany announced unrestricted submarine warfare on Jan. 31, 1917
(1) U.S. declaration of war on April 6, 1917
(a) Make the world safe for democracy
ii) American Expeditionary Force (A.E.F.) organized under Gen. Pershing + raised under Selective
Service Act (1917)
(1) U.S. forces distinguished themselves at Cantigny, Chateau-Thierry, Belleau Wood, and the
Aisne-Marne, St. Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne offensives
c) Peace-Making
i) Wilson announced war aims in Fourteen Points (Jan. 8, 1918)
(1) Open diplomacy
(2) Freedom of the seas
(3) Removal of national economic barriers
(4) Disarmament
(5) Adjustment of colonial claims
(6) Creation of an association of nations
(7) Germany sued for peace + armistice resulted (Nov. 11, 1918)
ii) Paris Peace Conference opened Jan. 18, 1919
(1) Covenant of the League of Nations
iii) Violent senatorial opposition to Treaty b/c of League Covenant
(1) Led by Henry Cabot Lodge of Mass.
(2) Reservations = failure of ratification of Treaty
23) The Twenties
a) Economic and Political Adjustment
i) Military demobilization accomplished quickly
ii) Plumb Plan (1920)
(1) Federal purchase of railroads
(2) Railroad Transportation Act (1920)
(a) Extended ICC powers over railroads
(b) Guaranteed fair profit for owners
(c) Set up revolving fund for improvements
(d) Made arbitration of railroad labor disputes compulsory
iii) Republicans Warren G. Harding of Ohio campaigned in 1920
(1) Return to normalcy
(2) Elected over Democrats James M. Cox of Ohio
(3) Brief administration (he died Aug. 1923, succeeded by Vice-President Calvin Coolidge of
Vermont) marked by scandals
(a) Veterans Bureau

(b) Alien Property Custodians Office

(c) Interior Department
(i) Sec. Albert B. Fall went to prison b/c of teapot dome affair involving naval oil
leases
b) Disarmament
i) Washington Arms Conference (1921-22)
(1) Called by Sec. of State Charles Evans Hughes
(2) Established in 5-Power pact a naval holiday + capital ships ratio of U.S. 5, Britain 5, Japan
3, Italy 1.75, France 1.75
(3) Arranged in 4-Power pact to respect each others Pacific possessions
(4) Guaranteed in 9-Power pact territorial integrity of China
ii) Disarmament conferences at Geneva (1928) and London (1930)
iii) Pact of Paris (1928) outlawed war as instrument of national policy
c) Other Problems
i) Fordney-McCumber Tariff (1922) raised rates again + created Tariff Commission
ii) Quota Law of 1924
(1) Immigration restricted by national-origins principle to 2% of each countrys nationals resident
in States in 1890
(2) In 1927, date was to be made 1920 + total amount of annual immigration = 150,000
iii) 18th Amendment (ratified 1919, repealed 1933)
(1) Prohibited interstate trade in liquor, defined in Volstead Act (1919)
d) The End of the Era
i) Coolidge elected pres. in 1924 over John W. Davis of N.Y.
ii) Herbert C. Hoover of Iowa elected by Republicans over Democrats Alfred E. Smith of N.Y.
(1928)
iii) Great Depression began (1929) after Hoovers inauguration
(1) Reconstruction Finance Corp. (1932) provided emergency financing to business, but no
recovery came
24) The New Deal
a) Domestic Legislation
i) Franklin D. Roosevelt of N.Y. elected (1932) New Deal
(1) Cordell Hull = Sec. of State
(2) Frances Perkins (first woman cabinet officer) = Sec. of Labor
ii) National Recovery Act (1933) = codes of fair competition
(1) Regulate competition, wages + hours in every industry
(2) Guaranteed collective bargaining to labor
iii) Agricultural Adjustment Act (1933) = limit farm production
(1) Imposed processors tax
(2) Replaced by Domestic Allotment Act (1936) + AAA of 1938 which created ever-normal
granary
iv) Public Works Administration (1933), Civil Works Administration (1933), and Works Progress
Administration (1935) aided unemployed
(1) Put employables to work on socially useful projects w/o interfering in private enterprise
v) Tennessee Valley Authority (1933) = development of cheap electricity, river improvement, nitrate
production
(1) Rural Electrification Administration (1935) = funds for power line construction in regions
unattractive to private investors
vi) Home Owners Loan Corp. (1933) + Federal Housing Administration (1934) helped
(respectively) home owner in danger of losing home + purchaser of new housing
(1) United States Housing Authority (1937) = aid for low-income families

vii) Glass-Steagall Banking Act (1933) created Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. to insure savings
bank deposits
(1) Securities Act (1933) regulated stock + bond dealings
(a) Regulatory Securities and Exchange Commission created in 1934
(b) Dollar devalued (1934)
viii) Sup. Court found several New Deal measures unconstitutional
(1) Roosevelt proposed packing the Supreme Court (1937)
(2) Congress refused to approve
b) Hemispheric Relations
i) Reciprocal Trade Agreements (1934) permitted to be negotiated by Congress
ii) Good Neighbor policy for Latin America led to:
(1) Abrogation of Platt Amendment (1934)
(2) Conferences at Buenos Aires (1934), Lima (1938), Panama (1939), Havana (1940) dealing w/
common problems of hemispheric security
25) World War II and its Aftermath
a) The Hope for Neutrality
i) Isolationists resisted collective security measures w/ respect to Axis aggression in Europe
ii) Neutrality Acts (1935-37) = Congressional attempts to keep U.S. out of war
(1) Arms embargo on belligerents + restrictions on travel of Americans
b) The Coming of War
i) Congress repealed arms embargo (1939) w/ opening of war in Europe
ii) Roosevelts destroyer deal w/ Britain
(1) 50 over-age destroyers traded for 99-year leases on naval bases in Western Hemisphere
iii) Land-Lease Act (1941) = Pres. power to lend or lease goods for Britains war uses
(1) Extended to others fighting the Axis powers
iv) Roosevelt + Prime Minister Winston Churchill met in Atlantic in Aug. 1941
(1) Atlantic Charter renounced war spoils + promised work for peaceful world based on equal
commercial opportunity
c) United States Involvement
i) Japanese-American relations deteriorated
(1) Further aggression in southeast Asia by Jap.
(2) U.S. economic restrictions on Japan (1941)
ii) Sec. Hull wanted maintenance of open door policy for China
(1) While negotiations w/ Ambassador Nomura + Special Envoy Kurusu, Japan struck Pearl
Harbor (Dec. 7, 1941)
(2) Congress declared war next day and on Dec. 11 Germany + Italy declared war on U.S.
d) Global Hostilities
i) Japanese took Philippines + westernmost Aleutians (1942)
(1) Overran British + Dutch possessions in Asia
(2) Gen. Douglas MacArthur + Admiral Chester Nimitz led Amer. + Allied forces to push them
back
(3) Island-hops:
(a) Solomons (1942)
(b) Okinawa and Iwo Jima (1945)
ii) Naval triumphs:
(1) Battle of Coral Sea (1942)
(2) Battle of Midway (1942)
(3) Battle of Leyte Gulf (1944)
iii) Japan surrendered unconditionally (V-J Day, Aug. 14, 1945) after first atomic bombs dropped on
Hiroshima + Nagasaki
iv) Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower led U.S. forces in Europe

e)

f)

g)

h)

i)

j)

(1) Landings in North Africa (1942)

(2) Italian campaign (1943)
(3) Invasion across English channel (D-Day, June 6, 1944) into France (1944)
v) German unconditional surrender on May 7, 1945 (V-E Day)
(1) War plans + U.S. post-war policies set at meetings at Cairo (1943), Teheran (1943), Yalta
(1945), Potsdam (1945)
Truman and the New Threat to Security
i) Roosevelt died April 12, 1945
(1) Had been reelected over Alfred M. Landon of Kans. (1936), over Wendell L. Wilkie of Ind.
(1940), Thomas E. Dewey of N.Y. (1944)
ii) 22nd Amendment (1951)
(1) Presidents limited to 2 terms
iii) Vice-President Harry S. Truman of Mo. succeeded Roosevelt
iv) Foreign policy based on United Nations
(1) Through Secretaries of State James F. Byrnes, Gen. George C. Marshall, Dean Acheson
(2) Established at San Francisco Conference in 1945
v) Truman Doctrine (1947) pledged aid to Greece + Turkey to fight communism and to resist such
aggression elsewhere in world
vi) Marshall Plan (1947) offered aid for reconstruction in Europe
(1) Led to Economic Co-operation Act (1948)
vii) Truman elected on his fair deal in surprise victory over Thomas E. Dewey (1948)
The Cold War
i) Cold War w/ Soviet Russia dominated international problems
(1) Berlin Blockade (1948-49)
ii) North Atlantic Pact (1949) signed by 14 nations
(1) Mutual protection against aggression
Korean War
i) Communist North Korea invaded South Korea across 38th parallel in 1950
(1) U.S. participated in bloody United Nations police action (1950-53)
(2) Ended in uneasy truce (1953)
Security in the Pacific
i) Mutual protection agreements for U.S. security in Pacific:
(1) Philippine Pact (1951)
(2) Anzus Pact (1951)
(3) Japanese Pact (1951)
(4) Korean Pact (1953)
Domestic Legislation
i) Controversial Taft-Hartley Act (1947)
(1) Banned the closed shop (secondary boycott)
(2) Provided for cooling-off period before strike
Republican Victory
i) Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower of Kans. elected over Adlai E. Stevenson of Ill. In 1952
(1) Slogan = Its time for a change
(2) In background of diplomacy = atomic + hydrogen weapons
ii) Sec. of State = John Foster Dulles