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DC Circuits
(EE 220)
Ohms Law
v iR
Ohms Law
1 i
G
R v
v
p vi i R
R
2
Mathematically,
i
n 1
0
5
Mathematically,
v
m 1
0
6
Req R1 R2 RN Rn
n 1
Rn
vn
v
R1 R2 RN
7
Req R1 R2
RN
v iReq
in
Rn
Rn
Nodal Analysis
Example 1: Determine the power consumed by each
resistor in the circuit below.
Apply KCl at
node 1 and 2
v1
v2
3
answer: v1 = -2V, v2 = -14V, P2 =2W, P7= 28W, P6 = 24W
9
Superposition Theorem
Example 1: Find v in the circuit shown below.
3A is discarded
by open-circuit
6V is discarded
by short-circuit
Answer: v = 10V
10
Source Transformation
Source transformation is the process of replacing a
voltage source vS in series with a resistor R by an
equivalent circuit that consists of a current source
iS in parallel with a resistor R, or vice versa.
v s is R
vs
is
R
11
Source Transformation
Example 1: Find io in the circuit shown below.
Answer: io = 1.78A
12
Thevenins Theorem
A linear two-terminal
circuit can be replaced by
an equivalent circuit
consisting of a voltage
source VTh in series with
a resistor RTh,
where
VTh is the open-circuit
voltage across terminals a-b.
13
Thevenins Theorem
Example 1: Find the Thevenins equivalent circuit to the
left of the terminals in the circuit shown below.
6W
6W
4W
RTh
(a)
6W
2A
6W
2A
4W
+
VT
h
(b)
VTh
RL
P i RL
RTh RL
2
RL RTh
Pmax
VTh
4 RL
Power transfer profile with different
values of RL
15
Capacitors
A capacitor is a passive element designed to store energy
in its electric field. It consists of two conducting plates
separated by an insulator (or dielectric).
16
Capacitors
Current-voltage relationship of
capacitor according to above
convention:
dv
iC
dt
and
1
v
C
i d t v(t )
t0
1
2
w Cv
2
Capacitors
Example 1: The current flow into an initially discharged 1mF capacitor
is shown below. Calculate the voltage across its terminals at t = 2 ms
and t = 5 ms.
Ceq C1 C2 ... C N
1
1
1
1
...
Ceq C1 C2
CN
19
20
Inductors
21
Inductors
Voltage-current relation in an inductor:
di
vL
dt
and
1 t
i v (t ) d t i (t 0 )
L t0
1
w L i2
2
An inductor acts as short circuit under constant current.
The current flow through an inductor cannot change
abruptly
22
Inductors
Example 1: Determine vc, iL, and the energy stored in the
capacitor and inductor in the circuit of circuit shown below
under steady-state conditions.
23
Leq L1 L2 ... LN
1
1
1
1
...
Leq L1 L2
LN
24
25
iR iC 0
Current
flow in
resistor R
v
dv
C
0
R
dt
Current flow in
capacitor C
Answer: vC = 30e0.25t V ;
io = 2.5e0.25t A
vL vR 0
di
L
iR 0
dt
di R
( )i 0
dt
L
i(t ) I 0 e t /
Io is the initial current
= L/R is the time constant
28
29
Unit-Step Function
0,
u (t )
1,
t0
t0
0,
u (t to )
1,
t to
t to
0,
u (t to )
1,
t to
t to
30
Unit-Step Function
Represent an abrupt change:
1.
voltage source.
2.
31
Step-Response of an RC Circuit
The step response of a circuit is its behavior when the
excitation is the step function, which may be a voltage or a
current source.
Initial voltage (given):
v(0-) = v(0+) = V0
Applying KCL,
or
dv v Vs u (t )
c
0
dt
R
Vs u (t )
dv
1
(
)v
dt
RC
RC
Where u(t) is the unit-step function
32
t0
V0
v(t )
t /
V
(
V
V
)
e
0
s
s
Final value
at t ->
Initial value
at t = 0
t 0
Source-free
Response
33
Step-Response of a RC Circuit
Example 1: Find v(t) for t > 0 in the circuit in below.
Assume the switch has been open for a long time and is
closed at t = 0. Calculate v(t) at t = 0.5.
Answer:
34
Step-response of a RL Circuit
Apply KVL:
Vs u (t )
di
R
( )i
dt
L
L
Vs
Vs
i(t ) ( I o )e
R
R
i (t ) i () [i (0) i ()] et /
35
t 0
Step-Response of a RL Circuit
Example 1: The switch in the circuit shown below has
been closed for a long time. It opens at t = 0. Find i(t)
for t > 0.
Answer:
i(t ) 2 e 10t
36
Second-Order Circuits
Chapter 8
8.1 Examples of 2nd order RCL circuit
8.2 The source-free series RLC circuit
8.3 The source-free parallel RLC circuit
8.4 Step response of a series RLC circuit
8.5 Step response of a parallel RLC
37
RLC Series
RLC Parallel
RL T-config
RC Pi-config
38
d 2 i R di
i
0
2
L dt LC
dt
How to derive and how to solve?
39
d 2i
di
2
i 0
0
2
dt
dt
where
R
2L
and 0
1
LC
2
where s1, 2 0
where
s1, 2
If R = 10 , L = 5 H, and
C = 2 mF, find and 0.
What type of natural
response will the circuit
have?
41
Let
1
i(0) I 0 v(t )dt
L
v(0) = V0
Apply KCL to the top node:
t
v 1
dv
vdt C 0
R L
dt
d 2 v 1 dv 1
v0
2
RC dt LC
dt
43
where
1
2 RC
and 0
1
LC
s1, 2 2 0
where
s1, 2
d 02 2
44
Answer:
vs
d 2 v R dv v
2
L dt LC LC
dt
46
v(t ) vt (t ) vss (t )
The transient response vt is the same as that for source-free case
vt (t ) A1e s1t A2e s2t
(over-damped)
vt (t ) ( A1 A2t )et
(critically damped)
48
d 2i 1 di
i
Is
2
dt
RC dt LC LC
49
i(t ) it (t ) iss (t )
The transient response it is the same as that for source-free case
it (t ) A1e s1t A2e s2t
(over-damped)
it (t ) ( A1 A2t )et
(critical damped)
it (t ) e t ( A1 cos d t A2 sin d t )
(under-damped)
51