“Authorized Repriat from Copysightad Journal of the Strectoral Division Frocending ofthe Anerzan Sesety of Ciel Engingery ok. 29 Mo. RES dune 19643957 June, 1964 sT3 “Teueval of the STRUCTURAL DIVISION Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers INTERACTION OF SHEAR WALLS AND FRAMES By Fazlur R. Khan,! and John A. Sbarounis,? Members, ASCE SYNOPSIS ‘The distribution of lateral forces and their effects on the resisting elements of buildings braced with shear walls is obtained by a method dizectly applicable todesign. The method can also be applied to frame torsion resulting from eccentric loads or dissymmetry, to base rotation and plustic rotation of the shear wall at any point, axial deformation of colimnna, and to walls that are terminated at intermediate levels. Tentative recommendations are proposed concerning the part of the slab width that can be used as the beam element in flat slab-column frames. Influence curves are included to assist designers in the analysis, Wot, Diseussioa opon unill Noveinley T, 1964.” To extend the closing Gils one month, 2 written request must be filed with the Executive Secretary, ASCE. This paper is part of the copyrighted Journal of the Structural Division, Proceedings of the Araer~ ican Socisty of Civil Engincers, Val. 90, No. 878, Junc, 1964. 3 Senior Structural Designer, Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, Chicago, IIL 2 structural Bagr., Structure] Bur., Portland Cement Assooiation, Chicago, 11. 285286 June, 1988 sta INTRODUCTION Amumber of excellent articles have been published on the subject of inter- action of shear walls with frames in multistory stroctures.1,4,3,8,78 Tho analyses presented in the aforementioned papers are, of course, applicable to design, bat require methods of solution that may not always be readily adapt- able to oifice practice. Nevertheless, the cited analyses represen the founda ton of any attempt toweneralize the solution for application ta structures with members that vary from bay to bay and from story to story, or structures for which common assumptions on the location of beam and ‘column inflection points are not consistent with their actual bebavior. The numerical solution resented herein requires na simplifying assumptions of the structural bo- havior ar configuration that are not checked during some stage of the analysis. ft can be solved on ¢ slidorule or a small computer. A method of converging approximations, such ap the oue proposed subsequently, provides a solution that ean be carried to any degree of refinement by increasing the number of ‘yelos until the desired result is attained. ‘The material presented ts applicable to analyses for lateral forces due to fither wind or earthquake. Normally, shear walls are designed to rosist all lateral forces while the frame is assumed to carry only vertical loads. ‘The distribution of forces between the frame and walls should result in moreeco- nomical structures because, in most practical cases, the results of an exact ‘nulysis will indicate a reduetion of reinlorcement in the shear walls. On the other hard, the one-third Increase in allowable wind dr earthquake stresses will generally perrait accommodation of the additional stresses in tive frame with no increuse in the reinforcement over the major part of most tal! structures. Recont building regulations are influenced by the concept that structures designed for earthquake regtons must serve two functions: (1) For frequent amall shock#, they must be capable of controlling damage to nonstracteral elements in a tulding (partitions, skin, ducts, wator and soil lines, otc., hich, incidentally, many amount tomore than 70% of the coat of the bullding’, and (2) for severe earthquakes, they must have adequate ductility to aceommo- Gute large lateral deflections with little, if any, loss in capacity. It is hoped that the design information presenied herein will help engineers to establish ‘more precige and economical retnforeing requirenients. A better understand- ing of the stress distribution in structures that are braced with shoar walis ‘SRoseablusti, Gamulio, aed Hoite, Ignacio, “Elastic Auatyst Yoildings,” Journal of the American’ Concrete Institute, Vol ae. “canhn, Bersant, ‘Conoroto Shear Walle Combinad with Rigid Framos in Multi- slozy Buildings Subjoct w Lutorat Laada,” Journal of the American Conerete lnstitule, Voi, 88, No. 4, Septombar, 180%, po. 289-316. 8 Sextce, H, Ju, diweussion of "Concrete soar Walls Combined with Rigid Pramas 4 Nultistory Bulldings Subject to Latorat Loads,” by Bernard Caran, Jeiual of he ‘amprican Concrete uatbato, Past 2, Vol. 98, hatch, 1962, pp, €2b-n2 ‘uve, Kigasbl, “Selsmic Anais of Reuuoreed Cocerete Buildings," Precesdings, World Conf, on Babtiquahe Bagry., 1956, Fores, Normaa B., “Bracing Walls for Multistory Balldings," Joursal of che 1 Vols 24, November, 1952, pp. 203-248, 3 Friseimain, We W., Pravin, 5. 3, and Topplor, J. F., “Mulilstory Pramas and Interconnected Shear-Walls Subjeoted 1 Latoral LoatsI,* Gonerote and Gonstruc- tional Rngineering, fuse, 1963, pp. 227-235. of Shoar Walls tn Tall Sane, 1980, pp, 1205 873 SHEAR WALLS 267 together with well-documented design and detailing procedures90 should result in structures that will accomplish both fonotions (1) and (2) outlined previously, with greater economy. Soeur wall structures areoften built with a flat slab floor system. For this Toasos, tentative data are ineluded for the affective slab width taat can be cone sidered as a boam element indetermining the contribution of the slat-column system to the over-all structural capacity and stiffness. Infuence curves included herein ar intended to illustrate the interaction between the two resisting systems as well ap for design purposes, Small differences in stiffness between various parts of the structure do nol affect the overeall behavior; hence, the application af the influence curves to design Wil produce suificiently accurate results for a large number of practical Aotation.—The symbols asiopted for use in this paper are defined where they first appear and are listed alphabetteally in the text. ANALYSIS ‘Tho Interaction of a shear wall anda feame is a special ease of indeter minancy in which two bastealiy differen! components are tied together to prom sues one structure. If the fraine alane is considered ta take the fall lateral oad, it would develop moments incolumas and bears toresiet the total shoar at auch story while the effects of overturning would normally be considered secondary and, in most cases, negligiole. In resisting all lateral Youds, a frame would deflect as in Fig. 11a). The floors would remain essentially level even though the joints would rotate, If a shear wall, oa the other hand, is con sidered to resist al the lateral loads, it would develop moments at each floor equal to the overturning moment at that level and the deflected ahape, Fig. 14), ‘would be that of a cantilever. a shear wall and a frame exist in a bullding, each one will try to obstruct the other from taking ite natural freedeftected shape, and as a result aredis~ tribution of foreos hetween the two would be expected. As shown in Fig. 2c), the framo will restrain or pull the shear wall back in the upper stories, while fn the lower regions the opposite will occur. ‘The conflicting physteal characteristice of the two systems ean be conside ered if the structure fs firet divided intc two parts, a frame, and a shear well, ‘and then the two parts are brought togethor so that all structural lawe are fully satisfied. The following is a dotailed description of this method. Concept and Method of Analysis.—Theanalysis is performed in two stages In the first stage of analysis of a structure, ahown in plan in Fig, 2a), tt i necessary todotermine the deflected shaze and the amount of lateral toad dis tributed to the walls and frame, respectively, at each story. For this purpose, the structure is separated into two distinct systems, { Fig. 2(b)} as follows: pan inliding Gols Requirements tor Weinkireal Cuaceete,” Ames Const@ta Tasty Detroit, Mich., ACT 318-63, 1963. on JE plums, ohn a., Neteark, Nathan A. and Goraing, 10 fl, “Design of Multt- story Hsinforoad Condroto Butliinga for Earihquaka Motions," Portiana Cement hson, Ghicago, th, 196%288 June, 1964 srs Hl (a) -FreeFrame ——(b) “Free Wall FIG, 1.-TYPICAL DEFLECTED SHAPES a) bt a FIG. 2.~TYPICAL IDEALIZED STRUCTURE ()-Combined Frame & Wail sta SABAR WALIS Syston Cun boone T i 1 1 i I i i I 1 1 1 ! i 1 ey (a) > Step 2:"Foree-Fiing Bytom # Frame Joint Syste Flo. 288 (2) ~ Step. Frew Otiaton (ot Sestan (o} = Step'3- Fase Ena Moments From"rareeuting”200 June, 1964 srs Systorn *W".—Shesr wall of combinatton of shear walla. This sytem can have any configuration. Some or all Ihe walls may extend oyor dhe entire high of the stricture, ‘The moment of inertia of Us eystet at acy story ‘equals the sum of the moments of tnertia ofall the sheay walls regardless of their shape and size, ‘Shape and sine should be considered tn computing aa average Ly, the dletance from the nottral axis of System W to ils extreme fiber, Coupled shear walla can often be represented in high multistory Dulld= ings as a single wall with an equivalent stiffness!) Syotem “F".—All other framaing outside of System W. ‘This foctudes all columns, beams, spandrele, and slabs contributing to the lateral stitfness. Members linking the frames witk the shear walla (*link" beans) are also in cluded in System FP. The atifnesses of the columns, beams, and *fink* beams (Sq 5h and Sp) are simply the aum of the afifinesses of all'such members in the structure. The *link" boam span of System F, Ky, is an average of tho ‘ink beam spans ofthe structire when thene spans are within the same range of magaitud ‘At first glance, this procedure may appear as an oversimglification be- euuse stobscures loealizad differances institfness between the various resist lng frame elements. However, in tho first stage of analysis, average values of #, 6", and dy will yield acceptable valuos of the distribution of lateral forces boiween the (wo systems. ‘The computed deflection at cach story will similarly bo quite satisfactory. should be noted that thy to computed! quan~ ities, distribotion of lateral forces and deflection, serve different purposes. ‘The diatrthution of lateral forces will taform the designer of theeffectiveness of the ahear walls in restating the lateral forces. ‘The designer may then ad- just theelze or stiffaess of the shear walls to obtain a more ecoromilcal struc~ ture. Conversely, the deflected shape 1s needed in the secord stage of the computations, af will be deseribea subsequently. Th most cases, 2 further, but equally valid, simplification can be made [ Fig. 2(€)] by adding the stiffness of the “link? beams to the stifiness of the other flexural members, ed mar se sa ents A mg are then lied together with members that can transmit only: lateral force, ‘The quantities Lp and Ls are obviousiy no longer needed. EX- pertence with several structures indleates that values computed by either of the idealized structures shown in Figs, 2{b) and 2(¢) are, from a designer's ‘view point, eseeseially the eame. The following derivations treat the yeneral case | Fig. 2(1)} The solution of the simplified doalized structare[ Fig. 2(c) } that wax recommended far office practice cin bo easily obtained trom the shown in Fig, 200) of 2(0) Is performed by the erative solution presented subsequently. At tho completion of the iterative solution, the deflections of the combined systems comprising the structure are known, Bip then ponaible to analyze each column lino as in isolated resisting system. The resisting elements at asy column line may forma rigid frame 11 Book, Halere, "Contribution to the Analysis of Coupled shear Walls,” Journal tha Auserican Conorsia latituta, Vol. 58, Angust, 1962, yp. 1095-2070 873 SHEAR WALLS 204 or a combination of rigid frame and sheer sal. Tho second stage of anaiyeis may be performed by subjecting these isolated bonts to the deflection pattern thal was derived for the emtive structure from the Keralivo solution, Fixed ‘end moments Imposed on the columas and connecting links by thia known wet of deflections can be balanced rapidly by a moment distribution sofation. in this manner, loval effects on momenis sad shears xesulting from loculized sliffoes variations are fuily accounted for. First Stage of Analysis: Solution by Teration.—he equilibelum of the total structure requires that the following conditions be sattafied: 2 Detain Sptem Wand System F must he the sme at sorrespond- tng Treen 1)" members conecting Sytem F to System W mast undergo she samme vtatne an vonicl tossatone us thoes Sens Wat elt as sono ¢) Horizontal shear, Vy, developed in System W plus the horizontal shear, vp. aevops in pcs Pian te aqua tie al oral Shea, Wore olen wm ‘The foregoing three requirements of compatibility and equilibrium can be achieved by the following steps of analysis: 1. Total computed external loads (wind oF seismic) onthe idealized strue- ture | Fig. Sad] ave applied to System W al each floor hovel. BY any name? teat mothod or by direct moment aren method (conjugate tear, the slopes and deflections uf System W at each floor level are determined j Fig. 3(b) |. “Tho vertical movements af the connecting points with Sytem W are complted ty multiplying the slope at each fevel by the distance Srom the nautral axis of the wall to the cansecting potnt oF by = Ly 4 ty ty see (8 1B should be pointed ovt that base rotation can cagily be included by increasing ‘the rotation at all storles by the amount of base rotation and increasing hori- zontal deflection atall stories by the product of base rotation and the distance from the base tovach story. The free horizontal deffection, rotation, and ver= tical deflection at any floor, 4, are denoted a8 gy, %, and Ayys, respectively. ‘The deflections ona floor above and below are Aj(i+1) and 4f¢;. 1). Where the proportions of the shear wall warrant it, deflections should aiso Include the ‘contribution to deflection from shear stresses in System W, 2. This is the first cyele of iteration, For quick convergence, a final de flected shape could be assumed or approximated from Fije, 32 throrigh 38, In the ubgeriee of a good guess, however, the {nal deflected shape 4s assumed to be the sume as the free deflected stupe of System W, which would moan that, fn the first eycle, initial deflection and rotation at the 8 floar would be se (8a) ua = An280 Fone, 1964 sr3 (3p) Saco = On ‘system F is forced to wdergo the assumed deflections at exch floor { Fig. la ile ‘This also requires Unt tha connecting members at eact Noor must have the ame rotations and vertical (ranslations as System W at their points of con- action with system W. However, if there t8 a deliderate hinge a these points, only thevertical translation must be considered. If the connecting link” beam ts simplified to a bar with hath ends hinged, &3 and yy; obviously have ottect. '3. Moments induced by *foree-Litting® ean bo dotorminedt directly by using ‘moment distribution. ‘The foreed-ftited framo shown in Fig. 4(a) has uo ex- ternal forces but only known story deflections and rotations at the connecting pointe; hence, for uniform columns and heain sections, the fixed-ead moments fa the beginning of moment aistribution | Fig. 4(b)} sould be for columas at the fh story 6 EIY Pag (Te) Oyo aa) ee @ at the 2 floor, for “link” Leama at Uheir shear wall end: re: CS > re settee raae(*E) 1 re CB apron © ve (8) Beem When a kuown, fixed sidesway is tmpoged on a structure, as In thie case, the ‘cumbersome sldesway correction (o the moment distribation is not needed, land the solution will converge raptily. A rare generalized gotation by slope- deflection for frames having varlable sections Is presented subsequently. 4. After foree-fitiing System F to Systom W, tho total shears in each story of System F as well az moments and reactions applied on system W by the sts SHEAR WALLS 208 he FY, Moe 8t0ry sheoes (o} - Step: Forces & Moments In System F Aster Moment Distribution {b) ~ Step5 Forces & Moments From Sistem F Azphed To Sytem W Fras connecting links are computed [ Fig. 8(4) } ‘The shears generated by force: fitting ean be used directly in the next atep. The resulting horizontal forces P* are shown in Fig. 5 only for Illustration purposes. These interaction forces ‘may be either positive or negative at diferent floors. 5. All shears, forces, and moments gonorated by force-fitting System F are applied to the isolated tree System W[Ftg. S(b}1. At each story, M and Ry should be replaced by a moment Me N+ Rb oy Negative deflections and rotations of System W, Agi, and @,y, respoetively, fare then caleulated, ‘The net deflection with respect Lo the ofiginal unloaded shape (vertical line) of System W would thevefore be the algobrate sam of 44; and qj. That is, the deflections and rotations of Syatem W at the BP floor, at the end of the first eycle, would be expressed as gone Ge ich * Ane” Aaa 4 Peita) ~ ‘1 * Paacay (ny204 June, 1964 sta for i yeneral, at the end of the at® cycle, 4, «2 erin) ~ Suit) * Aattny aa Pestad ~ Sascmp ~ Panta This is the end of one eyele of iteration, For the stable condition the assumed fnitlal deflections ab aay floor #1" at the beginning of the ni" cycle, Bsn) ‘must be the same at the end dafleettons, Ay4(,;), at the completion of the nh Cycle. However, in many eases in the first efcle, Agi is negative, Indicating, that the iteration is divergent. ‘The generalization of this method of solution thecefore depends on the use of a proper *forced-canvorgence-correction” to be opto tot nad deformations of then ele, fn) at in to ob- tain the initial trial deformations of the (a+ 2! eycle, (qt) a4 Fu(aet> . The convergence correction ts derived from the hypothesis that in exch cycle the movement of System Wat oach flcor with respect tots freedeflected shape 18 Unoally proportional to the movement of System Fwith respect to the wertieal line, ‘Therefore, ican be shown thal if at the nf® cycle the aikiat Celal values at the 1 floor were u(n) ad Si4(q) and the end values wore Betind and Yoj(ny the initial (rial vahios at then « 1B eyety should be say Sucast) ~ Sate) f a+ [ {a “ag Foti)” *ixln) Pata) * Sutn) * { vee G8) 1s Cr * Senn) ‘a(n 7. Vatves of and & obtained by Bqs. 14 and 18 are used as initial valves for the nemt cycle, and the procedice Is repeated beginning wlth the second step outlined previously. (In Pig. Ca), dp, Of, and dgy will be replaced by 3}, By and Sy. grat the and of each cycle, Boy and 4y should be checked unt the con- vergence is within a specific tolerance, for example, 8% to 10%, based on the designer's judgment. The question of convergence will be exemined subsequently. “Alternate Sotution: Modified Slope Deflection Method.—Ansterative method similar lassical Goldberg. Method 2-19 for wind gnalysis of frames 17 qolany, doh E., *Wind Sirowoos fy Slope’ Deflection ani Converging Appsosl~ ration” Transactions! ASCE, Ve, #8, 194, p. 962. ie isiagsee tore, “taleest Lind Aeaifate of TWo-Colasa Rents,” oome) af WSO, Vol 08 No. S23, Bese. Paper 1638, May, 1958- sT3 SHEAR WALIS 295 ‘may be used to advantage In place of steps 2 and 8 outtined previously, Fig. 6 ropresouts the beginning of any treration cyele for a frame simplified to atwo- ‘column bent connected to a shear wall by beams. ‘At any jolnt (1, 1) rotation, #4,1, 1s dependent on the known quantitios # fd Yj (Base 44 and 45) as well a the unknown quantiioa B+, 2, Fha1,3 afd #9. ‘Similarly, 6.9 is dependent on known values of $1 £ jaye 8,50 aid the utikiowns, 24,2» €1, 20 and #1. Tho usual relaxation procedure can be used to oblain a golitiog (oF those Palalions. Experience with different first ¢rial ‘values for 8 indicates that the fastest convergence ia che computation will oc eur Ifthe following sequence of operations is used: 1, Rotations at a1 column joints are assumed equa to zero. 2. Computation of 6 of joints on a column adjacent to the shear watl for floors 1,3,5,7,9, ete., using Eq. 49. Feel tay o @ eo “ Systems PIG. 6.~SLOPE DEFLECTION COEFFICIENTS 4. Conspatation of 2 of joints on column adjacent to the shear wail for Mloare 2,4,0,8,20, ete., using Ba. 49, 4. Computation of # of joints on the exterior column for floors 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, ete., using Bq. 47. 8. Computation of # of jotnte on ths same column for floors 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, ete, using Eq. 47. if morethan twocolumns exist in the bent, the procedure is followed column by column moving away from the wall. Whew all columna are complated, Steps 2 through 5 are repeated until successive computed values of # at each joint converge. Convergence within an error of 1% will usually ocour in three ¢y~ cles of iteration. After the rotations of joints and moments are computed, the26 Sune, 1966 sts story shear La attained fvom the sum of moments. Moments and shears in the ‘Tink? must also bo computed. Hf the simplified two-column strueture of Fig. 2(e) fs used, the foregoing sequence of relwvation of joints offers no advan- tage, but the symmetry couls be considered. ‘sanibnation of Convergence.~‘The forced-convergence of the sterative 80- lution presented herein varies from the general concept of iteration in that it “TABLE 1.—CONVERGENGE OF STRUGTURE WITH STIEF WAL, SUB, = SU AND SIS) “3 oycte 3@.74)) “a t wT 1 0 “3.68 2 ian tsar 3 aoe et) 4 raat | } 138s 5 rae 1358 r 1 ras 1 Fooe duuetion ut wath TANLE 2 CONVERGENCE UF STRUCTORE WITH SLENDER WALL, SUA, SS ANOS, cele 4, 4a, + 4) za. w @, - i 2.88 0.50 2 eset et 5 oar nae i oan oaee 5 | ry oa 5 0 one 7 oust 30s : os fase ° 363 Oi n 308 Oe & oe ane Ey 03 en 2 Frew deflection of wall, dy 7 does not use values from succeasive cycles to obtain a solution. Instead, the Initial and final rotations and deflections at the ebi of any eyele are used in Conjunction with the free deflections of the wall in order to obtain the initial deflections for the succeoding cycle by Eqs. 14 and 15. In this way, conver ‘gence La tled directly to the physical reality that the deflections of the entire STs SHEAR WALLS 207 structure most fis between eroand the free deflection of the shear wall. The ‘method will converge for any combination of structural atitfnesses sathough at different raren, “Examplee of the vartation ln the rate of convergence of deflections at the top story are described in Tables 1 and 2, tn Table 1, tho goluthon of & struc ture with atiff stear wills is seen to converge within taree eyeles and the average values of initaland final deflvetion is within 1% of the eorreet value. In the cage of a struciure with slender shear Walls, convergence may be rather slow. The average value of initial and flsal deflections is within 5% of the {rue deffection at the ond of the twelfth cyele. Such a slow rate of convergence ‘may be undosirable ina practical design application unless a computer is available. 93988 Saas eae Sw em a cree Fe.7 Aslowrate of convergence Indicates that the wall 1s not effeetive in resist~ lng'the applied lateral loads. The designer should therefore consider the pos slbilty of stiffening the walls to improve the efficiency of the structure, oF treat the shear wall ax a column and (0 solve the system ag a tila trame by the usual methods.!2 In slowly converging systems, it 18 still possibia to oltain reasonable vesulls by extrapolating the top-story initial and final de- fections of each cycle as shown in Fig. 7. If lines Joining toitial and final dex fleetions of successive cycles are extended, thety intersection lies close to the correct final value, as indicated by the intersections of the dashed nes {in Pig. 7, ‘The estimate of final deflection, a, obtained by the incergeetion af ‘hese lines can be expreased as208 Jone, 1964 srs ate, beers (18) Gu” Con in which the subscripts m and n denote successive eyeles. ‘The results for a specific case ure shown In Col. 5 of Table 2. Once a close entimute of the ‘inal vatue of deflection at the top floor is obtained, the cleflected shape of the structure can be approximated by means af Figs, 32 through 38, This de- fected shape can then be uaed tn the sevond stage of analysis, which is de- scribed sabeequently. Second Stage of Anolysis,—Atter convergence of the steration solution has been achieved, the final deflected shape of the structure Is used to distribute ‘moments and Shears to every member tn each bont of the structure. ‘Ata column line that contains no shear walls, a sot af fixed end column ‘moments obtained from the difference ia story deflection ean be apportioned: to all the members by moment distribution. No sidesway correction is needed ‘because the bent is in its final defiected shape. Wa shear wall is contained in a bent, can be treated separately from the framo sogment. With a known deflected shape and EI, the moment at any Noor, 4, ean be obtained from : ; in which My denotes the moment at floor, is Igy refers f0 the moment of inertia of wall at foor, i; hy represents the story height; ; is the deftection at floor, 4; Ajs1 describes the deflection at Moor, 1 + 1j and Aj. is the deflection at floor, 1 = 1. I ihe story height above or below floor, i, is other than hy, it is necessary to obtain the deflection at 2 distance equal to hy. Story shears are then easily computed, The frame sgments of such a bent can be analyzed by Imposing the deflected shape in the manner deseribed in Figs,4(x) and 4(b). Obviously, ‘the number of columns aged not be the samo as shown in Figs. 4, Furthor- mare, the actual values of fy, Ip, Ip, and Ly should be used. This procedure would also apply to colinear shear walls coupled with flexeral members that Im turn are supported by one or more iniermodiato columns. For coupled shear walle with no intermediate columns, the moments in the connecting beams at each floor are computed directly from the rotations ant yertical movemens at the two ends. in case there are doubts as to the appropriatences of the assuraptions used im idealtzing the structure into both Systems F and W, it 19 now possible to perform a final cheek. ‘The sum of all the column shears at any story ean be ‘compared with the story shear of Syatem F obtained from the iterative solu- ton. f these two quantities are equal, the assumptions used to obtain column and beamatifimesses for System F were valld. Similarly, the sun of the shear ‘wall shears should equal the shear compated for System W. Most important Of all, the eum of the column and wall shears should equal tho applied story shear. Minor disorepancien can be reudily adjusted by proportioning. Yf the discrepancies are considersble, the designer's judgment must serve asa guide sts SABAR WALLS 299 Jn readjusting the relative stifinesses of Systems F and W, based on the re- sults. It wiil then be necessary to rereat the Kerative solution. ‘The deflected ‘shape of the bullding should serve as an excellent starting point for the new iterative solution. Except for buildings with extremely Lrregular stiffoess distribution, the results of tho first solution will be satisfactory, This in itwelf Is proof that no unreasonable assumptions have been made and that the conditions of equl- belum listed peeviousty have been eitiatied. FURTHER DESIGN CONDITIONS Frame Torsion,—At the completion of the second stage of analysis, the total ‘shear and defiection at every column line ou every story will be known, Con- sequently, tho stiffness at each column line can be calculated dizeetly. These stiffnesses can be used fo compute the torsional stif ness of the structure, the shoar center or center of resistance and ail the parameters needed \h the sa vestigation of frame torsion that may resuit from eccentric lateral loads. Base Rotution.—The question of hae rotation was tauched on briefly in the previous analysis. The iterative solution can be used directly if the stiffness of a hypothetical substructure at the hase of the building Is adjusted to retlect foundation conditions. The columns of System F of the ton-story building shown in Fig. 8, for example, can be assumed to be connected at their base with « hypothetical membar with sttffiess Sy computed in uecordance with the ‘moment-rotation relationship of the subsoll on whlch the footings rest, ‘An equivalent moment of inertia Yat the base of the hypothetteal segment hi of the shear wall, shown shaded below Level 0, can algo be selected to rep- Fesent the load deformation characteristics of the subsoil or the atifiness of the supporting substructure. For example, assuming a wall footing with a mo- ment of inertia, iy, subjected to an overturning raoment, My, Myc maximum stresa in soil = b ceteeeeees (BD 1 ‘maxiovum strain in goll © reas oaa oy {DE In which k ts the soil modulue én pourds per square inch per inch of deforma~ tion. These relatioaabips can be used {o compute the base rotatton, fy a8 the railo of the maximum strain in the acil and distance, ¢, feeeeee ees (20) and300 one, 1964 sts (aay ‘The rotation of the hypothetical shear wall at Level 0 can be expressed as M, 4 BIL (22) ele Rquating My/ty, and My/M,, the equivalent moment of Inertia of the hypothot= cele ‘Translation of the wall at Level 0 to prevented inevery step of the compu tations. ‘Thus, only the appropriate rotation at the base of the wall wiil be permitied. ‘Tha desigs toads can be applied to this wystem, and the iterative analyais should give the desired results. A similar equivalent structare cant ue used in the second stage of analysls 10 apportion moments and shears to each member ina structure, Plastic Rotation of the Wall at Any Slory. ~-Multistory bulldinga braced with hear walls favs, in general, porformed quite satisfactorily whon aubjocted fo warthgvakes, 4.19 Observations of structures after the Chilean earthquake of May, 1980 (a sorios of shocks that “was more tan the gquivalent of all the famous destructive earthquakes In California during the past sixty yeurs* 18) Serve as further subelantiation of the effectiveness of properly designed and constructed ahear walla in resisting earthquake forces.!7 Furthermore, shear wall construction has the advantage of reducing nonstructural damage appreciably.14 “The effects on ¢ structure which result from the ylelditig of a shear wall ave never bees investigated to any great extent. ‘The analytical procedure pregented herein can be used for this purpose. Shear watle in multistory ‘buildings behave essentially as cantilever beams. Design and detailing re~ ‘quirements for flexural members presented elsewhere’: !9 are equally applica- ble to walls. The results are available of investigations18 that have developed data which describe the behavior of dowels at joints. The reinforcement that 8 Sieinoragsey Karl V., and Bush, Vinson! B., ‘Bariinquake Exporiones in Nort America, L#SU-1858,> Proceedings, World Cont. o4 Garthquake Bagry., Japan, Vol 1, 1060, pp. 381-390, 8 Ekitor Kigosbi, woe Oxawa, Yutaka, discussion of “Elastto Amlysis ut shear Walla in Tail Bulldinga,” by Emilio Resonttveth aad igancio Holt2, Jourmal of the ra-Iqatltte, Part 2, Voln 32, No. 6, Desember, 1966, pp. 1508-i80e, i Housner, Geosge W., "hn Enginoaring Ropoct on the Chilean Eurthauakes of May 1366: ‘Prefuos,” Bulletin ‘of the ‘Salumolagios! Sooty ef Ameries, Vol. 53, No. 2, Folgrry, 1965, po. 210-023. V'Sialahroggo, karl V., and Flores, A., Rodeigo, *The Chilean Bsrthquakas of My 1860. "A Straphirel Engingoring Viewpoint,” Hulleti of tie Selemologioal Soeioly of Amorica, Vol 55, No, 2 February, 1963, pp. 225-307. TS fanson, Noga W., “Peecase-Proeivorsed Concrota Birges 2: Horizomtal Shear Conctione,” Jourhal, Rawearch and Devolopaat Labo, Portland Cemest ‘Gate, Chloago, Uy Vale 2, No.2, Bay, 1860, pp 28-38. (23) sta SHEAR WALLS sot System F System W —~ —_— Link Level 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 | 0 FIG, #.-EQUVALUNT SYSTEM TOR BASE HOTATION ANALYSIS te ruined to rans lateral forces thrcughconteution ot cab de ical ror te trvotgttons, Thus the ives senator, Son acy tk ‘er walle be entibated faem previosiy setlonet iets eee dhsignar's view, the question of aac realicn ie acatete Meoae Ted tel br ivetigated in be degn a ececacaes ecco hs conrad Ttgwlat cane of he genera subject of thr pap, ‘ho effect of a pant mg a a0) loveican slime by a deveo sts tua eo tat vend to vosigate bao Poetion The dence of the pesanne wit ina be accomptaned by elec tow peeie eects such sete Bory meuctre shown it i. The stncare i as elven to stain clastic momenta, hears and dmotlonw for an aunted Laces cose one ‘abt 2 ja blow that require to proce ysiine m the wal a sore aes Ito love, ay tha ait sary awn shaded a Fk,SHEAR WALLS 303 srs sr3 June, 1964 5997 Fa ones a (eT) pu (12) “Yon) “We “8100 OF SomisH SerSAdHMe 6g poandizoo Out peep. Boras won pe Seuigu8nb Ly oo [wae 0 Tey a Te ° oss | oor t 1000 ete | orse orto | sexo | roy ea fore 2 cov | 995 sesvo | avo z © ow | east atte | oxo e one us | over save | 190 * : zone wev9 sue | ssw s fat avo a ze0 ts60 evo | sore ° 2 sure oe sore | wre ‘ ‘ reso no evo | sre ® oun | swt sao | rov0 * sree det 2aso | a6 | ot i @ x, ay |e ; 5 oot oot gex|" [2 #34 i i tha ‘ioye eons je aon anew A Y aehinuer cient ee Prono taens mong amas oso - mi "a [=a sens pean fatavs = 2 "3 & é 8 we a 6 3 2 g g ® 8 . 8) 2 Aw - Blas e185 § go g SS 8 $ > Is : els § z : ~28B\E FPL: £ ns a é 2 g 2 é ° e = ® Ss £8 B iS a [ra a2 q Q 8 2 i 23 8 8 42048 kg 40 suauow aBo.aAy08 June, 1964 sT3 A second analysis is then mate using a reduced monient of tnertia al the desired story. In this ease, the moment of inertia was reducod to one-third, ‘The results of the two analyses aro shown in Table 3, Beeause a finite Stitt” oss was assumed af the Sixt story ia the second analysis, moments at the ith and sixth floors of 885 and 491 will resull, with corresponding slopes of 0.000787 and 0.000901. The average moment of 663 and the total angle change Inthe story of 0.000184 are indicated In parentheses in Table 3. Simtiariy, he assumed average yield moment My = TH and the fatal angle change af the time of formation of the plastie tinge 8y = 9.000072 for the first atalynis are algo shown, In order to produce a zero average moment in the sixth story, all results fof the second analysis are multiplied by the ratio 784/603 = 1.182, and the Fesalis of the first analysis are subtracted trom the product. A graphical representation of thig procedure is shown in Fig. 10, in which tho macmont=2 jeurve for the full section for a total rotation @p = 0.000217 a eimulated by the elastic momant-# eurve for the redueed saetion. Applying this procedure the sheara in the top tory in the frame from the first and second analysis are 26.2 and 27.9, thus, Vig * 1182(27.9) ~ 26.2 » 99.0 - 262 > 6.9 At the sixth story, the angle chango in the shear wall is 4, = 1182(0.000184) - 0.000072 = 0.000227 1 should be pointed out thar because the frame 1s still elastic, an adlitional oad of 0.182 times the yluld load lu regulred to provtuce an angle change, Sp, ‘in the wall at the sixth Story after the plastic hinge is formed. ‘The effects on olhor parts of the structure from plastic yielding In the wall can now be tn- vestigated by introducing a factor, j., to denete total angle change in the wall fas a multiple of thi angle change at the beginning of yield. in other words, j. {is anindicator of a specified amount of angle change tn the plastie range. The factor + Oe- 0 y 8.000720 1), . ay Te, * Cage = Oconee 4864-1) is used to multiply all values, such at Vjq, obtained previously, to find the ad- ‘itional sheare, moments, ete.,for a total angle change of yy. These products fare listed in Table 3. ‘The result for the tog story of the (rame is (WegJO496(ie = 19 = €.8(0.890)6n = 1) = 3.98(0- 1) WL ghould be noted that for each incremuat of @y, an additional load of 0.490(0,182) «0.09, oF 9, 18 required to rotate the plastic hinge. ‘The final values of shear and moment in the structure are obtained by adding the values AFising from the addled load needed to rotate the plastic hinge to the values of the first solution. Assuming «= 4, the shear in the top story of the frame is srs SHEAR WALLS 305 26.2 + 3.36(4 = 1) = 26.2 + 10.10 = 36.9 Sean and moments in tho component parts ofthe strveture for conditions at elt (solid tltes) and conditions after plastic rettion in the walk atthe shah sory (dash Unes) for j= are stiown in Fy 8 At feo stance, He may ape Dear Ghat'n large sterease in tho Valves hap occurred. Howevey. thie wagle Change tn the hinge required an increase in Ioat of (yc ~ 1) 8% o¥ a total ot 27% move the toad reaulrod to prokice yielding at the 6th floor. ifthe resus ‘rom the first amalyaie, represented by the rol lines, are increatod by 27% they would coincide with the dashed Tinos «xcept for wall shear in the ft story, which tnoreased 47%, and the frame shears inal th stories above the sixth Hoos. The marinmim increase in shear inthe frame cecurs a ine seve ath siowy, 614 while the increase In tho sist, elghth, ninth, and tonthstosiog is approximately 30%, Tee foregoing presentation is, of course, valid for stalie loads but would represent the effects of dynamtc conditions Ifthe specified envelopes of tax- Jimum shesr and maximum overturaing moment correspond to each other. She ‘moment ta the wal is the cantileves'moment basod on an omrelope of inate shears rather than the overturning moment. The frarte ts assumed to remain elastic throughout, despite the additional miomonts resting from shoar ro- dietrtoution inthe upper stories. Only a dynamic analysts ean describe the entire picture, Nevertholess, the statte analyets tay be of dome value. I shows tha i shear walls are reinforced adeatately to apmure that thelr tlle imate attergtt ls goveraed by flemure rather than shea tho reditritution of forvew casted by auctite ylelsing Inthe mall is not likely to produce large stross concontrations in localized parts of the trame. Secondary Deflections.-The iterative easthod prevented herein can be ex tended to Include the effects ofthe shoat deformation of the wall and the neta deformation of tho columns, ‘A aivall sumbor of oludies were made to anseas tho indluenco of shear de- {formation ofthe walls. Over the major part of the structure, Hlenural Sefloe= tions predominate, and shear daoctlons produce no discernible ifference ih the results, In the lowest two storles, the shoar apportioned (o the feame showed an increase of approximately 10% when shear deformation af the wall ‘yas included in the first ana filth stops of the toritive gelation, The resus ‘ean be rationalized ifthe sum of shear and flomural deflection ofa (roe conte lover 1s compared with its flexural deflection at various pointe, From such a comparians, i wil be evident that the aifernces: are elgnilicant only nar the fixed support. Incertain extreme caves, sch as slondertwo-column framonor structures with unusual proportions, 19 axtal deformations of columns can have a pro~ nounced influence on deficetions and stresses in e trams. in mulltealann feames itis negligible. The material that follows, therefore, Le pessented thainly for the mks of completeness. 1s order to Include axial deformation of the columns, It 1 neceusary 19 subdivide Step 9of the iterative procerure into two parts, A and B. in ether ‘words, the shoar deflection of the frame will be tressed Separately (rom ie Santlevar deflection. ‘Tho moment of inertia of tho areas of columns al ay story, bs _ 2© Bondy tga, Diecionen Vota ACT VO 1860, pp. 1559-1262, * AGA OL a,308 ane, 1964 ST3 Sian Daag on in which Agy is the area of ench individual colsmn and r denotes the distance cf tho column area from the neutral axis of atl the colors areas in the story- ‘System F can then be separated into two parts: System Fl, representing the shear si ieas af the frame: and system 2, reprosenting the flexorat sttf= ‘ees ofthe frame and defined by lyst at each atory. Hoth these systems must be force-titted to the detieotod shape of the shoar wall. In Seep 3A, Syston! FI is forcoctitted ax described proviously and the sory shears, coted a8. Vp fare computed. In Step 3B, System FE ip force-fitted to the same deflected shape and the story shears, noted as Viig, can be computed by first caleulating the moments with fg, 17 oF by direct moment distribution. ‘The story shears ‘of Systema FT and ¥2 can then be combined using the principle of flexibility by {in which V; te the story shear to be applied to the wall in Step 4, The remain- ing steps Of the Iterative procedure are not changed, The foregoing procadure is based on certain assumptions that are commonly accepted but do not fully ropresent the interrelatioaship betweon shear deflectionand cantilever deflec- tion of the frame. Specifically, an tlerative solution based on Systems F1 and F2 represents the upper boundary of flexibility, while 2 solution based on Sys~ tom F defines the lowest boundary of flexibility. ‘As may be seen in Figs. 17 through 30, the story shears in the frame are almost constant throughout the height of the structure for most practical cases. ‘Therefore, the offect of axial deformation of the columns can be considered without separating System F into two parts. If the shear deflection, Oy, and flexural deflection, agg, at the top of the frame are calculated separately for unit load and (20) Ae a Bn an the combined stiffvess is 8T3 SHEAR WALLS 307 in which K' © Ay/ig. IF the moment of inertia of tha"shoar wall is increased by (1 + K) the Herative solution will result In correct shear distributions between frame and shoar wall, However, to determine true final deflection, the final shears should be applied to the original shear wall without the C1 +) modifteation. Shear Walls Terminated at Intermediate Height.—In many cases, shear walls in a butlding are terminated at some level below the rect. The analysis may be made separately on the two structural parts above auld below the tor ‘mination level, The structural section utove this level should be analyzed a8 a bent assuming fixity at the column bases. The structure below this level is thon analyzed by the tterative method. Tho shear from the part above the ter ‘mination levet should, of course, be Inoluded as a concentrated foad on the structure below. Afler the analysis, the two separate structural sectlons are joined together by distributing the “base moments” of the uppar structure to the upper story columns of the lower structure. This final dietribution of moments will not, 1m most cases, affect the load distribution betwean the wall and the frame ex cept at the story below the termination level. The moments in frame mem- ders at and immediately atove and helow the termination level may change considerably; hence, these tscat effects should be inelnded in the design. SLAB-COLUMN SYSTEMS. li anatyaing flat plate budings for latera} forces, many designers into~ Ausvoly assume tat only a part of the slab with will ct-as a boam clement with the columas to rests these forces by frame action. A study was under= {ken to obtain a closer approatmation of the aqutvalent affective width that an be weed for thls purpose. The study wad performed on an idealized slab-column olomont showm in Fig. 11, a part of a at slab floor bound by linew of inflection perpeudieular to the dizecttan of the moment anes by tho eenterlines of tho Saye parallel to the direction of the moment. The Ideatized element was assumed vimply sup ported along the lines of inflection. The other two parallel eldes were assumed supported with a distributed variable moment suffletont to predven zero Slope at these boundaries. For the firat computations, the idealized stabecolummn clement wag wub- divided into two sets of six intersecting beams with depth equal to the thick ness of the plats, {, and widths equal to 1/6 and 1/8, ae ahown ia Pigs 12(a), ‘The moments of inertia of the beams are (b 13/32), in which ble Ly8 or U8, and their torsional stiffness was calculated by the expression (b t3/3) and a modulus of rigidity G- 0.4 £. Simultaneous equatione for deflection and alebe a all points of incersection de to a centrally applied moment, Ma, were oo: rived. The equations tock into account the flexiral ae woll as tordianat atti ness of the intersecting beams. The resulting rotation, fo. af the oun of Application of My (Fiz. 21) was then compared with the seatlon of Beams With the same moment of inertia as the plate, { = 13/12. In the cage of a beam with a moment applied at the center { Fig. 13), the moment rotation re- lationship is308 une, 1964 srs € of boy, Line of inflection — PIG, 11 DHALIZED SLAB-COLUMIS ELEMENT cis 4 FSA Heer bobo | SHEAR WALLS 308 Line support “Washers Point support ELEVATION Line support HIG, 14. SKETCH OF MODEL310 June, 1964 STs (ote) fraps carpe od : ($2) =e) « in which K varied depending on the width to span ratio 1/L, as shown in Table 4, The last lo in Table 4, K/12, tf multiptied by the width 1, represents the equivalent width, Ip, that’ could be used as the beam element for frame computations. ‘Although tt would have been dosirable te check these results with a solution on a mesh of beams finer that 8 by 6, it was not possible because the resulting umber of simultaneous equations could not be accommodated on the computers that were available to the writers. For thie reason, a alternate approach was selected, Values such ua those indieated in Table $ were obtatned for coarsor meshes of interereting beame, 4 by 4 and 2 by 2 shown in Figs. 12(b) ant 12(c), and the results extrapolated by means of a method proposed by LF. Richardaon®® and appliet by others previously to various probleme.21 23,23 ‘The extrapolated results will be considered subsequently. “The variable davestigated by the extrapotzied computations was the width= to-span ratio, 1/L, and Ws effects on the equivalent width of plate, Another important variable Is the size of the column as compared with the span, This varlable could have been investigated by the same procedure of extrapolation. of results but It was decided to wee a small model tnsteed. ‘The model inves Ligation Was mended both as a check of the analytic! values and as a means of deriving values relating the ratle af columaa atze to apan d/L, with the width to span ratio, i/L, and stiffaess, “The model (Fig. 14) consisted of a reetangular plate simply supported on lines perpendicular to the applied moment (inflection points) and free wlong the two sides parallel to the applied moment. It is evident the true boundary ‘cotdlitions were not reproduced on the edges paraliel to the applied moment because the distributed variable moments along these boundaries needed (0 produce zero slope could not be applied, The distasce between the simple Supports, L, was varied to obtain values for differant 1/L ratios. A knows ‘moment was applied at the center of the plate by applying known loads, Py and Pp. Three sizeo of washers simulating a column were used in different tests to stiffen the plate at the pointe of application of the moment. The rotation at Wi Rishadson, C. F, "Tho Appeorimats arin ‘of Physteal Probloms "Involving Dilfereatial Cyuations with an Application to the Swestas in 2 Masonry Dab," Puilosophioal Prassetions, Raval Soe. af Lewlon, 210A, soa, ‘solution of Oitieule Structural Problems by Finite Dilfarenc Jounal of the American Coneress , Vol. ai, Novoribar, 1850, pp. 287-256. MOP passe: Marlo Gr Mumarieal Compisation of Buckling Less by Fiske biffgrances,” Fransactions, ASCE, Vol. 136, 3851, pp, 360-623 23 adi, Mowuir, "Bending of Rectangular Platos," Journal of the Serueburs Dh ‘sion, ASCE, Vol. 47, No. ST% Proc. Paper 2908, Augusi, 1801, pp. 298-134. sts SHEAR WALLS an TABLE 5.-CoMme, OW OF COMPUTED AND MODEL VALUES Values Exteagotated | Values froo set __froie amputations Mone! Bale Bera. (oe tt bse ore bee oes ed FIG. 15 the center of the plate was calculated from measurements obtained on the bar used to support load Py and Pp, The three sizes of washera provided a large ‘enough range of @/L ratios to prepare a graph for dasign-use. The openetrcles and points in Fig. 15 represent average values for two different run with dif- ferent degrees of tightness in the holt through the center of the plate. The two ‘runs were intended as a chack of the effect of the rigidity of the conection on the readings. This effect appears (o have heen eliminated from the results ‘except la a few instances In which some pointa deviate considerably from the ssiraight lines drawn through the plotted data, ‘The lines were extended (dashad) to imtersect with the vertical axis (@/L = 0) sn order to compare model values with computed values. The comparison ta indicated in Table 5. Model results are approximately 15% less than the computed values. ‘This may be caused by the different boundary conditions along the edges parallel to applied moment, the difference in Polsson’s ratio, the method of testing or the extrapolation of computed values from the 2 by2.4 by 4 and 6 by 6 meshes of inerconnecting beams, Ragardless of the cause, tha values of equivalent with oldained from Fig, 15 are adequate for design purposes. Saveral ‘wore runwith tho momont applied near the edge of the plate stmulating an ex- terior column bot nodiscernible difference was observed when the values werea June, 1964 srs compared with the results of the provious tests. Hence, the equivalent widths obtained from Fig. 15 appear to be applicable to exterior bays. (Further ana lytical and experimental investigations are in progress at the PCA Laborato Ties. Tests of reinforced concrete specimens and Plexiglie models are being sed in dotailed studies of moment transfer from slab to column, moment rotution characteristics, effective élab widths, and carry-over factors, ‘The coefficients for equlvatent widths shown ia Fg. 18 can be used {0 obtain tho stiffness of the floor system. Carry-over factora were not investigated, Dut the usual value of 1/2 will serve this purpose. As ahown in Appendix I, a stiffness of 100 combined with a earry-aver other than 1/2, e.g.) 1/4, can be replacad with an equivalent stiffnces of Ke = 83.3 and a carzy-over of 1/2, ‘To assess the effect of different carry-over factors on the dlstritution of lat- eral load to the wall and irame the same structure was analyzed threo times ‘with three atfferent carry-over factors, i.e., 1/2, 1/4, and 1/8. A exmparison of the results showed that the maximum reduction in shear apportioned to the frame was approxtmately 5% and 10% for carry-over factors of 1/4 and 1/8, respectively. I can be concluded that in the realistic range of carry-over factors, 1/2 to 1/4, the loss of accuracy {a insignificant. ‘The use of Fig. 15 i illustrated in the example problem. INFLUENCE CURVES ‘The test “influence curves* is used as an extension of the ctagatcat detial- tion because in thie bistance it denotes curves that describe the laftuenee of ny of the four types of loating on both interacting Sywtem F and Syatem W. ‘The curves describe approximately 150 sepuraie combinations of the four Jonding conditions with structures of vartous stiffsesses. The inclusion of fauch a large number of charts has two primary” gaxpooos: fret, to deacribe fhe relationship of all these parameters in graphic form and thus provide the engineer with 2 visual representation of their eifects and, second, to supoly 4 means of evaluation of structures duriag the preliminary design stages by Preseating data with a large enough range in stiffness valves and loads, ‘The effectiveness of the shear walla selocted can be assesved and tho nacessary ‘adjustment can be made prior to Undertaking an erative solutton. ‘The att, ‘nes of most structures will be within the range of the charts; honce, tho data an be used dlzectly for the final dasign in many practical capes. Definition of Struckural Parameters.—The basic structures uscd iathe anal= yses were separated into the two restating Systems F and W, and intercon nected as recommended in Fig. 2(c). The symbol, 8g, is uaed to denote the sum of the stffnesses of the shoar watle, Similaniy, Se repsesonts fhe aunt ot the stfivesses of the columns and S, refors to the stim of the stifhwases. of the beams. Te quantities Sq/Se, tho wall-cokumn stiffoass ratio, and §,/%y, the column-beam stltfaess ratio, refer to conditions at tho first story of fe struc tsro, These parameters are used to classify the relationship between. the st. fenaen of Systems F and W. For example, column-beam siffiens Tatto 8/8, = 1 represents an extremely stilt frame. For any given coluean stiff- ‘ue the atiffneat of the aasuimed frame ie roduced as thia ratio inerease Conversely, the wall-column atifiness ratio 84/3, ~ 5 dascribes a slender 8T3 SHEAR WALLS sus shear wall, Larger ratios S5/Sp indicate walls thal became inezeasingly stisfer ‘Three categories of variations of stiffness witt: height are included In tho charts, ‘The structures in the first category have uniform atifinessee Sq, 3 Aid Sp throughout their height, th the second category, the wall and coburn silfineuses are reduced nearly to (1/3) Sg and (1/10) Se at tho top, while Sy 16 kept constant. In tho third category, the proportions at the walls and columns are the same as in the second catexory, but the beam stifinens is re- duced linearly te (1/2) Sp at the top. System System w on (a1 wo FIG. 18 Description of Loads. ~The four loading conditions selected i tha invest fation include the majorly of design conditions. uniform load te opociied {or wind in muny codes. Th certain regione, the specified. vied load iv ie creased in the upper parts of the structure. Hence. the eprcitint low cova ‘be converted to an equivalent triangular load contained in the charts or to a combination of uniform and triangolas toads. ‘The telagelat load covablved ‘ith a concentrated load at the top can be used for eartuale lds opectfiod Jn recent codes. ‘The fourth loading condition, base moment, Mt inched aa attomip to deserthe the effects of base rotation, ‘The curves for the first three loads were obtained by applying the loads directy on the aseumad structures. ‘Tbe fourth louting condition nas thos Jated with the aid of a hypothetical substructure shown in Fig. 16(a). At level 2, the frame was ashumed to be connucted toa girder witha Mah shdieesau June, 1964 sta STs SHEAR WALLS 315 ($= 105) and two columns with @ low stiffness ($= 10-2), The moment of loestia of the shear wall below Lovel 0 sas aasumod the same as in the first story. A large lateral load Pappited at Level 0 produces the distortion shown in Fig. 16(b). System F translates Iaterally with no rotation of the columns at the base. The entire toad P i resisted by the wall but af the wall deflects ie will interact with the frame and will generate forces in the “Link” members that can be computed by the iterative solution. Moment, Myp, and rotation, gy 8 well as the moments on the wall at all levels are oltained from the iterative solution. Explanation of Charts.—Figs. Via), 18a), 19(a), 20(2), 21(a), 22(a), and 29(a) show the results of the uniform load. ‘The stifinesses of the various elements composing the structure are indicated tn the foregoing figures as ‘woll as the columa-beam and wall-column stiffaess ratios, S/S) and S5/Sp, respectively. Figs. 17a), 18(a), and 19(a) contain the results for uniform structures and Figs. 20(a), 21(a), 22(a), and 23(a) show results for struc- fures with variable stiffness. Tho results on the frame and shear wall ure ‘expressed in somewhat different terms. At the left side of Figs. 20 to 23, the total shear in the frame, Vgq, is shown as a fraction of the total hase shear, Vy On the right side of Figs: 20.0 23, ho sheur in che wall at any level, Var is expressed as a fraction of the fetal ebear at that level, Vex ‘The represen tation on the left indicates at a glance the total Joad in the frame at any polnt above ground level, while on the right side the effectivenaas of the wail at any istance from the ground ts mace obvious by the proportion of story shear that At resists, For example, given a stiff frame, Se/Sp © 1, combined with a slender wal, Se/Sq © 5,the shear curried by the wall af 0.28 above ground Se omly approx Amnately 15% of the total shear at that point, The cage of such a slender wall 4s included only for illustration. Iie behavior in the frame would be similar to that of a large column, An equally good solution coutd be obtained by the usual method of frame analysis. Thig is made quite clear if the shear car- ried by the frame part {5 compared with the shear In « uniformly Toad eantl- lever, the dash Tine in Fig. 17(a). The shear in the frame above hetght 0.3 11 {s approximately the same as that of the cantilever and the shear decreases fonly near the base. In fact, in the upper stories, the shoar in the trame is igreuter than in the cantilever. This phenomenon has already been deserthod previously in Fig. 1. {in the upper stories, the high ehoars tn the frame are the result of the ten- ‘dency of the frame to restrict the free deflection of the wall. As the wall- colupin stiffness Increases, tho shoar in tho frame is reduced and becomes nearly constant at any height. This effect is more pronounced in Fig. 10(a) With a column-beam stiffness ratlo S/S, = 10 ant a wall-column stifiness ratlo 8/Sp = 90, or greater, the frame carries approximately x constant shour above 0.2 Hf As the ratio S;/Sp increases, she relalive importance of the shoar wall 18 also increased in thal it reviste a greater und greater pro~ portion of the loud. ‘The foregoing remarks apply equally well to structures subjected to a tr1- angular load, Figs. 17(b), 18(b), 19(b), 200b), 21(b), 22(b), and 23(b). For ‘comparison, the shear th a cantilever with a triangular load is shown by dasts Yinos In Figs. 17(b) and 49(b). : ‘Results on the same frames with a concentrated load at the top gxhibit a similar trend, Pigs. 24¢a), 25(a), 26(a), 27(a), 28(a}, 29(a), and 30Ch). The a Fig. 18 ¥aut SHRAR WALLS Tone, 1964 srs ueSHEAR WALLS 218 st 3 sT3 June, 1964 318 ero ox “ote320 June, 1966 srg shear diegram for the total structuce with a concentrated load is, of course, ‘vertical line at Viy/Vp = 1 With a single concentrated toad and a constant shear throughout the bolght of the structura, the proportion of the shear in ‘the frame and wall, respectively, ean be obtained from the same chart because Vp_= Voe For example, in Fig. 26(a), the frame of a structure with 8)/%¢ = "60 wilt resist 0.47 Vp af a height O4 H whlle the shear wall will shave the remaining 53%. Figs. 24(b), 25(b), 26(b), 27(b), 28(b), 29(b), and 30(b) describe the ef fects of hase thoment and base rotation. Amoment applied at the base reduces quite rapidiy wita height and becomes ‘insignificant above a certain distance from the ground depending on the 84/8, ratio. For comparison, the moment @lagram resulting from an end moment ‘on a simply supported beam ie shown by the dashed straight line in Fig. 24(b). In order to use these charts for de~ sign, itis first tecessary to refer to Fig, $1 to obtain My from the rotation at the base. Given a moment at the base of the wall computed from the shears in Figs. 17 through 30 the rotation, yp, 8 obXained from the moment of inertia of the wall footing and the soll modulus, or, in the case, of piles and caissons from the elastic properties of the substructure, ‘The relaxation of momest at ‘the base of the wall due to rotation ts = m{Et! Man EE) Me in which I refers to the morent of Inertia of the wall In the first story; His the hetght of the structure; and m refers to the coefficient from Fig.2). ‘The moments at every floor resulting from My are obtained from Figs, 24(b} through 36(b). The shears in the wall can be readily ealcwlated from the moments. The story shears in the frame are equal and opposite to the wall shears, ‘The relative deflections of the same structures are shown In Figs. 32 through 88 for the four loading conditions. They are plotted in terms of dis tance [rom the ground and the ratio of deflection of the atracture at any point above grade divided by the free doflection of the shear walt at the tap. ‘The free deflection of the shoar wall must be computed soparately before entering tho charts to obtain the deflected shape of the structure. Fige. 17 through 31 can be used directly in design if the shape and stifiness distribution of astructure are not too irregular. The quickest procedure would bbe to estimate the story shears in the frame from chart coefficients and the Voads on the wall resulting from interaction by subtracting the estimated frame shears from the total shears. The loads can be used tocalculate the deflected shape of the wall, Calculated deflections can be compared with defections ‘astimated independently from Piga. 32 through 38. If the reaults are not sat~ tefactory, suitable adjustments can be made. ‘The final evaluation of moments and shears tn every member of the structure can be made by the method out- Mined proviously in tho aection on *Second Stage of Analysis.” It should be noted that because the curves were derived by making Systems ¥ and Weom- parlole at ten points, the wall-colunin stiffneas ratio used to enter the charts should be compuced by (30) SHBAR WALLS HG, 39 524 FG. a2 ia. 32323 SHEAR WALLS srs srs Tune, 1964 322324 ue, 1964 ior 5,- sts FIG. 96 FIG, 37 STs SHEAR WALLS 3B (sa) in which N ig the number of storten tn the structure, In order to obtain tne lo So/Spy the quantities 8, and &, should be taken simpy a the sum of the stlfeess of the cobsmas ana beans ‘Applicability af the Charts.~The xelabllity of the curves may perhaps be indicated by examining the invegulartttes observed. Fige. 17 through 39 were computed for compaibilty of systems F and W al ten points. "The results on ‘balldings with constant stiffness throughot! thelr height indicate a sudden rise im shear in the top story of System F. A number of five, fifteen, and twenty- story butldings (eomparitulty at five, firtoon, and tvenly points) were also analyzed to investigate this phenomenon further. Similar resulte were again ‘obtained for tue top story. The deflections, on the other hand, were almost {onlieal. Curves in Figs. 17 through 30 do not show this sudden tnerease in shear. Heoults from the fifteen and twenty-siory buildings were Used as 3 fide in drawing the lines smooth to generalize the charte for balldings of any hetght. 1s Fig. S0(a), results of oxact computations are compared with results de- rived trom Fig, 18(a). The ratias 5/8, = 30 and 8/8 = 5 vere uscd a8 the parameters of bulldings with five, ten, ‘fteen, and twenty storiea. The exact Values are sbown In sold ines, and the valves pbtained from the charts are shown dashed. ‘Tho total shears inthe frame agree quite well over the ureal~ fst part of the ten, fifteen, and Qwenty-story bulldings. ‘The sudcen increase in shear of approximately SO 1s clearly ovident at the top. For the five~ sory buildlng the results from the twomethods arenot in as close agreement ‘but cold be comidered aallafactory for design ‘Dalldings with variable stiffoeae di not show the same sudden inesease in shear in the top story. Computed results for such a ten-story building are compared in Fig. 39(b) with values derived from the charts. Because the ‘ajar application of shear walls is found in talk structures inwhleh the ¢oas sections of the members usually vary with height, it ig evident thatthe rell- ability ofthe charts ie quite good for most practical cases. ‘A similar irrogulanity was observed in the results for hase moment. Fis. 4go(e) shows the Feswils of a fieen-story building and a ten-story building (eolld Itnas) with results obtained from the charts (dash tines). The results abtuined {rom the charts appear to be uareliable in the second story because the charts were drawn smooth in thts region. ‘The suclden change in the mo- rient curve was not observed in the computations for buildings with a stiff frame (5e/Sp, ~ 1) but became more ans more pronouseed as tho stif{uees. of the frame reduced. In other words, while the evrves are reliable for the freater part af the structure they will aot be as accurate at the second story As the ratio Se/%, Inereases, ‘Thorefore, in practieal design the Curves mv, ‘im some cases, ot yield acceptable valuee at the second story of bulldings that rest on soft solla. tn flea! solls added stzeases tn the fraine caused by base rotatlon will be relatively small. “Hence, the computed values of tolal story ‘shear that include both load effects as well as base Fotallon should be reliable. gash Example.—A1A-story flat plate structure, reetangular in plan, with nineteen, Days at F1 £-6in, the long direction and three bays at 201¢ Oin, in the short326 June, 1964 sts ot L Ss" 03 02 a! 0 04 08 az G0 o4 OS BF 01-0 o4 03 02 O10 ) 02 a3 a2 01 0 oz 0s as ae Io Vale MaMa wo to 7G, 38 direction was aolected for this example. ‘Tho frst story helght Js 4241-0 in, ‘The hotght of the other thirteon stories 18 8ft-8in. The structure ly supported on 72 columns and six shear walls. The average ize of the columns {8.14 ln. by 22 {n. sn the firat story, 4 In. fy 17 in, lw the second atory, and 14 in. by 4 in, ia the fourteenth story. ‘The sums of the column moments of inertia in the first, second, and fourteenth stories are 45.8 ttl 28.¢ td and 12.4 1,4 and their respective stiffnesses are $.52, 3.52, and 128. ‘The shear walls have ‘constant Sections throughout the height of the structure, ‘The suit of thelr mo- ‘ments of inertia te 2,420 4 The slabs at all levels are 6 in, thick. Tn each srs SHEAR WALLS 37 TALE @-TXAMPLE PHORLEM Seca aes Distance inter | Ve ‘rom poled | b gowd ey |! irom | eam ope fat | 030 ome | 08 636 | 035 cus | v.25 cae | O36 O36 | oe oe | oar Oe | 535 vat | 0.25) O33 | oe eat | ott oto | or ‘ftogr, there are 49 spans of 20 tt, four “link* spase of 12 fe, and four “Link” spans of 6 tt. “At the first floor, the width to span and columa size to span ratios parallet to the short side of the building are 4 MS. ost and aloe Lt caahep = 0.002 From Fig. 25, the width of the slab to be used as an equivalent beam nd its ‘moment of inertia are OST = (0.87115 « 8688 June, 1964 sts Slintlarly, the computed momedt of inevtla at the roof is O54 1.4 In most tall structures, both the walle and {aime membors wil vary with hhelght and a direct interpolation eas be made from the charts. thls example, the structure, an actual bullding, is relatively shart with uniform shear walls and frame members that vary fom story to story; hence. t docs wt fall ‘within the stifness extegoriey shown in the charta. i was, ir faet, volected perposely (o show that if ip still possible to obeain a solutinn {rom the chaste 1 the interpotation ls modified by considering the stifineases at several inter ‘mediate Levels. 1 order to facilitate tho use of the charts, the stoueture Is mubdtvided {aio ten patts. This ts not necessary, but the selection of values aicectly trom the curves can be troublesome for structures with a aumber of stories that te nck 4 multipte of 10. Stffnesses 8, a the fourteenth avd first stories are 1.28un1 3.82. These stiffneases wore used to obtain Values Gf Se, shows in Col. 2 ot ‘Table 6, at ten poinis by direct proportten. At the fret floor, the sum sf the ‘beam and “link” beam stiffureses ts s,- 016 ($+ 4-4) - 050 and at the roof 5} = 0.520. Values shown la Col, 3 of Table 6 were obtained by proportion at ten polnis, Ratios 8,/Sp, shown in Cot. 4 are cutoulated from Golg.2 and 3, stitfneos 6, is 2420/8.67 © 270 over the entire structure except at the first story where its value decreases to 2420/19 = 186. Prom Ea 3s, he stiftness ratios 35/5, at all stories except the first ie s, : “2 cy ww 8, )(ia) = 3 land at the first story, Ca) Tallos 5/5, are shown tn Col, § of Table 6. ‘The values tabulated in Cote. 4 and 6 are then used to obtain coefficients of Via/Vp by interpolating from the appropriate figures, in ths case Figs, Ia) through 19(a), fae uniform toad and constan shear wall. Por example, beivoen levels 0.6 W ano? HB. Se = 69 and S/S « 3.9. From Figs. IT(a) and 18(a}, (ration Seip of Yan & reupectively, the coetlicients of Vjg/Vp (read at & lovel 0.65 H) are O31 ancl 9.28 for 85/8 68. Hence, for Se/S, = 3.5, tse interpotited vatve of Via/Vp in 0.25, a8 shown bn Col. @. H the ten valuew in Col. 6 are pletieé widwin bee teen the subdivisions 6, 0.1 H, 0.2 Hy etc, a curve can be dravm through the {ten polite. “The curve fy then sutsivided into fourtedn sogments proportional tc tha etory boighte of the structures, and the shears in the actial [race ore oud from the graph ut tho tidhelghis of the stories. ‘The shout in ouch of fhe fourtean storien is shown in Col-8 of Table €. ‘The compsted values free 4 complete analyesa of the structure are listed in Col. 9, “The reoule agree srs SHEAR WALLS 32 well over theentire structure except at the top story where x sudva licrease fm frame shear occurs. Tate saoutd have been asittclpated as stated previous tn comection with Fly. 38/a, Us fact, the top story shear obtained from the charts shoots always be incressed by some amount tO 50% ff he walt kas constant section throughout the height. tn this instance, the incroase ever the ‘interpolate results is approximately 30%. The analysis ean wow be comploted by frat compating the deflection af the wall for story shears equal to y, y seees 4301 tex = Mex Yi ‘The final moments sind shears in all the mombers in the frame are calculated by the procedures outlined in the section ot "Second Stage of Analysis.” 5 SUMMARY A practical method of analysis tor structures braced with shear walls has been proposed, ‘The method does not require simplifylag assumptions that are not ultimately checked and yet gives the designer freedom to uae Me Judyanons, ‘The method of analyaia Ns aiso been adapted to secondaxy design condi- tons such as base rocation, plastic deformation of the shear wath, frame tors ‘ston, axial doformatton of columns, and walls that are terminated at level below the rool. ‘Phe common design assumption that afl horizontal toads ary caried by the shear walls is not strictly correct over the entire hetgM of the structure Furthermore, the distribution of lateral shear between the frame and the shete wall depends not only on thetr relative stiffness bit on the number of stories as well, ‘Tentative recommendations arapresented on.slab pasticipaiton tn fat slab- ‘column systems subject to lateral Loads. {tn order to facllttare design, a wumber of Influence Curves are included to provide dala on the distribution of story shears betwoon the shear walls and Trame members for a wide range of structural proportions and loads ‘The matorial presented in easily applicable to the design of shear wall Dutkdings of any height for maximum economy with adequate control ever the required strength and ductitiy of all structural olements. APPENDIX Sloe Deflection Byuations for Variable Sectivn—¥or any beatn (Fig. 40) the true stiffness Xj at (1) and Kp at (2) and the cary over factors Cyy aad Cay ean Be determined trom published Lables?*, 28 and charts, claim analogy, HE filtiook of Frans Gonstats,* Portland Osinan A 25 “Beam Factors ant SSoment Coufitonte for Membors with Portlns Cetnent Sage, Chieage I330 June, 1964 srs ® @ I, Ke ™C Lecce lm FIG. 40 ‘oF any cther arithmetical method. If the equivalent stiffness $= Ky/4 and 8p = Ky/4 is used inatoad of the true stiffness, then the moment equations for {he two ends will be + (8) 8,9, +488 - My = 482% #4 Cy Sy coerce ee (35) 1 cam be shown with the help of an analogous column that HG yByim Og BY K cossie ae we race SA} which will simplify Eqs. 34 and 35 to My = 48,0) 42K 0, oe... on My, #48; % 42K (38) ‘These have the same form as the normal slope deflection equations, Inthe case of beams, linking the frame and shear wall, beam ends undergo a relative vertical movement and Eqe. 27 and 38 can be written as mse taa eae 4.29/22) (39) Matt 2m e+ (sy 2B) « cee 40) sT3 SHEAR WALLS a1 Conversion of Variable Beam Section to an Equivalent Uniform Section. Hf the connecting link is assumed to have zero stiffness, a further simplifica tion may be made to account for symmetrical beams of variable seetion in the twro-column bent of System F, A symmetrical beam with variable section in 44 two-column bent subjected to lateral loads will have equal rotations, &, at the two ends. The moment at either ond will be M=ase42K9 . ay ‘The moment in @ substitute beam of constant section with an equivalent stiff ees Ke that will produce the same end rotations is given by M=4K,e+2K,0 BO snc sie wine ae C48) By equating Eqs. 41 and 42, the equivalent stiftness is x = 482K) $ (49) For example, a symmetrical beam with varlable section has stiffness S = 100 cu in, and C = 0.25. ‘Therefore, R203 s0cuin [4(100) + 2(50)] eS = 83.33 eu ia. Frame Analysis.—In Fig. 6 which shows three successive stories ofa frame ‘and shear wall, each beam is assumed to have a varlable erosa section and each column a constant cross section in any one story. For a given horizontal ‘digplacement, rotation, and vertical deflection at the shear wall, only the con- dition of equilibrium of cach joint need bo satisfied. Zeolumn and beam stiff ness are as denoted in Fig. 6 and = a) beeeeeeeee (48) ‘The columa and beam moments at joint (1, 1) are, as follows: Beam 1, 2:332 Sune, 1964 sts * 5.6.0) Mia 2 Been G2” pe» (408) Col. above: Meg = #Seiuai,ay Mn 7 # Sotien.a) Stent” PSetertay Piet oo 4%) ‘Col, Below: , fos” # Seca) Sia”? Secasa) “ena” 6 8etan) * faney For joist equilibrium the sum of these moments is exo, therefore, {ryan Pt “ted Saou Una” Sead 2 Bo a) oe ot, AE . 4D ua af Sage * Sot) ‘Similarly, for jolat (4, 2), the column and boam moments are as follows: oan 2, 1: M4 Syo0%2* Boa a Beam 2,3: x z Au Mee 5.c40)%u2 Bacay a* faa) Bowal t,o OM Cot. above: Mog = *8cca1a) "at 2Soci45,2) 9441.2) So se1,2) a 9 abel Col. below: Moy = 4 Sc(1,2) Fat ®Se(i27 Feng) 8 Secnas He (48a) For joint equltbrium the sum of the moments is zer0, hence, Saga) eae bt Secures Pana Mer} a Baa * fs Samay + (4 2h ate Runa * OS) Kua) 42° TR tS (89) ‘ptia) * Sbus,a) * Seti,a) * Sctaet.2 sra SHEAR WALLS 393 In 4.49, he vortical deflection at the wail dy, as been included by simpy os (50) tall membors have constant cross sections throughout their Length the fore fring equations ean be simplified consHerabhy. ‘The tink” beaun ie ancladoe woe reegoing derivations because this method can beused to obtain the funal tijmente tr the members of each individual coluron line, ws described pre- sioeaiy. in the (teration solution, the simnplified idealized structure shown ty Fige2(e) should be used in which cage the terms for the “Ink” beam, are x ped and the equations for join (\,2) become simaliar to those of joint (11) APPENDIX I—NOTATION ‘The following syudats have Leen adopted for use to this pApER: Cyp gy > sarevrover factors 5 modulus of elasticity: 6 shear modulus: = total height of a structures by = Boight of 1 storys bY = height of bypothetioul wall Lo simulate elastic foundation; yj = moment of inertia of shear walt at #P akorys Ky K,» true stiffness at ends 1 and2 of a bears = effective stifinens of a variable beam} = 2 mes stiffness times eary-over factor} = spring constant for foundation soil: Ke K k = span of alabs By * span of lnk beam: L, Jstasce trom the neutral axis to theestreme fiters of a shear wall: 1 Daye width: 1, ™ effective wiath of slaate e ros tin) Ain) Tune, 1964 sts aoment applied on the shear wall by the connecting link at floor, is ‘motient at the base of shear wall; ‘owont applied at the base of the shear wall; {otalmoment applied on the shear wall by the conneeting ink at floor, tem, +R Ls number of stories; vertical reaction of the link beam at the shear wall at floor, 45 stiffuesses of a beam at two ends; sum of stiftne 8 ofall beams tn the simplified frame = $+ sp: ‘bum of stiffnesses of all beams 1 of all “link* beams; umn of stiffncpses of all shear walls: column-beam stiffness ratio at first story; ‘wall-column stiffmess ratto at first story; thickness of slab: otal shear at the base of a atructure; soa in frames sear in trame at netes, 33 total applied shear; total applied shear at nog, 2 shea in wall ata height, 3 free defection of walla hor, defection at if” floor; inet defection at 14 floor at end of at cycle of iteration; deflection at 1t6 floor at beginning of n* cycle of iteration; srs vt Meum) "ind SHEAR WALLS 338 = vertical movement of the shear wall at floor, I; = rotation in shear wall at ith Noor at the end of nth cycles = rotation in shear wall at 188 floor at the beginning of nth cycle; joint retation in frame at i floor at nt column tne; total elasto-plastic angle change at any polnt in the wal = total angle change at any point in the wall at the beginning of yielding; shear deflection of a frame due to a unlt applied shear; = dofloetion due to axa deformation of columas in a frame due toa Tun applied shears ~ ratio of total specifted elasto-plastic angle change o angle ebunke yielding; and allo of story deflection o sory hele = (8,,, - ,)/6- Subseript “1° denotes story or floor number,REY WORDS: computing; concrete; foumdations; frames; influence curves; moment distribution; shear walls; slope deflection; structural engingering ABSTRACT: Tho distribution of lateral forces and their effects on the resisting ele- ments of bulldings braced with shear walls are obtained by an iterative method directly epplicable to design. ‘The method 1s suitable both for manual computations as wall as Sor relatively small computers with memory capacity less than 20,000 dleits. ‘The method can also be applied to secondary conditions, such as frame torsion resulting from eceentric loads or diseymmetry, foundation rotation, aida] deformations of the columns, formation of plastic hinges at any polat of the shear wall, and to shoar walls terminated at intermediate levels, The distribution of lateral loads to the frame and the shear wall depends not only on thal relative ptiffness, but also on the tolal number of stories in a building, Tentative recommendations are proposed on the effective width of slab that can be used as the beam element in a slab-column frame subjected to lateral loads. A number of influence curves are included to assist designers in the analyets. REFERENCE: Khan, Fazlur R., and Sbarounts, John A., “Interaction of Shear Walla and Frames," Journal of the Structural Division, ASCE, Vol. 90, No, ST3, Proo, Papor 2987, June, 1964, pp. 265-335,