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^TEXT-BOOK
OF
CARPENTRY;
MODEM
C0MPRI8IN0
BDLE8
WITH
STRAINS
TO
IS
8TB1NGTH,
AND
STRnOTURS
subjeotbd;
on
AND
GLOSSARY,
'
OF
TIMBER
EACH
WHICH
#b8tr"aiions
ITS
CALCULATINO
FOR
TABLES
AND
BUILDING-TIMBER,
ON
TREATISE
"
EZPLAININQ
LENGTH
AT
THB
TERMS
TECHNICAL
Ilf
USE
CARPENTERS.
ABOBinOT
W.
THOMAS
BY
or
TBI
KBW
CAFITOL
|JLLOWAY,
MOHTriUBE,
AT
TXRMOST.
^BOSTON:
CROSBY,
NICHOLS,
Street.
117, Washington
1868.
COMPANY,
AND
'
,
li3
AMONG
THB
6.SS
El'r/1 v,,!6
c"
"^S
/^^O
/u.
v",
"7
rr
^y
'It
.'
(,',Os^u
/"ry^
Entered,
according
BY
In
the
Clerk's
to
Act
of
Congress,
the
in
the
year
1868,
SILLOWAY,
W.
THOMAS
Office
of
District
of
Court
the
District
of
Blassachusetts.
BOSTON:
PRINTED
JOHN
BY
22,
SCHOOL
WILSON
STREET.
AND
SON,
PRE
of
work
following
The
for
reference
of
would
them
mulas,
for-
understood,
even
Having
and
important
avoided
mathematical
formulas
encyclopaedia
an
science.
the
of
Works
itself
as
distinguished
of
of
absence
student
omission
that
their
the
progress
worthy,
may
of
mechanic.
removes
the
have
did
been
less
learned,
An
extended
and,
perhaps
sulted,
con-
commend
not
utility
mathematics,
higher
the
which
practical
immediate
advanced
authors
selected
nothing
but
the
Beli-
means
scrupulously
to
the
scientific
large
belong
properly
more
ordinary
mathematics.
the
and
of
places
to
or
have
algebraic
abstruse
such
others,
of
in
we
as
and
works
reference
of
named,
above
class
and
book
and
the
mechanics
interests
the
view
in
of
versed
those
as
journeyman
appreciated,
be
by
the
with
written
cannot
except
for
of
reach
being
prepared
master-carpenter,
Tredgold,
the
and,
been
costliness
Kondelet,
beyond
as
the
The
apprentice.
dor,
has
instruction
of
manual
FACE.
while
the
regret
it
is
great
though
essay
presumed
obstacle
not
on
to
less
Car-
PREFACE.
IV
pentry
as
think,
is, we
of
and
mechanic
every
while
convey,
labors,
of
results
which
it
the
is
careful
of
aim
and
tical
prac-
and
great
privilege
which
his
they
ordinary
and
far
study
of
more
those
of
science
work
this
place
most
the
are
lightened,
experience
the
those
sufficing for
by
its
such
by
lessons
the
greatly
directed,
worthily
truth,
but
be:
work,
considered
been
all
perhaps
may
the
experience,
of
teachers
unnecessary
occupied
have
as
Practice
successful
of
nature
properly
more
suggestions
useful.
rendered
being
comprehensive
the
by
science
others,
and
embody
to
explain.
The
portion of
timber
states
through
authorities
field
wide.
that
writers
The
in
for
attending
our
work
the
it
of
has
variety of
of
the
;
and
in
"
He
an
each
in
kind
of
many,
work
that
and
the
the
few
comprehend
nearly
works
the
and
of
Hutother
many
America.
only
not
art, but
the
also
be
consideration
a
suggest
success
times
judged
bear
in
plify
exem-
to
all
at
"
to
of
amount
must
will, however,
important
at
observation.
are
selection
difficulty
arrived
believed
intended
are
efforts
much
been
and
imitation
reader.
much
Perronet,
Europe
principles
examples
and
value
Hamel,
illustrations
the
results
subject
the
building-
to
of
subject
the
practical
Du
both
devoted
is, however,
to
of
Barlow,
ton,
average
on
It
is
treatise
experiments
allotted
pages
all
an
many
The
this
small
in
of
mind
to
by
that
give
compass.
PREFACE.
of
the
text,
presented
now
sufficient
contains
its
of
companion
desirable
of
of
study,
well
as
business
man
dedicated
to
and,
their
as
in
to
the
readj
this
May,
1868.
it
public
in
the
imperfections
to
assistant
it
make
in
apprentice
hope,
it
to
is
fully
respect-
service.
THOS.
Boston,
part
and
information
hours
the
to
amount
labor,
value.
notwithstanding
that,
belief,
it
is
work
Our
much
corresponding
prove
may
of
result
of
hoped,
large
so
the
is
forms
which
Glossary,"
"
The
W.
SULOWAY.
his
the
CONTENTS.
Caepentbt
,
and
Nature
Properties
of
Timber
...
*
"
"
Kinds
Timber
of
in
use
j2
Timber
Foreign
2i
Timber
Felling
24
Seasoning
Timber
2^
Preservation
Timber
of
33
of
Durability
33
of
Strength
Rules
Timber
Timber
4j
for
its
determining
Tensile
Strength
45
....
Cross-strength
"
52
"
"
Compressive
"
,j
"
Strength
"
69
.
Geometry
65
,
Square
Root
Equilibrium
Scarfing
of
Timbers
Floors
Trussed
77
Strains
on
Timber
81
91
95
Beams
98
"
""
CONTENTS.
VIU
Page.
103
Roofs
Observations
on
Roofs
employed
Timbers
Iron-work
103
in
employed
Heavy
107
Roofs
in
Roofs
112
119
Roof-trasses
Domes
124
Bbidoes
129
Abch-Centerinos
134
Joints
Framing
in
139
Iron
141
Tables
for
Weight
the
calculating
of
Iron-work
148
.
Tables
for
IN
Glossary
ANT
calculating
GIVEN
the
StICK
Quantity
of
Timber
147
169
CARPENTRY.
of
parts
the
It
of
the
always
which
relates
frame
to
of
whole
the
It
the
to
human
is
self-evident
the
the
the
is
that
The
relation
same
of
of
writings
consideration.
bones
truth,
carpentry,
constructed
as
builder
but
principles
to
stone
brick
or
that
must
tion.
considera-
Vitruvius,
under
sustains
tion
atten-
and
scientific
of
gineering.
en-
the
to
do
system
body.
the
to
of
even
art
building
edifice
of
denumd
and
the
sciences,
portion
Palladio,
and
received
those
worthy
leading
the
architecture
and
in
of
one
of
claimed
unimportant
Delorme,
the
has
subject
is
sciences
masters
be
No
Carpentry
of
Art
THE
this
in
science,
for
the
may
is
edifice
no
accordance
which
therefore,
is
for
not
information;
be
to
ance
importproperly
Walls
subject.
their
ledge
know-
rules
those
still,
1
great
can
with
art
of
that
and
of
construction
all
buildings
CARPENTRY.
there
be
must
which
The
the
be
to
it is
quite
which
for
it is
the
is
the
to
what
It
is
to
next
and
see
design
best
the
determined
upon
may
is
it, and
to
what
with
If
"c.
consider
to
or
be
to
lack
but
tion
inclina-
covering,
is
it
adapted
generally,
or
may
erected,
what
below,
side-strains
it
end
the
as
to
the
and
strength
of
of
such
the
durability,
done
of
strains
rials
mate-
use
of
efl^ctually
tions
investiga-
as
knowledge
kind
the
both
possible
rules
value.
of
select
be
can
it is
beginning.
the
best
the
work,
any
as
to
so
This
properties
and
is
make
application
proved
well
as
since
enumerate,
commencing
employed.
means
to
unnecessary
consideration
design
have
its
have
only by
the
will
the
is
pitch,
material
partition
the
carpenter
it
if
is, however,
The
nature
which
sidered,
con-
produced,
the
the
be
to
subjected.
important
the
rest
may
be
may
built,
employed.
be
and
particular
it may
support
weight
be
that
is to
struct
con-
design,
any
know
to
be
thing
span
whether
used
be
the
covered
for
purpose
possibly,
it
for
best
roof
know
purpose;
is
floor
If
be
to
will
executing
or
essential
as
partitions, to
important
attained.
to
and
carpentry
most
making
enough
is not
of
art
and
first
in
end
roofs, floors,
timber
to
of
the
used,
which
it
CARPENTRY.
will
subjected,
be
are
of
the
art.
nature,
of
tice
much
strength
third
One
parts.
of
treats
other,
The
the
make
next
the
degree,
which
in
has
many
with
the
into
art
two
and
of
timber
me
of
timber.
warranted
in
and,
on
artificer, is
to
has
things
incidentals
step
give
now
but
who
tion
construc-
to
the
useful,
the
determined
must
one
partial
carpentry^
or
one
never
it
is
the
yet
order
to
necessary
both.
addition, such
exists
can
others
properties
of
piece
interwoven
dependent;
of
knowledge
all
mechanical
good
Sir
and
divided
carpentry^
mutually
Having
the
like
have
mas
Tho-
regard
closely
and
is, to
understand
them,
is
nature
of
principles,
called
practical
are
is in
authors
is
division
thc!y
weakness."
of wliich
Most
others.
general
science,
prac^
design,
parts;
mechanical
each
parts,
the
like
successful
of
weakest
its
This
the
strength
be
may
of
things
remark
wise
consideration
involved
are
in
''the
produces
itself.
to
that
of
that
The
was
whatever
exceed
otber
many
moment
It
Seppings,
framing,
and
paper,
be
is
as
place
in
produced
thoroughly
the
to
as
informed
thing
ory
The-
and
imagination
the
with
work.
practice
of
himself
in
and,
connected
be
may
execute
to
or
suggested,
what
of
life.
on
the
To
the
CARPENTRY.
involved
principles
labor
his
of
part
execute
of
nicety
some
and
witnessing
design
the
than
gives
to
power
Over
the
That
our
Till
As
them
the
are
that
to
the
and
in
duced,
pro-
and
labor,
unfashioned
terials
ma-
care
endow
them
be
In
The
point.
and
the
stone,
end
in
fact,
soul
upon/*
for
essential
but
the
the
great
possessed
of
in
as
of
says,
all
Mr.
"
desire
arts,
ing
governthat
is,
of
to
the
his
excel
work,
in
"knowledge
Tredgold
Nothing
ment
attain-
important
and
part
every
the
most
throughout,
well
this,
look
we
involved
He
brain,
to
things
advice
control
dumb
form
understand
he
flings
and
cold
all, and,
profession.
power."
we
desired
principle
and
pleasure
become
many
the
workman
architect
out
which
senses
fixed
As
of
and
breast,
eye,
Chaining
of
by
it
as
"
"
There
who,
form
and
real
to
question
the
wrought
crude
comparatively
it is
whether
is
it
as
for
inspiring
and
this
ing
correspond-
as
more
mechanic,
condition
with
it ;
experience
engineer
the
be,
determine,
to
do,
to
entertainment
may
project
and
conceive
to
was
is
he
without
and
is, or
design
be
not
satisfaction
of
degree
will
work
the
in
will
is
his
is
apt, and
assist
the
CARPENTRY.
artist
of
will
and
time
same
Mrhich
them
govern
be
disposed
just
than
attained
be
and
familiar
to
ceptions
con-
nothing
more
copies
enlarged
the
involved,
design
good
the
mind
them."
make
at
to
objects
those
drawing
To
objects
the
render
than
forming
in
more
insure
will
to
make
of
to
study
and
the
success
the
designs
the
with
care
principles
to
attempt.
published,
the
that
who
any
one
rules
are
may
NATURE
AND
PROPERTIES
OF
TIMBER.
Timber
is
differ
Woods
hard,
and
work
for
of
is
three
are,
of
bark,
the
of
composed
CeUvla,
the
is
Epidermis
or
soft.
Thej
to
the
trees
thin
in
of
pith.
the
incases
the
distinct
entire
parts,
"
Liber*
the
skin,
that
composed
and
three
which
agreed,
are
wood,
of
variety
great
however,
and
kind
manner
which
covering
tough
the
to
trees.
the
being
extreme
covering.
Cellula
The
and
regard
branches
is
brittle
required.
are
All
the
is
are
all
being
some
proportional
in
"
Epidermis,
outer
the
and
and
The
they
formed.
Bark
wood,
properties
value
exists
parts,
The
of
of
substance
others
which
trunk
the
tbeir
while
opinions
wood
substantial
in
therefore,
are,
the
the
is
It
Epidermis.
is
formed
into
the
organic
answers
an
infinite
to
the
number
inside
next
matter
of
flesh
of
animals,
tubes.
OF
PROPERTIES
Liber
The
The
the
CiUis,
the
form
together
what
Liber
the
bark,
outer
or
bark.
formed
newly
or
Liber
the
and
Epidermis
is called
inner
the
is
TIMBER.
being
inner.
and
pith
wood,
Duramen
or
The
the
The
heart-wood
all
of
the
of
wood,
the
pith
by
the
be
lies
the
surface
or
by their
exist.
number
shoot
secretion
thus
into
bark,
wood.
into
and,
the
present
one
age
is
A
if the
fibres
series
of
ring
deposit
formed
across
the
the
annually
that
tact,
con-
cylindrical
hardens
so
in
as
of
The
is
off
which
are
but,
bark.
will
rings,
in
One
cut
bark
deposit
is made
nature
the
its centre.
them
ultimately
tree
they
and
kinds.
two
layers
which
the
and
pith
this
determine
at
which
other
of
trunk
part
between
substance
spongy
heart-wood
enlarges
the
and
between
cambium,
deposit
the
wood
it
is
soil
shoots,
new
extends,
and
the
by
without
made
dark
bark.
the
is the
is enclosed
between
AUmmum.
or
is
which
that
is
and
Pith
called
heart-
the
"
and
hard
the
between
pith.
Sap-wood
The
sap-wood,
the
is
exists
kinds,
two
the
and
Heart-wood
next
Li
is of
bai-k, and
the
that
material
is the
Wood
The
of
enabled
the
tree
of
secutive
con-
to
in
PROPEKTIES
It
is unusual
either
in
of
and
So
that
exact
the
the
the
sun,
of
quantity
with
solid
sap,
the
the
undergoes
of
pores
the
the
wood
chemical
the
through
that
side.
These
to
and
and
or
porous
of
vessels
called
passes
leaves,
is
the
fluid
the
change,
cellula,
is filled
forms
which
roots,
of
larger
substance
of
the
action
and
named.
by
of
nearer
the
only
conveyance
is absorbed
which
through
for
side
fact, that,
to
that
is
before
cells
the
of
the
exists
that
nature
being
governed,
and
the
the
others.
is
through
is
tree
no
pores
or
designed
are
it
of
tubes,
walls
is transmitted
sap
wood
The
from
mensions
di-
by
north
expanded,
are
the
heart-wood
exposed
more
pores
than
the
the
results
years
this
on
making
being
side
south
which
by
rings
This
side.
some
the
or
governed
respectively
the
thinner,
north
the
of
porous
deposit,
laws
the
are
the
being
the
each
to
part
is
trees
of
nature
alike,
are
thickness,
to
part
that
rings
whole
proportion
favorable
more
solid
TIMBER.
two
any
their
to
the
and
amount
find
to
regard
proportion
OF
where
then
part
up
of
turned
re-
the
bark.
Sap,
being nearly
through
it
when
the
as
leaves
thin
pores,
as
the
water
it either
is
roots,
meets
but,
as
with
very
it
limpid,
passes
substance
up
10
Those
and
the
wood
support,
of
that
three
those
serve
to
and
man,
periods,
During
As
however,
the
second
appear
soon
for
like
and
vigorous,
and
break
die, put
robes
The
less
grows.
the
who
man
away,
with
each
anew."
But,
being
unequal
degree,
Trees
its
engaged
of
of
all
the
grown
often
still
heart
nature
on
of
in
may
venerable
if
loath
rise
to
and
partakes,
the
soft and
no
to
soil
spongy
to
youthful
its
'^
fresh
vitality
hour
tempestuous
some
of
inapt
still
does
to
age
disease
diseased,
it falls
trees
be
spring,
old
then
life, as
to
returning
contest,
timber
so
it
begins
to
storm
tree
gains.
nor
is not
one
the
signs of
and
into
second,
loses
seems
whom
but
the
heart-wood
comparison
oak, clinging
on,
expended,
an
and
sweep
revered
and
the
as
like
age.
period,
neither
period ends,
old
an
first
has
is
old
and
Through
itself,and
maintains
soon,
the
increase.
to
decay,
of
whole
It
divided
be
properly
as
may
additional
tree
at
into
tree.
life of
the
while,
and
increased
infancy, maturity,
"
the
continues
simply
that
remarked,
substance
new
requisite
the
to
elastic
compressed
are
the
be
to
replenishment
which
give
need
receiving
its
back-bone,
or
well
been
time,
TIMBER.
which
tree
for
nature
same
hard
the
continually
are
proper
of
parts
porous
of
in
OF
PROPERTIES
more.
greater
on
which
soil
or
it
usually
OP
PROPERTIES
wood
produce
in
and
if
the
land,
of
all
there
it
is
be
It
are
the
the
top,
sometimes
thus
the
wet
land,
less
solid
and
tough
will
it
be
This
value.
diy
on
grown
stand
and
those
the
middle
the
alone,
portionally
pro-
fact
is
of
and
is
better
forest,
where
for
Hence,
air.
alone
stand
which
trees
where
or
scattered,
sun
those
well
be
may
produced
of
be
lar
irregu-
are
selected.
first
of
be
will
which
to
purposes,
some
is
in
exposed
trees
near
few,
grown
not
of
trees
but
that
building
to
of
are
than
and
oak
and
timber-trees.
wood
The
wood
and
poor,
true
if
soft
on
grown
soft
comparatively
is
Therefore,
fibre.
good
but,
that
11
TIMBER.
pines),
the
tree,
the
which
apart
mention
(as
and
near
be
to
of
action
wrenches
the
of
most
wood
fibres
often
is
the
the
the
of
wood.
are
trunk
the
This
twists
the
with
case
of
winds
heavy
wood
soft-
the
branches
base
shaky.
or
if
that
here,
large
very
found
by
cleaves
to
defect
on
the
the
but,
is
top
and
12
BUILDING-TIMBER.
There
for
but
are
in
carpentry
kinds
"ye
this
North
is
America,
For
framing-timber,
These
indigenous
it
to
grows
which
qualities
it is
oommon
use
are
spruce^
chestnut.
where
most
in
wood
country.
and
{Abies)
of
excelled
by
varieties,
which
the
colder
in
great
parts
dance.
abun-
constitute
no
good
wood
other
in
use.
There
known
is
as
single
or
of
most
white,
The
growth
smoother
when
and
Uack
spruce
value
may
foliage
The
two
are
white
of
it
be
this
than
seasoned,
the
is
variety
of
wood
of
may
other
the
is
in
procured
is
Of
these,
darker
variety.
clear
the
than
larger
and
sticks.
heavier.
comparatively
be
black
the
tougher
much
white
and
niger)
much
being
spruce
but
aJbd),
{Pinus
;
{Pinus
double
or
familiarly
are
worked
small
much
Spruce-wood,
yellowish
white,
the
13
BUILDING-TIMBER.
annual
of
tint
A
the
foot,
and
pounds
seventieth
fourth
of
of
part
its
thirty-one
about
and
loses
weight.
of
principal defects
The
lustre.
seasoning,
dimensions,
its
darker
silk-like
in
shrinks,
It
by
weighs
seasoned,
when
half.
haying
and
color,
same
cubic
distinctly marked
being
rings
this
wood
its
are
liability
to
and
twisting
due
attention
care
is exercised
little
else
all
in
decay
to
is
be
need
done
composed
of
Fine
{Piniis)
is next
Of
frame.
this
this
and
hard
and
But
two
the
others,
of
the
wood
to
white
be
two
pine
White
the
Pine
fi*om
the
to
with
harder
nearly
Carolina
(Pinus
in
is
belongs
the
of
use
large,
most
pact
com-
white
pine.
attention
our
the
species.
many
largely
relatiug
varieties
most
for
partaking
Remarks
applied
named,
permanency
softest
claim
will
spruce.
varieties
and
it
framing-timber,
of
all
are
ranges
spruce
as
may
The
that
proper
material
as
which
to
kinds, however,
nature
value
there
wood,
all
comprises
and
wood.
in
family ( Conifera)
The
the
dency
ten-
where
exposures
insure
to
work
of
the
prevent
its
but
points,
these
to
and
sun,
situations
damp
paid
to
the
in
splitting
to
same
that
priety
pro-
pine.
are
known
as
pine.
strobus)
abounds
in
all
the
14
BUILDING-TIMBEB.
northern
the
tallest
for
the
of
The
whole
two
hundred
England
the
other
be
seen.
can
favorable
and
which
very
smooth,
the
warm
white.
little
of
and
as
"
being
It is the
is
instances,
liable
it is
to
Its
liable
it is
softer,
generally
some
hardly
it
twist
be
is
received
opinion
and, for
to
perceptible.
in
of
is
brownish
to
in
such
has
parts
dampness
The
spruce.
to
indentation
carpenters,
length;
pounds
It
spruce.*
liable
shrinkage
inches
dimension
exposed
more
of
gloss.
is
preferable
in
being, through
of
and,
bark
twenty-four
than
to
The
ashy
an
as
diameter,
fifteen
than
far
as
in
year.
decrease
or
in
growth,
wood
more
known
these, being
inch
an
with
limbs.
of
that
rapid
single
often
altitude
conspicuous
weighs
warp
wet,
to
of
clear
and
bottle-green
foot
are
continued
wood
wood
frame
of
seasoned
slightly
tendency
in
the
cubic
is
it
diameter
three-quarters.
seasoning
make
covered
of
color
early
increases
in
of
and
season,
The
and
less
is
decay
is
height,
are
which
as
In
is
remarkable
an
same
and
is
attains
is the
Fine
situations,
trees
trunk,
pine.
trees,
feet in
two
It
branches
all
It
high, entirely
Weymouth
top
its
frequently
feet.
States,
trees.
of
feet
tree
as
United
native
our
hundred
above
the
straightness
found
it
of
portion
though,
that
in
all
most
15
BUILDING-TIMBER.
joints;
the
at
general
its
nine
as
the
does
carpentry.
to
withstand
for
same
with
and
retain
the
its natural
of
best
any
or
pitch,
It
and
spruce
to
weather
than
in
care
proper
ailer^'ards,
vigor
and
others,
calculated
long
as
in
great
north
as
southern
and
wood
is
it
is
solidity
grain, making
named.
of
used
it
is
soning,
sea-
it will
the
as
for
great
value
with
its
intense
in
all
familiarly
of
up
known
easily
small
framing-
floor-boards
and
the
into
large
our
almost
be
may
into
and
most
saturated
cut
planks
in
described;
Timber
seldom
wood,
of
last
dimensions
for
the
and
sawed
not
is,
luxuriance
pine.
length
when
wood
is remarkable
which
grows
This
amtralis)
thoroughly
Virginia,
joists ; but,
last
and
the
of
obtained.
the
maj
that
and
sun
of
unlike
south
reasonable
timber,
better
(Pinus
compact,
fragrance.
the
is
protection
Pine
very
resin,
at
all
joinery
the
strength
entirely
respects,
States
oak.
Carolina
being
As
purposes
to
exercise
reasonable
for
not,
spruce.
excels
it
of
to
is
ten.
None
effects
the
stiff, it
framing
relation
sustains
to
Jinisking4umber,
For
this
for
value
average
considered
less
being
entirely equal
purposes,
whole,
be
and,
fineness
for
the
of
purpose
its
16
BUILDING-TIMBER.
In
all
but,
in
and
soon
wet
or
is
much
with
oak,
less.
This
stiffness
and
it
of
rival
fracture
This
is
and
and
seasoning,
shrinking
length
It
quarter.
of
either
in
more
the
making
rich
of
yellow
ap-
cubic
fifth
sixty-fiflh
liable
and
foot,
thirty-eight pounds
decreases
something
than
from
far
not
is
wood
finely variegated
weight
average
seasoned,
when
it
giving
The
is
planed,
newly
parts
pearance.
in
when
wood,
made
is needed.
toughness
where
weight
peculiar
solid
concussion
or
vigor,
years
brittle,
very
blow
sudden
oak,
to
resinous
the
late
lighter yet
is, however,
by
it inferior
where
oak,
of
has
its
its
to
strength,
while
added
quality,
its
tensive
nearly equal
is
loses
it
Its
decays.
resilience,
It
required.
to
and
durable
exceedingly
places,
damp
even
moulds
compared
is
it
situations,
dry
of
its
the
other
of
its
weight
dimensions;
direction
woods
of
in
its
common
use.
Oak
in
( Quercus)
are
in
native
known
general
of
perfection
Virginia
white
as
use
for
temperate
and
(the
wood,
Only
species.
many
commonly
is
vigor
northern
like
building
climates,
in
the
limit
and
is
United
of
those
"
yellow oak,
It
purposes.
and
the
ing
exist-
others,
however,
two,
oak
all
found
in
States,
growth
"
is
great
from
"
of
Ca-
18
BUILDING-TIMBER.
For
many
purposes,
euch
"
though
it
late
been
has
little
after
'V
the
wood;
but
it
is
kind.
for
and
this
of
and
of
of
planted
sup-
oak-framing
thing
some-
or
of
beauty
and
is
extent,
great
any
churches,
the
was
other
its
its
framing-timber,
value
it
gradually
finish-lumber,
as
ries
centu-
two
country,
natural
rich
first
of
to
framing-timber,
have
used
The
indispensable
exclusion
piece
new
durability
usefulness
the
of
timber-roofs
the
wood
the
pine
When
open
of
strength
now
seen.
for
For
entire
and
spruce
seldom
the
to
is
general
settlement
it, till
but
oak
"
used.
almost
employed
as
years,
strengthening-
as
lected
se-
great
insure
of
^'monarch
the
forest."
In
value
addition
the
and
the
familiarly
those
are
oak.
live
oak
yellow
to
produce
For
timber
the
the
but
the
Quercus
is
only
used,
and
habits
and
family.
is
of
very
of
in
important
for
to
equal
building.
shipwhite
tree
crooked
however,
an
allied
with
the
oak
Hack
respects,
used
in
next
nearly
nearly identical
purposes,
it
many
is
two
the
as
principally
is
small
the
known
former
is, in
nature
various
is
and
wood
The
oak;
The
oak
lAve
value.
foregoing,
the
to
tend
timber.
which
member
the
of
19
BUILDING-TIMBER.
{Canadensis)
Hemlock
kinds
cheaper
all
nearly
of
when
of
It
carpentry.
places
which
and
the
spruce
oflen
is
is
been
properly
carefully protected
from
the
considered
be
may
wood
as
tending
structure,
makes
it
either
tensile
It
while
exposed
wood
in
cleaves
of
action
either
sun
best
studding-joists
one
other
hard
adheres
if
driven
before
of
to
its
is
woods
viz., the
nail.
the
be
it
An
drawn
slating, clapboarding,
sap
is
usually
grain,
required.
if
and,
its
wood
heartthe
by
holds
oak
the
and
with
will
nails
or
of
it
nail,
cut
quality
common
the
which
length,
This
for
sesses
pos-
tenpenny
its
out.
small
Hemlock
tenacity
half
in
even
into
cut
with
ordinary
wood
firmly
culiar
pe-
where
(existing
common
recommendations
as
is
state,
boards.
in
can
first
boarding,
The
it
common
it
wind.
quality
into
it
or
sun,
Its
situations
tendencies
specimens),
is
timbers
surrounding
or
these
and
clefiish
or
unseasoned
the
the
wood.
strain
damp
an
from
Considering
the
in
of
large
compressive
or
quickly
decays
for
unreliable
entirely
to
dry situations,
action
twistish
to
the
tion
produc-
seasoned,
fourth-rate
the
to
In
light pines.
in
indigenous
favorable
are
has
the
used
part
is
one
rough
shingling,
"c.
possessed
of
an
intense
and
some-
20
BUILDING-TIMBER.
"
in
unseasoned
an
from
seven
less
The
cubic
pounds.
It
and
than
it
as
of
foot,
when
and
wood
in
is
light
twenty-
seasoning,
little
one-fourth
loses
mediately
im-
project
to
dry, weighs
shrinks,
spruce,
iron
begins
the
while
use
corrodes
it
color
for
unfit
is
where
part
wood.
the
brown
state,
the
at
It
odor.
unpleasant
what
of
its
'
weight.
Chestnut
and
is
is
in
and,
preferable
Like
years.
and
flexible:
is
other
of
that
but
quality
woods
is
liable
healthy
namely,
to
without,
possessed
when
once
by
in
which
of
the
are
ground,
forty
is
pact
com-
and
tough
brittleness,
while
pearing
ap-
within
contains
either
it
both,
of
wood
very
Chestnut
rotten.
not
is
trees
is
durable
in
the
For
chestnut
service
of
grain
wood
and
and
for
usually
rival.
those
set
solidity.
is
times
at
posts
good
young
old
decayed
valuable
For
the
oak,
sound
it
oak.
and
used,
in
so
partaking
considered
be
may
and
its
is
oak,
with
exceedingly
equally
places
to
oak
which
it is
with
side
by
While
situations,
damp
identical
regions,
value,
great
color, toughness,
side
for
of
wood
nearly
temperate
value.
equal
dry
in
of
purposes
of
is
respects
growing
most
it
most
native
found
is
in
it resembles
which
It
( Castana)
one
of
seasoned,
the
it
is
21
BUILDING-TIMBER.
but
slightly susceptible
The
weight
of
is
seasoned,
in
scientific
many
Europe
properties
in
on
and
common
these
of
himself
to
in
given,
the
Acacia
in
weighs
as
fectly
per-
America,
that
in
made
their
identical
general
those
with
brief
the
been
of
synopsis
carpenter
avail
may
by applying
results
the
timber.
locust
wood
"
foot,
cubic
It
forty-eight pounds.
known
commonly
is
when
seasoned,
slightly stronger
oak.
than
Christiana
Deal
allied
nearly
is
bear
have
are,
experiments
{RoUnn),
America
It
which
strength, nearly
be
when
wood,
experiments
corresponding
our
the
TIMBER.
woods
use
will
of
swelling.
or
forty-one pounds.
FOREIGN
As
shriDking
foot
cubic
of
to
somewhat
the
more
of
spruce
heavier
one-fiflh
abtes),
(Ptnus
and
strain,
and
wood
"
North
America.
tougher.
It
is
also
will
one-fiflh
stifiPer.
Cowrie
tree,
australis),
{Dammara
the
wood
of
which
answers
"
land
New-Zeawell
to
the
22
BUILDING-TIMBER.
pitch
or
States.
cubic
the
when
foot,
Its
fortj pounds.
in
New-England
is
strength
general
weighs
seasoned,
that
of
our
spruce.
Dantzic
white
Oak
oak,
lighter,
oak;
it
while
cubic
It
of
but
less
New
from
and
yellow
it is
tougher,
not
wood
considered
northern
tensile
same
"
as
pitch-pine.
thirty-eight pounds.
strength
wood
Forest
of
pines
of
nature
as
our
spruce,
nearly
It
New
spruce,
identical
well
answers
England,
in
the
to
but
stiffer
being
with
red
partakes
than
the
named.
respects,
more
four
and
dry, weighs
Mar
Norway
has
white
our
elastic
that
pines
when
Fir,
the
one-tenth
than
be
would
England,
spruce
the
Memel
of
one-fourth
is
"
foot,
is
rohur)
{Pinus sylvestris),
Fir
in
our
stronger.
stronger,
is
as
one-seventh.
by
between
cross
and
one-seventh
and
stiffness
same
{Qtiercus
Mar-Forest
which,
the
tougher
Oak
and,
stiff
as
is
but
English
of
is
Spruce
like
Riga
black
our
When
pitch.
pounds
Oak
to
{Pinus
is
cubic
abies) is,
It
spruce.
seasoned,
it
is
in
many
harder,
weighs
and
thirty-
foot.
one-seventh
stronger
than
our
23
BUILDING-TIMBER.
oak,
white
of
the
but
toughest
stiff.
less
Fir
red
is
nearly
andtjeUow
Pine
with
of
varieties
Weymouth
identical
one-seventh
It
is
one
Scotch
England
is
the
white
oak
in
identical
use.
with
New-
our
pine.
(Finus
pine
strobus)
of
New
is
a
England.
wood
24
FELLING
The
fellingof
architects
vius
was
as
to
in
the
he
*^
the
imaginary
will
**
It
that
The
it."
be
in
the
end
to
is
the
at, and
there
vigor
be
be
my
"),
be
an
in
and
timber,
quaintly
says,
perfection of
trees
Evelyn
and
what
good
harm
no
upon
to
be
may
can
depend
John
celebrated."
attained
in
to
produce,
from
amount
good
oracle
supposed
be
largest possible
but
find
we
Roman
"
There
Sir
felled
be
suggestion (itbeing
of
to
subject,
this
on
and
moon;
am
felling should
timber-trees
the
when
observe
should
never
practice;
the
therefore,
should
laughed
advantage.
Yitru-
moment.
advice
opinion
been
has
much
the
by ancient
upon
giving
the
saying of
termed
following
in
of
decrease
Ware
This
of
timber
that
looked
was
matter
minute
so
urge
Isaac
timber
as
TIMBER.
of
the
management
a
sound
of
given- number,
and
durable
wood.
26
of
indications
as
sufficient
tend
is
that
As
at
in
each
the
to
prove
which
the
when
spring,
nutriment
wood:
new
when,
autumn,
the
wood
new
flows
of
the
the
and
is
in
dryest
;
the
for
then,
in
tree.
in
watery
Next
as
to
to
in
the
in
upon
will
by
again
should
of
table
vege-
heat
is, for
for,
formation
at
of
the
month
is
this
that
matter
leaves
evaporated,
there
and
decay.
vegetable
the
vessels
the
full
be
parts
August,
it
times
year;
and
this
of
gives
harden,
wood
for
which
these
the
supply
early part
acted
is in
material
States, August
fluids
the
motion
pores
the
"
exhausted
been
January
the
month
the
One
deposits
sap.
seasons
filled.
and
of
time
least
two
are
deposit
the
being
ferment,
of
wood,
wood
which,
the
the
gations
investi-
proper
stagnation
neither
best
most
in
vegetable
for, if
in
and
dry
to
New-England
purpose,
and
"
may
the
having
time
felled
moisture,
time,
the
At
juices,
In
after
wood.
is
fluid
is
the
be
trees
are
other
make
to
vessels
leaves,
the
All
contains
there
of
season
only
article,
the
the
to
of
is
tree
work.
the
tree
the
when
year
the
the
the
that
another
in
stated
is
for
favorable
most
that
felled.
be
consideration
next
year
and
decline,
to
age
The
sap
TIMBER.
FELLING
but
the
of
little
FELLING
The
which
at
age
suitable
most
there
The
from
This
these
trunk
is
rendered
have
experiments
strong
as
other
grown
on
the
on,
and
in
fact,
his
"
bark
naked
In
the
but
felled
in
trees
to
of
advice
full
the
that
variety of opinions
of
spring,
Emerson's
early
and
^^
architects
fell
Trees
the
and
trees
Shrubs
bark
and,
mended
recom-
in
Evelyn,
and
boards
and
should
you
let
so
them
felling."
It
exists.
remove
the
between
elapse
the
and
of
and
Hamel,
that
should
to
as
the
excellent
season,
bark
with
Du
some,
as
similar,
earnestly
before
year
time
the
of
fit
it, the
times
venerable
make
To
"
says,
removal
tree,
the
regard
respects
have
been
instances,
four
be
to
The
trees.
durable
and
Bufibn,
practice.
is the
your
stand
custom
it
soil,
bark
for, by
all
naturalists,
most
Sylvia,"
planks,
in
tention.
at-
the
the
particular
it
mined,
deter-
immemorial,
some
sheds.*
in
of
strong
shown
same
dried
the
in
wood,
branches
value
as
and,
of
time
inestimable
heart-wood;
the
from
the
claim
which
removal
the
and
been
having
things
principal
has,
of
sap-wood
is
and
practice
considered
other
felled,
be
work,
the
two
of
first
the
for
are
should
trees
time
27
TIMBER.
felling
the
was
the
succeeding
Massachusetts,"
of*
usual
bark
in
winter.
p.
88.
28
FELLING
Later
in
advance,
continue
The
hardened
into
the
that
from
is
in
entire
that
the
it
should
be
of
be
may
done
be
As
the
bark
while
spring,
off
taken
large portion of
material
such
only
to
at
it
out
run
the
be
incision,
matter
remain
is removed
as
by
addition
fermentable
would
so
manner,
can
In
at
around
roots,
this
felled.
and
new
it,which
with
out
pass
the
is
tree
for, in
than
easily
the
the
near
and
into
cut
tree,
discharged
permitted
it be
is to
the
more
after
evaporation
this, if
suggestion
trunk
sap
will
if
in
motion,
second
the
will
wood
becomes
closing
solid.
the
for
out
removed.
thereby
more
most
period.
The
been
gradually
;
better
in
leaf
has
substance
it
will,
and
wood
the
is
four, years
Trees
bark
making
freely
sap
expand
the
woody
and
sap-vessels,
separates
to
in
remaining
sap
one.
it
even
or
of
after
seasons
that
proved
three,
instead
situations,
several
work
this
perform
to
have
investigations
to
it
TIMBEB.
in the
would
wood
off
pass
by evaporation.
"This
to
felled
the
should
be
made
August
in
which
cutting
and
the
the
incision
heart-wood
premature
fall
possible,
as
of
should
the
tree.
in
the
the
be
made
without
winter
tree
as
is
vious
preto
be
deep into
inducing
a*
FELLING
'Many
suggestions
mechanical
tlie
these
familiar
mention
"will
strike
the
cleave
"wrenching,
injure
thereby
the
the
found
often
the
ground
as
grain
the
the
and,
mill.
not
be
discovered
when
which
become
it
by
and
wood,
defects,
has
moving
re-
branches
soned,
sea-
are
could
as
of
falls,-
it
Such
timber
but,
we
value
such
tree
of
workmen,
the
when
timber.
after
trees
intelligent
of
side
regards
as
felling
namely,
one;
the
made
be
in
all
to
only
from
i^ill
might
operation
are
29
TIMBER.
left
the
30
SEASONING
TIMBER.
Nothing
contributes
of
than
timber
The
objects
saccharine
the
remove
which
heat
by
cause
the
remove
all
moisture,
shrink
to
its
retain
to
To
wrought.
used
of
smallest
shape
attain
all
subjected
this
is of
most
the
to
means,
and
many
the
most
the
wood
and
timber
have
been
practical
properly
air,
and
perfectly seasoned,
abled
en-
been
be
and
be
it has
and
simple
to
may
thus
afler
water
and
second,
methods
If
value.
of
and,
that
place
this,
action
be
order
matter,
ferment,
dimensions,
but, fortunately,
them
by
in
first, to
are,
may
decay
to
seasoning.
vegetable
moisture
wood
its
loose
or
and
thereby
attained
be
to
value
the
judicious
and
thorough
principal
increase
to
more
it
at
may,
small
expense.
As
soon
immediately
this
is
as
it has
removed
impracticable,
been
to
and
felled,
the
the
timber
mill,
bark
and
should
sawed.
has
not
be
If
been
SEASONING
31
TIMBER.
it
removed,
into
river
the
till
remain
If
should
or
thej
is
be
dry spot,
some
and
covered
them
the
of
Afler
into
put
surface,
the
lumber
the
water,
for
place,
where
protect
it
has
sun
or
ground,
to
keep
of
strong
be
chained
from
rents
cur-
remaining
it
from
the
out
pass
for
and
out,
be
may
the
submerged
taken
piled
with
covered
direct
action
should
be
beneath
when
and
dissolved,
be
down
weeks,
two
it
sawed,
been
and
least
at
it should
named,
hot
the
trees
the
on
wind.
After
water.
of
action
to
placed
be
from
up
of
boughs
there
mill.
should
blocked
well
logs put
stream,
the
to
they
near,
with
will
matter
taken
be
can
the
off, and
running
some
stream
no
taken
be
of
its
vegetable
into
the
the
in
time
boards
both
dry
to
and
sun
wind.
It
for,
of
is
if
the
it be
closed;
dried,
will
And,
outside
will
to
be
so
pass
to
will
that
if
dry
heat,
off, and
become
it
within.
and
be
instead
Timber,
is
it
too
thus
quickly
large portion
thereby
hardened,
moisture,
badly,
to
great
further,
retained
cracks
attempt
subjected
carbon
timber.
the
well
not
dried
and
of
weaken
the
by
heat,
the
pores
passing
too
out,
suddenly
materially
jured.
in-
32
In
laid
are
and
wind,"
bent
sleepers
firm
and
their
in
made
to
retain
the
or
which
on
perfectly
be
so
remain
will
if
TIMBER.
SEASONING
solid
level
first
and
it
is
of
that
for
position;
before
pieces
"out
throughout,
original
wind
the
they
timber,
will
seasoned,
ft
generally
should
wood
of
be
piece directly
the
through
pass
shield
to
the
and
over
put
between
the
other,
whole
pile
from
timber
direct
action
of
and
air
form
same
when
the
for,
the
air
while
hot
moderate
it
sun,
freely
is
sary
neces-
of
wind
free
warmth
each
may
draughts
strong
of
and
sticks,
that
so
Pieces
dried.
culation
cir-
equally
are
essential.
More
smoking,
for
The
length
of
wood,
dry
still
it will
if
more,
be
and
the
upon
not
season,
sawed
into
exposed
to
the
as
air-
an
valuable
for
to
pensate
com-
seasoning
ber
tim-
of
while
his
by
sap
size
"c.,
exercise
that
such
"
expense.
requisite
its situation,
remembering
that
surfaces
time
should
carpenter
always
of
entirely
depends
kind
trouble
the
the
sufficiently
not
are
"
seasoning
exhausting
steaming,
"c.
pump,
of
methods
costly
large
and
smaller
action
the
stick,
The
drying.
judgment
dwn
stick
is
never
pieces,
the
so
shrink
consequently
of
the
and
air.
new
34
of
action
*
PRESERVATION
THE
for
as,
time
in
instance,
its
the
other
all
will
retain
the
adds
in
the
if
it
and
larger
part
but
the
subjected
be
of
timber,
same
aii^d nature,
it
for
insects
hj
is
or
almost
as
this
alternate
the
to
in
brittle.
considered
reverse
will
properties
injured
be
"
submerged,
its
of
Jiot
may
the
remain
and
it
it
become
of
heat,
"
properties
water,
water,
indestructible
in
fact, if
In
centuries.
oven,
and
piece
If
dryness.
continued
power,
identical
in
to
baker's
hand,
respects
immersed
be
over
elastic
lose
If, on
exposed
be
timber
of
stick
and
moisture
alternate
TIMBER.
OF
the
of
action
case
water
air.
As
soon
as
of
action
formed
parts
the
to
the
sort
of
of
the
wood
air,
of
exposures
which
wood
and
slime
fungus,
ends
coating
When
the
on
continual
induces
visible
destruction
entire
it
vital
series
is
posed
ex-
from
and
lives
the
to
saccharine
slimy
ferments
soon
the
in
and
exists.
which
itself.
kind
exposed
solution
this
this
is
vegetable
dissolve;
to
wherever
grows
the
moisture,
begins
matter
of
piece
of
of
cay,
dethe
timber.
Every
part
protected.
on
or
very
No
near
of
frame
work
the
should
should,
ground,
in
some
therefore,
where
way
be
earth
be
placed
can
in
THE
should
nor
of
steam
or
The
shielded.
timber
are
boards
is in
if
sills of
In
left
instance
when
it is
without
exposed
resorted
be
first
of
step
with
the
some
to
that
Thus,
by closing
is to
of
like
state,
this
preparation
much
the
valuable
heat
nature,
applying
evapo-
case
timber
with
the
miutt
be
moisture,
to
of
action
is
surfaces
and,
to
would
trary,
con-
"c.
weather
the
for
means
tak"n
be
When
wood,
artificial
with
the
on
exposed
exposed
as
work
Sometimes,
the
the
t"e
to
way
preservation
to.
thoroughly.
whole
where
necessarily
covering,
The
is
but
preserving
that
is oflen
as
of
but,
moisture
action
some
the
buildings, timber-bridges,
covered,
must
retain
it ;
in
effectual.
protection,
no
exposed,
every
also
Covering
instsftices
is
to
serves
porate
methods
numerous.
many
direct
heing
artificial
this
however,
the
to
without
vapor,
with
contact
suhjected
he
any
35
TIMBER.
immediate
into
come
way
any
OP
PllESEUVATION
the
has
will
the
pores,
been
the
done,
covered
be
strike
harden
piece
ber
tim-
the
season
should
possible,
as
to
outside.
the
is
the
into
pervious
im-
made
weather.
practice for
it
the
by burning
beneath
hot
charcoal,
and,
solution
of
preservation
something
it is in
while
of
or
an
ounce
ber
tim-
heated
and
36
THE
half
of
PRESERVATION
corrosive
the
with
of
the
two
scales
of
the
upon
will
iron
this
is
manner
Fyroligneous
in
stove-pipes
good
to
preservative
the
and
weather,
their
should
them,
repeated
clinkers
the
newly
is
tar
sifted
put
wood
since
from
be
anvil,
an
placed
made
dust
lie about
the
or
it
on,
prepared
good
named,
drips from
also
are
recommended
all
framing
In
that
mortise
that
liquor
condenses,
agents.
together
first
the
applied hot,
have
preparations
be
finely pulverized
vapor
every
tenons,
be
to
is
acid,
soot
whale-oil
is
is
pamted
and
operation
durability,
which
of
decoctions
be
oiL
this
while
this
and
that
forge, or
great
possess
lead
timber
which
timber
it should
coal-tar
and
times,
blacksmith's
the
If
ground.
fords
aqua
After
water.
white
hot
all
to
three
or
from
in
benefit
great
near
of
solution
of
one
dried,
quality of
best
thin
well
TIMBER.
or
of
gallon
work
the
and
done,
sublimate,
in
(nitric acid),
OF
with
can
all
the
of
coating
before
the
hold
wood
strong
as
exposed
water,
about
of
the
work
is
put
wood
at
the
one
together.
It
unfrequently
not
lower
is
found
of
the
of
end
to
be
structure
occurs
entirely decayed,
are
the
that
perfectly
of
church-steeples,
while
sound.
other
In
parts
almost
THE
all such
admitted
its
to
piece of
the
to
of
one
work,
the
the
the
condition
solutions
saturated
effectually to
evaporation
good
also
all moisture
Another
mistake
prevent
will
retained,
the
the
and
suggestion
of
nature
to
than
exemplification
The
that
suppose
longer
the
of
proper
soned,
sea-
corrosive
mate,
subli-
and
sanded,
remember;
to
paint
is
be
coated
from
be
from
prevented
be
may
or
any
thoroughly
impenetration
in
the
soned:
sea-
as
so
without,
within
wood
will
piece.
is
to
work
use
will
large
small
this
it
outside
the
roughly
tho-
thoroughly
applying
that
rot
then
and
well
before
should
with
be.
be
from
wood
to
treated
painted
can
would
refrain
to
therefore,
ever
it
caution
for,
as
thus
be
in
diluted
with
it
as
preparation
be
and
permanently
Wood
sanded.
felled, afterwards
durable
namely,
the
be
described,
One
to
should
it
first
and
when
well
as
fect,
imper-
down
mortise,
is
framing
weather,
painted
is
being
following
which,
filled
has
37
TISIBER.
wood.
When
exposed
of
water,
end,
the
rotted
OF
part
some
cases,
has
post
PRESERVATION
We
light spokes
of
will
may
New-England
any
a
wheel
small
as
permit.
timbers
ones.
at
timbers
will
It
is
continue
see
an
house.
farmremain
38
THE
and
sound
to
cart
PRESEKVATION
If
timber
strain),
all
dictate,
since
finally, it
allowance
large
insure
should
be
part
so
exposed
surely
as
injure
of
Therefore,
the
ends
walls, also
all
surfaces
side
in
or
edge
mortises,
kept dry,
and
of
in
in
stick
one
""c.,
timbers
every
durability
The^llowing
are
of
a
proper
much
so
are
as
"
and
any
stick
will
part
built
where
another,
supplied
is
as
into
the
tenons
with
air,
properly protected.
way
OF
timber
few
in
unprotected
upon
be
DURABILITY
The
is
whole
contact,
should
"
it,
which
rests
that
because
qualities ;
the
destroy
or
of
And,
sound
the
injure
to
as
would
remembered,
Only
its
permanent
duration.
of
for.
used
dimensions
remain
retain
will
actually-protected
the
most
cared
well
for
longer
even
the
first
prudence
scrupulously
or
when
made
of
its
of
tongue
entirely decayed.'
that
certainly
not
and
done
increase
no
portion,
condition,
has
being
been
will
will
timber
the
sufficiently strong
is
has
piece
TIMBEB.
after
years
they belonged
(the requisite
the
for
Strong
which
OP
TIMBER.
is
aLnost
examples
for
incredible.
illustration.
for
vouched
being
and
others
The
of
the
wood
The
have
more
use
not
While
there
for
enclosed
to
digging
Park,
ton
believe
Paul,
and
now,
sound:
at
old
Rome,
after
and
and
planks
after
than
fiftyyears.
of
walls
in
Tunbridge
middle
the
of
had
which
been
roof
to
the
of
the
of
the
in
thousand
original
house
records
prior
out
discovered,
were
of
fi-amed
was
the
Lon-
and
ancient
there
The
more
years,
Place,
piles
bridge
timber
still.
Bridge
years.
which
placed
greater
Savoy
foundations
the
Windsor,
were
St.
still
for
London
hundred
old
an
durability of
The
even
of
timbers
rest
perfect preservation,
hundred
seven
the
hundred
timber-curb,
years,
decayed.
found,
was
of
chestnut
the
there
ing
hav-
condition.
seven
of
six
down
wall,
stone
of
for
taking
Some
than
state
inches
piers
and
after
hundred
ordinary
foundation
in
Castle, Kent,
sixteen
the
elm, beach,
been
having
Bondelet,
by Trajan,
materially
yet
the
found
while
its
in
Beneath
thick
in
under
don, oak,
Hamel,
petrified four
elm-piles
are
were
be
being
been
and
than
more
to
built
bridge
driven
found
were
Du
by Bufibn,
39
TIMBEB.
"
piles of
been
OF
PRESEBVATION
THE
the
Dit-
at
incline
year
us
1396.
is
ground
basilica
year
years,
cypress-wood
of
816;
it
is
doors
40
of
the
hundred
six
of
others
the
of
dome
its
Mark,
at
St
than
more
roof
of
of
fir,
fifty
years
The
enable
but
of
may
Many
good
old
arrises
while
decayed
to
in
America
white-pine
kept
the
which
is
and
properly
of
The
as
freestone,
badly
in
in
is
the
less
still
when
as
same
than
why
in
have
Europe.
were
neighborhoods,
years.
which,
been
hundred
sound,
they
fifty
timber
exist,
than
not
antiquity;
as
painted,
wood
good
like
here
more
does
exist
cornices
storms
years.
are
appears
durable
as
been
to
fifty
The
hundred
of
examples
to
reason
be
not
having
though
old.
settlement
country's
our
refer
to
us
no
good,
ago.
age
timber-
years
four
than
more
by
decay
or
Paris,
at
more
The
still
fifty
and
Convent
executed
was
rot
odor.
is
use
replaced
from
Venice,
Jacobin
the
when
original
hundred
eight
in
being
free
perfectly
retaining
TIMBER.
were,
years,
brass,
wood
after
building,
same
than
OF
PBESEBYATION
THE
posed
ex-
and
and
the
made;
has
42
STRENGTH
obtained
passed
TIMBER.
that
and, provided
be
OF
with
safetj
are
sufficient
approximations
limits
which
pointed
out,
the
be
direct
to
not
can-
these
their
tice/'
prac-
"
Mr.
Peter
Nicholson
have
authors
follows
as
On
"
of
able
I
"
assisted
have
have
Experiments
until
day,
late
of
science
and
remains
of
piece
accuracy
"
fact, however,
timber
may
for
Tredgold*8
all
"
be
Elementary
general
my^endeain
versed
timber
to
have,
reform
the
has
been
rash, experiments
than
that
more
the
with
of
of
strength
any
sufficient
In
purposes.
Principles
It
written.
been
determined
practical
of
well
little
have
which
metical
arith-
an
and
of
Probably
perhaps
works
the
all
by
strength
carpentry.
by bold,
done
the
but
been
unsuccessful.''
been
tended
to
all
gentlemen
hitherto
on
have
should
that
lament
some
Carpenter's
'
tional
propor-
gave
my
certain,
several
by
mathematics,
to
scantlings
consequences
application.
that
hopes
theory of
the
of
rule
dors,
in
in
remarks
the
"
which
on
quent
subse-
libitum)
subject,
calculations
was
reduce
to
subtile
works
whose
ad
timber,
and
observations
Guide,'
borrowed
that
strength
(from
the
Carpentry,"
ex-
art
68,
p. 29.
**
Carpenter
and
Joiner's
Assistant,"
pp.
vL
and
vii. (Preface).
OF
STRENGTH
amples
of
framing
dimensions
for
experience
has
all
comprise
of
the
rules
These
for
this
work,
wood,
Hampshire,
or
as
the
as
may
just
Maine.
average
experiments
be
have
considered
principles
the
prepared
been
made
pressly
ex-
the
founded
on
are
on
specimens
The
the
New
reliable.
as
lected
se-
were
kinds
respective
carefully
were
and
dry
Massachusetts,
either
of
the
to
use,
common
exhibiting
and
in
grown
regard
tables
in
experiments
many
sound
given,
But,
need.
can'
in
kinds
tables
of
results
tables
be
examples
these
informed
fully
as
carpenter
various
will
involved.
and,
be
may
given
are
and
such
work,
this
timbers
approved
that
he
strength
and
several
any
that
in
published
the
43
TIMBER.
made,
the
44
TIMBER-STRAINS.
Timber
strain
Ist,
subjected
three
to
kinds
of
"
When
force
the
direction
the
be
may
of
tends
its
length:
force
tends
to
pull
the
this
is
called
piece
in
tensile
strain,
When
2d,
of
its
the
depth,
known
Sdy
of
its
as
When
or
to
of
in
following
an
inch-square
common
use
fibres
is called
tion
direc-
the
this
is
monly
com-
of
rod
or,
in
the
compressive
direction
strain.
STRAIN.
exhibits
table
it in
compress
TENSILE
The
it in
cross-strain,
what
or
the
across
it tends
length,
bend
to
each
other
the
of
the
words,
tensile
kinds
the
strength
of
power
wood
each
45
TIMBER-STRAINS.
will
resist
asunder
when
in
the
Kind
of
Black
applied
so
direction
of
tend
to
as
its
length
Wood.
in
8,300
Pine
White
12,000
Oak
13,200
Hemlock
9,100
Chestnut
10,500
PROBLEM
TO
Poonds.
10,260
Pine
Carolina
it
tear
"
Weight
Spruce
White
to
DETERMINE
THE
I.
OF
STRENGTH
TENSILE
RECTANGULAR
TIMBER.
Rule.
inches
by
weight
set
"
will
Depth,
of
the
wood
in
the
product
the
force
will
be
by
table.
in
in
the
The
pounds
required
inches
spruce,
the
thick
to
pull
and
10
The
70
10
horizontal
distance
side, from
the
is
the
top of
commonly
top
to
lbs.
718,200
Ans,
across
position,
Breaking-power.
10,260
70
the
and
piece
deepP
Thickness,
of
be
force
What
tie-beam
inches
"
of
the
of
resist
Example.
asunder
inches,
kind
obtained
so
will
piece
in
the
against
product
depth
its
thickness
the
Multiply
"
the
the
called
under
beam,
its
part,
when
Ihichness
its
dqrth.
it is
;
and
in
that
46
STRAINS.
TIMBER-
PROBLEM
DETERMINE
TO
Rule.
the
PIECE
OF
TDCBKR
SIDE
ONE
STRAIN,
GIVEN
the
force
table
be
to
the
be
by
be
must
thick,
in
the
of
ONLY
kind
of
divide
and
The
quotient
required.
side
of
depth
the
resist
to
inches,
product.
this
inches,
in
inches
side
given
the
against
set
sum
the
resisted
What
"
pine,
by
dimension,
Example.
white
the
Multiply
"
in
will
RESIST
OF
GIVEN.
BEING
wood
DIMENSIONS
THE
WILL
THAT
U.
beam
of
stram
of
232,400
pounds?
8,300
4
Breaking-weight
33,200)
Thickness.
of
Ans.
following
various
named
Kind
of
English
kinds
Beech
"
Ash
"
Elm
"
inches.
table
of
exhibits
wood,
as
the
given
by
tensile
by
the
inches.
strength
authors
"
SciSi""I?ditV
wood.
Oak
......
"
(7
232,400
33,200
The
232,400
"
ExperimenWlst.
19,800
Bevan.
17,300
Muschenbrock.
22,000
Bevan.
17,300
Muschenbrock.
16,700
Bevan.
12,000
Muschenbrock.
14,400
Bevan.
13,489
Muschenbrock.
47
TIMBER-STRAINS.
16,000
Bevan.
20,582
MuscbenbrocL
Locust
"
7,800
Bevan.
8,130
Muschenbrock.
7,200
Bevan.
6,641
Muschenbrock.
Pitch-Pine
7,818
MuscbenbrocL
Larch
8,900
Bevan.
Teak
8,200
Bevan.
Walnut
"
Poplar
"
Mahogany
21,800
Bevan.
Lancewood
23,400
Bevan.
The
following
of
strength
that
2d,
position
of
the
one
sition,
length
must,
be
of
than
more
the
by
periment
ex-
as
of
is
in
the
it
liable
quick
as
is
in
strength
the
level
supposed
;
short,
to
while
throughout
piece being
addition
of
it
perfect timber,
tensile
short
in
or
fourth
perfect timber,
strength
nearly
in
of
long
piece
is
to
subjected
be
not
properly supported,
tensile
place
established
should
break
would
and
piece
been
timber
strain
piece
equal
Sd,
one
of
piece
permanent
power
have
timber,
relation
in
"
1st, A
to
corollaries,
and,
to
to
whether
part
in
another.
in
vertical
po-
proportionate
stronger,
power
be
since
applied
to
to
its
long
the
48
TIMBER-STRAINS.
lower
sustain
end,
when
Athf
In
timber,
only
is
instance,
having
through
it, should
inches
struts,
and
or
the
across
then
but
5th,
with
its
are
about
pine,
and
as
right angles
length.
the
to
drag
fibres,
This
when
it
post
the
out,
and
the
but
of
ends
into
down,
inches,
and
at
will
it would
both
ends,
be
thereby
thereby
soft
is
power
pin
it
which
split
as
ones,
to
exerts
has
pinned
the
to
applied
applied
is
and
sixteenth
which
which
oak
as
the
when
as
through
tenon,
passing
the
cut
two
from
is that
power
of
wood
driven,
the
to
be
woods,
hemlock,
when
ten
one-tenth.
eighth,
strong,
by
deep.
hard
an
if
vertically,
and
stick.
measuring
supported
placed
tough
twentieth,
inches
cross-strength,
6th, The
spruce,
beam,
beam
rectangular
in
chestnut,
the
sured
mea-
entire
rod
and
be
eight
as
kind,
the
eight
diagonal
reduced,
thick
of
of
top
measure
the
measuring
half
thing
any
should
considered
be
wood
of
piece
any
inch-and-a-half
an
and
of
throughout
tie-beam
inches,
six
the
hence,
top.
strength
of
continued
the
near
the
much
so
and
weight;
own
part
calculating
as
For
will
breaks,
it
its
wood.
in,
at
their
on
been
tends
"
50
CROSS-STRAIN.
If
beam,
will
support,
four
feet
will
long
A
each
to
If
will
ends,
hundred
that
if
amount
centre,
of
points
will
support
distributed
A
will
end,
Experiments
made
to
of
progression
more
its
to
its
than
length.
length,
half
the
and
at
if
but
amount
it will
which
each
points
that
its
will
centre,
be
weight
fixed
in
the
to
in
when
dimen-
same
that
prove
the
geometrical
exact
actually
would
wall,
weight,
tend
decrease
if
therefore,
much
of
one
that
well
length.
end
as
the
the
entire
BufTon
not
the
equally
beam,
one
will
and
at
at
the
points,
its
by
does
beam
as
of
placed
named
fourth
the
strength
half
only
sustain
placed
pounds),
pounds
but
twice
side
will
pounds
over
having
beam,
applied
"
equally
eight
(or 3,200
feet).
of
centre
it
last
thousand
two
support
the
be
thousand
either
amount
those
be
the
at
weight
pounds
Again
(two
support
beams
equally well
from
pounds
from
half-way
and
length.*
support
between
that
hundred
sixteen
centre,
feet
support.
twice
support
one
long, supported
hundred
eight
half-way
"
its
at
four
each
pounds,
hundred
two
their
as
feet
it will
pounds,
points,
of
inversely
support,
long,
sixteen
beam,
but
feet
two
hundred
five
support
third
other
and
square
its centre,
at
fifljpounds.
are
inch
an
bear
break
thing
some-
one
of
6l
CROSS-STRAIN.
the
is
both
with
sions
placed
weight
which
sustain
the
to
Should
of
with
wall,
the
least
and
most;
beam,
the
actual
basis,
of
the
third
if
it
the
level
or
at
of
wall,
the
the
inclined,
end
should
beam
would
tain
sus-
the
strength
of
it
placed
the
between
of
inclined
an
of
the
be
taken
beam,
as
if, instead
beam,
in
at
""as the
length,
which
were
right angles
mean
strength
the
angle
downwards,
a
one
"
same
upwards
inclined
the
in
end
one
at
one,
from
the
at
one
horizontal
with
give
being
that
calculating
length
will
break
will
it
unsupported,
inclined
that
"
distance
right angles
left
end
weight
In
of
length
would
fixed
upwards,
the
two.
weight
supported,
that
be
oth^r
and
the
the
entire
end
one
amount
inclined
downwards,
the
over
beams
the
them
When
and
middle.
three
and
wall,
supported,
manner
middle.
only
the
twice
applied
the
at
has
like
in
distributed
equally
beam
the
ends
horizontal
position.
From
by
the
aid
the
data,
foregoing
the
of
tables
strength
and
of
it
rules,
inclined
will
it is
as
be
seen,
to
easy
well
that,
mine
deter-
tal
horizon-
as
timbers.
The
of
each
following
of
the
table
several
exhibits
kinds
the
of
wood
cross-strength
;
the
pieces
52
CROSS-STRAIN.
dry,
being
inch
an
of
points
the
between
support
5d0
648
Pine
White
684
Pine
Carolina
738
Oak
White
in lbs.
Bnakiog^weight
Spruce
Black
Hemlock
426
Chestnut
595
m.
PROBLEM
CROS"-STRENOTH
THE
DETERMINE
long
"
Wood.
TO
inches
twelve
and
square,
OF
STICK
OF
TIMBER.
Rule.
inches
by
the
MvUiply
"
the
of
square
the
the
prodttct
by
the
quotient
multiply
the
against
kind
breaking-weight
in
Example.
What
"
long,
inches
of
thickness
its
length
the
of
the
and
weight
thick, and
Depth.
64
6
the
the
in
stick
and
in
divide
With
feet.
that' is set
table
will
product
be
will
inches
spruce-beam,
deep,
sustain
18
Breaking-wdght.
18)384(21.3
590
36
21.3
Square.
24
177.0
Thickness.
18
590
1180
384
the
pounds.
Length.
8
inches,
piece
in
sum
wood
in
depth
the
of
60
54
12,567.0
lbs.
feet
53
CROSS-STRAIN.
PROBLEM
TO
THB
DETBBMCTE
SUSTAIlf
WILL
DEPTH
WEIGHT,
the
weight
"
the
divide
product
the
The
of
of
the
length
by
the
stick
chestnut,
sustain
19
27,251
TIMBER
THB
THICKNESS
he
sustained
feet
in
the
of
thickness
depth
"
of
OF
THAT
AND
the
the
table.
the
tiply
Mul-
stick
in
feet,
of
the
stick
in
be
the
quotient
long
and
will
3
be
inches
required
thick,
pounds?
290.066
Ans.
by
wiU
and
inches.
in
What
IlXAMPLE.
wood
of
square^oot
the
to
kind
by
quotient
inches.
depth
the
against
set
sum
STICK
GIVEN.
Divide
Rule.
OF
GIVElf
BEING
LENGTH
IV.
5^^Q
inches
nearly,
to
that
it
stidL
may
54
CROSS-STRAIN.
V.
PROBLEM
TO
DETERMINE
WILL
THAT
Rule.
the
Divide
GIVEN
weight
against the
kind
the
quotientby
the
the
STICK
OF
TIMBER
THE
WEIGHT,
LENGTH
GIVEN.
BEING
"
OF
set
divide
The
THICKNESS
SUSTAIN
DEPTH
AND
sum
THE
product by
quotient wiU
of
wood
in
the square
the
of
sustained
the
the
length of
be
he
to
table.
thickness
the
ply
Multi-
in
feet,and
depth
in inches.
stick
the
by
the
of
beam
in
inches.
Example.
"
hemlock-beam,
may
sustain
should
What
feet
21
long
the
be
and
12
thickness
inches
144
Ans.
therein
6^1^
followingtable
of various
inches
exhibits
of wood
kinds
named
deep,that
it
12
The
of
as
Depth.
Square.
nearly.
the
breaking-weight
given by
the
authors
"
_.J^
55
CROSS-STRAIN.
Experiments
on
the
J
KIND
Woods.
.a
WOOD.
OF
of
Strength
"3
4
Oi
old
Oak,
tree
Oak,
young
ship-timber
English
old
from
187
482
2.5
1.6
264
1.38
218
Tredgold.
""
tree
....
"
quality
medium
2.5
284
2.5
219
Ebbels.
"
Oak
Green
Riga
from
Oak,
11.75
Oak
Qreen
1.25
8.5
a.2
357
25812
Tredgold.
Buffon.
Ebbels.
2.5
Alder
2.5
212
Plane-tree
2.5
243
2.5
214
2.5
2.5
2.5
324
25
2.38
314
25
i.16
2.5
192
2.5
249
25
170
2.5
255
2.5
195
2.5
2.5
1.6
228
Tredgold.
Teak
4.0
820
Barlow.
WiUow
2.5
8.0
BIreh
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2
7
quality
medium
Beech,
Sycamore
Chestnut
Qreen
from
Ash,
tree
young
Elm
Witch-Elm
Qfeen
180
Tredgold.
Ash
Common
271
Ebbels.
....
Acacia
"
Sp.
seasoned
Bfahogany,
Hond.
"
"
Walnut
Green
Poplar
Lombardy
Abele
Tredgold.
"
Ebbels.
131
....
Poplar
146
Tredgold.
207
Ebbels.
2.75
165
Tredgold.
1.3
212
115
218
1.125
896
55
360
Barlow.
2.5
1.76
283
Tredgold.
2.5
157
Ebbels.
0S37
343
Tredgold.
1.312
285
2.5
186
Ebbels.
1125
829
Tredgold.
2.5
3.0
253
2.5
2.5
Fir
4530
Pine
8780
TellowPine
2756
Cowrie
4110
POODA
8990
of
Cedar
dry
Libanus,
Fir
Riga
Fir
Memel
Fir,
Norway
fr.
Sd.
Long
Fir
Blar-Forest
Scotch
Fir,
""
Engl,
growth
Christiania
white
Deal
.
American
white
Spruce
.
Spruce-flr,
American
Luch,
British
Pine,
choice
g^wth
Weymouth
specimen
.
quality
medium
"
very
Riga
Red
young
223
wood
1.76
129
Fincham.
""
56
CROSS-STRAIN.
It
of-
has.
the
decided
been
with
will
be
weaker
timber
to
is
its
Bj
that
that
stronger
all
solidity.
examples
of
as
of
of
'of
those
it
is
is
old
mean
heavier,
not
creasing
in-
producing
ultimately
wood
deflection,
cause
examination
an
discovered
than
in
and
time,
set
permanent
it
will
breaking-weight
fifUi
that
experiment,
by
exactly
table,
the
is
trees
much
also
age
that
though
the
proportionate
crease
in-
58
COMPRESSION.
and
specimens,
in
situations
would
variable
so
for
size
exact
reliable
give
to
as
all
if
confuse,
only
in
different
geometrically
so
none
the
ascertaining
is
timber
length
its
to
for
of
strength
sive
tionate
proporrules
data,
and
purposes
the
deceive,
not
mechanic.
The
of
power
great,
that
from
the
serious
no
of
use
collar-beams,
when
in
and
the
is, that
bear
tensile
in
rule
only
the
the
that
strain
its
compression),
of
pieces
will
as
purlins;
of
make
value
work
should
subjected
to
any
those
to
will
as
and
considered
be
for
timber
(these being,
"c.
tie-beams
may
proportion
cross
whatever
of
state
compressed
a
or
with
agree
such
of
dimensions
such
so
apprehended
be
need
danger
is
compression
to
truss-raflers, struts,
use,
generally
resistance
the
whole
truss,
uniform
design, comparatively
in
pearance
ap-
throughout
The
designed
was
timber
when
The
timber.
It
reliable
grown
in
susceptible
aid
in
determining
compressed
length.
as
to
calculations
is
for
presumed,
timber
England,
of
in
since
mathematical
the
the
strength
in
of
direction
however,
in
Tredgold,
made
were
grown
Mr.
by
for
they
America
neither
is
demonstration.
its
foreign
quite
are
as
of
for
their
that
truth
59
COMPRESSION.
Kind
Wood.
of
ProportioniU
Oak
English
0015
Beech
.00195
.
Alder
0023
Green
Chestnut
00267
Ash
00168
Elm
00184
Locust
00152
Fir
Riga
00152
MemelFir
00133
.-
Spruce
Norway
White
00142
Pine
00157
Larch
0019
PROBLEM
TO
DETEBMUVB
THE
Rule.
amount
then
product
If
the
will
may
be
be
be
wUl
column
diameter,
too
the
weight
the
feet
the
small
determined
kind
in
in
by
wood
of
the
the
Problem
in
1.7
times
the
table
product
by
the
square-root
of
the
the
of
than
case,
by
pounds
ascertained
which
THAT
WEIGHT.
shorter
be
and
COLUMN
ROUND
of
diameter
dimensions
the
GIVEN
squarerroot
^n
height
or
against
the
multiply
length
last
set
OF
SUPPORT
MtHtiply
"
VI.
DIAMETER
WILL
the
Strength.
the
VIIL
post
in
ten
times
by
true
inches.
this
its
rule
diameter
60
COMPBESSION.
PROBLEM
DETERMUfB
TO
SIZE
THE
product
the
in
the
of
square
thickness
the
post
Vni.,
According
wood
being
the
to
to
resist
grain)
in
feet,
the
by
kind
the
the
by
this
and
wood
of
breadth
quotient
is
Kind
wiU
in
be
by
the
high,
Problem
CRUSHING.
experiments,
crushing
(a
Wood.
cube
applied
power
the
inch
an
to
the
"
ReelBtaaee.
1284
Elm
Pine
American
White
diameters
determined
TO
follows:
as
of
ten
Rennie's
the
and
used,
than
be
BESISTANCE
of
the
pounds
directed
before
as
post
product
is less
will
dimensions
the
in
against
of
THAT
WEIGHT.
weight
the
POST
inches.
in
case
the
cub"root
the
GIVEN
set
Divide
and
of
number
table.
inches,
In
length
the
by
the
Multiply
"
RECTANGULAR
OF
BUPPOET
WILL
Rule.
Vn.
Deal
EngUshOak
1606
1928
3860
power
square
end
of
61
COMPRESSION.
Vni.
PROBLEM
LOAD
THE
DETERMINE
TO
FOST
THAN
LESS
OF
HEIGHT
IN
DIAMETER
ITS
TIMES
ANT
TEN
SUPPORT
WILL
OUT
WITH-
CRUSHING.
RuLK
Multiply
"
the
wood.
of
Only
or
as
from
hard
^Ye
hundred
to
resists
to
where
the
bolts
further
be
may
have
truss, rafter,
wood
push
is
will
off
from
the
square-inch.
thrust
is
straps
suggestions
wood
one
of
should
are
more
be
uncalled
and
six
As
dependent
alone
the
resist
chestntit,
the
lateral
that
and
for
than
to
soft
force
the
nine
piece
no
on
the
support,
ordinary
employed,
for.
wood.
the
the
pounds,
be
stands
it
called
proved
it
between
hundred
of
or
this
would
carpentry
adhesion
or
pine, "c.,
oak
as
safety.
which
on
slide,
to
seven
pounds,
good
moment,
which
the
on
tie-beam
spruce,
woods,
simple
being
kind,
Experiments
woods,
greatest
wood
which
to
by the foot of
exerted
the
adhesion.
with
bear
the
by
kind
the
of
is
product
inches
in
post
noticed.
of
quality
the
square4nch
strains
be
end
The
and
wiU
the
tendency
but,
post
the
thing of
the
of
the
need
the
of
of
is that
any
and
fourth
other
two
subjected
One
crush
load
permanent
of
area
mil
that
weight
the
rules
62
COMPRESSION.
The
made
is
fibres
of
(See
corollary
on
from
oak
hundred
in
6,
48.)
show
pounds
from
to
the
six
of
this
square-inch,
hundred
spruce
pounds.
"
their
to
and
and
the
length.
made
resistance
fifty
been
asunder
Experiments
and
hundred
has
tear
direction
the
page
chestnut
nineteen
to
power
wood
the
reference
which
to
tends
the
where
and
hundred
and
strain
other
fifty
be
to
twenty-six
white
to
pine
twelve
GEOMETRY
AND
SQUAEE-ROOT.
66
GEOMETRY.
PLATE
Fig.
at
1.
To
"
From
the
another
to
2.
its
above
AB.
be
3.
this
line
point
tersecting
in-
arcs
draw
to
to
another
required.
perpendicular
AB,
from
as
the
the
the
of
extremity
C,
the
the
and
Ime
From
describe
where
point
draw
line.
centre,
centre
arc,
the
the
the
which
DB,
arc
the
cuts
arc
from
any
pomt
be
will
"
To
draw
equilateral
an
triangle
to
any
base.
AB
the
represent
the
B, with
C, draw
lines
the
From
the
triangle required.
Fig.
4.
AB
"
To
describe
centres,
of
the
intersection,
the
arcs
set
and
CB,
of
given
side.
From
AD
and
off
EC
points
cutting
arcs
CA
the
square
construct
represent
From
base.
describe
AB
radius
C.
point
the
describe
the
required.
Fig.
Let
AC
From
line
the
AD
cuts
line
Let
will
Through
AD
given
D.
line
the
Draw
where
at
draw
represent
DBA.
line
radius
from
extremity.
Let
point
To
"
C, equally distant
the
other
which
line DB,
Fig.
with
B,
each
the
perpendicular
and
points
given point
at
line
given point.
the
draw
and
BC.
ED
each
and
other
which
at
produce
mensions.
di-
given
any
and
From
equal
B,
E,
to
as
the
EF,
GEOMETRY
Pi.
c
.A.
Fig.2
Hgl.
FiiC.3.
r^
I
-B
A;
rD
A"::
yr-'
--I)
\
"""".
.B
...N
/
Fig. 5.
Fig.6.
: IE
Fi^.4.
JB
B
"...*
Tig.
r"
7.
JM^
"B
-"
^i)
n
"
"
iD
y.
"^-""~-
-y
y.
^/
'/
H^.IO.
Bi
|A
""Titii
rT,.
t"
r-.-,-'-.- ''.1.,
'
67
GEOMETRY.
which
points
are
one-half
the
figure
Fig.
5.
AD
describe
CD.
describe
of
radius
draw
To
6.
within
given
the
Apply
figure
or
the
diagonals
the
points ADBC,
From
and
From
octagon.
the
on
square.
*^
^
is formed.
octagon
i,
of
points
the
exhibits
when
of
AB
is
arc
is
side
and
points AC,
the
of
the
also
for
and
dC
line
the
'
the
for finding
given;
base,
the
the
On
CB.
and
AC
lines
from
line
the
and
the
around
times
of
centre
describing
ment
seg-
height.
represent
the
method
given
AB
six
equilateral triangle.
an
an
circle
the
line
of
of
at
as
side
Fig.
triangle
or
circle,
Draw
hexagon.
hexagon
regular
radius
circumference,
Let
the
draw
AE,
diagonals,
"
circle
of
then
the
cutting
octagon^
Fig.
the
the
dimension.
given
diameter
the
intersection, draw
is
regular
the
With
arcs
from
draw
then
EA;
figure ADBC;
the
and
AB
sides,
represent
this, draw
line
CABD.
To
"
of eight equal
Let
the
the
duce
Pro-
height
A
points
and
B, with
,
radius
of
and
gh.
ef
the
section,
or
8.
figure
Draw
other.
"
and
which
To
will
inscribe
of five equal
two
Divide
lines, AB
the
and
mn
radius
be
the
in
the
with
the
points
cutting
arcs
scribe
de-
radius,
same
the
no,
each
of
inter.
other
at
,
required.
centre
circle
describe
AC
line
Through
Id,
lines
the
the
point C,
the
ij
arcs
the point
Fig.
On
draw
half
than
more
regular pentagon,
sides.
and
A"
CD,
into
perpendicular
equal
parts,
to
as
each
at
a.
68
GEOMETRY.
On
Cc
as
then,
the
to
and
be
of
figure
Fig.
This
9.
be
timber
of
in
the. stick
divide
which,
which
BC;
points
the
of
Fig.
To
10.
AB
AC
divide
and
CD
each
two
into
Then,
from
the
shown
in
figure
will
them,
be
the
and
track
we
have
stickf
fg
of
five
the
mining
deter-
of
rectangular
greatest
which
shaU
weight
when
of
determine
of
the
erect
log)
into
diculars
perpenat
the
points
AD,
elliptic
arch
by
being
given.
the
give
stick.
height
and
AC
the
height
of
equal
parts
number
parts,
same
number
the
as
at
of
E.
points
Trace
curve.
figure
where
AEB.
secting
inter-
vide
Di;
Divide
parts
described,
points
the
To
stick,
or
circumference
with
equal
the
log
the
and
the
base,
and
of
diameter
cut
any
the
BD.
the
round
an
the
into
into
of
points
and
base
BD
lines
method
therefrom.
together
represent
and
D"
the
describe
the
or
the
form
(the
"
lines,
Let
AD
required
the
decagon,
each
outline
cut
produced,
which,
comers
be
On
parts.
scribe
de-
completed.
the
the
to
line
the
equal
three
Be
intersection
A
with
arc
position.
represents
ABDC
and
is
supporting
horizontal
circle
The
from
cut
of
capable
lying
thus
and
dimensions
of
by drawing
exhibits
figure
"
the
stick
described
the
radius
the
pentagon.
figure required
till the
sides
the
describe
point
the
proceeding
then
and
of
is
sides,
with
"om
and
aC
radius
centre,
side
ten
gCt
as
cd,
arc
will
on
the
with
centre,
as
AC
then
CE
and
draw
lines
these
intersect
line
as
through
69
GEOMETET.
.
DEFINITIONS.
The
its
diameter
and
centre,
rence,
fig.
An
the
as
AB,
from
drawn
half
the
the
diameter
as
is
fig.
quadrant
half
is
as
drcumfe-
the
joining
extremities
the
of
an
of
bounded
circle
by
an
arc
6.
is
line
part
any
semicircle
sector
of
portion
any
7.
fig.
segment
radii
drcumfe-
2.
right
ABC,
as
through
the
by
line
right
being
is
fig.
is
chord
circle
DB,
as
is
circle
circumference,
of
ference;
arc
drawn
8.
arc
end
each
at
line
right
8.
of
the
to
C6,
fig.
radius
centre
is
circle
a
terminated
AB,
as
The
of
of
part
any
fig.
pns,
is
circle
;
circle
a
as
ACB,
fig.
by
bounded
8.
an
arc
and
7.
quarter
of
circle
a
as
A"D,
fig.
8.
70
GEOMETRY.
PROBLEM
TO
FIND
ABEA
THE
SQUARE,
BE
Rule.
height,
OF
and
RECTANGLE,
the
PARALLELOGRAM,
the
Multiply
"
I.
RHOMBUS,
length
wiU
product
the
be
FIND
Rule.
height,
half
and
AREA
the
the
OF
AREA
THE
FIND
base
product
OF
side
each
the
of
the
be
will
product
SIDES
TWO
TO
GIVEN,
Case
When
of
THREE
the
Multiply
three
SIDES
the
tract
sub-
half-sum
and
the
required.
area
sides
together,
the
and
square-root
IV.
FIND
sides
two
"
area.
GIVEN.
TRIANGLE
RIGHT-ANGLED
OF
the
WHOSE
PROBLEM
ANT
perpendicular
the
be
wUl
TRIANGLE
severally.
remainders
three
TRIANGLE.
by
half-sum
the
From
"
perpendicular
in.
ARE
Rule.
BOID.
RHOM-
area.
PROBLEM
TO
IT
n.
THE
Multiply
"
OR
the
by
PROBLEM
TO
WHETHER
SIDE.
THIRD
given,
are
BEING
to
find
the
hy-
pothenuse.
Rule.
the
"
Add
square^oot
the
of
squares
the
sum
of
will
the two
be
the
legs together,
hypothenuse.
and
72
GEOMETRY.
As
of
the
foregoing
it
decimals,
is
table
extends
for
enough
exact
^ve
to
places
all
practical
purposes.
PROBLEM
DIAMETER
TH^
OF
Vn.
CIRCLE
BEING
TO
GIVEN,
FIND
THE
CIRCUMFERENCE.
Rule.
product
the
the
of
diameter
will
diameter
diameter
circumference
is
by
quotient
the
the
methods
these
of
the
multiply
part
be
will
by
Or
seventh
the
Multiply
"
be
by
the
to
sufficiently
the
divide
rence.
circumfe-
and
3,
product
obtained
as
and
22,
add
the
before.
for
correct
sum
Either
common
purposes.
Vm.
PROBLEM
CIRCUMFERENCE
THE
OF
THE
Rule.
the
product
by
22
the
BEING
AND
CHORD
quotient
Rule.
of
square
the
dins
height
of
To
"
the
the
of
OF
the
square
height^
the
circle
RADIUS
THE
segment
when
FIND
the
be
will
and
divide
diameter.
IX.
HEIGHT
FIND
by 7,
circumference
PROBLEM
THE
TO
GIVEN,
DIAMETER.
the
Multiply
"
CIRCLE
and
OF
THE
of
the
divide
:
BEING
SEGMENT
the
it is less
TO
CIRCLE.
add
half-chord
the
quotient
than
GIVEN,
sum
will
by
be
the
semicircle.
the
twice
ror
73
GEOMETRY.
PROBLEM
TO
FIND
ABEA
THE
OF
X.
THE
CIRCLE,
DIAMETER
BEING
GIVEN.
HuLE.
the
Multiply
"
and
diameter,
half
the
the
prodtuit
circumference
will
PROBLEM
TO
FIND
HuLE.
by
half
THE
the
length
will
product
be
OF
the
the
SECTOR
radiiis,
the
of
FIND
THE
AREA
CHORD
HuLE.
divided
by
twice
he
will
sum
SEGMENT
THE
of
length
the
nearly
the
FIND
AREA
THE
CONJUGATE,
OF
OR
of
CIRCLE,
BEING
the
the
of
of
cube
THE
GIVEN.
prodtuit
the
add
height^
the
ARC
segment
the
;
base,
height
the
and
area.
XHL
PROBLEM
TO
the
and
sector;
OF
THE
OF
two-thirds
the
by
multiplied
the
diameter^
Xn.
HEIGHT
To
"
the
half
or
CIRCLE.
area.
OF
AND
area.
OF
of
arc
PROBLEM
TO
the
XI.
AREA
Multiply
"
be
half
by
AN
ELLIPSIS,
AND
LONG
THE
TRANSVERSE
AND
BEING
DIAMETERS
SHORT,
GIVEN.
Rule.
gate, and
area.
"
Multiply
the
product
the
axis
transverse
multiplied
by
.7854
by
the
will
conjube
the
GEOMETRT.
PROBLEM
TO
Rule.
the
OF
area
and
height;
perpendicular
the
ABEA
THE
FIND
Multiply
"
XIV.
PRISM.
of
the
the
produ^ct
base,
end, by
or
will
the
be
solidity.
PROBLEM
Rule.
perpendicular
will
be
the
Multiply
"
the
SOLIDITY
THB
FIND
TO
the
XV.
area
of
the
and
height;
FIND
base,
third
of
end, by
or
the
product
solidity.
PROBLEM
TO
PYRAMID.
OF
XVI.
SOLIDITY
THE
OF
FRUSTUM
THB
OF
SQUARE
PYRAMID.
Rule.
ends
add
the
multiplied
the
by
rectangle
the
To
"
sum
the
their
of
height,
of
sides
That
squares.
third
of
the
of
sum
product
the
two
being
will
be
solidity.
PROBLEM
TO
Rule.
and
the
the
FIND
"
THE
SOLIDITY
Multiply
product
XVn.
will
OF
the
be
cube
the
of
SPHERE,
the
solidity.
OR
diameter
GLOBE.
by .5236,
75
GEOMETI.Y.
PROBLEMx
THE
FIND
TO
KuLE.
the
To
height
wiU
thre^
base
the
product
FIND
HuLE.
the
SUFERFICE
OF
AND
the
Multiply
"
will
product
be
FIND
CIRCUMFERENCE
Rule.
the
sidcy and
FIND
half
the
CONE,
THE
SLANT
product
SIDE
tuUl
Rule.
ihe
slant
"
and
the
by
length,
RIGHT
CONE,
the
THE
GIVEN.
by
the
slant
area.
XXI.
OF
OF
THE
BOTH
FRUSTUM
OF
AND
ENDS
THE
GIVEN.
Multiply
side,
GIVEN.
BEING
be
SUPERFICE
BEING
circumference
CIRCUMFERENCES
SIDE
CYLINDER,
BEING
OF
SLANT
the
CONVEX
THE
.5236
area.
PROBLEM
TO
by
the
XX.
AND
Multiply
"
RIGHT
circumference
SUPERFICE
CONVEX
THE
LENGTH
PROBLEM
TO
by
sum
XIX.
CIRCUMFERENCE
THE
and
CONVEX
THE
of
square
multiplied
PROBLEM
TO
that
meter
dia-
solidity.
the
give
the
add
Multiply
the
the
of half
square
segment
same.
GLOBE.
OF
SEGMENT
the
the
of
and
namedf
THE
times
the
of
height
OF
SOLIDITY
"
of
XVni.
the
half
sum
the
of
the
product
circumferences
will
be
the
area.
by
76
GEOMETRY.
'
PROBLEM
TO
FIin"
THE
XXn.
SUPERFICE
OF
CIRCUMFEBEMCE
Rule.
by
the
and
.3183,
BEIHG
the
Multiply
"
of
will
he
PROBLEM
TO
FIND
AND
ITS
SUPEBFICE
DIAMETER
THE
GLOBE,
HEIGHT
Rule.
To
the
the
add
of
square
.7854
by
OF
THE
FIND
of
twice
the
the
give
the
WHOSE
To
Rule.
the
product
Multiply
multiplied
OF
THE
diameter
SEGMENT
and
the
of
the
hose
tiplied
mul-
sum
superfice.
OF
of
thickness
the
by
sum
9.869
AN
ANNULUS,
DIAMETER
INNER
"
diameter.
O^
SEGMENT
XXIV.
AND
THICKNESS
THE
height^
SX7PERFICE
CONVEX
THE
superfice.
BASE
PROBLEM
TO
circumference
GIVEN.
square
will
the
the
OF
BEING
"
THE
XXm.
CONVEX
THE
GLOBE,
GIVEN.
sqimre
product
OB
SPHERE,
the
by
the
u"iU
be
OR
ARE
ring
add
thickness,
the
RING,
GIVEN.
the
and
superfice.
inner
the
77
SQUARE-ROOT.
As
required
rule
be
it
being
presumed
made
himself
workman
has
for
designed
Rule.
figures
the
figure
at
figure
towards
in
right
the
dovm
of
the
the
the
period
next
Zd, Double
the
the
left of
the
with
the
works
number
point
then
rules
especially
over
into
periods
the
over
first
other
every
and
named,
for
place
new
for
root
of
the
manner
square
the
to
of
it
the
at
of
this
remainder
root
bring
dividend,
found,
quotient already
dividend
the
after
the
and
a
contained
square^umber
greatest
Subtract
period
the
given number,
division.
in
intelligent
left*
left-hand period,
hand
given
and
hand,
the
from
the
by placing
Ascertain
quotient
at
each,
2d,
rigU
its
to
purpose.
1st, Separate
"
two
the
mory
me-
as
every
familiar
through
arithmetic
common
that
the
the
original information
give
is
timber,
refresh
to
more
numbers
of
strength
the
to
principles
of
square-root
below,
given
than
of
the
calculate
to
will
of
of
extraction
the
divisor.
and
place
Find
how
it
78
SQUARE-BOOT.
this
times
many
divisor
{omitting
in
figure
the
and
likewise
ply
the
as
the
the
and
before
directed
periods
exist, add
pointing
from
have
for
off
been
the
Example.
root
What
the
next
the
the
is the
square-root
and
rules
of
of
44)193
176
483)
1725
1449
27600
4865)
24325
Required
the
of
square-root
326041
25
107)
760
749
1141)
1141
1141
in
(243.5
59325
bring
326,041
(571
"
partial
the
root
until
operation
after
"
the
subtract
figure
period,
new
MuUi-
for
Should
employed.
a
same,
remainder
found
already
continue
as
the
of
divisor.
the
to
the
place
dividend,
new
find
so
the
of
and
quotient
these
figure
dend
divi-
new
and
quotient-figure,
last
ciphers
two
hand
dividend,
period
next
4th, Double
divisor,
the
the
in
figure),
second
right
by
the
the
as
the
on
from
the
right-hand
root
divisor
product
dovm
the
contained
is
all
remainder
so
continue
decimal
59,325
tions.
frac-
81
ON
STRAINS
OF
EQUILIBRIUM
TIMBER.
of
KNOWLEDGE
sustains
frame
importance
or
the
answer
frame
piece
will
will
acted
is
of
required
to
sufficient
upon
The
by
great
of
for, if ignorant
beforehand
designed.
of
part
one
others
be
possess
purpose
usually
are
the
determine
cannot
assemblage
of
carpenter
each
resist, he
the
by
the
to
that
relation
each
to
that
force
the
the
exert
whether
strength
to
of
timbers
direct, and
also
coniplex, forces.
POSITION.
strains
The
are
subjected
position
or
the
to
laws
and
will
the
always
their
diminish
of
which
timbers
be
particular
these
mechanical
strains
forces.
6
of
governed
inclination
in
accordance
structure
by
will
their
crease
inwith
82
STRAINS.
OF
EQUILIBRIUM
PLATE
n.
To
side
the
affix
passing
of
the
If
the
assume
rest;
and,
down
or
if
the
original position
when
when
It is
parts
and
paper,
scale
the
of
ih
the
scale,
the
the
AE
show
sides
of
to
the
the
of
in
E^i
to
which
weight
either
side
find
which
weight
draws
in
drawn
into
in
the
A, and
to
ihf measured
in
or,
by
weight
be
words,
other
respectively
Therefore,
direction
at
the
manner,
corresponds,
the
the
pounds
of
will
weights.
of
divided
be
same
alone,
be
pounds
the
C
weight
triangle
three
"t
then
EB,
measured
the
position
number
number
the
in
pounds
to
pulUng
portion
continued
be
parallel
line E^,
proportionate
to
line
at
part wiH
balanced,
the
remain
free.
the
line
the
of
will
each
in that
thus
are
presenting
would
of
three
portion
drawn
the
number
any
F,
be
and
weights
parts
weight
line
the
by
weights,
left
D.
and
disturbed
If
equilibrio.
in
are
strings, when
on
either
which
F,
will
tie
E,
point
whole
be
some
as
weights
the
arrangement
At
weight
itself, the
to
of
its
the
the
lifting up
recover
left
position, and
certain
the
string
D.
pulleys,
affix
of
sum
then
and
the
which
of
of
ends
weights, as
the
be
work
the
IL|
Plate
Fig. 1,
at
To
between
end
lighter than
be
B.
and
string
the
to
shown
as
attach
each,
over
another;
must
beam,
pulleys, A
two
point
of
to
tain
ascer-
have
we
of
that
but
ticular
par-
side.
As
rule
deduction
:
If
of
body
the
he
foregoing,
kept
at
rest
we
by
have
three
the
ing
follow-
forceSf
two
STRAINS
ON
TIMBER
FLU
"
Eig.5.
i-_j.j
Sionh.Kngh;
"
Tappan
EngT
EQUILIBRIUM
of
which
by
two
of
sides
Note.
of
strains
the
the
and
direction
which
to
contained
in
the
are
direction
side
will
represent
other
force.
immediate
frame
base
Plate
subjected,
be
with
the
11., as
which
on
consideration
may
familiar
Fig. 1,
by
the
the
to
himself
demonstrated
principles
and
third
of
timbers
make
83
STRAINS.
magnitude
the
proceeding
shoold
student
therein
triangle^
Before
"
in
represented
are
magnitude
ike
OF
mechanical
the
principles
the
rests
science
of
carpentry.
will
We
of
in
act
being
suspended
from
of
and
of
that
of
Ist, A
by
in
acts
a
pieces
equal
D, which
Fig. 2,
F
weight
HE
the
is
"
being
will
in
that
sustain
direction
exerted
in
Should
strain
on
the
deduce
we
appliedto
its
of
the
rection
di-
follows
the
Let
weight
measured
the
by
and
by HE,
oq
of
the
inclined,
strain
weight
each.
to
be
its
for
own
applied
as
the
at
following
of
end
"
timber
length.
inclination,
like
op,
sustained
somewhat
be
part
and
direction
the
as
Eo, represent
weight
power
or
proceed
we
as
HE
weight proportional
of
and
stead
in"
JE.
timber
of
EF,
data
post
another
3d,
the
above
force
2flf,If
line
the
represent
the
relieved
The
timber
to
Fig. 1,
at
is exerted
forces,
parallel to
sustained
always
the
equal
force
shown
as
JE.
which
that
these
op
will
From
E",
point E,
weights
and
in
point E,
the
and
HE
the
Ea.
Draw
scale,
and
JE,
portion
F.
Ea
to
determine
To
any
by
the
equal
E"
sustained
timbers
by
force
that
direction
the
supported
suppose
now
BC,
each
as
Fig. 3,
AC,
the
post
piece
will
will
be
port
sup-
inclination.
to
Fig. 4,
the
apex
it ^^
of
exert
two
an
84
tends
Fig. 3,
supposed
have
we
thrust,
direct
equivalent
the
being
ends
the
them
to
rest
lower
ends.
against
that, the
4,
In
movable
im-
an
strain
B
and
Fig.
abutments.
level
rest
to
as
slide
to
timber,
mclined
an
so
tendency
being
will
be
an
this, AB
represents
AB," Fig. 8,
as
the
exert
not
long
so
be
it will
walls,
the
on
therefore,
and
position,will
this
the
and
Figs.
tie-beam,
If
5thf
at
connecting
tie
the
to
apart
is obvious,
It
abutment
in
shown
as
timbers
the
spread
to
applied
weight,
4ih,
STRAINS.
OF
EQUILIBRIUM
have
no
in
it remains
as
thrust
slightest
at
cut
the
on
walls.
TO
THE
DETEBMIKE
in
Being
the
strain
which
to
the
of
parts
of
piece
tions,
deduc-
and
determine
to
any
TIMBER.
facts
foregoing
enabled
is
carpenter
the
of
possession
ON
EXERTED
STRAINS
the
exact
be
will
framing
subjected.
it be
Suppose
each
on
the
where
the
of
Each
one
part
of
five
Measure
it
line
of
the
the
line
hundred
the
contains,
line
be
the
Fig.
the
From
3.
draw
cb
five
hundred
the
line
vertical
exerted
strain
parallel
point
of
ab
any
AC.
to
pounds,
we
suming
As-
ceed
pro-
"
ab
equal parts,
ten
of
6,
to
determine
at
draw
from
weight
follows
the
to
shown
meet,
length
the
Let
pieces
pieces
convenient
as
required
represent
and
of
one
divisions
pounds
by
these
"
represents
"
this
will
scale
multiplied by five,
into
again
being
the
and
will
as
be
others.
ten
a
hundredth
weight
whole
five
represent
;
it into
Divide
weight.
last named
ah, which
cb
the
many
the
pounds.
parts
number
as
of
86
crane
subjected
are
timbers
various
the
While
the
crane
iully illustrates
in
will
time.
Instead
exert
for
substitute,
in
permit
and
exerted
on
framing.
simple
it
machine,
consideration
and
authors
most
has,
"vorite
of
CE
strut
for
as
may
Fig.
is
each
scale
5,
ported
sup-
of
the
the
spective
re-
representing
which
po,
strain
the
o",
same
we
ascertain
Fig. 2,
CE,
in
to
as
the
weight*
was
measuring
and
it
as
strain
Fig. 1,
The
Eo,
scale
of
strut
procedure
same.
JE
of
remain.
of
at
the
precisely
method
the
BE
EB,
to
strut
and
and
rope
AE
HE
AE
of
amount
and
tie
ropes
is the
is
and
beams
example
the
on
under
nature
both
rope
the
weight,
the
place
strains
strain
of
exceedingly
with
the
the
this
in
the
those
examples
point
on
of
substitutes
others,
an
illustrates
weight
and
is
with
illustration.
for
Fig.
most
become
consequence,
model
identical
are
of
every
STRAINS.
OF
EQUILIBRIUM
is
the
on
the
tie, or
rope.
Fig.
illustrates
manner,
on
Une
on
AB
measured
and
6c, that
be
If
the
be
the
of
will
be
the
ends
of
will
of
the
weight.
strain
the
give
bers
tim-
projecting
of
method
the
against
calculation
slide
may
but
be
there
cut,
against
wall,
as
at
Fig. 7,
and
there
will
is
so
an
angle
tendency
this
that
which
to
overcome.
is of
great value
rule, will
which
exert
it abuts.
to
"c.,
truss-raflers, struts,
the
forty-five degrees,
than
less
beam
discovery
with
wood
to
entirely
This
the
inclined
be
tendency
end
scale,
Should
CA.
on
downwards,
be
inclination
the
the
by
scale
the
represents
strain
the
determining
same.
beam
of
means
like
in
principle, and,
same
Ah
Ac,
inclined
be
would
the
timbers.
inclined
The
the
represents
no
the
carpenter,
formed
lateral
in
strain
since
ance
accordon
the
From
the
parallel
beam
f;
incUned
the
from
at
the
or
If
right angles
to
weight
the
on
The
the
or
to
be
exerted
instances,
most
interfering
other,
of
the
the
rules,
the
strain
however
centre
of
the
strains
and
and
more
at
times
exerted
complicated.
the
on
any
beam
AB.
however,
these,
of
the
on
piece
the
forces
Although,
less
each
each
may,
nature
and
specimen
is
part
who
one
in
complicated,
counteracting,
any
the
important
simpler
or
upon
and
dicular
perpen-
exerted
the
perseverance
detennine
the
cut
the
against
the
on
versa.
are
be
pressure
resolution
strain
exact
draw
all
vice
be
representing
and
the
ment
abut-
the
upon
scale
represent
therefore
strains
the
will
ag
calculating
and
calculation
curiosity
the
that
is
so
with,
still
In
it;
upon
to
exerted
the
to
frame.
is,
ag
beam,
remembered,
framing
the
comprehends
of
the
strain
foregoing
of
should
into
cib
tensile
timbers
of
named.
represent
relative
is
line
will
principles
it
the
be
thereto,
abutment,
parts
of
centre
presses
the
centre
the
beam
the
line
to
end.
and
the
divide
we
lower
which
of
draw
a,
ab
line
the
d, draw
at
draw
a,
then,
in
direction
beam
the
From
beam
at
at
AC.
to
at
of
centre
87
STRAINS.
OF
EQUILIBRIUM
has
by
cient
suffi-
following
quantity
of
ceptible
sus-
of
framing,
SOABFING,
TEUSSED
FLO
Bl
91
SCARFING.
frequently
It
single lengths
that
two
termed
or
when
in
equal
nicely
strength
of
surface
each
part
the
corresponding
all
may
have
resisted
by
Methods
we
the
may
attain
shall
in
end
and
resist
be
to
scarfed
the
this,
come
the
technically
it
is
of
other
force
the
entire
with
contact
piece
uniform
the
necessary
that
in
tained
at-
stick
single piece
the
carpenter
process
indentations,
direct
to
to
for
that
so
bearing,
and
should
that
be
another.
of
truly
imagination
of
part
made
be
none
the
together,
To
the
case,
principal
put
adjust
to
which
carpentry,
short
too
are
The
dimensions.
same
80
in
of
practice
timber
scarfing.
be
the
pieces by
more
is, that,
shall
of
required;
distance
unites
in
occurs
the
scarfing
say,
of
are
that
their
the
artist
mechanic*
various
design
than
and,
savors
the
of
more
sober
many,
of
rience
expe-
92
SCAKFING.
it is not
As
whole
the
of
demand
more
made,
it is
Beams
always
strain
the
is, when
the
beam
in
is
power
of
In
force
in
the
or
The
bolts
the
plate
scarf
as
of
to
seen
of
of
part^
by
passing
;
and
its
of
strain
that
the
strain
as
duced
pro-
is,
other
break
or
sag
the
of
be
should
attention
which
to
One
depth.
method
exert
tie-beam
which,
a.
piece of
neither
the
removal
of
materially
weaken
bolts
the
scarfing,
the
beam
are
held
to
is
the
most
the
nor
such
an
the
3.
be
amount
timber.
Care
so
into
of
as
wood
taken
be
to
the
other,
each
should
large
in
shown
as
sliding past
parts
keys
stick,
together
frequently put
are
Figs. 1, 2,
that
scarfing
through
oak-keys
prevent
at
of
two
scarfing.
to
to
are
than
more
as
tends
that,
utility.
length,
meet
subjected.
be
to
on
will
merely,
the
upon
power
selection
particular kind
liable
proved
indentation
to
beam's
the
consideration
paid,
have
of
applied
so
direction
the
as
these
expense
act
by truss-rafters
the
things,
of
exposed
which
direction
when
these
remarking
forms
the
at
seldom
are
of
given
complicated
when
kinds
be
illustrate
to
in
useful, presuming
most
reasonable
every
work
this
experiments
will
only
themselves
of
purpose
rauge
methods
such
in
the
require
as
will
94
SCARFING.
PLATE
Plate
exhibits
m.
Figs.
in
2,
and
4,
to
and
should
resist
this
is
also
oak
;
if
strength
either
to
is
practice
the
In
either
of
admit
example
and,
1,
Fig.
at
is
work
the
of
called
by
well
more
ters
carpen-
beam."
a
to
observe
particularly
being
are
well
of
planks
This
methods.
Figs.
depth.
its
to
strain
and
of
short
too
are
in
beam
direction
the
white
equal
the
resist
to
The
dry
adapted
ing.
scarf-
of
examples,
or
of
length
pieces
is
best
in
one
good
^fishing
It
specimens,
are
the
the
scarf
complicated
methods.
of
be
done,
of
5,
other
the
five
and
3,
direction
the
Figs.
of
1,
in.
capable
adapted
of
that
here,
to
sufficiently
resist
the
examples
a
resisting
cited
strain
longitudinal
a
vertical
one.
as
SCARFING
pi.ni
Tigl.
Kg.3.
r"-i-
a
a
+-ai"
;]
4"4-
T^JJA,
4-
T
I
u:
4-
X-
4"
" Tapj
Sc;rJi,K:ii.gi.'.
an
!" ngr'
95
FLOORS.
of
construction
The
which
does
demand
not
If
the
timber
quantity,
and
the
that
the
rules
as
to
support
at
floor
times
should
therefore
proved
should
be
practice,
in
to
will
floors
floor-joistsextending
from
four
feet;
the
which
from
fourteen
fifteen
case,
three
inches,
to
be
twenty
and
by
thirteen
they
inches
are
apart
is
of
for
plished
accom-
this,
ever,
how-
of
such
the
be
placed
timben
inches
and
is
should
often
kind,
eighteen
from
size
instance, may
It
usually
The
proper
strains,
of
in
valuable.
probably
timbered.
long
in
to
selected
great
constructing
all
himself
warehouse-floor,
heavily
be
avail
has
sufficient
effect
To
carpentry
tion.
considera-
size,
done,
desired.
subjected
be
scientific
proper
that
of
branch
well
weight
any
them.
upon
work
experience
a
of
be
be
can
is
much
carpenter
of
timbers
floors
to
the
to
use
twentyin
vary
to
five
placed
centres.
mensions
di-
by
from
A
96
FLOORS.
church
a
covered
floor,when
hall
or
with
is loaded
and
Timbers
not
more
from
three
by
than
ten
centres,
dimensions
twelve
feet apart,
generally
are
if the
used
foot.
square
bearings are
weight;
in
in
dred
hun-
placed sixteen
the
sustain
will
each
to
inches,
people
inches
these
and
buildings
of the
kind.
The
floors
be
nine
flfieen
:
purpose
two
eight inch,
The
from
which
below.
are
feet, two
by
ten
is
apt
to
break,
crack
the
lighter.
size
should
lengths being
frequently used
liabilityto
the
will
joists, and
to
be
may
by twelve
inch
principal objection
its
The
decreased.
much
to
dwelling-houses
materially longer,
joists are
If the
not
of
in
the
answer
two
even
by
cheap buildings.
light timber
but
from
from
plaster
arises,not
its vibration,
of
the
ceiling
FLOOR.^
Pl.IY
yig.1.
Tig.
2.
IW'-^
1
^2"
r.w."Mi-
-r-aai
Fig.3.
"^^
Jl
-kVJJM
gStM
"ER-Mr
"
m
vm
'Mj
'rr--".
Kiiight St TaYV"i'-J''i'f
98
BEAMS.
TRUSSED
It
frequently happens
support
a
wide
and
space,
In
such
beams
while
weight,
great
that
to
necessary
to
across
from
neath.
be-
truss
the
support
no
it is
cases,
extend
they
have
can
required
are
work.
V.
PLATE
Fig. 1,
by
the
pieces
use
of
of
two
the
inch
in
on
of
the
work
inch
of
the
beam
the
At
rod
is well
done,
bb
rod
the
example
and
the
the
iron
are
This
the
becomes
girder
of
the
bolt,
cuu
and
beam,
rod
longer
be
strong
subject
or
which
employed
the
the
work
shorter.
an
rests
but
to
as
thirty-fivefeet.
to
is
1, the
bent
sq
may
posed
com-
Fig.
plates,through
method
beam
are
at
rod
the
through
trussing
beams
points
twenty-five
contraction
the
trussed
apart,
pass.
is from
as
All
at
passes
span
and
variation
an
diameter,
ends
where
the
sag
In
of
method
rod.
pieces.
truss-rod.
the
the
iron
an
placed
are
take
V., exhibits
Plate
If
pansion
ex-
to
-^-H
...1L
tij
TRUSSED
Figs.
iron
keys
should
and
screw
nut
like
also
inches
whole
bolted
strong
beam,
with
the
and
should
is
to
together
the
made
let
and
with
abutments
into
wood,
the
of
be
be
truss-work
in
bolt
between
an
thick
iron,
ordinary
It
of
with
three
them,
beam.
is
the
often
be
four
and
tice
prac-
together,
five-eighths
or
very
The
them.
between
and
the
and
spruce
strength
unusual
two
produces
pieces
inch
wrought
built
method
two
pieces,
the
value.
great
Should
may
as
of
oak-keys,
with
into
This
an
diameter.
beam
with
be
inch
an
The
built
inch
an
.together.
oak-board
in
beams
work.
iron,
beam
half
an
inch
the
cast
let
carpentry
bolts
of
represents
square,
in
be
the
should
tighten
to
wood
the
leaving
keys
oak-parts
into
let
cast-
oak.
the
Fig.
at
and
side,
The
apart
should
dd
each
on
The
rod.
inches,
four
inch
of
and
oak-pieces
where
instead
by
an
half
examples
are
used
two
of
and
are
be
quarter
at
and
99
BEAMS.
of
required,
pieces,
even
the
whole
an
bolted
ROOFS,
PARTITIONS,
AND
DOMES.
104
B00F8.
cellent Treatise
let the
to
on
of the
ends
other, and
each
; but
of iron
to
principal rafters
suspend
the
straps
successful
work,
sides.
"
^^This
method,"
use."
in
best
Treatise
attention
Nicholson, made
us
valuable
not
appears,
'4s
in
each
in
Young)
his
other,
their
to
perhaps the
work, entitled
On
1844.
lished
pubof
154
page
Mr.
suggestionof
"
says,
for
before.
There
is
The
a
very
He
ties.
abroad'
(*Carpenter'sAssistant,'p. 68).
situations
send
made
against
adds,
few,
that
Mr.
all other
the tenor
design
pend
de-
public by
iron
to
forty-sevenyears
proposes
of
been
standard
had
is called to the
(Dr. Thomas
writer
he
valuable
Edinburgh
work,
the
should
on
in
king-postsby straps
reader
rafters abut
against
is
beam
the
and
the
where
abut
to suppose
experiments
refers the
afterwards
he
proposed
possible." From
as
has been
little on
as
Carpentry,^It
for
rods
We
for
that,up
the
king-posts,queen-posts, and
where
perform
beams
in
abound
iron ;
building-timber. This
project.
overrate
to
At
the
its value."
to a
late
same
From
but
the
we
office
must
is,therefore,
time, however,
the
let
it
foregoing,
v^
had
105
BOOP8.
been
made
looked
what
first
he
G.
Hall,
of
now
Englishman
engineer,
by
associated
of
that
of
direction
Mr.
day,
these
all, of
itself
commended
who
Benjamin
in
was
great
On
and
the
plates
designs calculated
for
pitch, as
building;
will
each
and
work
various
accommodate
having
of most,
than
been
them
so
and
to
soon
tects,
archi-
of
Mr.
reform
pertaining
spans,
it
other
work
the
portant
im-
tion
considera-
universally
are
economy
this
or
of
the
and
steadily advanced,
has
of
rise,
of
value
Under
under
published
sooner
no
which
commenced,
it ;
adopted
turn
came
be-
tect
archi-
freely used,
thus
and
soon
roofs
the
judgment
the
to
He
large
in
an"
architect
eminent
many
principle
Being
employed.
was
are
the
which,
HaU,
Farris.
erected,
were
Mr.
an
Alexander
Charles
Mr.
1823.
with
gentlemen,
buildings
if not
in
Benjamin,
to
able
an
business
is uncertain.
Asher
Mass.
and
first
was
indicates, that,
suggestion
America
in
idea
however,
Mr.
being
new.
country,
Roxbury,
in
the
this
by
the
birth,
arrived
than
the
in
published
for
eonstraction
whom,
evidence,
indebted
was
by
out
of
burden
favor
or
carried
of
methods
more
time,
practically
although
old
with
upon
At
The
the
until
its
ledged.
acknow-
to
of
any
designed
roofs
such
style
that
106
ROOFS.
timber
properly support
Of
little
are
so
that
together
will
pitch of
The
should
slates,
of
width
the
will,
snow
crevices.
less
case,
severe
If
the
of
will
the
be
that
strength
give
and
uniform
may
on
is
thickness
be
allowed
to
of
should
for
in
be
it
Fig.
be
if
is
of
lead,
to
joints
the
of
extent
in
govern
order
is
to
great,
it,
truncate
Where
and
whole
the
span
best
or
which
in
degree,
the
1.
shingling,
demands
The
matched,
the
the
used
roof,
the
If
through
copper,
certain
truss.
IX.,
the
and
building
tin,
or
rain
less,
driven
the
of
desired,
Plate
boards
the
the
to
it be
required.
form
and
roof
low
shown
used,
is
cases,
one-fourth
twenty-fourth
'
shingles
with
should
nature,
amendments
particular
than
be
covering
above
inclination
in
all
them
suggestions
those
for, if
of
design
buildings
required.
storms,
all
will, however,
span
the
span
like
rifee
any
span
as
entire
in
with
less
be
never
for
few
roof, covered
any
inclination,
something
as
information
all the
give
roofs,
several
illustrate
to
themselves
naturally presenting
the
designs
work.
the
which,
made,
be
since
will
as
slates.
heavy
attempt
an
encumber
only
of
pitch, of
or
said,
be
varied,
would
will
need
dimensions
such
covering
inclination^
the
but
of
used
be
may
slating
planed
are
passage
left
to
is
open,
of
air
107
ROOFS.
in
when,
snow,
sign of
carries
openings
the
through
ordinary
roof
and
purlines,
the
at
to
is exerted
and
In
themselves.
should
be
allow.
laid
of
the
rods
The
of
will
weakest
roof.
They
be
in
in
its
will
exerted
resist
the
part
be
by
beams
little wood
as
the
will
case
being simply
use
If
place.
is
followed,
of
sufficient
the
weight
the
of
proper
work
this
is the
the
upon
their
which
other
by
nature
small,
design
is that
tie-beams,
the
as
the
usually
are
the
which
across
One
load
mortising
down
strains
extend
produced
or
piece
each
and
strain.
be
may
may
each
retain
"
strutSy
long timbers
principal rafters
removed
Tenons
figuring
the
the
ceiling below,
the
resist
of
kinds
the
by
following timbers,
and
large
position,
base
two
cross-strain,
beams
no
rafters.
horizontal
subjected
to
exhibit
rafters^ coUar-beams,
the
are
building
of
diy
or
ROOF.
the
employs
common
Tie-beams
OF
principal
tie-beams,
in
rain
defect.
trussed
lie
it
it would
storms,
TIMBERS
with
inclined
the
size
parts,
the
tieto
and
cross-strain.
of
tie-beam,
and
hence
the
108
ROOFS.
demanding
one
foot
the
is
The
beam.
extend
of
wood
to
the
To
building.
valid
benefit
the
named
The
the
practice
rods
till the
its
than
to
partaking
counteracted
A
beam
give
of
when
obviated
the
the
is curved
for,
if
of
nature
first
by injury
to
thoroughly
is put
sufficient
the
together.
by tightening
upwards,
an
be
cannot
is
camber
strength
arch,
this
walls
of
is
the
leading
the
beholder
to
by
more
ing.
build-
optical delusion,
are
objection
additional
beam
the
weigh
out-
tie-beam,
of
to
by
work
the
camber
moment
The
in
decay
objections
these
sufficient
have
seam
or
walls
the
on
extent,
of
VI.)
Plate
effect
in
to
beyond
produce
are
thrust
cambering
advisable;
considered
produced
of
feet
joint
and
produced.
pieces
the
present
entirely
be
may
painting
is
half
as
strengthening-pieces
they
a
the
length
three
to
white
of
thick
sufficient
it
part,
side
as
of
gather,
certain
neither
but
under
be
they
because
the
and
of
exerting
beam,
strong
(See S, Fig. 2,
may
also
pieces of
to
use
about
bolt
rafters.
dampness
where
ends
this
thereof
because
its
at
strengthen
beam,
the
is
To
should
end
to
made,
the
the
the
Objections
been
pine
the
from
heel
to
pieces
of
depth
the
practice
Carolina
or
the
rafters.
the
usual
the
oak
of
attention,
most
an
believe
109
ROOFS.
surface
the
that
such
fulring
feet
is
has
named,
remember
that
shrinkage
of
solid
of the
the
that
the
the
four-Mhs
examples
Fig.
named
would
of
be
framing,
rafter
one
is
case,
of
should
oak-board,
four
an
both
inches
inch, leaving
for the
should
be
grooves.
with
bolts
let
the
passage
inclined
and
by
rafters
rafter
five-eighths of
an
in which
inch
of
bolted
in
pieces
and
five-eighths of
them
be
XI.,
thick
tightly driven
should
some
Plate
on
another
air between
timbers
inches,
In
three-eighths
and
about
ten
five-eighths
each
should
they
size, having
same
and
into
of
upwards,
large
shown
above
the
the
counteracted.
seven
that
kept
be
by eight inches.
as
found
has
tie-beam,
beam
placed
of
the
the
completed,
purlins
as
perfectly dry,
The
should
the
the
inch
an
wide,
apart
be
rods
are
seven
part
be
may
To
deep.
from
slightly curved
be
thickness
as
rafter
the
should
the
should
he
each
is
of
either
nature,
work
twenty
carpenter
settlement
the
support
same
like
the
the
for
till
Rafters
which
of
be
when
beam
Principal
be
will
Hence
tendency
timbers
of
timbers,
and,
any
there
bearing.
tightened
centre
or
in
inch
an
beams
cambering
purposes
of
rise
In
curve.
difficulty. While
the
in
cautious
downward
or
sag,
ceilings,
obviate
will
inch
an
the
pieces
into
the
together
diameter.
110
ROOFS.
Collar-beams
Ke between
also
to
rafters
the
dimensions
be
strengthen
cases
may
of
this
beams
at
seen
rods
of its
may
framed
with
The
a
sloping ft-om
be
as
it
the inclined
are
principalrafters.
and
rods
remarked
this to
an
inch
here, that
the
of like nature,
need
they support,
to
keep
not
be
short
pinned
tenon
to
In
required.
should
a
of the
ends
the
always
half
wide,
piece.
It
of all braces
formed
be
in
itself;the
support the
and
being all
of
rods.
proportionalto
thereby
XI.
be
in
struts
end
lar-beams
col-
other
the
Plate
A,
example
pieceswhich
of
they
where
an
complete
ends
shoulder
sag,
at
seep
will
being suspended by
Struts
be
make
to
named.
C, Plate
and
kind, separate
own
timbers
is
use
tie-beams, and
as
are
other, theb
unfrequentlyoccurs
principaltie-beam
be
They
liable to
are
which
their
each
struts, as
The
main-beam
As
the
as
serviceable
the
kind
same
with
not
case
are
this
these
supported
The
VIII.
principalrafters.
approaching
the
be
may
designs where
should
timbers
straining-beams.
as
prevent
In
of
the heads
kpown
the horizontal
are
with
size of
the
state
beam
that is
of
or
pression,
com-
piece
required
place. The
width
112
ROOFS.
should
purlins
of
like
are
the
Rafters
roof, and
simply
loaded,
and
purlins,
not
and
posts
girts
should
be
into
purlin
the
depth
should
They
purlin
by
two
their
keep
or
bearing
be
may
more,
the
but
IRON
bolts
The
used
not' be
should
diameter,
nor
of
more
inch
an
better
and
they
the
rafters.
to
at
less
three-fourths
is
If
to
the
over
eighteen
increased.
half-inch,
quired
re-
are
from
them
itself
should
entire.
remain
one
is
it
proportionally
notched
than
more
boarding.
jointed
centres.
where
but,
the
light pieces
be
of
timbers
support
than
inches
outside
only
from
apart
more
to
placed
never
inches
twenty
it
the
always
they should
but
six
used
are
uniformly
Being
be
braced,
side-walL
Common
is
be
in
the
than
of
rods
of
inch
an
be
set
which
most
in
poses,
purwhen
and,
sufficientlystrong,
number
the
best
inch
an
For
is
is not
rafters
principal
inch.
an
diameter
always
The
foot
five-eighths of
than
increase
should
"
WORK.
at
than
the
right angles
support
the
size,
with
beams
113
ROOFS.
of
be
must
may
sufficient
the
from
work,
in
diameter
in
vary
size
to
vibration,
prevent
the
according
to
of
inch
five-eighths
an
but
of
nature
to
inches
two
diameter.
Great
using
cast-iron
to
other
great
indent
Where
with
of
piece
truss
as
the
fibres
is
the
be
the
heated
to
to
use
principal rafters,
will
be
of
subjected
the
wood
to
that
however,
rare,
the
metal
should
be
filled, and
is liable
work
the
is
blue
of
quality
best
properly done,
is
of
framing
before
should
this
It
selection,
instances,
some
ends
causing
other.
|o dampness
over
the
ings
box-
absolutely necessary.
are
\ron
of
parts
pressure,
each
the
at
in
material.
practice, in
boxings
such
best
very
common
exercised
be
the
but
none
It is
and
should
care
exposed
together, the
put
well
and
heat,
of
the
oiled
If
oil.
linseed
raw
pores
be
to
will
iron
effectually protected
be
against
corrosion.
Straps
of
shrinkage
the
the
work
old
carpentry,
methods
of
the
but
is
liable
used
sparingly, if
leaves
WQod
to
these
framing
settle.
them
In
with
and
rods
rarely employed.
8
used
so
that
the
as
loose,
and
of
examples
most
freely
were
all ;
at
but
bolts
they
modern
have
are
viated
ob-
now
114
ROOFS.
PLATE
Fig.
from
forty
of
this
it
construction,
The
feet
the
and
Being
span.
be
not
more
rafters
common
for
design
than
twenty
roof
than
eight
inches
its
other.
any
ten
or
of
in
simple
very
used
frequently
more
should
trusses
apart,
is
exhibits
plate
sixty
to
VI.
apart,
feet
from
centres.
Table
of
dimetuioHiy
in
inches^
of
timbers
for
roofs
of
various
spans.
Fig.
that
at
B.
exhibits
in
detail
the
framing
at
A,
and
Fig.
FuOOFlS
PI
: :
.
0"l
mr^
SxmiJi.'Kia^in.
"
^IVqjpaoi.
En^
116
BOOFS.
Vm.
PLATE
exhibits
Fig.
beams,*
perfect
for
success,
halved
are
should
less
be
with
bolts
centre
rod
should
part
passing
so
long
the
made
which
them
the
as
forked
of
the
at
intersection
bolted
in diameter.
the
lower
plank,
with
intersection.
from
place, or
It
D
to
thrust
the
to
The
end,
an
one
eye
distance
take
at
each
passes
the
at
inch
an
tie-beams
The
chestnut,
or
reliable
entirely
as
tiewith
times
many
planks
oak
outside
settlingcan
no
same,
on
beams,
is apparent,
the
remains
be
exerted
on
side-walls.
the
"
This
roof
Somerville,
by
be
down
supporting
that,
and
five-eighths of
tine, through
and
executed
inclined
seventy-five feet.
white
dry
of
beams
each
than
together;
roof, ^th
considered
be
may
of
span
any
been
having
and,
for
design
the
B.
stuccoed
years,
is
as
first
year
leading
the
Pope,
ceiling
the
in
Mass.,
author;
Augustus
executed
was
is
perfect
appended
as
when
from
1860,
idea
minister
the
at
having
of
the
Unitarian
suggested
society.
it, but,
first
bujlt.
afler
very
a
of
furnished
drawings
been
to
church
test
byBev.
heavily
of
six
-I'Sll'S
^vf.-*
"aj.!:;-....:.,;
ROt)FS
?l.IX
//.*
"
"/i
Smiih.XoiiJhi8c Titppan.Kii^
117
ROOFS.
PLATE
Fig.
from
size
of
Fig.
twenty
Plate
on
The
span.
of
1,
the
rods
feet
for
or
diminished
The
Some
designed
of
roof
according
in
of
to
the
drawing.
for
one
be
tended
ex-
may
in
increase
the
cast
engraving
should
and
and
hundred
to
culated
cal-
are
increased
be
be
should
design
with
short
pieces
of
made
of
two
two-inch
them.
in
bearings
of
wide
width.
its
to
this
the
on
feet,
between
the
be
eighty
planks,
intervals
at
of
timber
It
proportional
figures
hundred
tie-beam
of
feet.
from
four-by-fourteen-inch
planks
dimensions
roof
low
a
timbers.
The
of
one
by
and
span.
for
seventy-five
to
design
the
feet
shows
show
sixty-five
ninety
is
IX.,
figures
to
IX.
iron,
each
will
as
of
be
these
discovered
examples
are
by
sulting
con-
118
BOOFS.
PLATE
Plate
of
tie-beams
between
into
Fig.
be
span
should
be
of
rib.
The
they
are
increased
Fig.
the
in
shown
should
will
be
line
The
dimensions
rise
eighty
a
span
hundred
in
by
there
its
for
upon,
seen,
AB
and
of
rather
the
than
segmental
be
of
span,
increased
and
feet,
twenty-five
feet,
proportion.
of
the
the
be
and
tie-beams.
the
the
as
floor-joists
tie-beams.
plate, that
at
work
the
in
complete
itself;
require.
for
are
increased
rods
tre
cen-
trussed,
with
one-fifth
designed,
so
the
figures
to
seventy
the
which,
the
at
iron.
circumstances
as
"
and
inches:
roof
be
into,
roof,
should
hundred
cut
tie-beam,
designated by
feet
and
same
may
V.
curved
the
the
must
examination
an
is
rods
may
by eight
six
firom
is
the
timber
two
proposed,
as
Plate
on
cast
above
room
the
of
It
span.
the
If
trusses
by
to
of
denote
the
of
six
are
roof
feet
between
it, comprises
above
for
of
top
be
finished
examples
bridge
It
the
the
flush
be
feet.
The
the
66, "c.,
at
with
great,
size
firmness
give
be
beam
the
are
cross,
figures
rafters,
the
should
twenty-five
be
the
below
design
may
span
and
aaa
to
room
of
at
The
one-seventh.
inches
bearings
and
plank
may
seventy-five
ninety feet,
two
shows
of
span
apart;
designed
hundred
that
feet
The
about
purlins
joints.
If
to
notched
sides
roof.
segmental
increased
ten
they
their
that
so
two-inch
where
struts,
The
roofs.
beams.
the
for
placed
inches,
the
timber
be
curved
pieces, with
two
other,
1 represents
size
in
and
for
designs
two
are
each
of
those
the
each
them;
notched
with
exhibits
X"
X.
roof
one-eighth
for
being
one
of
increased
"
.J
119
ROOFS.
PLATE
The
figures
State
the
receive
of
white
is
with
the
other,
them,
as
the
posts
two
feet
front
and
and
others,
the
in
manner
by
several
the
dome,
These
of
1857.
will
which
together
trusses,*
eighty
Mr.
direction
construction,
Robert
of
Thomas
from
nearer
require
the
presented
re-
fourteen
from
named
will
differently
stand
be
forty-
the
tw6
than
the
constructed
examination,
on
strains
framing
feet
the
Powers,
drawings
those
resisted
are
work.
thousand
E.
Each
octagonal,
discover,
with
Gunnison,
are
crossing
together
particular
the
of
last
being
readily
the
parts
employing
by
the
student
like
finished,
are
sixty-
trusses
another
beams
frame
posts
rear
consequently
The
truss.
Its
of
extending
with
when
which,
diameter.
two
the
the
placed
are
ones
"c.,
Upon
dome,
the
of
in
A.
at
seen
beams
aa,
is
spruce.
sections,
transverse
bearing-pieces
being
or
The
at
as
timber
and
of
dome
span
walls,
The
parts,
short
apart,
to
one
two
designs.
the
by
inches
of
composed
the
The
the
the
design
support
below.
of
rest
the
Vt*
between
from
the
which
Montpelier,
at
support
oak,
exhibit
plate
trusses
inches
four
no
truss
large
Capitol
feet
seven
this
on
the
of
portion
XI.
of
of
the
timber,
were
furnished
the
by
cuted
exe-
under
master-carpenter,
Esq.,
and
roof
superintendent
the
author
in
120
ROOFS.
PLATE
Fig.
the
of
this
and
wide,
hundred
entirely
rods
by
people,
with
pounds
at
The
Fig.
trusses
the
shows
in
executed
from
architect
of
from
part
of
as
timb^
of
roof
when
This
built;
it
used,
on
part
is
The
each
as
of
taken
loaded
twenty-five
and
ever.
what-
road
Rail-
Maine
Boston.
Mr.
It
Bichard
trusses
remains
and,
considering
as
was
Bond,
twelve
are
roof
firm
in
the
feet
every
quantity
roof.
good
by
been
centres.
Boston
made
feet
supported
settlement
from
Square,
year
eighty
and
apart
the
is
has
any
the
building.
first
each
feet
of
drawings
centres.
It
without
oyer
from
in
(some
hundred
Haymarket
the
figures
The
of
ten
Hall
long)
tie-beams.
foot,
are
feet
roof
executed
was
G.
fifty
average
square
Depot,
apart
an
the
to
the
of
building
the
and
from
It
Charles
of
floor
design
city.
Mr.
by
second
The
1848.
the
this
in
furnished
drawings
shows
plate
Depot
Fitchbui^
Xn.
these
from
designs
actual
exhibit
measurement.
the
sions
dimen-
ROOFS
J^Jiii^
ll"l2
rm
mfmm^^^
n^
ift
3""x:
Fijf.'*.
\
"
^
\
1)
Fij?.5.
rtL
Saaio;
"
Kuiglit
A-
Tappaa
Eu""
121
ROOFS.
Xm.
PLATE
Figs.
and
into
these
of
points
line
last
from
BH
the
intersection,
is
back
Let
of
AB
the
which
the
of
of
edge
e
at
draw
ea
is
BH
draw
lines
From
the
with
angles
the
1, 2, 3, 4, measuring
the
through
of
CD
equal
and
points,
On
and
the
the
c,
the
e6, which
be
will
the
point
the
Draw
ab
fed
angle
of
the
pendicular
per-
draw
back
dicular
perpen-
radius
semiciTcle
C,
DE
determine
with
draw
this
To
centre
From
from
follows
as
roof.
from
required.
describe
rafter)
hip-roof.
and
AB
length
the
ascertaining
of
to
proceed
we
of
pitch
rafter
CD.
the
method
draw
CD,
is the
to
to
line
the
plan,
rafter,
equal
angle-rafters
the
to
EC,
the
represent
of
comer
right
at
which
formed.
illustrates
abed
Trace
AH.
to
angle-rib
and
draw
and
FB.
angle-line
and
on
of
Divide
1, 2, 3, 4,
the
of
DEFG.
plan,
as
method
the_gutline
roof,
the
to
exhibit
plate
parts,
points
named,
Fig.
of
of
number
through
this
of
portion
any
of
angle-ribs
the
drawing
AH;
and
1, 2,
cb
(the
then
from
the
rafter
e.
Where
not
sides
the
parallel,
of
the
the
work,
plan
it
of
is
roof
roof
shown
be
of
at
bounded
is
by
practice, in
usual
the
may
as
the
A,
order
inclination,
same
Fig.
lines
4.
which
that
to
are
the
cate
trun-
122
ROOFS.
XIV.
PLATE
Fig.
of
The
large
increase
be
of
of
span
the
size
of
feet
The
centre
three
seen
at
inches
AB.
of
span
should
between
portion
plank
as
beam
be
the
thick
bolted
dimensions
may
and
twenty-five
in
made
two
trussed,
rods
to
safety
with
it
hundred
the
top
ber
tim-
of
proportionate
timber,
of
roof
for
With
and
rods
extended
over
the
feet
eighty
design
designate
figures
span.
for
exhibits
plate
this
the
sections,
and
of
an
the
oak-
beam,
124
DOMES.
To
frame
of
the
is
dome
of
one
It
of carpentry.
art
day, thought
simplest
branches
till
however,
was,
and
ingenuity
require great
to
the
late
scientific
skill.
A
dome
its
plan,
strength
is
is, in
its
nearly
at
the
posts
inches
these
twelve
on
the
at
the
is
than
fine
its
dimensions,
three
inches
other
circle,
the
All
inches.
and
where
the
alternate
taper
they
about
to
are
is
ones
placed
are
of
cut
the
floor
of
the
timber
no
and
the
at
the
framing.
exception
thick,
rib
of
dome
lantern,
great
lightness
from
height
the
of
its
specimen
of
centre
possessed
The
support
Every
the
constructed,
with
and,
which
wide.
top,
is
it
properly
Boston
same;
larger
used
hence
fifty-one feet,
is
from
directions
recommendation.
House
span
four
if
and,
greatest
State
Its
arch
an
all
twelve
base
of
two
by
being
three
feet
eight
inches
against
is
apart
wide
curb.
125
DOMES.
about
there,
being
incnes
twelve
from
apart
centres.
scarfs
The
bolted
are
plank
of
ribs
the
The
rough
enduring
the
the
of
size
increased,
the
whole.
detracted
the
desired
and
so
simple
been
thought
merit
as
of
pervade
have
all
since
present
involved,
that
one
that
them
illustrate
to
the
been
would
the
by
principles
necessary
have
arch
the
design,
its
to
larger,
framing
accomplished
the
adapted
necessarily
not
after
century,
dome
complicated
its
are
well
the
principles
more
is
be
not
would
from
can
itself
Were
since
meter,
dia-
each
on
and,
half
than
more
proved
its timbers
and
in
spiked
horizontal;
is
of
purpose.
inch
an
thick,
XX.,
scarfing.
boarding
has
intended
the
over
storms
structure
half
bolts
inches
two
2, Plate
Fig.
to
with
together
with
side
similar
are
it has
by
an
engraving.
Where
of
if
the
the
provide
in
order
dome
Capitol
structure
rests
at
Montpelier,
stands
in
to
strengthen
the
drum,
high
it
may
exposed
an
of
skeleton-frame
upon
posts,
work.
be
like
that
necessary,
situation,
girts, braces,
to
"c.,
129
BRIDGES.
The
designing
of
wooden
intrusted
to
the
years
considered
been
As
be
must
are
given
them
which
descriptions
other
to
this.
part
the
by
carpenter,
of
illustration
been
have
remarks
well
in
done
for
designed
have
been
of
framing
of
has,
of
the
ing
bridge-build-
few
this
late,
to
examples
Most
province.
his
many
belonging
properly
mechanical
the
for
was
but
architect,
more
as
"^
engineer.
bridges
and
work
of
those
in
made
will
reference
apply
to
equally
130
BRIDGES.
PLATE
as
**
this
1 of
Fig.
Howe*
bolted
Fig.
against
DD,
Fig.
stringers
with
the
long
as
the
twelfth
the
stringers
height
of
that
three
each
end
Fig.
sectional
the
of
in
wide
of
the
the
practice
Fig.
to
place
to
wider
of
The
below
the
at
be
inches
two
the
nut
Fig.
bridge
3,
figures
be
feet
ten
required,
It
the
on
for
and
high,
in which
one-
timber
of
floor-joistson
the
put
increased.
be
must
stringer
should
and
HL
feet
long, eight
as
between
Fj
dimensions
the
at
3.
at
line
the
is
as
be
struts
rods
wide,
work
the
the
C,
flush
must
the
at
span.
out
of
at
should
the
come
the
Fig.
g,
Should
be
exhibits
at
of
oak-piece,
half
to
and
An
as
trusses,
depth
of
and,
section,
measuring
truss,
on
sections
will
twenty-five
of
that
stringer, instead
balustrade,
as
each
cross
oak,
oak-pieces
width;
struts.
feet
of
the
diameters
rod,
to
enough
its
and
white
length
The
the
the
clear.
number
entire
lengths
into
of
thick,
struts
cut
sides, or
wide.
of
of
the
and
struts,
denote
hundred
the
upper
wide
detail
is the
detail
be
inches
engraving
bridge
the
The
ef.
as
and
of
stringers are
one-fourth
the
the
two-thirds
be
at
of
sides
should
thick
should
number
of
height
one-twelfth
The
in
two
are
The
3.
about
be
rods
The
inches
The
or
piece
inventor.
different
broken.
notched
being
2.
of
are
its
three
planks
well
be
known
fiuniliarly
from
name
planks
other, without
each
their
should
joints
of
are
These
together.
the
and
and
its
taking
is
what
plate represents
Bridge/*
stringers
The
XV.
is
often
of
top
the
rails, or
case,
required.
a
design
forty-fivefeet
for
span.
short
bridge
It is made
of
from
by placing
J'J.W
BRIDOKS
v"
CT
^
p.
;^
'^
c*"
:-d**2t
T-----
---ABC-
j:^
frTf.;'pa^ lug''
Si:."J^.Zi.^.i
131
BRIDGES.
one
timber
The
timbers
and
bolted
joists
Fig.
The
be
thick
The
floor-
the
placed
wide,
inches
for
dimensions
them,
formed.
and
apart,
twelve
drawing.
are
bridge
feet
span.
5
exhibits
design
should
dimensions
are
may
and
These
apart
bearing-pieces
The
feet
four
is
truss
strong
the
between
oak-keys
with
very
about
inches
inches
thirty
in
shown
as
inclined,
together,
three
twenty
another,
being
should
trusses
"rf
above
be
sufficiently
made
somewhat
strong
for
for
a
be
for
a
practical
truss.
oak.
of
of
truss
flatter,
gallery
common
if
purposes.
sixty
desired,
feet
and
It
span.
still
be
132
BRIDGES.
XVL
PLATE
figures
The
from
fifty
of
floor-timbers
and
rail,
of
additional
of
that
braces
centre
the
floors
the
firom
in
order
for
rails
centre
the
rails
will
need
dimensions
the
white
sound
all
prevent
bearing-pieces
It
oak,
be
may
bridges
side-stringers,
to
the
the
for
are
bolts.
of
of
desired,
upon
centre
The
bracing.
bridges
be
answer
the
done,
span
and
iron
will
all
feet
dry
eighth-inch
be
by
sixty
best
the
may
them
this
it
placed
be
support
bridges
of
if
bridge
for
span.
above
work
the
the
Fig.
designs
Should
feet
ninety
to
exhibit
plate
this
on
well
require
crossing
vibration.
bolted
to
with
five-
remark
here,
horizontal
strong
each
being
other
at
the
KX72
EKDGES
Hg.l.
Kg. 2
Hg.4.
Ssutk.EdghT
"
Tappa2v."Eag^*
133
BRIDGES.
PLATE
Fig.
the
represents
river
width
Fig.
Rhone,
exhibits
in
France.
bolted
timbers
Fig.
Orleans
six
feet
Fig.
Ithiel
France.
six
inches.
shows
so
They
are
of
and
inch
the
be
about
used
the
New
transverse
sides
-York
feet
intersecting
half
in
The
depth
of
at
with
diagonal
piers.
Harlem
long, resting
but
passing
entire
span.
side
top
of
and
cross-timbers,
A
bridge
hundred
feet
braces.
eleven
is
four
work
lattice-
each
by
There
by
parts
the
the
Railroad,
on
of
on
feet,
Philadelphia,
stone
and
twelve
angles.
diameter,
connected,
being
be
inches
right
the
bottom
Mr.
may
twelve
at
and
top
width
The. lattice-
at
of
near
by
span
and
other
eighth
an
the
invented
Its
thick,
its
and
fiftyfeet.
each
planks.
ten
on
thirty-six
inches
and
at
exists
Conn.
cross
horizontally
kind
ample
ex-
Loiret,
sixty feet,
and
together
distances
long, resting
on
to
as
lattice-work;
this
three
of
are
braced
river
the
to
by
river
lattice-bridge
hundred
an
each
at
the
over
secured
the
is
Haven,
planks
tree-nails,
bottom,
and
to
confined
Plank-ribs
its
trusses.
principle
in
over
span
of
New
of
should
the
Its
arranged
through
four
bridge
and
sixty feet,
has
being
bridge
part
is of
wide,
oak
in
seventy-five
framing
of
similar
is
trusses
represents
arch
design
It
is
over
together.
Towne,
from
the
timber-bridge
span
Each
feet
1, the
Fig.
at
Its
France.
twenty-eight
of
side-view
in
Meuse,
XVn.
another
also
seven
hundred
piers.
134
BRIDGE-CENTERINGS.
CENTERING
the
bed
the
strong,
large,
form
so
insertion
its sides
In
it.
of
into
admit
work.
and
timbers
upon
the
is
span
of
system
it should
and
examples,
most
series
of
inclined
driven,
uniform
be
so
principal
weight
to
this
the
points,
being
of
part,
as
work
or
original
is done
planes
releasing
its
designed
springing
which,
retain
injury
without
the
particular
structure
the
the
tide
expense
the
that
any
at
are
where
centering,
piece
the
nor
expensive
the
and
removal
wedges
the
of
exerted
resisted,
Where
small
at
port
sup-
adopted.
arrange
when
of
upon
of
to
throughout
admit
oak
be
deep,
made
and
complex
to
building.
very
be
may
designed
while
is not
construction
is
be
arch
an
timber
circumstances,
must
pressure,
may
river
more
the
object
of
other
framing
In
of
centering
in
but
stones
the
of
frame
IS
over
easy
every
to
ing
rest-
by
the
cut
on
these,
of
moval,
re-
part
136
BRIDGE-CENTERINGS.
PLATE
Pig.
the
Rennie
is
out,"
to
five
rise
eight
of
is
of
and
Fig.
the
Telford
and
It
is
steadied
each
timber
of
being
driven
Fig.
the
being
the
exhibits
bed
strong;
hundred
shore,
a
great utility.
the
too
and
entire
on
cranes
piles
feet
of
and
It
the
for
and
was
the
the
inches
lifted
centering, simple
may
river
any
be
employed
can
span
be
which,
was
with
of
Dantzic
Each
barges
iron
centre
and
two
place.
in
construction,
and
a
the
hundred
but
ever
wher-
advantage
to
used,
from
which
horizontal
work
of
its
whole
stone-work
the
aid
were
wedges,
the
thirty-five
fir, shod
the
of
timber
square.
into
arch
the
lower
the
Mr.
Gloucester,
centres
and
caps,
of
then, by
used
by
of
six
Memel
remainder
fifteen
single
and
it after
of
at
rise
placed
were
its
has
arch
executed
piles, and
slackened
out
of
and
span,
Each
Between
were
The
whole
the
framed
was
of
end,
each
centre,
back,
completed.
the
feet
and
braces.
of
top
of
wide;
cross-bars
by
the
on
feet
one
bridge
with
span,
thirty-five
centre
oak.
stone
by
from
centre
consists
feet
by diagonal
rested
building
fifty
of
design
bridge
connected
used,
fir
in
The
hundred
at
the
designed
springing^pieces being
of
striking-wedges
exhibits
England.
fir; the
in
bridge,
inches.
six
of
was
or
fifty-two
feet
composed
the
of
used
centres
It
middle
and
twenty-nine
ehn,
feet
The
hundred
centres,
Thomas
width
fifty-sixfeet
arches
the
Bridge.
The
1826.
of
one
London
of
in
of
part
construction
Mr.
exhibits
XIX.
tide
is not
to
two
JOINTS,
lEON-WORK,
TIMBER-TABLES.
AND
139
JOINTS
Nothing
If
to
of
piece
the
have
be
is
do
weak.
full
joints
of
the
so
detail
various
this
kinds
joints.
made
that
each
will
structure
on
of
permanency
together
the
the
the
properly
fit
examples
in
represent
not
to
than
bearing,
The
FRAMING.
essential
more
carpentry
parts
its
IN
plate
inevitably
designed
are
of
best
manner
most
in
may.
use.
forming
140
FRAMING.
IN
JOINTS
PLATE
Fig.
of
AAA
if
oak-keys,
foot
inches
the
shoe,
rafters
ing.
box-
or
BB
square.
bolts
which
of
place
of
cast-iron
two
in
straps,
for
as,
splice
the
exhibits
timber;
method
instance,
should
bolted
and
stick,
is
ahcd
the
at
are
be
may
desired.
Fig.
such
framing
XIV.
are
wrought-iron
used
the
represents
1, Plate
Fig.
XX.
splicing
three
times
length
of
of
the
diameter
the
half
with
together
upright
an
The
tower-post.
be
of
inch
five-eighth
or
bolts.
Fig.
of
foot
illustrates
the
rafters
used.
much
inch
to
Fig.
like
shows
the
at
5
in
Plate
on
Fig.
AB,
A,
roof
notched
be
to
This
the
at
method
into
is
half-
purlin.
of
manner
Fig. 2,
exhibits
roof.
is
work
framing
common
timber
the
that
rafters
Each
receive
4
Fig.
of
of
method
Plate
the
framing
VIL
of
method
B, Fig. 5, Plate
or
the
framing
inclined
having
centre-bearing
beams,
foot
the
as
XV.
of
the
example
Vm.
6
Fig.
shows
the
1, Plate
of
detail
VII.
At
piece
is
of
framing,
oak-key
an
two
at
as
inches
square.
Fig.
the
plate
wide,
a
is the
detail
before
made
for
in
two
securing
of
framing
referred
of
three-eighths
strap,
at
inch
an
parts,
the
to;
work.
with
intersection
the
at
being
thick
shoulders,
and
and
of
wrought-iron
three
a
small
inches
bolt
141
IRON.
As
and
cast
framing,
to
is
of
Its
world.
the
of
from
made
are
when
cooled.
dark
the
884".
at
It
is
Cast
much
should
be
than
It
752"
is made
thoroughly
iron
direction, for
in
the
so
tbe
of
metals
heat,
and
while
its
the
with
being,
fact, that,
of
of
parts
all
cooling,
made
so
Fahrenheit
visibly
that
eighth
an
is
piece
the
they
bility
mallea-
and,
red-hot
of
pattern
inch
an
required
to
as
red
appear
in
by day
to
twilight,
at
be
in
at
1,077",
2,754".
at
y^^TTTy
degree
all
increased.
in
melted
devoted
be
.7632;
action
is heated
expands
every
is
heavy
properties.
nearly
lightest
greatly
foot
per
the
all
by
thereby
castings
larger
them
shrinks
Iron
for
tin,
brittle
is
and
specific gravity
exception
it differs
in
all
will
work
this
in
used
are
its nature
found
metal
of
pages
consideration
Iron
and
few
iron
wrought
of
^^
heat
^^
each
length,
in
and
greatest
its
142
IRON.
is
expansion
^^
rrhv
will
its
length
an
extension
bear
permanent
^^
T?W
to
of
degree
i^
is
power
to
the
^^
length
^^
Atftt
y?
will
bear
^^
and
It
sun.
out
with-
of
17,800
of
pounds
Its
injury.
^xj"57^ by
for
length
extension
an
pressure
without
diminished
shade,
alteration.
It
and
^^
j^tru
expands
length,
the
exposed
serious
heat.
in
length
of
square-inch,
^^
when
or
iron
Wrought
each
^^
xiVi7
cohesive
degree
every
of
heat
The
overestimated.
of
force
The
93,000
it, and
that
pounds
without
The
it
decided
actual
no
as
strain
often
cohesive
rod
at
pounds
to
of
40,000,
a
cast
and
at
that
will
than
more
of
ways.
amount
will
of
resist,
crush
15,300
the
is
rods
It
has
be
named
it
as
be
to
larger
is
set
wrought
A
lower
end
been
lesser
down
vertical
as
depended
diameter.
iron
has
been
has
throughout,
iron
of
can
rod
no
rod
square-inch.
suspended
show
wrougkt-iron
perfect
parting
power
authors
of
that
proved
greatly
alteration.
particular
a
been
square-inch
bear
not
uniformly
upon
to
variety
strain
repeatedly
weight
will
has
experiments
strength
in
that
pounds
iron
ecist
best
visible
tensile
tested
been
the
of
resisting power
The
by
at
most
60,000,
rod, having
as
in
the
case
143
IRON.
of
rods
the
supporting
weight
its
the
at
that
so
than
sooner
the
lower
in
The
given
in
work
this
the
strength
work,
in
is
and,
so
the
which
it
is
near
the
perfect
rod,
is
longer,
time,
same
fore,
there-
vice
framing
properly
as
pended
sus-
upper
and
of
examples
figured
the
at
it
as
sustain
part
supports
addition,
at
will
end.
iron-work
in
point
rod
only
not
must,
the
long
decreases
versa.
but
end,
from
weight
own
tie-beam,
to
port
sup-
prevent
necessary
un-
vibration.
The
following
square-foot
a
of
of
sixteenth
advancing
by
table
cast
an
or
inch
shows
the
wrought
to
sixteenths:
"
an
weight
iron
inch
plate,
in
of
from
thickness,
144
IRON.
following
The
in
length
of
from
square,
table
wrought
half
advancing
cubic-foot
and
one
weighs
of
inch
wrought,
respectively
weight
iron,
either
three
to
eighths:
by
of
cast
or
an
the
shows
iron
cast
.260
and
foot
round
in
or
meter,
dia-
"
weighs
486.8.
inches
of
450.5
cubic-inch
.281.
pounds
of
each
145
IRON.
The
bar-iron
from
thickness,
of
Bar.
by
eighth:
an
inch
an
four
to
one
the
of
weight
to
inches
\k
inch
an
in
width,
"
lUok.
Thlok.
TbUk.
TUok.
Thick.
iin.
lin.
in.
in;
in.
.84
1.25
2.5
2.91
3.31
.93
1.4
2.81
3.28
3.75
1.04
1.56
3.12
3.64
4.16
1.14
1.71
3.4
4.01
4.58
4.37
6.
1 in.
from
shows
of
quarter
and
advancing
width
table
accompanying
1.26
1.87
1.35
2.03
4.11
4.73
6.42
4.37
5.1
5.83
76
II
1.45
2.18
1.66
2.34
4.73
5.46
6.26
1.77
2.5
5.
5.83
6.66
1.87
2.21
5.36
6.19
7.08
1.98
2.81
5.62
6.56
7.5
2}
2.08
2.97
6.98
6.92
7.91
2.18
3.12
6.25
7.29
8.33
2|
2.29
3.28
6.61
7.66
8.75
8.02
9.16
9.58
21
2.4
3.43
6.87
2.5
3.59
7.26
8.38
2.6
3.75
7.5
8.75
10.
2.7
3.91
7.86
9.11
10.42
2.81
4.06
8.12
9.47
10.83
9.83
3}
2.91
4.22
8.39
31
3.01
4.37
8.75
10.2
11.66
3|
3.11
4.56
9.10
10.56
12.08
3|
3.22
4.68
9.37
10.93
12.5
3.30
4.84
9.64
11.30
12.92
3.34
5.
11.66
13.33
The
weights
English
and
should
by
To
have
the
to
the
in
iron
making
added
tables
foregoing
American
be
ascertain
but
in
iron.
therefore,
pound
10.
to
is
every
those
are
seventieth
of
calculations
seventy
its
11.24
of
heavier;
weight,
pounds
as
one
puted
com-
tables.
the
determine
weight
the
of
any
contents
10
piece
of
in
cubic
cast
iron^
we
inches, and
moN.
146
multiply
admit
If
multipUer
the
the
To
table,
determine
ascertain
its
or,
it
admits
of
piece
feet
obtain.
is
weight
in
or
cubic
and
in
the
round,
in
length
by
table.
of
the
figures
To
square,
table,
the
the
or
and
piece
by
determine
multiply
whose
the
against
it
486.8
multiply
plate,
set
flat
%roh
multiply
and
multiply
measurement
feet
pounds.
wrorigU
of
inches,
feet,
given
as
in
piece
readily
plates, ^e
as
thickness
the
of
in
in
of
given
amount
to
weight
superficial
thickness
of
the
of
ticular
any
particular
iwill
that
feet
as
of
amount
the
product
if
superficial
the
.281
form
or
in
contents
decimal
the
shape
for
and
we
by
of
muluply
feet,.aQd
in
or
be
it
.260
measurement
of
select
decimal
the
by
450.5.
by
in
it
the
pa^
weight
the
the
select
iron,
we
it
by
weight
the
number
wish
we
148
TABLES
OF
TUhEBER-MEASUSE.
ABLES
OF
TIMBER-MEASURE.
149
150
TIMBEB-MEASnBE.
OP
TABLKS
8.
6.
9.
11.
12.
13.
14.8
16.
17.4
20.
21.8
26.
12.
8.8
7.4
4.
8.
4.4
8.8
15.
18.4
18.
22.
24.
21.
25.8
28.
80.4
24.
29.4
32.
84.8
27.
33.
36.
89.
10
80.
10
86.8
10
40.
10
48.4
11
83.
11
40.4
11
44.
11
47.8
12
86.
12
44.
12
48.
12
52.
13
89.
13
47.8
13
52.
13
56.4
14
42.
14
51.4
14
56.
14
60.8
16
45.
15
55.
16
60.
15
65.
16
48.
16
58.8
16
64.
16
69.4
17
51.
17
62.4
17
68.
17
73.8
18
72.
18
78.
18
54.
18
66.
19
57.
19
69.8
19
76.
19
82.4
20
60.
20
73.4
20
80.
20
86.8
Ji_
IX
TABLES
OF
TIMBER-MEASUBE.
151
OB*
TABI-BS
152
TIMBER-MEASURE.
6X11
6X10
6X13
6.6
1
2
11.
6X14
6.6
7.
13.
14.
19.6
21.
26.
28.
32.6
35.
39.
42.
16.6
22.
27.6
83.
38.6
45.6
49.
44.
52.
56.
49.6
58.6
63.
54.
10
65.
10
60.
10
65.
10
11
60.6
11
66.
11
71.6
11
77.
12
66.
12
72.
12
78.
12
84.
13
71.6
13
78.
13
84.6
13
91.
14
77.
14
84.
14
91.
14
15
82.6
15
90.
15
97.6
15
96.
70.
98.
106.
16
88.
16
16
104.
16
112.
17
93.6
17
102.
17
110.6
17
119.
18
99.
18
108.
18
117.
18
126.
19
104.6
19
114.
19
123.6
19
138.
20
110.
20
120.
20
130.
20
140.
TABLES
OF
TIMBER-MEASURE.
153
154
TABLES
OF
TIMB"B-M"ASUB".
156
TABLES
OF
TIMBER-MEASURE.
OF
GLOSSARY
IN
COMMON
USE
AMONG
TERMS
CABPENTEES.
159
GLOSSARY.
ADZE.
A.
An
wlien
in
of
insertion
The
is
of
by
fHction.
Adhesion,
woods,
may
1 pound,
in.
of
into
driven
resists
when
into
the
in.
grain,
it
strain
of
be
at
or
right
with
them,
it
spruce,
common
three
driven
resist
ton.
If
2 in.
direct
fifth
of
as
nail
into
strain
is
1.
inch
in
to
an
about
a
last
named
dry
oak,
of
nearly
ridge,
to
APERTURE.
the
unite.
to
eaves
the
support
through
''
An
wall
Apertures,"
inlets
should
they
and
number,
as
with
word,
as
may
opening
partition.
or
Sir
says
''are
Wotton,
it will
half
the
serves
in
piece
where
sides
from
and
nearly
jack-rafters.
light:
common
is
line
inclined
adjacent
ing.
framanvl"-
brace.
the
at
is c(nitinued
the
of
an
hip-roof
two
It
dry
In
adhesion
great
the
as
an
as
3.
to
nearlv
has
times
6"/. nail.
is
into
parallel
driven
4
as
screw,
diameter,
be
when
than
greater
or
piece framed
tie, and
with
solid
piece
termed
diagonal
or
90".
point.
ANGLB-RAFTKR.
fibres,
the
to
also
synonymous
grain,
the
across
tie^
sion,
adhe-
driven
when
angles
by
out
at
lines
three
of
is
obtuse
the
angle.
of
an
one
inclination
meeting
angle
at
is
than
open
angles
the
It
the
The
Joining
an
their
right
the
plain
across
into
with
drawn
named,
wood
is
right
or
of
ANGLE-BRACE.
and
driven
pounds.
than
angle
more
In
more
angles,
is less
oak,
;
or
acute
pounds.
parallel
therefore,
the
378
be
73
6^.
dry
line
circle.
greater
In
fibres
of
by
viz.,
inclination
the
meet.
kinds;
acute.
formed
of
quarter
angle,
is
driven
pounds
elm,
or
may
weigh
into
nail
257
lows
fol-
the
607
dry
same
to
as
them.
of
strain
endwise,
elm
and
force
extract
to
is
three
and
point
lines
perpendicularly,
inclination
of
90", which
related
across
require
of
are
geometry
the
or
comer,
rights obtuse^
another
when
long,
converging
two
angle
which
of
spruce,
wood,
pounds
If
in.
1^
the
nail,
18
3(i. nails,
in
term
where
destroying
as
ly
easi-
cannot
axe.
extraction,
considered
be
they
an
signifying
Angles
the
adhesion
the
overcoming
by
its
and
wood
separating
where
with
cut
ANQLE.
the
into
thereby
and
cohesion
the
be
body.
nail
accomplished
particles,
unites
horizontal
situations
sion
Cohe-
contact.
homogeneous
another
to
that
force
the
particles
attached
brought
is
in
term,
which
with
force
the
remains
body
physical
ADHESION.
denoting
used
by
edged tool
chip surfiuies
lying
in
position, or
to
carpenters
be
as
moderate
possibly
other
due
respects;
all
openings
are
Henry
air
for
and
few
in
in
mensions,
di-
consist
for, in
wMkenings.
160
GLOSSARY.
should
They
the
near
it
approach
not
of
angles
faideed,
were,
solecism
that
all
strengthen
moMt
APRON.
in
The
carriages
ARC.
ing
the
the
of
circle,
or
curve.
ARRIS.
intersecting
The
surfiMses
two
of
Ptise
which
against
are
as
ribs
of
the
roof;
ney,
chim-
sky-light,
skilled
art;
upper
manner
aa
backs
inventor,
an
mechanic
dexterity
manual
trained
in
art
any
girt of
and
where
the
the
in
attic
is
the
short
would
permitted
AUGER.
penterfl
framed
with
plane
placed
under
and
(See
truss.
AXE.
is
of
or
is
for
the
as
either
of
to
right
for
axe
OF
passing
DOME.
through
perpendicular
to
A
its
its
centre,
base.
plumb
its
usu-
hard
which
"ce^il"ut
standing
A
instead
of
and
ing
of
floors
building,
a
arris
an
intervening
space
given
or
joist-
The
portion
between
side-wall
the
building.
particular
as
of
portions
JOISTS.
OF
of
into
formed
having
The
two
or
small
from
be
square.
between
wall
baulk-timber,
not
timbers,
sent.
pre-
designated
hewn
being
at
as
sawn
of
could
in
term
generally
were
formerly
BAY.
of
to
pendicular
per-
or
observer
framed
full
it
right
chisel
applied
term
timbers
BAY
AXIS
of
angle
angle is
18*^ for
not
an
It
"c.
line
from
square
cutting,
ceive
re-
bars.
on
and
A
is
when
trees,
left),
or
to
or
that
BAULK-ROOFING.
use
which,
which
in
field-
front.
The
adapt
slope
soft
which
hewn,
axe
of
horizontal
as
BATTER.
ing
hew-
broad
the
handle
bent
TUtrroto
for
ing
taper-
fixed
sides
The
laf* for
roof
wood.
10
approach
mortised
The
tool,
the
XI.)
and
they
are
plane-iron.
in
them
to
ally
usu-
than
wood.
tical
ver-
to
less
the
on
rafters^
trees
term
Posts
car-
same
small
but,
movable,
edge
slopes
the
SmaU
The
as
at
They
the
wall
Pieces
parallel
kinds
so
hewing
and
by
instrument
(the
usually
in
chopping
two
hewing
for
used
strength
Plate
An
timber
axe
floor.
the
principal
additional
give
to
the
ribs,
or
end.
ground
or
with
timber,
of
deal
good
other
aUy
such
hewn
BAR-POSTS.
they
were
RAFTERS.
timber
cupation
oc-
holes.
boring
AUXILIARY
of
for
in
rafters,
the
at
square
BASIL.
cutting
the
forming
it range
sticks
denotes
an
which
to
tool
A
for
of
BAULKS.
or
trunks
gate.
manner
studs
come
the
the
plate
designed
make,
to
of
being
ings
Build-
this
angle
acute
rafters
studs
the
attic-floor.
the
off
between
framed
are
short
The
building
make
roughly
or
or
hand-rails,
of
either
of
of
the
ASHLERINO.
curved
HIP-RAFTER,
to
BALKS,
the
trade.
of
side
the
act
sticks
in.
under
side.
each
ARTISAN.
to
top
and
or
The
surfiMse
contriver.
or
The
RIB.
in
is
the
backs.
BACKING
OR
clined
in-
and
partially squared.
One
mechanical
ceilings
or
side
upper
ratters,
called
on
"c.
ARTIFICER.
any
fbom
the
the
When
work.
horizontal
breast.
of
opposite
of
backj
the
sur"ce
of
portion
any
battlement,
and
the
the
shmgles
or
projecting
party-wall,
of
section^used
slates
the
work
the
in
triangular
wood,
to
piece
in
called
line
body
meet.
A41RIS-FILLET.
any
position,
are
where
side
piece
timber
side,
nify
sig-
geometry
portion
The
of
piece
landings.
in
term
any
rest."
supporting
their
at
A
BACK.
fkce
which
part
horizontal
stairs
wooden
for
essential
most
weaken
to
B.
too
walls;
the
the
girders
the
of
posts
of
floor.
BEAM.
of
squared
large
timber,
and
used
long
in
piece
hori-
161
GLOSSARY.
positions
sontal
for
supporting
or
weight,
superincumbent
counteracting
eittier
tending
it
compress
length.
for
the
if
strain
the
thrust
or
truss-rafters;
collar-beam
between
it
truss-rafters,
the
is
consists
It
which
of
with
provided
for
the
fixing
be
to
with
sharp
steel
centre
of
described,
for
pencil
itself.
circle
and
marking
large
circles,
domes,
"c.,
of
plans
the
it the
to
of
end
wood,
at
which
is
of
that
the
R.
it in
of
place.
The
joist
or
rest
12
in
in.
BEETLE.
driving
It
has
as
may
The
in
the
bell
was
to
term
denote
framing
to
bell
and
Any
thing
roof
the
retains
at
nut
one
the
at
is
walls
bers
tim-
which
of
to
The
are
)[)rick
the
secure
by
the
The
sighting.
or
substance.
edges^
whether
determine
The
for
use
straight
is true
judging
surface
eye.
joiners
two
they
of
act
plain
termed
usually
any
11
position.
wood
building
line
surfiuM)
ver-
of
the
forming
which
nects
conmore
finishing.
purpose
the
or
The
and
merly
for-
that
two
particular
into
BORING.
A
iron
flange
or
pieces
is
hung.
BELL-ROOF.
same
round
or
square
BONING.
cularly
parti-
which
The
thread
in
and
section
more
wider
planks.
internal
"c.
was
be
may
boards
and
straight
The
suspended.
stone
or
for
or
more
and
head
built
heavy
the
width,
or
handles,
part
timber
of
BOND-TIMBERS.
is
bearing.
which
are
England,
with
bodies
serted
inwall
three
in.
more
joists.
and
are
hammer
or
in
or
thickness
In
piece
BOND.
required.
steeple
used
or
and
in
length
to
of
all
; and
in. 'are
called
floor-
pin,
end,
or
or
in.
board
any
in.
thick
9
seldom
other.
piles, wedges,
two,
BELFRT.
of
in.
or
stakes,
one,
be
pier
large
mallet
wooden
4 in.
as
and
beam
12
than
timber
another,
wall.
have
to
of
ftom
the
method
but
of
planks.
is
support
and
BOARDING-JOISTS.
the
distance
ends
on
in
inserted
said
the
the
Pieces
to
up
verse
trans-
America,
and
BOLT.
its proper
for
timber
thickness.
in.
framed
in
now
In
width,
thods
me-
country.
of
board
2h
wall
or
timber,
which
old
timbers
or
is
this
piece
than
at
In
This
in
in.
work
brick-
timber
right
binding-joists
below.
called
of
cing
tra-
another
BEARING.
length
termine
de-
building.
Any
supports
retains
in
for
rafters
brick
G A HE
as
required.
about
eares
or
affix
The
so
angle
than
above,
BOARD.
for
extremity
BEAM-FILLING.
leg
an
less
the
angle.
any
floor-joists
finining
used
is
lath
the
of
the
to
or
instrument
circle
the
cle
cir-
then
slip
other
the
the
is
at
girders,
ceiling-joists
such
and
of
other
carpenters
centre,
set
direction,
one
the
yery
framing,
the
on
common
among
of
centre,
on
or
large joists
were
needle
the
method
in
one
denotes
more
between
describing
also
is
of
ticable
prac-
sliding sockets,
two
are
be
may
term
beam,
or
it
The
compasses.
rod,
; also
eminence
BlNDING-nJOISTS.
of
be
may
ordinary
tern
lan-
or
anffle.
circles
than
with
turret
try-square,
movable
which
ment
instru-
An
diameter
larger
of
compressed.
describing
oge"
instrument
An
of
that
strain
the
BEAM-COMPASS.
for
BEVEL.
being
as
the
an
observatory
an
artificial
or
nature
sists
re-
heads
resists
and
exert,
if
at
called
garden.
tie-
exerted
or,
for
arbor
an
a
it
roof,
of
often
used
sustains
as
of
truss
concave
convex
BELTIDERE.
or
ends
employed
the
the
the
floor, it simply
to
they
of
is
tical
is
It
and
roof.
its
lintel,
as
of
which
of
bottom,
top.
to
or
direction
support
weight;'
beam
by
the
the
at
forces,
stretcli
to
in
Employed
joists in
a
opposite
two
section
for
or
art
penters
Carthis
by
the*
twisted.
act
of
In
ing
perforat-
joinery,
162
GLOSSARY.
with
Ib done
this
let,
bit
or
by
carpentry,
Any
BOW.
in
lygonid
larger
the
internal
of
timbers
the
arrangement
the
expression
ing
signifycarpenters,
An
among
use
the
of
act
into
hole
admit
cutting
breaking
or
brick
sustaining
for
used
the
opening;
large
any
of
office
or
of
story
the
roofing,
over
the
over
the
and
BRIDGING.
In
approach.
joists
are
manner
of
kind
between
by
narrow
in
of
pieces
by
joist
cut
and
them
at
right'
of
pieces
each
creasing
BRIDGING-FLOORS.
nailed
as
fikbric
house,
Its
Those
of
edifice
or
for
the
parts
or
term
rafter.
to
use
denote
is
penters,
car-
used
also
turning
to
piece
timber.
of
CANTHERS.
pancy
occu-
of
by
in
rise
order.
to
ancient
In
the
church,
in
of
or
Among
term
ttie act
denote
c^"
or
comer
building.
tained
sus-
them.
sill
external
An
of
feet.
wall.
or
CANT.
base.
its
180
is
leaning
the
The
wharf
ft.
the
are
from
ft.
CAMPSHOT.
bam,
England
13
plan;
platform
on
height
entire
rafters
of
this
Iklls,
is
150
which
on
From
side, nearly
in
and
diameter,
was
and
Leaning
cylindric
platform,
plumb-line
bridging-
constructed
BULKER.
beam
the
in
bells.
See.
some
ft.
or
nally
diago-
Those
BUILDING.
kind,
is 50
as
is
"
the
markable
re-
it
II74,
year
sign
de-
world
the
Pisa:
at
known
high,
most
in
that
the
high.
ft.
The
square.
It
ft.
from
267
is
Giotto,
Tower."
other.
beneath
395
built
about
are,
and
celebrated
The
Florence,
doubtless
built
and
ornamented
is
ft.
45
angle
beam
at
usually
are
church,
Cremona
in
placed
and
BRIDGING-JOISTS.
by
That
to
same
used.
are
any
the
angles,
construction
whose
joists
the
the
highly
commonly
this
in
board
position,
similar
their
stayed
often
one
is
floors,
ao
Atowerlbr
they
campanile
tween
be-
prevent
to
timbers
bent
or
curve.
edifices.
at
purlins
placed
cain-
Arehedoc
general,
and
rafters.
Pieces
hewn
Italy
by
bridge
the
be
to
Beams
fh)m
costly
is
or
rafters
common
purlins,
principal
nearer
separate
framed
in
Thus,
it.
into
notched
is
sli^t
of
or
cambered.
In
cond
se-
mediately
im-
another,
upon
curve
or
said
is
gun.
aperture
CAMPANILE.
bells.
that
and
across
arch
of
CAMBERATED.
in
denoting
term
lies
timber
one
the
An
an
it
a
are
an
building.
BBTDGE.
store,
bore
CAMBER-BEAMS.
dows,
winor
beam
the
of
vaulted.
over
hu^
under
passage-way
open
A
when
wliich
forming
per-
lintel
as
in
doors
perincumbent
su-
and
w^ht,
top
of
form
to
as
timber
the
of
piece
or
CAMBER.
bered
"c.
BREAST-SUBfHBR.
ball,
or
beam.
wall
stone
or
log
on
joists, beams,
of
ends
the
old
round
any
meter
dia-
greatest
body ; as
The
CALIBER.
swerving
way.
IN.
fect
af-
supported.
so
O.
of
of
BliEAK
any
may
the
and
from
preyented
bnildii^
either
resist
which
thing
or
external
or
to
by
whole
stiffened,
is
work
nearest
of
angle
frame
pier
within
wall
the
timber
of
end
designed
from
pressure
piece
the
across
wliich
of
of
tree.
support,
bows.
BRACE.
fixed
in
two
piece
any
The
of
root
B UTTRESS.
po-
or
last-named
the
canted
the
wall.
circular
plan:
termed
are
to
in
END.
BUT-
building
straight
either
be
of
part
from
progects
may
mortise
framing.
that
in
of
sides
an
auger.
It
The
BX7TMENT-CHEEKS.
f^-
brad-awl,
in
; and
the
ends
roof.
some
mutules
the
of
They
to
are
have
of
the
pentry,
car-
jacksidered
con-
given
Doric
164
GLOSSARY.
CENTRE.
"qoally
of
from
point
of
flmme
of
lime.
Indnrated
hardened
or
its
taken
French
chalk,
of
nature
be
to
is
beam
cut
BO
into
lines
the
the
the
plane
and
the
timber-work
any
stnds
aides
the
at
or
grain
other
of
the
lar,
simi-
such
of
sabstimce,
by
body
yerb.
it
small
pieces
into
hewing
A
surfiices
Those
used
for
used
fhuning
for
used
laths.
The
right
joins
the
It
to
CIRCLE.
the
point
most
The
figure
all
eircumference^
are
the
called
of
capacious
circumference
divided
diameter;
3.1416,
by
or
It
centre.
the
all
is
the
any
will
diameter,
circle,
give
the
multi-
of
when
is
exposed
thin
In
stuffs
as
what
some-
in
those
from
ing
fram-
termed
usually
are
in
when,
or
it
clefts, being
the
sures
fis-
or
wood
shakes
.
the
of
top
girts,
Its
l^m
to
prevent
of
the
or
the
and
prevent
spreading.
A
rafters
nearer
to
the
parts
the
is to
design
COLLAR-BEAM.
the
or
girders
dove-tailing
by
walls
the
to
fining
con-
roof
wall-plates,
the
floor
together.
the
of
tie-beams
the
of
method
COCKING.
plain figures.
of
of
substance
direction
state,
"c.,
joists of
of
from
rating,
sepa-
part
cracks
heat.
lumber,
by
parts
equidistant
the
unseasoned
an
semblance
re-
line, called
curved
continued
which
bounded
in
green;
sudden
string.
the
other
in
different
string,
and
representing
chord
one
bow
or
produced
wrou^t'too
which
its
fh"m
called
so
the
of
act
one
Those
CLEFTS.
and
of
extremities
two
is
line
and
fibres.
boards,
clearing
CHORD.
SJTC.
another,
to
tinuation
con-
above
church,
wood
from
an
the
of
choir,
nave,
The
its
formerly
instrument
An
CHIT.
the
force,
thin,
or
tance
dis-
ceiling
and
height
the
steel.
firmer
two
net
aisles.
the
of
chisdt.
framing
of
piece
heavier
are
caUed
being
thicker,
transepts
roof
those
any
by
the
paring^ being
paring-chtseU
called
are
with
end,
floor
CLEAVING.
at
The
clear.
of
ment,
instru-
flused
iron,
for
be
ttie
of
separate
cliips by gradually
its
lested
unmo-
or
CLERE-STORT.
to
those
prevent
clear
to
in
so
fibres
cross
thus
points.
or
said
story
cutting.
cuttii^
or
solved.
un-
wood
the
between
between
or
from
well-known
of
made
beyeU
or
or
square
yet
of
may
and
The
instrument.
signifies
CHISEL.
wood,
separated
cutting
any
exact
twisting.
or
dow.
win-
door,
of
piece
in
as
that
distance
the
as
the
piece
one
other,
of
parts
is
A
other
the
of
CLEAR.
"c.
CHIP.
As
A
another
to
inter-
upright,
corresponding
is
termed,
problem
CLAMP.
warping
Two
ing
Squar-
is
circle
a
a
"
fixed
augle,
sides.
CHEEKS.
it
as
the
of
square
ascertain
to
c"
measure,
original
slope
of
circle,
attempt
diameter
the
.07958.
by
tiply
mul-
arris
obtuse
an
where
with
Mcts
its
conrert
to
as
angle
the
when
the
or
contents
said
by
for
or,
of
square
the
slope,
joiftt is
or
chamfered
right
at
farrow,
beTel.
circle,
any
diameter
calculation,
circumference
the
of
circumference;
.7854,
the
of
7.
to
the
accurate
more
to
cumference
cir-
the
to
area
half
the
by
is
soapstone.
or
the
the
color.
mineral,
CU.WlFEiL
an
tailors,
by
xteatite,
half
and
its
used
magn"-rian
soft
is
ochre,
from
name
ate
carbon-
chalk
Red
find
j multiply
of
Tariety
22
as
To
any
ness
exact-
is usual
diameter
the
whereon
consider
mon
com-
great
it
required,
is constructed.
work
CflALK.
or
any
temponuy
woodwork
or
aivbi^l
"
is not
In
where
practice,
"
The
wiU
number,
same
circumference.
the
give
body
or
thing.
CK.VTERINO.
tfie
by
mities
extre-
plaee
or
is
plied
the
line, fignre,
middie
the
which
point
distant
bending
in
used
beam
or
sagging^
roof,
common
approach
of
the
tops
165
GLOSSARY.
the
of
in
rafters
for
Trian^vlar
ones,
another,
made
movable
in
and
joint,
Beam
for
compasses
by
connected
in
sliding
joints
the
at
other.
the
enlarge
of
capacity
be
to
post
taining
sus-
in
in
use,
of
state
from
derived
shake
rotten
or
of
are
termed
CONE.
its
at
solid
A
for
its
top
in
circle
timber
sticks
knots
base,
CONICAL
roof
mortises
term
bent
with
end,
one
denotes
the
at
and
to
of
piece
ends
used
timbers
larger
or
t(^e-
iron,
of
at
also
side, and
one
like
draw
tenons
other.
the
at
The
iron
instrument
to
made
shoulder
or
ceiling.
and
is
It
laths
the
carpenters
screw
of
whose
formed
force
is fixed.
timber-ribs
iron
An
by
ther.
bolt
or
which
against
nailed
CRAMP.
on
it;
bolt,
or
screw
of
with
vaulted
used
movable
vertex.
or
A
is
sur"ce
tiaving
having
terminating
ROOF.
exterior
and
hody
and
are
furrings
sink
material,
The
of
Lines
projection
iron
head
or
which
late
concussed.
point,
its
signify
to
knots;
deoayed
or
boards
used
to
so
Of
shaky.
generally
of
CRADLING.
of
some
nut
tliis
which,
connected
of
plate
the
in
and
any
of
be
head
the
mits
per-
nearer
To
to
piece
be
meet.
in
reception
the
try,
carpenwood
in
be
to
as
such
denotes
decayed
it is
years,
for
the
eonetUiOj
In
shatter.
properly
or
parts
Latin
the
or
it.
is douhtless
term
or
rod
would
cavity
or
the
eomr
simply
contracted.
point,
one
continued,
as
This
CONCUS.
rotten
if
to
is
LINES.
to
self
itthe
become
come
the
be
to
an
said
causes
to
and
said
tending
recess
pression.
to
is
heat,
COUNTER-SINK.
or
when
truss-roof,
said
particles
to
in
of
to
which
CONVERGENT
to
collar-beam
the
or
of
strut
of
the
other;
superincumbent
heavy
weight,
are
heing
rod
is then
absence
each
body
insinuating
the
it
of
act
particles
Cold,
state
the
or
reduced
dimensions.
a
lity
qua-
compressible,
the
ing
bound-
Thus,
by
the
and
of
parts
heat,
expanded.
to
scale.
being
smaller
to
The
cwon
shortening,
or
other.
causes
longer
drawings
COMPRESSIBILITY.
of
rod,
metal,
used
are
diminish
or
given
any
They
the
between
ttiat
to
outline
The
each
approach
iron
which
bears
end
one
they
of
points
together
causing
by
legs,
between
distance
the
ing
intervenwhere
figure.
drawing
centre
proportion
or
places
The
any
thereby
and
groove,
opening
the
shifting
the
regulating
of
sensible
CONTRACTION.
signed
de-
Proportional
pairs
two
have
no
The
CONTOUR.
circles.
large
describing
when
together
near
tact.
a
are
or
Things
contact
so
called
are
tion.
direc-
any
in
are
is
there
touch
mon
com-
with
compasses
description.)
(See
at
legs of
two
the
to
them
space.
have,
compasses
to
of
that
tion.
descrip-
no
bodies.
two
be
said
parts
mon
Com-
distances.
need
compasses
addition
are
circles
describing
measuring
in
mathematical
COMPASSES.
and
of
Juncture
instrument
touching
CONTACT.
is
that
one
trussed.
towards
confine
the
flrame
ther.
toge-
for
raising
cone.
The
CONSTRUCTION.
building,
or
of
Among
more
architects,
denotes
and
distributing
as
building
will
the
structure,
use
of
its
and
the
the
economy
in
or
to
puncheon,
strong
tackle
the
operative
carpentcy.
shaft
at
sides
termed
which
or
piece
projects
timber,
of
with
extremity
the
CROSS-BEAM.
the
of
post,
or
pulley.
and
building,
consists
from
arm,
wall
from
extending
CARPENTRY.
It
Weights.
furnished
ner
man-
durability
machine
upright
stout
ranging
ar-
of
C RANE.
great
term
the
such
of
ing.
form-
materials.
CONSTRUCTIVE
Practical
in
insure
act
and
generally
of
parts
devising
the
or
of
an
large
to
girder
edifice
beam
wall
of
holding
together.
166
GLOSSARY.
CB08S-ORATNED.
Irrq^lar
or
of
fibxvs
the
from
in
ae
where
tree
ttiat
trunlc.
Ina
ceiling,
groined
from
on
an
OP
AN
CRO\l'N
point
highest
CUBIT.
was
equal
arm
from
of
in.
different
little
22
cubits,
It
slopes
identical
each
on
with
having
the
formed
curb,
or
two
or
corred
more
their
at
pieces
breaking
the
woric.
size
by
scarfing
the
in
plank
of
joints
branches
the
trunk;
to
the
of
without
line
circular
body;
for
Thus
its
In
denoting
term
of
flat
timbers
of
by
heavy
of
frame
the
the
floors,
of
or
doors,
"c.,
tation
represenThe
term
general
rangement
ar-
the
or
di."ipo9ition
and
windows,
architecture,
plan
of
of
rangement
ar-
the
ing.
build-
"
that
One
a
used
any
building.
either
is
is either
any
by
elliptical.
CUT-ROOF.
dense
more
machine
larger
DESIGN.
roof
less
itself.
straight
plan
wood.
the
therefore
sections
or
sigpiifies
when
tively
rela-
is
of
raising
the
as
frame,
ratio.
Bounded
having
oak,
matter
required
wood
being
is
of
continually
bends
line.
or
pine,
being
more
weight
of
piue
crushed.
part
which
ter,
mat-
of
iron,
density
of
carpenters
angles.
curved
of
one
eaMly
is neither
of
composed
which
curvilinear
block
of
given
that
CURVILINEAR.
a
piece
the
part
by
at
set
lines, but
that
or
are
nor
crush
to
dense,
more
of
The
the
example
more
contains
dense,
or
double
amount
foot
either.
than
wood
the
compasses
points
cubic
than
double
is
same
DERRICK.
beam-compasses,
straight
from
character
sliding
The
CURVE.
and
bulk
of
For
oak
ter
mat-
bulk.
is
contains
the
as
curl.
or
proportional
the
shoot
causing
CURSOR.
therefore
of
equal
it contains
density
given
of
of
of
parts
quantity
body
foot
where
as
spiral
formation
wind
in
being
of
trees
the
and
ness
compact-
the
of matter.
cubic
physics,
in
or
another
denrity,
more
winding,
are
the
the
Wood
fibres, instead
the
at
the
In
than
"c.
domes,
straight,
of
if
with
brick-
used
are
is
quantity
A
layers,
in
as
CURLINQ-STUFP.
which
ther
toge-
uniting
by
or
Cnrb-plates
of
circular
term
constituent
contained
half
tieals.
philosophy,
body
pieces
ends,
together
eye
of
called
of
those
closeness
the
In
is 3
Those
in.
are
sUt
A
The
former
9
and
the
denoting
and
Chrui-
deals.
the
thickness
thickness,
Thus,
plate
width
DENSITY.
gambrel-
roof.
CURB-PLATE.
their
deals;
that
or
into
of
names
Dantiic
of
body.
side.
and
in.
planks
Christiana
the
thickness
I4
fir-
the
imported
are
from
of
roof
chinery^
ma-
America.
of
into
taking
deals
9 ft.
or
different
is
water,
commonly
in
wood
made
England
Dantadc,
metrical
geowas
of
more
They
tokoU
built
driving
than
the
boards.
of
cubit,
term
when
in., and
4-10
wall
or
wood,
for
England
denotes
about
The
VitruTius
CURB-ROOF.
two
was
in.
of
cubit
It
usual
17
level
in
tiana
the
of
current
its
DEAL.
mity
extre-
Arbuth-
Scripture
than
ordinary
or
Dr.
to
cubit
the
less
the
to
finger,
Roman
and
it
of
length
According
the
tions.
na-
architecture,
middle
the
in.
not,
in
of
ftiune
"c.
tree,
mearare,
elbow
raise
used
Its
lineal
the
to
obstruct
and
bank,
mole,
or
to
or
rests.
ARCH.
ancient
the
piers
the
arch
eleration.
length
In
18
of
A
difTerent
of
which
earth,
springing
rib?
the
diagonala
the
pillars
of
shoot
CliOSS-dPRINGERS.
DAM.
of
part
braDches
the
the
of
dispofiitioii
wood,
D.
twisted
on
the
is
cated,
trun-
top.
Drawings
DETAILS.
larger
scale
exhibit
They
than
those
the
design
are
usually
made
on
which
of
of
ply
siming.
buildthe
fiill
167
GLOSSARY.
size
of
the
and
work
are
b"
to
executed,
termed
often
Pantheon
roorking-
through
the
opposite
two
used
the
same
figure
diameter
Euclid
in
diameter
modem
In
applies
properly
more
to
them.
Is
A
the
body
(as the
stick
timber)
length
(as the
the
whole
of
has
is
as
from
beam,
when
too
the
or
heavily
placed
of
the
roof
conyex
be
or
dome
is
in
such
tne
higher
we
are
Pantheon
table
of
domes
given
peveml
be
In
of
that
in
"
is
iron
or
timbers
or
disguise
to
drawing
ing
represent-
all
relative
its
parts
to
intended
are
itself.
building
"
to
proportion
they
as
tions
sec-
drawn
exhibiting
the
and
elevations,
draught
in
The
signifies the
Aruned
same
of
right
framed
lowing
fol-
of
pal
princi-
the
which
to
To
pin
through
the
tenon
than
the
being
the
from
ber
tim-
The
is
angle-tie.
the
mortise
which
dragon-beam
the
is called
of
piece
comer
other.
DRAWBORE.
mensions
di-
heights
the
across
to
ing
lyand
each
to
it, and
with
angles
plate
one
trova
hip-roof
piece
position,
diagonally
angles
at
horizontal
into
the
of Europe.
The
fjfiym the ground.
form
wood
building,
is framed
found
the
of
boards
DRAGON-BEAM.
the
and
the
it
direct
wedge-like
same
be
which
Augustus,
perfect.
will
is
Rome,
at
its
dome
informed
that,
other,
by
as
plans,
other
or
radius
parts
thing.
mental
seg-
oldest
the
manner
the
each
term
surmounted
the
The
under
quite
circular
one-half
or
than
base.
erected
is still
than
stilted
name.
the
out
two
DRAFT.
to
rise
into
ite
formed
ite
fastenings.
in
of
structed
con-
joined,
Pins
of
other
whose
one
is less
diameter.
of
be
drawn
while
the
manner
over
the
ing
bridg-
joint
shaping
to
unite
weight
building.
and
hence
so
is let
one
which
or
or
of
of
out
floor
DOWELS.
the
parts
word
with
binding
tail
scale, thus
spherical
polygonal
or
173
summer.
wood
strain
arranged.
or
The
which
80
nearly
synonymous
and
by
cannot
loaded.
several
and
FLOOR.
timber,
The
DOME.
of
110
retained.
unload
other
is
is made
space
as
of
TREE.
dove's
when
and
house,
removal
the
is
199
86
at
DOVE-TAIL.
It
three
or
room,
DISPOSITION.
plan
Invalids
with
like
denotes
To
relieve;
dome
of
It
generally
and
of,
DISCHARGE.
its
Florence
at
lintel
the
elevation
210
joists.
; and
body
of
shaped
92
91
....
DOUBLE
ship.
are
215
Medici
etymology,
one
breadth,
extent
dimensions
body
116
112
...
terms
sions,
dimen-
stick) has
word
by,
which
112
Achmet
of
use.
squared
two
plural,
the
occupied
201
...
of
point
has
breadth
and
The
in
116
cient)
(an-
London
DORMANT
or
length
length,
"
thickness.
used
Caracalla
Paul's,
bad
breadth,
line
side
whole
dimensions,
are
of
Paris
ports.
namely,
"
"
830
...
ing
pass-
extent
depth.
;
superfice
was
nople
Constanti-
Church
figure,
equal
dimensions
of
line
of
length,
or
or
dimension,
or
at
larly
particu-
right
The
thickness
in
Sophia
Baptistery
across
for
it into
dividing
no
310
139
centre
DIMENSION.
a
139
measurements.
through
solid
St.
Chapel
suring
mea-
drawn
designed
DIAMETER.
has
Rome
St.
horizontal
by
diagonals
It
of
formed
accurate
and
at
Mosque
lines, with
size
Peter's
to
angular
SCALE.
scale
and
St.
Baths
figures.
DIAGONAL
148
at
the
practice,
diagonal
and
Fiore
del
Maria
Florence
so
join
to
as
angles.
term
sense.
circular,
Une
right
DIAGONAL.
ft.h.
142
...
Sta.
drawings.
drawn
ft.d.
Rome
at
confine
by
parts,
holes
the
the
nearer
in
the
non
te-
of
means
hole
der
shoulcheeks
in
168
GLOSSARY.
mortiM
the
of
is to
wood
is fixed
OTexwt,
it
by
is said
Teins,
which
its
of
The
(Scotch).
board
of
of
joists
the
bridg^g
short
used
joist
or
in
rarely,
if
is said
to
of
floor.
is
of
elastic
of
of
piece
The
EAVES.
of
roof
off
of
the
prqjects
so
wall
to
as
fisdis
that
water
der
bor-
lower
or
which
face
the
from
edge
throw
roof
The
EDGE.
sides
or
that
part
the
of
which
part
the
ground
when
of
to
ture,
fabric.
or
however,
cannot,
propriety
but
to
term
edifice
be
applied
EFFECT.
importance;
architectural
i.s calculated
of
an
which
the
attract
by
The
CURVE.
by
assumed
figure
as
voussoirs
of
EYE
OF
its
at
lath,
or
in
up
the
stones
or
arch.
an
top
interior
The
of
The
DOME.
inside
the
ing
open-
curb.
P.
tant
in
the
thhi
an
elastic
strip
of
imp(nv
or
{French).
the
important
that
principal
lawn,
term
or
most
building;
on
as
public
garden.
or
six
among
"ces
comprising
chiefly
of
front
which
FATHOM.
curve
large
Any
building.
street,
ELASTIC
mortise,
driven
ADOS.
back,
FACADE
designer.
body,
R
or
denoting
tion
atten-
excite
and
intended
sensation
being
as
in
quality
beholder,
the
the
into
theatres,
composition
to
inserHng
of
act
shoulder.
FABRIC.
That
Is
what
buildings,
";c
churches,
produced
oval.
tenon
its
to
on
ral
architectu-
mansion-houses,
large
previous
the
obliquely
l^ing
;
an
The
a
of
to, and
figure
called
of
In
sdpposed
passing
ENTER.
with
is
cylinder
end
or
eye.
A
through
the
of
part
opposite
the
plane
EXT
The
any
ELLIPSE.
nonymous curve,
systruc"
of
with,
to
building,
ordinary
structures
him
nearly
denotes
rather
meet
angle.
acute
word
with
the
than
building.
represented
directly
the
piece
drawing
every
be
to
is
tool
of
commonly
or
surfaces
an
the
is either
surfaces
two
EDIFICE.
or
end
or
by
according
the
edge
where
gular
rectan-
level
to
a
hemp
oppoate
representation
elevation,
being
j
a
; and
of
The
sides.
of
faces
sur-
contains
curved,
or
contour
the
two
solid
thickness
and
straight
of
superflce
or
body
length
between
space
intersection
of
one
glass.
structure
lines
more
geometrical
an
the
elastic
ELEVATION.
side
the
on
is
of
one
is
therefore
and
wood
than
ber
India-rub-
of
than
Brittle
rod
steel
elastic
so
more
is
elasticity
A
string
to
bending.
or
perfect
more
cotton.
or
E.
be
and
iron;
in
required
found.
ever,
only
exact
and
shape,
was
of
quality
The
substance
or
perfect
flexure
the
produce
"om
dlstor-
its
and
which
time
the
powder.
WANGS
pieces
its
reducM
and
dry
cohesion
is
recovers
form
original
timber
in
tension,
body
by
figure
relieved
Elasticity
a
body
former
being
pressure,
laon.
lath
inherent
in
its
recovers
after
where
spongy
disease
the
destroys
parts,
state
the
The
quality
or
it
loaded
which
bended.
or
state
or
druxey.
1m
to
DRY-ROT.
which
any
in
white,
haring
decay,
out
end.
Timber
DKUXEY.
property
exerted
power
verb,
tical
ver-
other
the
by
ELASTICITY.
pier
driving
smaller
the
against
As
of
act
wedge
or
and
one
in
horizontally
weight,
is curved
tends
the
apart,
springs.
the
it denotes
power
it
when
spread
or
which
pin
arch
an
with
when
whalebone,
or
end
wall,
hj
from
to
abnt-
ahoalder
horisontal
The
exerted
of
the
come.
DRIFT.
to
the
to
are
idiich
agaiiut
ment
of
measure
feet..
seamen
It
length
is
for
used
mea-
169
GLOSSi^RY.
suring
and
ropes
sounding
the
chains,
for
and
of
depth
water.
London
12
Amsterdam
11
2-10
Antwerp
11
8-10
in.
"
FELLING
TIMBER.
The
act
"
of
down
cutting
trees.
Bologna
14
4-10
Bremen
11
6-10
Cologne
11
4-10
"
FILLING-IN
PIECES.
The
"
short
studs
which
in
cut
are
"
against
braces
the
of
frame,
or
Copenhagen
11
6-10
in
Dantzic
11
3-10
or
Frankfort
11
4-10
"
the
short
of
pieces
rafters
cut
,,
the
agai"st
The
groin.
of
hips
is
term
roof
synonymous
"
Madrid
12
Paris
12
"
jiiek-timber.
with
M.
the
on
1-12
"
FIUMER-OHISEL.
A
cliisel
and
heavy
(See
Chisel.)
of
The
joins
and
is
same,
flank
is
called
FLOOR.
its
The
surface
of
timbers
and
which
laid,
are
There
building
The
height.
the
first
which
on
the
the
are,
modern
they
are
plane
which
term
surfaces
are
line.
The
or
building
wooden
with
flush
the
FOOT.
supposed
firom
the
12
length
sguare
foot,
foot.
The
length
foot
varies
The
accompanying
in
dimensions,
the
principal
used
solid
or
the
of
different
cities
of
Europe
they
either
in
firom
the
any
term
in
work
to
be
ridge
wood
to
or
surface.
in
used
England
or
of
crooked
regular
term
in
ately
appropri-
pieces
any
of
naggins;,
of
bringing
a
or
form,
deficiency
may
to
A
of
any
to
original
bers
tim-
surface
intended
consequence
The
uneven
or
of
are
applied
apex
as
some
denote
the
roof.
a.
cubic
lineal
GAUGE.
contains
Engli.sh
back
of
pieces
beams
note
de-
to
countries.
table
in
human
ing,
build-
any
roofis, partitions,
falling
parts
the
The
of
Thin
FUST.
"
name
solidity;
or
and
its
the
is alito
term
surface,
in.,
its
taken
thus
by
"c.
employed
length,
fast
FRAMING.
to
size.
driving
mortise.
nailed
be
to
English
of
the
is
it
held
FURRING.
or
girts.
of
have
The
foot.
and
same
of
said
are
measure
containing
to
studs
posts
fies
signithe
on
the
forced
tenon,
and
AND
wood
line
is
it
the
including
which
is
back
opposite
timber-work
floors,
joists
of
the
the
resisting
wedge,
and
of
rough
supporting
which,
tion
porject
pro-
tenon
mortise,
asunder;
compressed
and
to
The
ting
split-
permitted
split in
the
parts
first
tenon,
tenon,
the
me-
in
wedge,
cleft.
of
of
by
the
the
FRAME
the
ing-rooms
draw-
floor
and
tenon
the
is
the
of
cheeks
part.
FLUSH.
that
story.
the
of
into
put
its
usually
and
Those
of
into
principal
carpehtry
boards
the
as
principal
FLOORr^OISTS.
in
head
to
is
story
entrance
the
is stories
building
the
as
end
are
floors
respective
end
bottom
or
the
well
as
themselves.
many
called
term
on
is done
which
of
then
Carpenters
the
It
from
horiaontal
in
nishing
fi-
to
jointer
introducing
then
flexure,
joists
floor-boards
boards
or
room.
the
securing
mortise.
ing,
bend-
of
lower
include
generally
with
WEDGING.
of
thod
stick
boards
smoothing-plane.
the
winding,
of
sag
of
take
preparatory
them
the
A
The
timber
floor
its
The
to
surface
timbers,
,*
quaUty
admits
PLANE.
carpenters
FOX-TAIL
The
bending.
in
of
by
rough
the
and
fiank
JACK
or
used
flexure.
or
as
the
elevation
FLEXURE.
the
off
side
elevation.
which
body
The
called
FLEXIBILITY.
in
ing
build-
front.
geometrical
of
part
the
building
FORE
framing.
plane
FLANK.
that
for
thick
in., in
:
An
drawing
"
piece
arrises
lines
of
wood
of
that
on
instrument
any
parallel
sur"Gu:e.
for
surface
to
one
of
of
the
170
GLOSSARY.
OABTiB
The
of
piece
Tertieal
wall
at
btallding, bounded
tbe
by
lar
triangu-
straig'ht'gTaiMsd
end
are
of
horison-
twisted
be
but, when
th^
it is said
crossed,
or
to
eroBS-gmined
.
tal
line
level
with
of
the
with
the
inclined
two
The
the
mortise,
contain:
having
be
applies
one
or
to
the
term
the
to
giving
tenon
bevelled
In
mean
notch
arris
tbe
it.
admit
of
the
framing
end
the
sills
the
mortise
of
being
and
to
another.
In
gained
are
girders
into
instead
ground,
of
Cnns-
well-known
small
ing
timbers
in
joists
is
length
to
lessen
the
by
into
lock
floor
timber
into
which
Their
chief
the
of
of
They
extend
the
brace
firom
turning
circumference,
the
around
and
applies
round
or
from
the
to
HEW.
hatchet
distance
and
the
beneath
and
To
The
vertical
height
stidr
given
with
edges
bridging
the
it at
GItAIN.
when
or
parallel,
the
the
top,
fibres
the
for
most
its
of
wood
are
with
althoi:^fh
studs
its
side,
the
ends
by
HI
of
wood.
the
end
said
and
to
be
as
the
by
hips
of
of
by
Thus,
straight
is
the
the
formed
is
the
on
of
ber
tim-
cent
adja-
hip-roof
roof
sides
lines
ends
of
two
jack-rafters.
HIP-ROOF.
of
neglected.
piece
the
sides
the
support
is
standing
under-
be
A
inclined
to
still,
thereof,
profession, and
his
between
placed
seldom
needed,
means
no
the
mill.
process:
P-RAFTER.
or
is
thorough
out
at
at
often
not
of
tom
bot-
and
nearly
used
sawed
this
to
and
hewing
knowledge
competent
should
is
carpenter
essential
top
of
that
being
modem
or
uneven
straight
frames
of
axe
an
practice
day
mll^
the
direction
lines
present
floor
The
those
girt
of
timber
the
into
and
joists of
lines
the
timber
of
familiar
tween
be-
floors
top
The
wooden
the
to
an
make
to
surface
rough
The
on
the
to
capstan.
or
or
out
as
true.
use
wood
STAIRS.
of
top
of
above.
so
timbers
the
being
post
of
Uf"ed
in
the
at
Into
framed
are
immediately
plate.
the
of
stories;
the
is
fr"med
are
posts
that
can
Ameri-
term
walls
several
whether
horizontal
which
the
the
ptick,
Among
square.
outside
the
building
the
timber,
all
to
carpenters,
those
desif^ate
in
of
derside.
un-
OF
distance
clear
or
used
or
outside
the
are
the
lever
windlass
HEADWAY
signifies
timber,
of
the
on
and
size
the
short
wall
building,
a
tim-
pal
princi-
the
from
by
short
ancient
foot
the
supported
may
A
in
used
out
ceiling
when
term
they
other.
often
at
away
that
so
each
ber-rooft
for
bearing
the
cutting
each,
johi-
of
method
HANDSPIKE.
beams
joists.
The
denote
of
surface
tkbasemenL
ers
join-
principal
of
IRT.
and
framed.
are
ci
portion
holes.
The
the
is called
timbers
distance
ment
instru-
by carpenters
boring
snr"oe
story, of which
below
HALVING.
inside
for
the
ing
build-
the
is
rafters.
(See
GIRDER.
u"e
ground.
floor
tal
horizon-
of
part
above
next
the
mortised.
GIMLET.
the
the
that
HAMMER-BEAM.
Roop.)
or
of
bam
and
OAHBREL"R00F.
used
of
lying
to
into
timber
house
joists
channel.
The
the
cut
or
ordinary
floors,
America,
beam
sunken
the
to
understood
or
cross
of
purpose
below
generally
arches
shoulders
tbe
resistance
is
Tn
properly
more
section
to
gatned.
additional
term
GROOVE.
mortises,
more
be
two
other.
ber,
tim-
of
tersection
line of in-
curved
wliere
GROUND-PLAN.
'^g-ann,^^
piece
floor-joint, for
word
any
said
England,
probably
and
hence
may
iji
Wel9h
tenn
from
The
lines
each
GAIN.
*^faH^^^
GROIN.
ther
toge-
eaves,
roof.
derived
of
the
the
by
of
not
same
building,
the
other
which
nated
termi-
plane
but
sides
172
6LOSSABT.
Ally
throogh
put
its
prereat
LETEL.
to
searfing
sliding
parts
each
past
other.
of
known
This
emH-post
as
also
is
post
and
when
lines
elevation
both
LINE.
pricMr
be
the
That
floor
of
the
at
of
termination
stairs, either
flight
bottom
the
at
of
part
or
without
twelfth
line
that
two
given
An
LANTEflLN.
of
top
roof
aplertare
dome,
or
for
the
Its
light.
erection
the
on
having
an
of
admission
plan
be
may
or
neither
right
angles
with,
Uterally,
In
wood.
is
almost
used
of
strips
wide,
in.
the
of
bundles
denotes
the
slating
tiling
or
which
those
drawn
pjane,
on
be
readily
from
seen
said
be
to
view
and
and
of
of
the
it.
is
in
same
LEDGERS
in
are,
horizontal
the
walls
are
nailed
floors
could
roof,
saving
the
of
use
in
made
the
of
gables
in
were
single
sum
than
less
being
roof
two
may
timber
also
the
the
of
surfoce
the
is
is
roof
done
with
By
gable-end
the
M
span
be
safely
the
light
covered
roof.
inverted
or
with
each
to
of
space
over
span
pitehed
letter
design
roofed
placing
parallel
the
larger
by
of
their
of
one
the
M.
large
gable.
the
the
be
than
Udgment.
poles,
The
the
roof,
(M).
the
tained.
ascer-
over
Kke
formed
roof
and
against
other,
the
sides,
different
point
that
so
seen
or
A
roofs
common
that
out
parts,
ROOP.
eaves
also
roof;
drawing
The
as
Its
of
dimensions
may
its
of
arrangement
support
stretohed
as
M
two
wood
development
The
body
in
In
plastering.
support
LEDGMENT.
of
of
fi)r
split
or
all
to
up
of
to
they
descriptions
such
dimensions,as
beams,
boards,
joists, planks,
shingles,
use,
generally
strips
rafters
the
to
after
into
each.
lath
narrow
to
nailed
put
are
term
the
England,
it
hundred
from
cut
this
the
are
sawing
in
term
understood
sawed
applies
port
sup-
and
of
pieces
which
first
They
"c.
boards,
kind
and
cut
and
to
weight.
timbers
or
door,
opening,
usually
logs
mean
piece
over
The
is
country
are
to
this
refu8e
to
thick,
preparatory
slabs,
previous
log
If
horizontal
superincumbent
LUMBER.
note
de-
to
loDg,
is at
lar
perpendicu-
or
other
or
but
way,
stone,
or
window,
a
partition-
of
pieces
segmental
slip
is
which
line.
A
timber
word
in.
the
Laths
called
ft.
an
furring,
from
cut
timber
of
corenng
and
plastering.
are
wood
and
for
osed
studs
thin
the
America,
exclusively
level
LINTEL.
lygonal.
poof
LATH.
line
leans
with
parallel
or
plmmb
to,
between
korixontal
level
one
horizon.
either
of
is
the
straight
drawn
pointe
in.
French
shortest
be
can
or
denotes
also
of
is the
one
defines
breadth
term
part
hme
tenn
but
Euclid
The
ngkt
equal
ends.
which
length
tine
top.
of
are
geometry,
of
magnitude
thickness.
LANDING.
decide
to
In
denoting
dimension,
to
ment
instru-
an
planes
or
horiaon.
artisans
or
at
line,
the
denotes
by
used
in
with
also
term
methods
centre-poets
roof.
trosaed
the
carpentry,
old
horiaontal
parallel
The
In
KIXG-P09T.
plane
of
brackets
of
the
opposite
the
upon
of
outside
the
the
are
the
laid.
used
hammer
driving
the
by
chisel
large
wooden
for
carpenters
in
mortising,
"c.
MANSARD
of
end
which
scaffolding
to
They
building.
the
to
and
parallel
MALLET.
scaffolding,
pieces
with
The
the
Mansard
Identical
ROOF.
gambrel
roof
or
curb
was
so
roof.
named
173
GLOSSART.
who
His
dooin
Julius
true
Louis
Versailles
and
XIV.
of
the
Invalids.
at
the
age
the
teaches
the
is
or
showing
and
the
work
of
end,
or
truased
stick.
another
from
of
portico,
beneath,
it
called
the
The
or
to
gable
may
be
in
is
nearly
but
pediment;
properly
more
when
entablature,
lines
segmental
gable
term
with
term
which
sloping
Pediments
triangular
latter
triangular
roof,
or
by
roof.
the
and
it is then
The
terminated
an
Wtien
length,
great
partition,
identical
the
of
PEDIMENT.
of
in
dividing
another.
trussed
contour.
receive
to
Is
posite
opterm
greater
waU
be
either
constructed.
timber
of
is
Asinkage,orrece8s,
piece
tenon,
part
figure
unsupported
part
pattern
how
The
width.
from
should
of
of
parallel.
a
in
partition
dies,
bo-
of
whose
denotes
than
room
is
methods
some
arranged
MORTISE.
in
in
science
miniature
whole
be
to
one
superfices.
MODEL.
building,
died
are
figure
PARTITION.
the
Hos-
the
magnitude
and
lines,
the
length
The
calculating
of
usually
ployed
em-
sixty-three.
MENSURATION.
which
was
was
He
of
sides
four-
Any
rectilinear
He
build
to
and
sided
Har"
Mansart.
by
PARALLELOGRAM.
in
was
name
of
fital
708,
sard,
ManParis
at
architect,
eminent
Paku:e
bom
was
1646.
an
Francis
inrentor,
its
firom
the
applies
finished
with
raking-mouldings,
"c.
PENDENTIVB
PLOORING.
NAKED
such
boards
the
floor,
laid
are
furrings
the
or
of
the
term
neath.
be-
The
angles.
the
the
denoting
An
magnitude
measured
body
expression
of
the
to
any
WIND.
artificers
used
by
the
surface
and
of
perfect
piece
of
be
to
expression
to
signify
that
is
true
thing
plane.
timber,
has
means
An
which
become
twisted,
of
piers
and
against
squared
them.
by
or
spruce,
in.
in
any
is said
vinding.
at
shod
with
the
PALE.
of
wood
sharp-pointed
used
for
PALISADE.
made
driven
and
of
firmly
run
being
at
from
each
into
In
applied
which
fence
in
or
cation
fortifi-
to
the
every
other.
lines
the
or
driven
sur"ces
same
direction,
point
equidistant
their
city
entire
on
of
piles.
the
rest
new
on
of
surfoce
of
mains
re-
quite
are
Nearly
is
pervious
imthe
built
foundation-stones
House
Custom
more
always
Amsterdam
The
by
weight
from
the
decay.
to
into
Piles, when
water
them,
over
a
ft.
below
that
be,
the
at
heavy
heads
30
far
so
ground
need
driven
15
sliarp-
possible,
as
lets
about
of
ground.
geometry,
as
if
oak
to
hooped
then
Cur
which
upon
the
and
are
of
are
and,
end,
ground,
height
tion
foundawithout
firom
are
iron,
They
fall
"c.
stakes, sharpened,
PARALLEL.
term
stake
landmarks,
Piles
loose
too
the
They
one
machine,
is
usually
are
and
diameter.
top.
P.
soil
settlement
They
ened
buildings,
"c.
insure
to
spongy
dation-stones
foun-
the
large
the
the
upon
bridges,
where
used
are
case,
timbers
laid
are
of
the
OF
earth,
extreme
outside.
OUT
unhewn
the
which
of
heads
latter
Large
into
driven
the
zon
hori-
the
is vertical.
term
proper
denotes
with
in
or
right
at
also
term
PILES.
OUT.
TO
on
although,
line,
another
right angles
at
;
O.
vaulted
surfiBM:e, falling
line
OUT
supports
of
plaster
PERPENDICULAR.
upon
affixed
and
laths
ceilings.
beams,
as
before
them,
timbers
the
denoting
CRADLING.
which
timber-work
The
than
three
in
ton
Bosthou-
174
GLOSSARY.
id.
They
FIX.
ft.
A
of
mooly
from
timben
by
made
somewhat
rough,
the
latter,
and
round,
made
about
wood
drying;
hand
by
diiven
when
angles
into
from
ship-building
in
PITCH.
In
denotes
term
inclined
the
sides
where
building
the
from
the
ridge
Is one-third
of
top
one-third
be
10
be
it
rafters
ft.
to
The
PLAN.
the
showing
by
rooms
quite
Is
plan
the
and,
the
of
design
finish,
but,
among
as
denotes
properly
the
form,
the
of
front
or
PLANK.
length,
more
than
in.
thick.
piece
If
and
less
They
of
timber
width
in
It
in
studs
The
in
any
vertically;
denotes
partition
word
mous
synony-
also
over
puncheon
perly
pro-
upright
an
post
machine
as
which
fbr
crane,
PURLINS.
veral
se-
of
timber
of
trusses
the
The
of
horizontal
which
roof,
lie
and
on
the
support
rafters.
common
tion.
eleva-
an
from
brass
of
Nearly
post.
arbor
pieces
arrangement,
the
made
instance.
term
drawing
on
angles.
silver.
door.
turns
ment
instru-
An
down
usually
short
or
or
building.
designates
may
port
sup-
timbers
horizontal
of
with
the
to
weight,
laying
are
or
the
position
PUNCHEON.
of
representation
in.,
frame
the
German
or
nification,
sig-
ptan
its
the
timber
of
piece
PROTRACTOR.
used,
rooms
having
6
in
instrument
soperincumbent
support
angles
plumb-lines.
vertical
right
at
on
the
plumb-line.
Any
in
ter's
carpen-
placed
position,
An
for
rooms,
is called
side
to
word
whole,
being
be
POST.
regards
termed
of
be
level
determining
hence,
as
in
they
Hence,
contact.
blades
blade,
it, will
used
of
parts
of
be
floors.
any
several
architects,
exhibiting
Ibr
the
its
idea;
arrangement
size
If
ing,
build-
The
in
whether
propriety
more
with
of
commonly
as
the
with
and
"c.
composition
the
other
to
the
the
edge,
arrangement
general
building,
the
extensive
the
denotes
of
one
in
plumb-
when
angle
PLUMB-RULE.
disposition
partitions,
the
of
of
with
of
right
the
with,
and
framing-square
from
said
top
section
the
line
planks
perpendicular
angles
level
brought
if
of
pitch.
level
with
line
are
the
representation
horizontal
the
one-qui^ter
the
line
form
10-ft. pitch.
it is
eaves,
fh)m
horizontiil
floor.
right
line
the
assemblage
in
covered
like
horizon
framed
for
eaves,
if
and
at
or
timber
An
boards,
of
OuUer-
gutter.
laid
PLUMB.
width
one-quarter
the
firame,
walls
side-walls
the
of
of
the
of
pieces
are
piece
building.
timbers
or
In
immediately
poets
of
top
from
to,
at
is
plates
position,
height
roof
the
pUek
width,
the
the
at
out,"
to
out
or
out
the
of
PLATFORM.
by
rafters
the
called
lies
stone
support
the
extreme
the
the
brick
ma-
roof.
of
building
the
of
top
on
pins
formed
angle
than
horizontal
that
the
of
by
it is
thicker
If
The
vented
pre-
carpentry,
the
treenaiU.
called
are
'
used
pins
made
are
and
ohinery,
*'
The
thin
not
board,
io
less
commonly
IS
timber
on
and
Small
p^gs.
their
wood,
be
and
in.,
called
joiat.
it
in.,
I or
and,
eSectually
taming.
called
are
the
those
holes,
thereby
called
usually
piece
6
be
PLATE.
has
polygonal,
into
cut
are
.them
whereas
are
termed
of
as
woric,
or
than
is
timbr.r.
left
smooth
tarn
the
to
Pins
nearly
easily
in
shrunk
to
machine,
it
If
enough
preferable
are
by
being
the
when
used
therefore
and
made
those
oak,
together.
hand,
width
com-
ened
sharp-
and
in.,
b*Mird.
wood,
or
end,
one
oonl^e
they
of
piece
than
dis-
ut
centres.
cheetnut
at
to
driren
an
of
Uocee
of
of
to
thickness
QUESN-POST.
post
in
trussed
A
roof
suspensionwhere
two
175
GLOSSARY.
posts
of
the
truss
The
case
with
unit
is the
as
one,
firamed
truss
in
employed
are
instead
with
is
of
for
B.
RIDGE.
RABBET.
into
cut
the
arris
wood.
surface
is called
RADIUS.
line
plane
of
of
length
from
the
right
circumference.
The
covering.
Those
truss,
purlins,
boards
which
are
called
RAIL.
of
which
to
nailed
axe
term
in
particularly
more
of
pieces
kinds
tal
any
either
of
of
if
width
whole
ROOFING.
of
in
quality
avoid
to
body
yielding
which
lessens
water
or
that
the
motion
to
table
of
exhibits
resistance
more
to
the
unit
ternal
ex-
or
Cherry,
Holly,
Elder,
Walnut,
posing
op-
the
ship,
Elm,
Ash
Box,
Plum,
in
of
rials
mate-
roof
the
of
is
denote
to
ing
ceil-
the
like
arched
large
the
as
term
room
is
beneath
room
of
dome
is
Washington,
the
called
The
centre
great
at
lowing
fol-
interior,
however,
The
round
building
Rome.
pitol,
Ca-
the
commonly
Rotunda.
the
8.
woods,
stone
freeSAG
"
Willow
or
1:"etween
of
the
when
6f
horizontal
the
ing
bend-
The
SAGGING.
yielding
stick
of
points
ber
tim-
support
either
lies
timber
of
in
...
Pear,
and
Apple
7
7
11
or
In
the
when
an
cut
inclined
the
carpentry,
end
to
position.
of
proti^tion
SALLY.
kind.
8
Oak
blage
assem-
other
degree
Ilazel
Thorn
end
one
general
and
which
of
Birch,
firom
horizontal
and
circular
large
any
operation
Freestone
Beech,
roller.
used,
or
Alder,
move
compose
at
often
of
pressure
on
dome.
The
To
exterior
exterior
its
resistance
a
and
the
timber
Pantheon
and
the
New-Jersey
common
as
of
the
kinds
common
taking
the
or
kind,
instrument.
cutting
the
as
wood
to
of
any
effect
the
power;
of
to
of
pressure
or
enables
force
terials.
ma-
from
building.
were
power
which
moving
heavy
building.
which
be
Plain
usually
The
of
the
of
in
diameter,
The
note
detal.
me-
or
measure
used
are
in
of
and
to
wood
other
or
ROOF.
used
ft.
wood
cutting
covering
fies
signi-
long
ROLLERS.
ROTUNDA.
The
RESISTANCE.
of
also
16^
6 ft. long.
to
the
tenons
it would
when
its
from
cut
in.
is called
piece
same
10
to
left.
it
denotes
They
hor^n-
two
of
or
"c.
denoting
piece
tenon
wide
"too
term
th6
on
also
wood;
in
may
piece
being
or
rougher
fences,
between
out
existing
the
lying
in
as
RELISH.
edge
in
work,
cut
of
is
be
timbers
large
literally
which
and
slender,
It
shortest
between
drawn
term
thing
cylinders
denoting
timbers
any
wood,
position,
piece
architecture
but
meanings,
many
The
ROLLS
is
ridgt'
or
points.
ROD.
length,
com-
which
bear
The
be
can
given
two
the
called
LINE.
that
tnuui-rafters.
rafters
are
the
rafters.
rafters
ridge-puee^
RIGHT
part, of
support
the
the
by
against
the
of
Ihie
pole.
raftera.
mon
the
of
top
of
ing,
ceil-
dome.
made
wood
ends
top
called
the
support
forming
and
smaller
The
bers
tim-
inclined
which
roof,
of
lathing
highest
the
piece
line
RAFT"KS.
of
The
of
angle
of
meeting
the
to
centre
The
the
at
the
groove.
semidiameter
the
or
4rawn
of
piece
into
cut
The
circle,
of
channel
roof
channel,
or
recess,
wood
vaulted
boarding
the
or
of
the
of
same
107.
iron,
supporting
plastering
and
the
by
piece
curved
used
lead
brass, 60;
6^;
RIB.
king-post.
resistance
of
an
piece
acute
term
of
any
notes
de-
timber
angle,
ob-
176
6L0SSABT.
liqaely
For
the
to
fibres
ezAmpte,
thej
scaU^
wood.
connected
the
end
The
outer
ftnd
the
of
diagonal
rafter?,
where
contains
simple
with
phite
required
end,
or
inner
is
called
point,
8AW-PIT.
pit,
labor
'
t6e
or
done
was
plain
of
any
TheGunter^s
is
scale
marked
and
numbers,
aid
of
in
lines
with
wliich,
of
pair
various
by
by
arithmetic
geometry
it
by
is
ft.
many
and
tical
pracsolved
readily
are
usually
the
dividers,
_
'
sawed.
the
scale
divisions
dimension.
questions
excaTa-
is
and
scale^
The
heel.
timber
the
Formerlj
"c.
the
the
The
which
over
the
fttair-carriage,
point
OmUer^s
the
scale.
common
are
tion,
the
lower
'
of
Ibot,
of
the
and
long
in.
two
pit,
and
the
the
log.
work
the
chinery
is
render
of
and
severe
by
for
by
planks,
or
decorating
or
building.
built
An
stmeture
or
boards,
first
by
ole
in
walls.
called
brackets.
which
consists
wooden
jacks
walls
the
with
nut
floor
of
;
as
by
in
ttiree
of
wood
kinds;
fh"m
firom
cut
any
portion
the
and
choM
metal,
viz.,
division
and
the
are
plain
A
of
in
too
wood,
part
or
piece
particularly
between
the
circle.
compartment
crack,
by
caused
rapidly.
a
as
or
scaffolding.
SHARE.
usually
are
rest.
plan.
denotes
the
of
floors,
considered
contained
arc
ho-
the
also
thing,
SEVERY.
for
implement
or
called
SEGMENT.
with
line
and
the
portion,
or
verse
trans-
shows
the
with
it ;
section
was
longitudinal
on
across
or
term
part,
with
one
section
separate
is
view,
to
line
parts
part
building;
usually
The
poles.
Scales
on
the
width,
ritontal
being
the
exposed
one
but
made,
those
of
lines
the
is
sectional
section
The
scaffolding,
measurement.
on
is
length
its
forming
boards,
section
plane.
removed.
actually
bolt,
inside.
the
An
SCALE.
are
nearer
confined
of
means
building
termed
are
being
they
on
and
brackets
what
elevation
by
cut
as
separation
the
resentation
reprior
inte-
the
exhibits
only
not
the
where
the
folding
scafin
or
section
of
horizontal
the
buildings,
wooden
support
Jacks
of
used
edge
suifsMe
geometrical
part
building
vertical
though
kind
the
the
to
A
of
of
workmen
among
so
but
as
Fitting
if
nailing.
appear
wood
the
laid
simply
or
wood,
another.
also
covered
often,
of
erection
to
pieces
sometimes
is
of
is
of
of
angles
joining,
of
may
Of
pa-
boards,
are
whole
SECTION.
ledgers.
them
The
piece
building.
without
scaffolding.
for
and
right
boards,
used
improperly,
of
at
bers;
tim-
dIgc^*
OI16
height,
other
These
staging
word
The
them
times
some-
small
pieces
SCRIfiiNG.
stage-poles;
are
brackets
term
"c.
joists,
the
a
as
original.
A
splicing,
that
nailing
the
fh)m
of
fioor
the
suita-
last-named
The
with
at
of
at
and
of
ol]ject,
denote
two
with
scale
word
other
its
to
surements
mea-
magnitude
or
with
as
of
in
boards,
ledgers,
the
continued
made
the
SCARFING.
joists
ft. in
called
are
pole,
every
are
and
of
walls
and
ing
erect-
across
made
The
to
used
usually
position,
horizontal
the
with
walls
every
the
joists
and
the
outnide
of
to
The
in
apart,
horizontal
rellel
joists
position,
the
to
distances
a
of
erecting
distances
boards
to
be
map,
oompai^d
blage
assem-
used
Scaffoldings
perpendicular
on
refers
drawing,
tain
cer-
then
implement,
SCANTLINGS.
BCAFFOLDING.
At
this
and
lines
diagonal
exactness.
also
the
is formed
into
parts,
may
hand-
of
width
of
By
great
ser-
process
its
the
labor.
in
dividing
numl^r
them.
called
logs
scale
diagonal
drawing
ma^
laborious
sawing
slow
The
by
satoyere.
seldom
so
that
wide.
of
top
done
now
the
performed
fortunately
he
as
the
called
now
and,
to
Tfce
who
is
carpenter,
upon
on
men
were
work
This
other
The
in
standing
one
persons,
its
or
being
piece having
fissure,
dried
many
177
GLOSSARY.
slits,
is
clefts,
or
said
in
be
to
SHORE.
in
standing
against
is to
is
and
of
right
at
Eontal
tenon
I
in
'
principal
the
which
land
firame
in
lies
hori-
which
Pieces
under
of
of
One
slide, which,
against
logarithmic
mines
of
various
having
being
lines,
arithmetical
SOCKET-CmSEL.
The
between
distance,
the
of
eaves
abutments
of
piers
or
SPIKE.
the
That
tapering
thus,
by
making
the
equal
that
above
this, the
aperture
and
those
above
and
sides,
Also
an
and
out
(:^ee
thing
angles
said
are
perform
called
the
four
two
adjoining
right
for
supporting
be
right
in
theatres,
proseenium.
any
the
on
the
placed
of
play-room.
This
ground
story
between
post
of
building,
superincumbent
The
force
which
cohesion
exerted
tends
its
of
between
timber
approach.
of
was
12
opposite
their
It
is
always
in
pieces
nearer
a
state
compression.
STRAP.
term
two
prevent
to
on
stroy
de-
to
parts.
A
piece
STRAINING-PIECE.
which
stAge
this
chamber^tory
;
the
them,
tAtrd,
A
material
angles.
floor
the
entrance
stories
STRAIN.
ing
lay-
when
square
In
weight.
work.
Square.)
to
ancient
for
their
land,
Eng-
fourth,
used
joiners
Carpkntbr's
is
many
squaring
STAGE.
actors
as
instrument
and
carpenters
of
is
story
in
denominate
above
or
the
eaves.
second.
splayed;
figure
to
the
usually
first
are
description
floor
STORY-POST.
A
angles.
the
on
be
to
sills
principal
first
we
the
there
at
story
principal
admitting
room,
SQUARE.
In
the
the
this
the
jambs
light.
more
the
the
on
country,
angle
The
often
are
in
larger
oblique
an
adjoining.
window
America,
space
to
said
as
the
plates
it is
a
of
of
top
the
usually
denoting
term
makes
that
In
steeple
is
high
spaces
of
division
the
immediately
building
the
body.
A
which
with
many
is
of
top
floor
one
that
stories
firom
ascends.
of
the
vertical
of
or
steeple
occupying
side
it.
top
begin
at
top
altenvate
sides
it
as
SPLAYED.
side
of
part
the
over
the
to
the
porch
front,
the
spire.
the
has
That
building
under
shed-roof.
to
diminishes
Any
its
fiom
ing
consist-
inclined
contradistinction
which
by
roof
simple
two
in
STORY.
as
of
called
named.
"c.
SPAN-ROOF.
point,
the
bridge,
this
to
roof,
From
considered
spread,
or
b(^ns
lations.
calcu-
as
tower
to
steeple
projection
Same
The
ground
edifice
porch
mounts
sur-
composed
the
deter^
of
SPAN.
the
which
is
spire.
the
is
Where
of
lofty erection,
It
and
from
brace,
it is affixed.
church.
where
or
swaying
point,
remainder
firmer-chisel.
sup-
performing
the
The
in
tower
line
of
them
tie
which
to
extends
moved
the
sides
thing
either
diminish.
SLIDING-RULE.
figured
of
work
bers
tim-
the
give
prevents
ending
the
on
principal
the
of
ground-floor.
Any
office of
the
timber
horizontally
lie
ground,
in
the
stands.
structure
SLEEPERS.
which
lot
or
term
about
port-
which
of
port.
sup-
mous
synony-
English
or
to
STEEPLE.
situation
The
on
bridge,
timber-wharf,
position.
SITE.
An
driven
piles
of
or
post.
STAT.
lowest
timber
structure
the
it.
The
of
length,
its
with
angles
piers
stege
"lls.
prop,
is nearly
term
denoting
Umber,
of
to
from
SILL.
piece
stick
the
the
curtain
with
more
of
the
STARLINGS.
it.
at
where
The
up
plane
denotes
front
STANCHION.
its
against
transverse
projecting
times
the
line
shore
The
end
which
^^
To
in
it
shores
put
SHOULDER.
tenoned
retain
to
the
at
position
oblique
an
place.
"
brace,
or
prop,
wall
proper
wall
modem
particularly
shaky.
An
iron
plate, bar,
or
178
GLOSSARY.
buid
or
fbr
eonflnins;
together
STRIATED.
small
in
large
in
saw
is not
saw
made
said
rides
rough
or
be
to
of
off
the
of
; also
on
which
may
any
those
its
brace
for
A
it
to
keep
the
used
not
strutf but
therefore,
be
may
are
or
used
in
of
denotes
the
if
a
or
STUBSHOB.
use
among
wood
at
each
timber
log
track
the
split
of
ber,
tim-
fit into
STUDS.
Those
of
ends
Those
the
at
generally
than
used
to
STUFF.
carpenters
also
the
jeukis
those
lathes
are
nailed
England,
usually
This
and
called
word
joiners
titions.
par-
quarters.
is used
by
to
denote
of
to
any
any
par-
of
piece
of
end
of
walls
building.
of
end
The
fill
tenon
of
it
and
jects
pro-
wood;
the
commences
at
surface
with
piece
any
to
as
it
called
The
the
strained
its
length.
The
THRUST.
body
of
that
its
common
TIE.
fixed
particular
exists
retain
rope
or
when
diverge
plates.
bodies
two
position
to
of
rafters
the
chain,
timber,
as
against
arch
against
to
as
rection
di-
another;
the
or
roof
the
exerted
force
against
abutments,
so
in
segmental
or
which
to
be
may
one
stretehing
extension
of
partition-
lumber
sawed
in
at
meet
the
form
to
TENSION.
timbers,
to
in
rest
angles
degree
by
term
the
where
as
of
or
partituni'etuds^
indiscriminately
Lumber,
kind.
called
years,
called
In
are
in, under,
that,
shotUder.
lai^er
wm-
short
the
cut
so
A
under
plape
are
called
are
late
denote
joists,
which
the
or
studs
is
thing
wall.
windows
are
cut
braces
Of
the
somewhat
those
the
stud.t.
of
rest, and
dotO'Studs
over
sides
made
the
of
filming
to
rection
di-
the
so
would
mortise.
ttom.
sides
the
buildings
wooden
the
complete
into
framed
joists,
or
and
timbers,
short
denoting
gradually
in
reduced
so
the
right
saw-pit.
where
length;
The
wood
and
the
oyer
body
stone
or
TENON.
was
term
girder
or
split
but
the
after
firom
of
they
laid
brick
and
piece
through,
sawn
apart,
removed
ends
done
other
their
continued,
mon
com-
roughly
of
end
the
not
cleft
or
the
denote
to
in
term
carpenters
of
TEMPLET.
tended.
ex-
be
nature,
the
point.
brace
like
of
may
sides
the
of
in
of
is solid.
approach
brace,
while
as
of
ends
chimney-
of
insertion
TAPERING.
term
for
where
thing
joists
wall
beam
joiners
the
piece
the
framed,
any
substitute
always
the
the
that
against
is
joists
prevent
compressed
either
part
above
which
into
flues,
extended
strut
compression,
of
Imtel.
erected
TAIL-TRIMMER.
timber,
if
The
as
strut,
state
called
T.
and,
work
come.
be
opening.
That
edifice
an
tering
cen-
nearly
brace;
ends
may
is
when
of
parts
which
of
arch
or
term
designed
timber
is
summer
beam
large
wide
nons,
te-
the
properly
is
small
cover
of
piece
vault
more
it
case,
chanics.
me-
denotes
remoTing
with
be
Any
to
SUPERSTRUCTURE.
then
mortises,
This
synonymous
it
are
built.
STRUT.
ral
gene-
other
to
marking
or
any
making
"c.
SUMMER.
designed
the
are
term
out,
surface
for
is
stock
penter
car-
the
what
baaement.
lining
been
has
in
timber
and
This
timber,
its
atriated.
of
act
the
ridgy,
STRIKING.
the
of
lomber,
fixed
firmly
the
finme,
term
the
to
by
direction
in sawing
is called
is
It
joiner
and
as
sawed
wood
the
When,
lengUi.
the
of
piece
dimension,
or
ticular
with
channels,
or
size
dimetuioH-stuff.
Marked
furrows,
those
two
timber.
of
pi"c"s
more
a
or
in
dency
ten-
spread
apart.
TIE-BEAM.
foot
of
serving
building
beam
The
pair
to
tie
together
of
large
walls
the
by
at
the
rafters,
of
counteract-
Ihe
GLOSSARY.
180
WINDLASS.
rtde"
The
WALL.
buUding
any
of
top
The
waU.
the
Ihoes;
to
slopes
at
thin
in
one
into
lugger
small
door
is
the
sanie
gate.
END.
the
cut
the
the
other
nature,
Capstan.)
lass
wind-
The
horizontal
an
the
to
raised.
in.
linder
cy-
tions,
revolu-
its
attached
is
be
means
cylinder
chsdn,
or
capstan,
(See
made
THE
used
The
of
end
door
or
to
mortises
of
by
which
weight
of
wound,
rope
of
in
Around
enda.
is
and
by
or
outside
the
axis,
iron,
or
an
crank,
the
hole,
open
the
at
wood
inserted
lerers
end
other.
the
at
stairs,
WICKET.
through
notes
de-
and
steps.
tlie
of
for
of
conasts
of
on
by
sur-
end,
The
of
flight
the
It
nio^es
turned
me-
five
has
edge
WELL-HOijE.
cylinder
is
ftye
the
It
thick
weights.
strong
near
of
powers.
is
plaU
term
One
ehanlcal
on
thing.
Hune
WEDOE.
of
piece
horixontally
placed
niAng
which
apartment.
or
WALL-PLATE.
timber
of
endB
or
machine
tion.
porinstrument
ia
used
right.
up-