There are 3 basic types of Pistons: Dome, Bowl and Flat Dome Piston The Dame Piston looks just ke it sounds stand ofa flat top it has dome tha looks ike the tap of a dome stadium. Piston Dome refers to the amount of adsed volume en top af the piston compared toa at top piston. This acdc volume Increases the Compression Ratio ané therefore Should increase performance. However, depending on the shape of the combustion chamber In the head, highly domed pistons con create slow burnin, tneicent comburtion chambers, The optimum tredeatt between higher compression ratio and deme combustion charber shape can only be determined by tial anc-errer ana dyno. Dome Pistons are also sed in 2 stroke engines, mostly to deflect the inlet charge up toward the spark plug, and not lett flow directly to the exhaust pots. (Nate: Performance Trends Enaine Simulation Soeware does not werk with 2 stroke engies. Bux ow some of Ov 9 can, Such as the Compression Ratlo Calculator and Engine Log Book. Ard our Dyno Datamite systems have fyno testes runcreds of ? and 4 stroke engines Bowl Piston fer romero ics ss eee teen 2 Seca ts Se a er a da es a been confine the diesel fuel spray for god, fast combustion. & piston bowl can do the same for a spark ignition engine ard make fora fast burning, compact combustion chamber Flat Top Piston ‘The Flat Ton Pistons jut ke it sounds it has a fat top. Thete pistons are typically used in mass produced engines. They are easy to manufacture and t's keeps the cast af the engines low. Flat Top Piston with Valve Relief ‘The Fie Top with Value Reliet i basically Flat Top Piston bt they nave small amounts of material removed to keep the valves fom hitting the piston when te intake and exhaust valves are opening or dsing. Th allows for Nahr compression ratios by allowing the piston to go higher into the enlincer head Programs that take the Piston Dome into account mneRor-tnar_ Me ae 3 programs that work withthe shape of the plston top diveety, which affect “aay sepa compression ratio and combustion chamber shape. "These are our Engine Sinulaton programs Engine Avaler ¥3.4, Engine Analyzer Plus V3.4 and Eneine Analyzer Po v3.9 ‘and we have 2 other programs that take the Piston Dome int account when making calculations. Comaression Rat Calculator ¥2.3 Calculates allows you to change the pston dome type to help gute out the Comoresion Rati. And Engine Bull Loe Boe v1.1 wa document the §e of pistons sed and the dome type for future reference,7 Piston Dome There are 3 base types of Pistons Dome Top Pston The Doe Piston looks us like it sounds, stead of» a tp tas a dame that ook ike the top ofa done stadium. Piston Dome refers othe amount of ad sine on poe ison compared to stp piston This a volume inceases tne Compression Rai and Urefore shoul inerenseperformanes Flowever, depending onthe shape of the combustion sharber nthe head highly domed pistons ca rete ‘ow burning inccint combustion chambers. The opin tao between higher compression rai and domelcambustion Chamber shape can ony be determine ty tia and-ror ona dro Dome Pistons are also set in toe engines, ma to deft ink hs othe exhaust ports. (Nov: Performance Trends Engi Simulation Software does not work with stroke egies, But ou sme of tur tools an. such asthe Compression Rati Cael and Engine Log Book. And our Dyno Datamite systems have dye estes Irundveds of 3 and 4 stroke engines. Ron Peto Dome, Bow! und Flat z up toward the spk pl, and ot eit How dre Bowl Top Piston - nage courte fis poosrmag.com ‘Bow pistons rypicaly arc uscd to reduce compression aio Beaune of the aed volume ofthe bowl wo the 4 tombuion volume, Because they reduce Compression Rai, bow! sens can be wed in Tub ey (Charmed or Sune Charge enains to help avoid dtortion (sprk knock) wader booed condos. The ae TSereooctoen iasdin desl engines, where the bow! fused to cone te ise! fel pray for Peg Gon artcombuson piston Bow can do te same for spark gion engine and make fora ist ‘umn compact combustion chamber iat Top Piston Flat Top Piston ‘The Fat Top Piston ist like it sours it has Na top, These ison are pic use in mas Peed cages. They rc es) to manufacture an is Keps the vost ofthe engines om Flat Top Piston with Valve Rll ‘Flot Top Piston with Valve Releif- Image courtesy of hap sezlocom sal amounts of material emoved to kop the vals This allows fr bigher compress ito by “The lat Top with Vale Reis bsialy a Fat Top Piston bt the have roar tating piston when the intake and exhaust valves are pening ur lsing allowing he piston oso higher into the cinder head Programs that take the Fston Dome into account firctly, which affect compression ratio and combustion chamber ih the shape ofthe pista ton fears rer. Enging Analvee Plus v3‘ wd Engine Analyze Pro ¥39. ‘We have 3 programs that wor. Spe These are our Engine Simulation programs: Eng Ara Jo account when making calculations, Com ‘And we have 2 other programs that tak the Piston Dome int u Bat cise Wels dope bp fame ot te Conmrenion Rao And Excel Lan Sank ‘Gocument the typeof pistons use andthe dome type for fre referenceSyunuct repauyrepraung, et ey clade cet dt Teen MuMEMCee SwrMONE suet ta te mained the thst ter operation. ee peer) naar se ge hetero ite etaegntne cactrvseenc ccs mm Somme count arene fea ee ee / Secvetiee ert oe atcarome Stee os neams Mctrca Teton Tes Pk othe tence ne pte ete stn pnts i shee ep Al tons ube ee sy psn, pnts ow poh by erp Ceram te susie Auninon, Seay Mgrs, fst Cop ace {Beh ealy ng set 1% no no cles ions ao psn tied ode heresy case ay che | foc ae he Hoe eign con fe i whe sur ly {tn ot es anim ren oa ae tr =2.Wieliorty Pistons Tete patt O82 NI Sty so he he a ina OCT Ee tran ee i ese co cn ‘int origin ast SB Hredhnben nee. Se a comp woudhave teen recere ernPiston Ring Materials Paton sng mies ae sect to a conpee sessing etm under min many dye mechanical and baal nds ‘Stchlais al or he use of mierls wn high skerabcely at mperates of 20.000) pect ho ete rane, wild ko have te neces Mea Carcetcs for operation in armel andsty Aoicfee, canatans Adshonay, IBemesisiat ropes such 8 hema conc ané herr exgasan at rao acorn he hemanc of pn Ince, cara tne ad reine i ee ope at ‘om. malig ae proper ata emi chara cpio rg Fra matts seed om ctu nda ocotig led Stsss an he ute a angen oc takes sis mati the ey ake rghit) w cle (oul grap) alan hon Tabane wed 9 pfenialsconston charted sr ongered_ Merl Speciation Missa ‘obra ena a9 Tendo start — A onerote | ‘a0 ae “bing ee ‘aoe 00 150 notes | eo 120-160 GeyContten ated, | feast 0 eens ey Cason 3 Sie toes ‘he prefered mal for Sorresson basis @ lwtoyd beat esd ota css on IGOE 2) Tae mae chrecneed by 6 Nien sc oi. 10 Po ands fgh aca of city atrbuable 1 + manera Imizooncre and schoruiachia shite For nesses ssses 2 the bashes cele by nye fe mares rmepnooay wv4c08 = tn 2nd ove, oye rn cst ros He Wed ean cnt (FACE 2) Senses nang # Noha stsoun onc mone of aston. an reasesunsness of 320 ATO HS & peed He CMAN he reed sae ‘stance n newts estan “he demand fr Nghe stank ato tb he use a Yempre, soy caste (GOE 44) 1s Ns ean of 2 igh bendoa sana of min 400 Ma and righ mous easy. The geo aac ean ess fom ih cnt of sfnepomtie main eiicue andy dapernd,—pecpznies—steanny cares Untoyed ry cst Kani Led fr 2c gl matin We Sl eon. These erg mats (STO / GOE 12, GOE 13) terete by finelamela apie suche 9 peste met: and Rave oc cans ue 9 ety lo m5 o sin. Reduced with stn sigs gcne engines 80 male educa overal hoght of pcos, ant iasaaesln ech ergnes cal for=—=—matrn wah) erase to “resa culroes ate mel bythe use of hr ceamlansloyed es ord ora #808 The presretss ia demoneate by he improved atau stenathmaniesed as frm sabi, #8 show ‘ines ‘or erent sislon rin mutels (spheric Nea osedcast_on vers atti 18% che ‘Thewsattesstnce dames om fly detibuted rami erbdes ofthe Woe MaCeand MCrembeded inthe tempered manensio mati For treroved war eistace ese sa “Theses menionod are usd eit ae conpetssin. aati fr ooo ‘Pe tel as ond expander spacers of cori nas a fr 2-pece pct selon. Ze marly used in tad conan ot with a parberalcsting “elahgue angst senso esr sn sn bend sess preceeieaime seine oon uty ae ass sac 3) Compression Rings ‘he man tncion of camgrsion ra ee ose! he cmon canbe om fe arkcse an arse eat km He sion fo Re cpinder Homover, they sso ploy m mmpctan pot hn contol enghe l_sansumgi Ther ar he flowing pes Rectangular ing EZ [A piso sing wih ascanaur cis sechcn Tis ng wth geomet emple tape pars he necessary seg tncions under romal gertng andes With ‘8 petohaal conte ot aporortbaral aefestnaula net wed my inthe top grove in possorger ca gasine and sins! engines. Resides eervice numa combutton engines rcanacrngt 8 cone used os risa sal, 9 transis seals 1, oper Feces Mog wing to te taxed ving face he sng contacs the laser bore win ts ttn cuter, This shotens raniegin and proves all seapng, The gos foxes ating flay at he unin face prowdeo dees oyessire ete especialy when us the top grove). Taper facnd rege ate ciety reales inthe eacond grow We passenger ear gaolre and passenger car and tuck ses! engires, fn passenger cs {#toine engines hey ae ao used in the op grooveInterna Bevated o Stopped Ra: By proving an Gael on the op ie of elongr and ser ond tat at tects achieves wc nal operating phases winout gas ress aang ashe ng to tore calc ely wih Bote oukr Sg wile rer eects ‘re boton aa si tive nt. The hp to egret cannon eet Undermine hg restr ese ing at aga! he pon eae Creag an ana yas banaue ther, Rigs i nd are wed ne ‘ep and seca rove of ateenger a ote and passenger ar ad tack ess ‘Taper Faced Rng wih nee Bato evel or St In te sao conon ms ogee castes 3 negate st, ee oppo recon 0a wth eae on ope. The ar mat be ger anon ast {aceon wi wn postve eo hat lop ute previ ram canaetng Se cier “heeft te negate 10 make he coc grove a una #23 tn ue tom ste ar ser np si. The pe ra ie aad he Second pone ngazangr car atlas pntange cr ar tack Saal engin Keystone ig ‘compas ia wih we cat scfon We sapere so, nvemet ‘Le na in engine persion wil cause fe al ceaanc nthe aoe to erase and decree, Ts grat reduces cin schng, a8 the ng corenuoily wks way fe fhe combuson estes. These ngs a dese wen an vera ange ‘0f 6 baw 15% he ger angle bong more eects agans! he fneney to coking, “Te kaytone as uted ne tp gro mpatsnger cr An tuck dss! ong eee in skig must be expaces att Keystone ing A comereston sw ony te lp side tapered. Ute on the kysone_ cg tne ace side eto ea”) causes he a clawance ovat asthe ng moves radial, and tha edoes nachna Ovng ots pannel ees scone ing at a pestve ws when ating ‘at keystone ng 08 nro top goon of passenger ar and tuck del egies hen arena ings ro longer adequne egos tra stehing bu Hesstne tas not yet warared. Antereppeaton in stoke gascine engines, erona elt aera Shaped Compression in: ‘Wis gi wed mai nama 2k gsc ergs ws 2 "head dra. be ‘er am of he Ltr sh with be ap dae of he pn crn th go row actin he val a, sin wil 3 aes when cnt with te ep oe # ‘en — estes eng vied in Datohe emits, sone caves i hs boon real sar (1 Piston Ring Types Seraper Rings racealy oh of tscrner_ngsiced 0 sigs wih © agp recesed ino the tom afer ‘oce Ths snus entemey efech zing can be expan by a munbn of estrs. Tho sp hurt ok eis Aly, Pe so i nee he i, ‘the prey 6 oe contact oy wn te verre = ces by the tp i beni alcnrg peau oo be ero ae. This etn ht he fave characte of ing a ivsee » veya t 0 ol + be produced in = reangr or undercu (Maie deson An advange of heuer step eh when he gi, a sharp domrard 2 the ol ey fom clr a oro ees te pan hs revert a om aig ate apn a and ith ‘he bens cf thei sine wcmecan be enances byw jouson of an tora ce on the cr Gate of te bto © sep tere iotercl_acmia_oflectton user sed snk, kay cigled apie ‘This can be aes ne sce ron pastoge cargos an patserge cts fuck da erin, t tet reptnt by te ae fc Na ts row occasonay use ety mh conpeia cli rayon Taper Faced Napier Ucn the aed a. seer hs ng is Jesoned wen aan oer 1 pov era a These ings ere sod enh same apa ws Nabe tesTaper Faced Closes cap Sermper ‘Ons the te runs at gap ani deere wiout an undue aes beter agsnstionty han Na Neer omen a crtnuns sp. Te applets rhs hg we he ae or NaperafoacaNai nc i Contra Rings, ‘Themain incon of he asin be tom asin aces soaps ot fom he lee le ol cnt ay a mae pt ‘in regnig the i ecenomy of te rma cmtuson engine. n rer cal ke consent eect, van ‘ype of igs ae aati depron he opeston Slots on ona ing ‘Aaa ot conol ng wit oer nd he sds of whch para one faroner As the with of te lands smaler Man the erat wth He ant ‘reece cane tad an wth acre ng Bereiea ge on Contos Rog To tans iger unt sss han wih a sod ane, 8 ye fg ase utanscranoet one our eae Doubs Bevees on cont ng ‘On tis type bot ands ae cartes on sw aazlacrg te cambustonchaber Wie te unt persue the ae, onsungion reduced rough He grove character fo con ons hat atest 2s mporar a he cnt! sree whe gang a8 ay ee Gen the prevating Yen toners ight engines, righer levels othe ‘saan mst be expected. To assure ol economy in such engines, Mghy Sexbie ngs ('e rrge wh # ow amet ofTops Food sed op seapar eee ee = sccrincsnins conta sa. psn fr gare th somes fo Nepean ar cs an ng 1 Contra Rings ‘The msin fino he ingen tion pin ont sap a eu elaine ay a Pt in regltrg e of aconcny fener conten eg nero cntel eo cnsursin ms elect, veto ‘gps cf oktna se a pending ante apieain ‘Sogo Pee O1|Contot Rings singe plc tsa nash x earl costes ns ee Haaren ase a ret nt ron Tere tetova tes stats o cont ee: : ‘Asked of cos ing iho aera. te Ses of which re pra © ere thet the wih te Unis amaler an te vel with © Meher aus cane tars an wa onan, eves eye on Conte ng “oon it oer nt pashan it 2 ss cnt eg, eye fra nas el ndscunteston te oes. owe Beveled on Contt Ring: (nts pe bot es we hanfoed on eect te combuston chanbe, Vinee unt rss se see ol onsumtton 6 etal gh fe proved xiooastict ‘Mutt:Pece 04 Control Rings foe chia of snl ng at eo ot 2 SLE 2 el i ap cerlor 1 te ass dans ofan engine, Gen fe peaing rt Iomds TONHEhY engeg, ity fo Seat be eget To ve srry eae, I Me erg ge me tore moment of| petsons eel nein) wih scent aeaue wen 1 | Theumut way of combing ese to reaurementsis toute mua nl is These hve an etna a serra |—__ stain press te optimized reg anni the eynde a The types of sng fat ae suppor on the bate fhe ison rao now sory eve wed as th such sng epson ros mul are he ral ces ie son ‘soplestons. Tele conduct 9 neat contusion ergres oduand verges, sve to atta attamby and has ro aio eng eect sw, fr example i eta air asomby of tangas whch tl gather essePiston mont niches re desired to preventing reatonn wo-stoke engines. Tis ensues thal he ng ends do a eg soe finder scavenging ports and break. Oceana ein an ato feed in postion te second roe hore. finder ssvoke cries, ‘The fog fs arested by means of 2 pn which is securd in the stn musa engages it he assonal eases a he ‘cs Wh he ner are cota nt te pn se ne ist aonu ost an wh te siden ism eter op m ove o ne roo, twee ayers deseba, he ermal nth she most omen wed4-STROKE PISTON RING ASSEMBLY TIPS ‘lease not, the following tips for assembly an installing the rings on your 4-Stroke piston. Proper "ing installation is mandatory to proper engine function. Failure to correctly instal th rings wil cause ‘numerous problems. Ring Gap Al ing sets MUST hve ap a checked. The ring gap is checked by sliding each Zs fags botiom fhe inde and measig be SB or ‘end gap with a feeler gauge. The proper ring gap is z= — e Br aereatucar at tare ssa Ts cca [EA secononins Ppa oat 2 be wuld trea po Bigg taenty arms cornices es SF ovine Pea ololns pore ccaiont & Reece og ners adin te etter hi ay fog rete Peete ir crs scale Reg: ae sng Pan eM otf Wiping oe ven ny) ing Order Insta install the 3 piece of ring 2" fowl the mde it. natal ep ing Fare to sll ngs from bottom of pstarap wil ce proMens Fallow ite enbrste retin ised below ‘Trade Mark Ups All Top and 2 Rings have soe fei ction ‘mark on one end, This marks serves identify upside ofthe ring Figwre2 “The LD. mark can come in many forms. Foc Example rurers ltrs ‘oF dots may be used $0,R, cc. The LD mark ALWAYS goes up (gute 2). Generally the 3-Piec ol ring has no trademarks and ther is ro specific upside, If there is absolutely no LD, mark of any kind, look fora bevel of taper this would go up. ‘fthere is both an 1D. mark and a bevel. The LD. mak side shoul go up. ‘Top Ring: The top ring also referred to, as the compression ring must always be installed. This ring is ‘usually lighter silver in color. Engine should NEVER be run without top ring, Power loss will occur along with engine damage, “The top ring is harder than the other ring. 2° Ring: The number 2 ring will look similar to top ring but is generally dark in color 2° ring wil ‘also have an LD. mark to designate the upside. The number 2 ring is not always eitcal to proper function, On some piston designs there is no second ring groove, this means you do not use the second ring on pistons ofthis design. [fthere isa 2"'ring groove machined in piston you must run 2 ring Current as of 62 _‘and (2) scraperhviper rings. canmecr Then instal seraper/wiper rings, one on each side of expander. It is very important thatthe ends of the Cet em aw aay no over lap (Figure 3). This will damage expander esi Powerless and engine to stoke unnecessarily, Gaps om Sraperiwiper rings and expander may not be lined up Lower eunmer Scraper must be positioned at least 1"t0 the right of expander ~ ‘Ting end. Upper scraper/wiper ring must be positior at I : 1” to the left of expander ring iene a “: aie aictpeeemati tte fecinon TR ine oft expand ie ae 9) nee : Seraper/ wiper rings ride against these and the tension from the expander ring applies pressure to the seraperwper rings 30 they can do thet job of wiping the ol oF the eylinder while moving, ‘up and down the eylinder Figure 4 HT aoe D AY. { Piston/Ring tntalaion into cylinder: Fy proper se {naan ing gaps foreach of the 3 rings shoe te, Staggered every 120 degrees (Figure 5). When installing eylinder down onto pision itis advisable to support piston. (A good way to do ths is by putting somethin ‘aluminum blocks under piston between piston skirt and base gasket surface). The cylinder must be gently slide down over piston simultaneously us a very small sorewaiver or scribe to push in rings. DO NOT FORCE CYLINDER DOWN. It is advisable to check cylinder chamfer on bottom of eylinder wall and lubricate eylinder, specifically on bottom so ring will have less friction when the rings slide into cylinder Aer piston ing assembly s side into cylinder Slide cylinder into place. Tur crankshaft over 4-5 times. ‘Listen for unnatural sounds, 20m oF more