INTERNATIONAL

RELATIONS
BY: GROUP I BS ECE 1-2
SUBMITTED TO: MR. JULIUS JAPA

Foreign Policy
Definition by Different Scholars
Prof. Tailor - Foreign policy of a sort which will go on so long as are sovereign
states
George Madlikosi - Foreign policy is the systematic activities evolved by
communities for changing the behavior of other states for adjusting their own
activities in an international environment
Prof. Joseph Framkel Foreign policy consists of decisions and actions which
involves to some appreciable extent relations between state and others
Rodee Foreign policy involves the implementation of a group principles
which shape the behavior pattern of a state which negotiating with other
states to protect or further its interest

Foreign Policy An
Overview
Is the combination of rules, regulations and principles through which an independent state
establish relationship with other states.
The principles of foreign policy aren't perpetual, but some of them holds prime importance
In international relations there is no enduring animosity or friendship, but the national interest
Foreign policy not only affects neighboring countrys but also neighboring countries accept its
affect.
In today's world where distance has shrink and world now has become global village. What's
the impact of globalization on countries ?
An impact of any incident happening in one country will left it effect on another country.
However, its another side of the story that this particular change may leave little or major
change affect on another country.
For instance: Khalistan movement

REQUIREMENTS OF FOREIGN
POLICY
Constitutional Requirements for Foreign Policy

Proceeding from this vision of an ideal Philippine society,

Article II of the 1987 Constitution has a clear conception of
what the nation's foreign policy should be:
Sec. 7. The State shall pursue an independent
foreign policy. In its relations with other states the
paramount
consideration
shall
be
national
sovereignty, territorial integrity, national interest,
and the right to self-determination.

As an elaboration of the provision for an independent

foreign policy and in order to be consistent with the
ideals of the envisioned society for the Philippines, the
following section was added to the Declaration of
Principles and State Policies:
Sec. 8. The Philippines, consistent with the
national interest, adopts and pursues a policy of
freedom from nuclear weapons in its territory.
While acknowledging that the President takes the
initiative in foreign-policy matters, the Constitution, in
Article VII, provides safeguards that would prevent
abuses or impropriety on the part of the executive
branch:

Sec. 20. The President may contract or guarantee

foreign loans on behalf of the Republic of the
Philippines with the prior concurrence of the
Monetary Board, and subject to such limitation as
may be provided by law. The Monetary Board shall,
within thirty days from the end of every quarter of
the calendar year, submit to the Congress a complete
report of CONSTITUTIONAL BASIS OF FOREIGN POLICY
3 its decisions on applications for loans to be
contracted or guaranteed by the Government or
government-owned and controlled corporations which
would have the effect of increasing foreign debt, and
containing other matters as may be provided by law.

Limitations
The President may contract or guarantee foreign loans on behalf of the Republic
of the Philippines with the prior concurrence of the Monetary Board; and
Subject to such limitations as may be provided by law.
Sec. 21. No treaty or international agreement shall be valid and
effective unless concurred in by at least two-thirds of all the Members
of the Senate.
Limitations
Power to negotiate treaties and other international agreements
Power to appoint ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls.
Power to receive ambassadors and other public ministers accredited to the
Philippines.
Power to contract and guarantee foreign loans on behalf of the Republic
Power to deport aliens

Definitions of International Law

International law
The body that governs the legal relations between or among states or nations.
A combination of treaties and customs which regulates the conduct of states amongst
themselves, and persons who trade or have legal relationships which involve the
jurisdiction of more than one state.
International law consists in certain rules of conduct which modern civilized states
regard as being binding on them in their relations with one another with a force
comparable in nature and degree to that binding the conscientious person to obey the
laws of his country. William Edward Hall and F. E. smith
International law, or the law of nations, consists of rules and principles of general
application dealing with the conduct of states and of international organizations and
with their relations inter se, as well as with some of their relations with persons,
whether natural or juridical. Am. Jur
A body of rules common to all civilized nations, equally binding upon all and impartially
governing their mutual intercourses. John Bassett Moore

The highest judicial authority of international law is the

International Court Of Justice.
The administrative authority is the United States.

United Nations
Created in 1945, the is responsible for much of the current
framework of the international law.

The First Geneva Convention (1864)

is one of the earliest formulations of international law.

International Law
Is the set of rules generally regarded and accepted as binding in relations between states and between nations.
International law differs from state-based legal systems in that it is primarily applicable to countries rather than to
private citizens.
National law may become international law when treaties delegate national jurisdiction to supranational tribunals.
Three Distinct Legal Disciplines
Public international law, which governs the relationship between states and international entities. (Treaty of Law,
Law Of Sea, International Criminal Law, The Laws Of War Or International Humanitarian Law, International Human
Rights Law, And Refugee Law.)
Private international law, which addresses the questions of which jurisdiction may hear a case, and the law
concerning which jurisdiction applies to the issues in the case.
Supranational law, which concerns regional agreements where the laws of nation states may be held inapplicable
when conflicting with a supranational legal system when that nation has a treaty obligation to a supranational
collective.
Two Traditional Branches of the Field
Jus gentium- Law of nations
Jus inter gentes- Agreements between nations.

Importance of International Law

Nonetheless, though international law was not always effective during the war, it played an important role
in several contexts.
Framework for the debate about the war and helped separate the good actions from the bad.
Nations do care that their Government are complying with International Law(with the possible exception
that in extreme circumstances , people will believe a course of action justified no matter what the law says
about it).
It also adds that states accept it as such, and their record in observing it bears comparison with the level of
law observance in many countries.
It stresses that international law is a part of the structure for it is in an integral part of it and not an optional
extra; and that it is but one part in the overall equation important, but not to the exclusion of other parts.
It explains that the importance of international law is a function of its effectiveness and its ability to
respond to change.
It adds that neither can be taken away for granted. It clarifies that both need attention and development
within a framework of respect for the international rule of law, if a stable international rule of law, if a
stable international order is to prevail.
Despite the fact that International Law did not prevent violations of legal norms, this did not mean that the

Foreign relations of the

Philippines
Foreign relations of the Philippinesare administered by thePresident of the
Philippinesand theDepartment of Foreign Affairs. Philippine international affairs are
influenced by ties toSoutheast Asianneighbors,United States, and theMiddle East.
The Philippines is a founding member of theUnited Nations; an elected member
of theSecurity Counciland participant in theFAO,International Labor
Organization,UNESCOandWorld Health Organization. Like most nations, the
Philippines is a signatory ofInterpol. The Philippines is a member of the Association
of Southeast Asian Nations,East Asia Summit, and theLatin Union. It was formerly a
member of the now-defunctSEATO. Declaring itself as independent of any major
power block of nations, the Philippines is a member of theNon-Aligned Movement.

UN/United Nations

TheUnited Nations(UN; French:Organisation des Nations Unies,ONU) is

aninternational organizationwhose stated aims include promoting and facilitating
cooperation
ininternational
law,international
security,economic
development,social progress,human rights,civil rights,civil liberties,political
freedoms,democracy, and the achievement of lastingworld peace. The UN was
founded in 1945 after World War II to replace theLeague of Nations, to stop wars
between countries, and to provide a platform for dialogue. It contains multiple
subsidiary organizations to carry out its missions.

FAO/The Food and Agriculture

Organization of the UN
TheFood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO)
(French:Organisation
des
Nations
unies
pour
lalimentation
et
lagriculture,Italian:Organizzazione delle Nazioni Unite per l'Alimentazione
e l'Agricoltura) is a specialized agency of theUnited Nations that leads
international
efforts
to
defeat
hunger.
Serving
bothdevelopedanddeveloping countries, FAO acts as a neutral forum
where all nations meet as equals to negotiate agreements and debate
policy. FAO is also a source of knowledge and information, and helps
developing countries and countries in transition modernize and
improveagriculture,forestryandfisheriespractices,
ensuring
goodnutritionandfood securityfor all.

International Labour Organization

TheInternational Labor Organization(ILO) is aUnited Nationsagency

dealing withlaborissues, particularlyinternational labor standardsand
decent workfor all.185 of the 193 UN member states are members of the
ILO.
In 1969, the organization received theNobel Peace Prizefor improving
peace among classes, pursuing justice for workers, and providing technical
assistance to developing nations.
The ILO registers complaints against entities that are violating international
rules; however, it does not impose sanctions on governments.

UNESCO/TheUnited Nations
Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization
Its purpose is to contribute to peace and security by promoting international
collaboration through education, science, and culture in order to further
universal respect for justice, therule of law, andhuman rightsalong with
fundamentalfreedomproclaimed in theUN Charter.It is the heir of
theLeague of Nations'International Commission on Intellectual Cooperation.

World Heath
Organization
TheWHOis the directing and coordinating authority for health within the
United Nations system. It is responsible for providing leadership on global
health matters, shaping the health research agenda, setting norms and
standards, articulating evidence-based policy options, providing technical
support to countries, and monitoring and assessing health trends..

ASEAN
is ageo-politicaland economic organization of ten countries located
inSoutheast
Asia,
which
was
formed
on
8
August
1967
byIndonesia,Malaysia, thePhilippines,Singaporeand Thailand.Since then,
membership
has
expanded
to
includeBrunei,Burma
(Myanmar),Cambodia,Laos,
andVietnam.
Its
aims
include
acceleratingeconomic growth,social progress, cultural development among
its members, protection of regional peace and stability, and opportunities for
member countries to discuss differences peacefully.

Interpol/International Criminal Police Organization

widely known as INTERPOL,is anintergovernmental

organizationfacilitating international police cooperation. It
was established as the International Criminal Police
Commission (ICPC) in 1923 and adopted its telegraphic
address as its common name in 1956.
Note: We are signatory in it, meaning we are bound by sign
agreement.

Latin Union
is
aninternational
organizationof
nations
that
useRomance languages, with the aim of protecting,
projecting, and promoting the common cultural heritage
ofLatin peoplesand unifying identities of theLatin, and
Latin-influenced, world. It was created in 1954
inMadrid,Spain, and has existed as a functional institution
since 1983. Its membership has risen from 12 to 36 states,
including
countries
inNorth
America,South
America,Europe,Africa, and theAsia-Pacificregion.

SEATO
was
aninternational
organizationforcollective
defenseinSoutheast
Asiacreated by the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty, orManila
Pact, signed in September 1954 inManila,Philippines. The formal institution
of SEATO was established on 19 February 1955 at a meeting of treaty
partners inBangkok, Thailand. The organization's headquarters were also in
Bangkok. Eight members joined the organization.
Primarily created to block furthercommunistgains in Southeast Asia, SEATO
is generally considered a failure because internal conflict and dispute
hindered general use of the SEATO military; however, SEATO-funded
cultural and educational programs left long-standing effects in Southeast
Asia. SEATO was dissolved on 30 June 1977 after many members lost
interest and withdrew.

Non-Aligned Movement

TheNon-Aligned Movement(NAM) is a group of states

which are not formally aligned with or against any
majorpower bloc. As of 2012, the movement has 120
members and 17observercountries.
Note: Power block means power as influenced.
The organization was founded inBelgradein 1961

Economically participant:
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
Asian Development Bank,
Colombo Plan
World Bank,
World Trade Organization(WTO).

APEC
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation(APEC) is a forum for 21Pacific
Rimcountries (formally Member Economies) that seeks to promotefree trade
and economic cooperation throughout theAsia-Pacificregion. It was
established in 1989 in response to the growing interdependence of AsiaPacific economies and the advent of regionaltrade blocsin other parts of the
world; to fears thathighly industrializedJapan (a member ofG8) would come
to dominate economic activity in the Asia-Pacific region; and to establish new
markets for agricultural products and raw materials beyond Europe (where
demand had been declining).

Asian Development Bank

is aregional development bankestablished on 22 August
1966 to facilitate economic development of countries in
Asia.The bank admits the members of theUnited Nations
Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the
Pacific(UNESCAP, formerly known as the United Nations
Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East) and nonregionaldeveloped countries.From 31 members at its
establishment, ADB now has 67 members - of which 48 are
from within Asia and the Pacific and 19 outside. ADB was
modeled closely on theWorld Bank, and has a similar
weighted voting system where votes are distributed in
proportion with member's capital subscriptions.
By the end of 2012, both theUnited StatesandJapanhold
the
two
largest
proportions
of
shares
each
at
12.78%.Chinaholds 5.45%,Indiaholds 5.36%.

Colombo Plan
is a regional organization that embodies the concept of
collective inter-governmental effort to strengthen economic
and social development of member countries in theAsiaPacificregion. The primary focus of all Colombo Plan
activities is on human resources development.

World Bank
TheWorld Bankis aninternational financial institutionthat
providesloans todeveloping countriesforcapital programs.
The World Bank's official goal is thereduction of poverty.
According to its Articles of Agreement (as amended
effective 16 February 1989), all its decisions must be
guided by a commitment to the promotion offoreign
investmentandinternational tradeand to the facilitation
ofcapital investment.

World Trade Organization

is
an
organization
that
intends
to
supervise
andliberalizeinternational trade. The organization officially
commenced on 1 January 1995 under theMarrakech
Agreement, replacing theGeneral Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade(GATT), which commenced in 1948.The organization
deals with regulation of trade between participating
countries; it provides a framework for negotiating and
formalizing trade agreements, and a dispute resolution
process aimed at enforcing participants' adherence to WTO
agreements, which are signed by representatives of
member governments:fol.910and ratified by their
parliaments.Most of the issues that the WTO focuses on
derive from previous trade negotiations, especially from
theUruguay Round(19861994).

United Nations Organizations

The united nations organization (UNO) is an international
organization whose stated aims are facilitating cooperation in
international
law,
international
society,
Economic
development, special progress, human rights and the
achieving of world peace.
DATE OF FORMATION: At the united nations (UN) conference
in SAN FRANSICO in April 1945, representatives from 51
countries came together and drew up the UN charter. The
charter was signed by 50 nations on 26 June 1945.

HISTORY:
Introduction:
United nations (UN), international organization of countries
created promote world peace and cooperation. The UN was
founded after 2nd world war which was ended in 1945. Its
mission is to maintain world peace, develop worlds problems
and encourage respect for human rights.
FIRST WORLD WAR (1914-1918):
After the end of 1st world war it was realized that how horrible
and destructive was this war for the mankind and its roaming
generations.
SECOND WORLD WAR (1939-1945):
The second world war took place which proceed more
destructive and dangers for the life of common man on the
world level.

ESTABLISHMENT OF UNO
The united nations officially came into
existence on 24th October 1945, when the
charter had been ratified by CHINA, FRANCE
. The soviet union the UK , the USA and by a
majority of other signatories.

HEAD QUARTER OF UNO

International territory in New York City, USA

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES:

1) To maintain international peace and security and to that
end; to take effective collective measures for the prevention
and removal of threats to the peace and for the suppression of
acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace, to bring
about by peaceful means, inconformity with the principal of
justice and international law, adjustment or settlement of
international disputes or situations which might lead to a
breach of the peace.
2) To develop friendly relations among nations based respect
for the principal of equal rights and self determination of
peoples and to take other appropriate measures to strengthen
universal peace.
3) To achieve international co-operation in solving international
problems of an economic, social cultural, or humanitarian
character, in promoting and encouraging respect for human
rights and for fundamental freedoms for all with out distinction

General Assembly
United Nations Composed of all
United Nations member states,
the
assembly meets in regular yearly
sessions under a president elected
from among the member states.

Security Council
The Security Council is charged with
maintaining peace and security among
countries. The Security Council has the
power to make binding decisions that
member governments have agreed to
carry out, under the terms of Charter
Article 25.

Secretariat:
The United Nations Secretariat Building at
the United Nations Headquarters in New York City. It
carries out tasks as directed by the UN Security
Council, the UN General Assembly, the UN Economic
and Social Council, and other UN bodies.

Secretary-General
The
Secretariat
is
headed
by
the
Secretary-General, who acts as the de facto
spokesperson and leader of the UN. The current
Secretary-General is Ban Ki-moon, who took over
from Kofi Annan in 2007 and has been elected for a
second term to conclude at the end of 2016.

International Court of Justice

The International Court of Justice (ICJ), located in
The Hague, Netherlands. The Statute of the International
Court of Justice, similar to that of its predecessor, is the
main constitutional document constituting and regulating
the Court.

Economic and Social Council

The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) assists
the General Assembly in promoting international
economic and social cooperation and development.
ECOSOC has 54 members. ECOSOC meets once a
year in July for a four-week session. ECOSOC's
functions include information gathering, advising
member nations, and making recommendations.

Seven Specialized Agencies

There are seven specialized agencies

1. Food and Agriculture Organization
(FAO)
2.International Labour Organization
(ILO)
3.International Monetary Fund (IMF)
4.United Nations Educational, Scientific
and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
5.United
Nations
Childrens
Fund
(UNICEF)

Food and Agriculture Organization

(FAO)
The Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations
leads international efforts to
defeat hunger. Serving both
developed
and
developing
countries, FAO acts as a neutral
forum where all nations meet as
equals to negotiate agreements
and debate policy. FAO's mandate
is to raise levels of nutrition,
improve agricultural productivity,
better
the
lives
of
rural
populations and contribute to the
growth of the world economy. FAO
is the largest of UN agencies and

International Labour Organization

(ILO)
The
International
Labour
Organization (ILO) deals with
labour issues. Its headquarters are
in Geneva, Switzerland. Founded in
1919, it was formed through the
negotiations of the Treaty of
Versailles, and was initially an
agency of the League of Nations. It
became a member of the UN
system after the demise of the
League and the formation of the
UN at the end of World War II. Its
Constitution, as amended to date,
includes
the
Declaration
of
Philadelphia on the aims and
purposes of the Organization. Its

International Monetary Fund

(IMF)
It
provides
monetary
cooperation
and
financial
stability
and acts as a forum
for
advice,
negotiation
and
assistance
on
financial issues.

United Nations Educational, Scientific

and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
UNESCO (United Nations
Educational,
Scientific
and
Cultural Organization) is a
specialized agency of the
United Nations established in
1946. Its stated purpose is to
contribute
to
peace
and
security
by
promoting
international
collaboration
through education, science,
and culture in order to further
universal respect for justice,
the rule of law, and the human

United Nations Childrens Fund

(UNICEF)
United Nations Children's Fund (or
UNICEF) was created by the United
Nations
General
Assembly
on
December 11, 1946, to provide
emergency food and healthcare to
children in countries that had been
devastated by World War II. In 1953,
UNICEF became a permanent part of
the United Nations System and its
name was shortened from the
original United Nations International
Children's Emergency Fund but it has
continued to be known by the
popular acronym based on this old
name. Headquartered in New York
City provides long-term humanitarian
and developmental assistance to
children and mothers in developing

World Bank (WB)

The World Bank, a part of the
World Bank Group (WBG), makes
loans to developing countries for
development programmes with the
stated goal of reducing poverty.
The World Bank differs from the
World Bank Group in that the
former
only
comprises
the
International
Bank
for
Reconstruction and Development
(IBRD)
and
the
International
Development Association (IDA),
while the latter incorporates these
entities in addition to three others
(i.e. IFC, MIGA and ICSID).

World Health Organization

(WHO)
The World Health
Organization
(WHO)
acts as a coordinating
authority
on
international
public
health. Established on 7
April
1948,
and
headquartered
in
Geneva,
Switzerland,
the agency inherited the
mandate and resources
of its predecessor, the
Health
Organization,
which had been an

How has the United Nations changed

International Relations?
The UN has had so many positive impacts on the world
that naming a few would be almost silly but here goes:
1. Established a peace treaty inYugoslavia. If the UN
didn't exist the genocide would have continued.
2. Has a security council that is made up of almost every
type of political standing in which all have to agree if war
is allowed to happen and is just.
3. Established neutral zones in many Middle Eastern
conflicts to make both sides take a breather and try to
talk.
4. It allows for open communication between all the
nations in the world.