Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
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Copyright 2011 by Eri Banno, Yoko Ikeda, Yutaka Ohno, Chikako Shinagawa, and Kyoko Tokashiki.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or
otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
First edition: May 1999
Second edition: March 2011
8th printing: May 2012
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Preface
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312
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18
Introduction
of the Japanese language. Students can complete the elementary-level study of Japanese in
the 23 lessons of this text, which is divided into two volumes. The book is designed mainly
for use in university courses, but is also effective for high school students and adults who are
beginning to learn Japanese either at school or on their own. Hopefully, students will have at
least a basic knowledge of English, because grammar explanations are given in English.
GENKI: An Integrated Course in Elementary Japanese is a comprehensive approach to
developing the four basic language skills (listening, speaking, reading, and writing), which
aims to cultivate overall Japanese-language ability. Emphasis has been placed on balancing
accuracy, fluency, and complexity so that students using the material will not end up speaking accurately yet in a stilted manner, or fluently but employing only simple grammatical
structures.
(n.
ii,
Revised edition
Introduction H 19
tape" and "LL" that are no longer in common use, with words and phrases that students will
encounter more frequently.
4. Grammar, practice and readings
While no changes were made to the grammatical topics introduced in each lesson, we supplemented the text and/or made the necessary corrections to make the material even easier
to understand.
In the revised edition, we have replaced the negative forms of adjective and noun phrases
-ku arimasen/-ja arimasen and -nakucha ikemasen, meaning "must," with the -ku nai desu/
-ja nai desu and -nakereba ikemasen/-nakya ikemasen farms, which are more commonly used
in everyday life.
We also increased communicative practice material-mainly dialogues-so that students
would be given sufficient opportunity to practice the grammar that they learn. Moreover, we
have updated the readings in the Reading and Writing section to make them more relevant
to the Japan of today.
fil
This textbook basically consists of three sections: Conversation and Grammar, Reading and
Writing, and the Appendix. A detailed explanation of each part follows.
A~ Conversation and Grammar
The Conversation and Grammar section aims at improving students' speaking and listening
abilities by having them learn basic grammar and by increasing their vocabulary. The Conversation and Grammar section of each lesson is organized as follows:
Dialogue
The dialogues revolve around the lives of foreign students living in Japan and their friends
and families, presenting various scenes that students are likely to face in their daily lives. By
practicing natural expressions and aizuchi (responses that make conversations go smoothly),
students are able to understand how sentences are connected and how some phrases are
shortened in daily conversation. Because the Dialogue section of each lesson covers a lot
of new grammar and vocabulary, students may feel it is too difficult to understand at first.
Don't be overly concerned, however, because the grammar and vocabulary will gradually
take root with practice.
Students can listen to dialogues on the accompanying audio aids (in MP3 format).
Students are encouraged to practice regularly by listening to the audio and carefully noting
pronunciation and intonation.
20
e Vocabulary
The Vocabulary section presents all the new words encountered in both the Dialogue and
Practice sections of each lesson. Words that appear in the Dialogue are marked with an asterisk ( * ). Words are listed according to their function in Lessons 1 and 2, and by parts of
speech in Lesson 3 and all subsequent lessons. In addition, all words presented in the text
are also found in the Index at the end of each volume.
Words found in the Vocabulary section of each lesson appear frequently in subsequent
lessons, thus encouraging students to learn little by little each day. The new words, along
with their English translations, also appear in the audio material, which enables students to
absorb through listening. Starting with Lesson 3, the Vocabulary section also gives the kanji
rendering, but students are not required to memorize the kanji orthography.
This textbook does not indicate a word's accents. The accent of a Japanese word varies
considerably, depending on region, the speaker's age (including the generation gap between
speakers), the word's inflections, and its connection with other words in the sentence.
Therefore, there is no need to be overly concerned about accent, but try to imitate as closely
as possible the intonation heard on the accompanying audio aids.
eGrammar
Easy-to-understand grammar explanations are provided so that even those studying on their
own can easily follow. Students at school should read the explanations before each class.
All grammar items covered in the lesson's Practice section are explained in the Grammar
section. Grammar and vocabulary that require explanation but are not practiced are summarized in the Expression Notes section at the end of each Grammar section.
Practice
For each grammar point covered, Practice sections provide drills that advance in stages from
basic practice to application. The intent is to enable students to gain a grasp of Japanese
naturally by completing the drills in the order presented.
Basic exercises that call for a single predetermined answer are marked with a @!] and recorded with their answers on the audio aids, thus allowing students to practice and learn on
their own.
The last part of the Practice section contains Review Exercises that help summarize what
has been learned. For example, some exercises combine various topics covered in the lesson,
while others require students to create dialogues by applying what was learned in the Dialogue section.
e CultureNote
We have integrated a Culture Note section into each lesson, where we explain aspects of the
culture and everyday life of Japan. These notes cover a wide variety of topics, ranging from
Introduction
21
matters closely linked to language, such as kinship terms, to information deeply ingrained
in daily life, such as the Japanese climate. Our hope is that these comments will serve as a
springboard for students to deepen their understanding of Japanese culture even further by
taking steps of their own, such as by gathering information from the Internet or by discussing the topics with their Japanese friends.
e Useful Expressions
When necessary, we include sections on Useful Expressions at the end of the lessons in order to present supplementary vocabulary and phrases. These sections list expressions that
are related to the lesson's topic (as in "Time and Age" in Lesson 1) or to particular situations
(as in "At the Station" in Lesson 10). The vocabulary introduced in Useful Expressions is
also listed in the index of each volume.
B ~Reading and Writing
The Reading and Writing section aims to foster comprehension and writing ability through
the study of Japanese characters and through practice in both reading and writing. After
learning hiragana in Lesson 1 and katakana in Lesson 2, students begin studying kanji in
Lesson 3. Each lesson after Lesson 3 is organized as follows:
eKanji list
The list contains the new kanji introduced in each lesson. Students are exposed to about 15
new characters in each lesson. Since it is probably not feasible to learn all of these at once,
we encourage students to tackle a few each day. We have formatted each kanji list as follows.
(1) serial number
(2) kanji
(3) reading
(5) compounds
oiz
~(l,{,
I>
(book; basis)
't
::ij""
(4) meaning
**
The.,,, mark appearing next to readings in item (3) indicates the on-yomi, or the reading of
the character that was imported from China. The I> mark indicates the kun-yomi, or the
native Japanese reading. The sound of on-yomi and kun-yomi may change when the kanji
is used in certain words. For example, the ordinary pronunciation of ~ is gaku, but this
becomes gak when the kanji is used in the word~~ (gakkoo). Such derivative readings are
also included in the readings section.
22
Although some kanji have many readings, we include principally those readings that are
appropriate for an elementary level course.
Readings and words that are shaded should be memorized. The others are for reference,
so students don't need to memorize them. The Reading and Writing section of the workbook includes practice sheets for the kanji learned in each lesson. Students should practice
writing the kanji repeatedly, following the stroke order shown on the kanji list in the textbook.
ePractice
GENKI I consists of kanji practice, readings for comprehension, questions about the content
of the readings, and writing practice. Kanji practice is aimed at getting students accustomed
to kanji through practice in various forms, such as reconstructing kanji from their component parts or making new words by combining kanji. Readings for comprehension are generally short and deal with subjects familiar to the students. They assume knowledge of the
vocabulary and grammar that the student has learned in the Conversation and Grammar
section. New words that appear in the readings are listed. At the end of each Practice section, we suggest topics for students to write on.
GENKI II contains readings for comprehension, questions about the content of the readings, and writing practice. The readings introduce Japanese as it is used in a variety of areas,
ranging from letters and fables to essays and advertisements. They assume knowledge of
the vocabulary and grammar that the student has encountered in the lesson so far, and with
each lesson the readings become longer and more difficult. New words in the readings are
listed in the order in which they appear. At the end of each Practice section, we suggest topics for students to write on.
We provide recordings of these readings in both Volumes I and II of the revised edition.
These are denoted by a G!] mark. Students can listen to them through the accompanying
audio aids (in MP3 format).
C ~Appendix
The Appendix of Volumes I and II contains an Index. The Japanese-English Index, in hiragana order, lists words and expressions from the Vocabulary and Useful Expression sections
of each lesson (the index does not contain the vocabulary used in Culture Notes). The number next to a word indicates the lesson in which the word was introduced. In the EnglishJapanese Index, English equivalents to Japanese words are arranged in alphabetical order. In
both indexes of this revised edition, verbs are indicated with [ru] [u] [irr.], to show which
verb group they belong to.
Also included in the Appendix are a map of Japan with the names of all the prefectures, a
table of changes in the sounds of numbers and counters, and a table of verb conjugations.
tntroductton-v- 23
'JV
The basic text is written in kanji and hiragana. In the case of kanji, we follow the official Joyo
Kanji list. However, hiragana is used instead when the Joyo Kanji equivalent is deemed unnecessary for beginning students of Japanese.
The pronunciation of every kanji in the Conversation and Grammar section is indicated
in hiragana so that this section can be studied alone. To lessen the burden on the students
and allow them to study on their own, however, the "Greetings" unit and Lessons 1 and 2
are written in hiragana and katakana, alongside which the same statement is presented in
romanization. The romanizations are purely for supplemental purposes and students should
avoid relying on them too much. Students study hiragana and katakana in Lessons 1 and 2,
respectively, of the Reading and Writing section.
Students begin studying kanji in Lesson 3 of the Reading and Writing section. To encourage students to maintain a firm grasp of the kanji they have learned, the Reading and Writing section does not provide hiragana readings for kanji that have already been introduced.
The Japanese in the basic text is set mainly in the Textbook font, which resembles handwriting and serves as a good model for students. Students will encounter a variety of fonts
used for Japanese materials, however, and should be aware that the shape of some characters
differs considerably, depending on the font used. Note especially that in certain fonts two
separate strokes may merge into a single stroke because they mimic the characters produced
by a writing brush.
Example:
Textbook font
Mincho font
Gothic font
'-
')
t)
~
~
""-
~
~
(_
t->
>:
-;
-)(
'-?
Handwriting
...,...
'-
t)
>
~
'---
24
There are three kinds of characters in Japanese: hiragana, katakana, and kanji. All three
characters can be seen in a single sentence.
katakana
~ Jt
t'
kanji
_Io
I watch television.
~iT(l.gt:l_rlt:l_
Hiragana and katakana, like the alphabet, represent sounds. As you can see in the above example, hiragana has a roundish shape and is used for conjugation endings, function words,
and native Japanese words not covered by kanji. Katakana, which has rather straight lines, is
normally used for writing loanwords and foreign names. For example, the Japanese word for
"television" is written in katakana as .:;- I> c' (terebi). Kanji, or Chinese characters, represent
not just sounds but also meanings. Mostly, kanji are used for nouns and the stems of verbs
and adjectives.
(DH i
rag
a n a
;h
a
-/;
'\
ka
.>(
'-
sa
;{_
};
~
ki
<
It
ku
ke
~
ko
-t
1"
-T
"shi
SU
se
so
-rte
t:
~
nu
t.l
q)
no
'
.)
~
he
f::.
-t;
-:)
ta
"chi
"tsu
-f,;.
1:
na
ni
li
uhi
ha
Ju
ne
to
ll
ho
There is another writing system called romaji (Roman letters) which is used for station names, signs, and so on.
ma
J.;.
t;
(/)
mi
mu
me
rp
~
ya
~
ra
.J:
yu
1)
{,
ri
ru
mo
yo
fl
re
;
ro
~
**o
wa
=:
* The syllables L,
-o , and ,), are
romanized as shi, chi, tsu, and Ju, respectively, to closely resemble English
pronunciation.
* * ~ is also pronounced as "wo."
).
-/;{
---
gi
('
It'
gu
ge
.._
go
-r
{f'
--f'
ZU
ze
zo
t:'
*t;'
*-5
-c
t''
da
Ji
zu
de
do
If'
rJ
bi
~
be
lf
ba
lf
u
pi
-:
tr
ga
>(
._
za
pa
~-Ji
,,,
)
'
bu
pu
pe
bo
po
* t; (ji) and
26
~ tP
~ J:
~:'
~,,
~,,
~~
kya
~
gya
-gyutP
-gyoJ:
L~
L tP
L J:
L~
L tP
L J:
t; ~
t; tP
t; J:
cha
chu
cha
1: ~
1: tP
I: J:
nya
nyu
nyo
r.l tP
rl
UtP
o J:
(/~
sha
u~
hya
kyu
kyo
shu
sho
ja
ju
byu
bya
jo
J:
byo
hyo
(./~
(./ tP
uo J:
h. tP
pyu
pyo
mya
myu
h. J:
pya
1) ~
1) tP
1) J:
rya
ryu
ryo
h. ~
hyu
myo
There is another small letter, ~, which is used when transcribing double consonants such as
tt and pp.
Examples:
iJ' -:i
~
-:in'
(i
-:i
~,, -:i
t:
katta
sakka
happa
zasshi
(f'
L
(won)
(writer)
(leaf)
(magazine)
kata
(shoulder)
Note double consonant n's as in sannen (three years) are written with Iv +a hiragana with
an initial n sound (-f,,i:, I:, lb., *1, and 0)).
Examples:
~ !v ti. !v
~ !v -fJ. ~
'
sannen
annai
(three years)
(guide)
A. Long Vowels
When the same vowel is placed one right after the other, the pronunciation of the vowel
becomes about twice as long as the single vowel. Be sure to hold the sound long enough,
because the length of the vowel can change one word to another.
\\
Japanese Writing
o+
27
aa
}; If' ch ~ tC
obaasan
(grandmother)
cf. }; Lf ~ tC
obasan
(aunt)
ii
l?L\\~,.c
ojiisan
(grandfather)
cf. 1? L ~ tC
ojisan
(uncle)
uu
-t 7 L
sY:Y)i
(number)
ee
oo
B. Pronunciation of
Iv
Systern
Iv
is treated like a full syllable, in terms of length. Its pronunciation varies, however,
depending on the sound that follows it. Japanese speakers are normally not aware of the
different sound values of Iv. Therefore, you do not need to worry too much about its pronunelation."
"n"
C. Vowels to Be Dropped
The vowels i and u are sometimes dropped when placed between voiceless consonants (k, s, t,
p, and h), or at the end of an utterance preceded by voiceless consonants.
Example:
-9 ~ T-9 s(u)kides(u)
(I like it.)
Japanese has pitch accent: all syllables are pronounced basically either in high or low pitch.
Unlike English stress accent in which stressed syllables tend to be pronounced longer and
louder, in Japanese each syllable is pronounced approximately in equal length and stress.
The pitch patterns in Japanese vary greatly, depending on the region of the country.
One variety of the Iv pronunciation merits discussing here. When it is followed by a vowel or at the end of an
utterance, Iv indicates that the preceding vowel is long and nasalized. (Nasalized vowels are shown here with a
tilde above vowel letters. You hear nasalized vowels in French words such as "bon," or the English interjection
"uh-uh," as in "no.")
ex. h ,.C;}, \' reai (romance)
t:f ,.C hi5 (book)
(woman)
Followed by n, t, d, s, and z sounds, Iv is pronounced as "n."
ex. }; ,.C -tJ. onna
(stroll)
Followed by m, p, and b sounds, Iv is pronounced as "rn."
ex. ~ ,.(, { r sampo
Followed by k and g sounds, Iv is pronounced as "ng" as in "song." ex. i ,.C fJ{ ma1Jga (comics)
28
Examples:
i"J.'
aka
(morning)
sa
i ;{_
t: fJ'\
@Kat
cf,~
mae
(name)
na
ka
(high)
ta
n a
.I.
e
;f
tJ
.:t-
':J
ki
ku
ke
ko
4f
~
"sh!
A.
-ese
')
SU
7
ka
sa
so
''/
ta
"chi
"tsu
te
~
to
-T
--ni
~
nu
:{-.
ne
no
I::
7
Ju
~
he
;t
hi
~~
"'
mi
~
mu
~
me
~
mo
7
na
/ \
ha
7
ma
zi:
yu
~
ya
')
ra
ri
ry
'""
ru
ho
yo
vre
(J
ro
wa
7]''
-f'
J''
Jj'
zr
ga
gi
gu
ge
go
-If
' ,,
:/
7.'
-t'
za
ji
zu
ze
'/
zo
_,,
9''
*-~F
*--y''
da
ji
zu
de
,,
/ '\
I::'
7''
ba
bi
bu
-r-,
be
/\
to
70
pa
pi
pu
+-rkya
.:t-.::z..
.:t-3
kyu
kyo
~-r
~.::z..
sha
shu
1- -r
1- .::z..
-f-3
-=-nya-r
-.::z..
z:
cha
-r
hya
* T'
po
.f' -r
gya
,,
.f' .::z..
.f' 3
gyu
gyo
,,
,,
:/ -r
:/ .::z..
:/ 3
ja
ju
jo
I::' -r
I::' .::z..
I::' 3
bya
byu
byo
hyo
to -r
to .::Z..
t3
pya
pyu
pyo
nyo
t3
~ -r
~ .::z..
.... 3
mya
myu
myo
') -r
') .::z..
rya
._
bo
cha
hyu
'
-r-,
pe
sho
nyu
t .::z..
;f
-c-
~3
chu
do
'
'
')
ryo
ryu
The pronunciation of katakana and its combinations are the same as those of hiragana, except for the following points.
( 1) The long vowels are written with - .
Examples:
7J -
kaa
sukii
suutsu
::z.-t::Z.-''/
(car)
(ski)
keeki
booru
(suit)
When you write vertically, the - mark needs to be written vertically also.
;t'
Example:
;t'-1[.,
(cake)
(ball)
30
(2) Additional combinations with small vowel letters are used to transcribe foreign sounds
'7 1
'7 .I.
'7 ;f
/\C1'71-/
harowiin
/\1'7.x.1
haiwee
:/
.I.
:/.I.
:/
.I.
.r; -
L... A.
jeemusu
1-
.I.
1-
.I.
chekku
~ t- 7 JI,- '7 ;f
"/
77:;:/3/
71
7 .I.
7 1
1)
7J 7
.I.
;f
J-
mineraruwootaa
shefu
77
fasshon
firipin
0 /
kafe
7;t-7
fooku
1-
7-1
/~-j-
-T' 1
-r1 A.--~-7
T a:
-r ::i
.I. :;
paatii
/
l-
Dizuniirando
dyuetto
(Halloween)
(highway)
(mineral water)
(chef)
(James)
(check)
(fashion)
(Philippine)
(cafe)
(fork)
(party)
(Disneyland)
(duet)
(3) The sound "v" is sometimes written with r'f. For example, the word "Venus" is sometimes written as i:: - + :::Z or r'f 1 - -t- :::Z.
@Kan
ii
Kanji are Chinese characters which were introduced to Japan more than 1,500 years ago
when the Japanese language did not have a writing system. Hiragana and katakana evolved
later in Japan based on the simplified Chinese characters.
Kanji represents both meanings and sounds. Most kanji possess multiple readings, which
are divided into two types: on-yomi (Chinese readings) and kun-yomi (Japanese readings).
On-yomi is derived from the pronunciations used in China. Some kanji have more than one
on-yomi due to temporal and regional variances in the Chinese pronunciation. Kun-yomi are
Japanese readings. When people started to use kanji to write native Japanese words, Japanese
readings (kun-yomi) were added to kanji.
By the time of high school graduation, Japanese are expected to know 2,136 kanji (called
Joyo kanji), which are designated by the Ministry of Education as commonly used kanji. A
total of 1,006 kanji are taught at the elementary school level, and most of the remainder are
taught in junior high school.
There are roughly four types of kanji based on their formation.
( 1) Pictograms
Some kanji are made from pictures:
.].
--+
~
",1 [ ,//
-- :_
-'O-
_::
--+
--+
'
/1, I''"
*(tree)
--+
(day; sun)
--
--+
(three)
.L (up)
8
~
(day; sun)
}3
(person)
*(tree)
(moon)
--+
--+
BA (bright)
1-*
(to rest)
( 4) Phonetic-ideographic characters
Some kanji are made up of a meaning element and a sound element.
Meaning element
....'
Sound element
(water)
1t sei (blue)
--+
(day; sun)
1t sei (blue)
--+
)t
On-yomi
sei (clean)
o+
31
~=+TT'~-
~Pn.x~./:u:JfJlffi
lif5
Conversation
(lBl, )~:J
lll
lll 3"
Grammar
Section
Greetings-------------
and
34
New Friends--------38
Shopping -------------58
----------84
l'('f(
lll4"
t)Jisl)-CO)'T'- I'-
The
First Date---------102
l;<L;
lll 5"
~$~1i~fi
ATrip toOkinawa----------128
il'3~1CJ:blJJ:C:5
I'-~ fv0)-8
146
t.,r51:"'5
~1i~0)'.!3'.~
Family Picture-----------166
fJ' .z'<
L.,~ L.,A,
Barbecue-----------
:i -
lll9"
D'1317!
llllO"
~1*J.i.O).Y}E Winter
Vacation
Plans
13'11;lt-'9
lllll"
Kabuki---------------208
J::
1*J.i.O)(JB(:
-------228
"(l,\
After
the
Vacation
---------250
1'9
llll2"
~ ~
tf.d
186
FeelingIll --------------266
@!]
Greetings
KOO-G
c\
f:::.
t: ~ i -t
0 )
(iL::60iLTo
J:.;L< t;;f.J.h{\'
Li-to
j:;(j:J:-Jo
j:;(;tj: 7 - x 'i -9
'-
Ohayoo.
Ohayoo gozaimasu.
Konnichiwa.
Konbanwa.
Sayoonara.
Oyasumi(nasai).
:: ,.{,(:i; (io
:: ,{,(;f,{,(j:o
~ l 7 1J.' Go
j:; ~ -t ;,,. ( fd.' ~ \ \)
siJn{t:7o
s 1) h{ t: 7 - x 'i -9
-t ;,,. i -l ,.{,
\\\\;{o
\\-:>l~ii'"o
\ '--=> T G--=> L 'I"\ -,
t. t:\ \ i
i;h';{ I) (/J.'~\\)o
\ \ t: t: ~ i -t
0
'-
Arigatoo.
0
Good morning.
Good morning. (polite)
Good afternoon.
Good evening.
Good-bye.
Good night.
Thank you.
Thank you. (polite)
Excuse me.; I'm sorry.
No.; Not at all.
I'll go and come back.
Please go and come back.
I'm home.
Welcome home.
Thank you for the meal.
(before eating)
:: i; 7r: 7 ~ i ( -r L f:::.) o
Gochisoosama(deshita).
(i L:: 60 i LT o
J:.; L < t;tJ.h{\' Li-to
Hajimemashite.
Yoroshiku onegaishimasu.
~!~/0~5
[jfu
Expression
Notes
'--..._
1
......
"'I
d'3 lcJ: J: 5 I !J fJIC 5 ~ Ohayoo is used between friends and family members,
while ohayoo gozaimasu is used between less intimate acquaintances, similarly
with arigatoo and arigatoo gozaimasu. The rule of thumb is: if you are on the
first- name basis with someone, go for the shorter versions. If you would address
someone as Mr. or Ms., use the longer versions.
Ohayoo is the greeting used before noon, but some people use it in casual
settings in the afternoon or even at night when they see their classmates or coworkers for the first time that day.
~cl:: 5 fd: S ~ There are several good-bye expressions in Japanese, the choice
among which depends on the degree of separation. Sayoonara indicates that the
speaker does not expect to see the person spoken to before she "turns a page in
her life"; not until a new day arrives, or until fate brings the two together again.
It sounds dramatic and ritualistic, and its daily use is largely restricted to school
children taking leave of their teachers.
t- ~ ~>- i t.:a
Jaa, mata.
(between friends, expecting to see each other again fairly soon)
L---=> n"' L- i Ta
Sh itsu reesh i masu.
(taking leave from a professor's office, for example)
9#*ttfu~
Sumimasen means (1) "Excuse me," to get another person's attention, (2) 'Tm sorry," to apologize for the trouble you have caused, or (3) "Thank
you," to show appreciation for what someone has done for you.
I., \I.,\;{_~ lie is primarily "No," a negative reply to a question. In the dialogue, it is
used to express the English phrase "Don't mention it," or "You're welcome," with
which you point out that one is not required to feel obliged for what you have
done for them.
I.,\:::> LS:::> G-r.> I., \/I.,\:::>"L~*9 /t.::tcl.,'*ld'31J'.~ . !J fcJ:~I.,\ ~ Ittekimasu and
itterasshai is a common exchange used at home when a family member leaves.
The person who leaves says ittekimasu, which literally means "I will go and come
back." And the family members respond with itterasshai, which means "Please go
and come back."
Tadaima and okaeri are used when a person comes home. The person who arrives home says tadaima (I am home right now) to the family members, and they
respond with okaerinasai (Welcome home).
t "'~""JC ;tot~,~
Aisatsu to ojigi
I~!:
/cSl_;l 1CB/c-S
a
N ll
New Friends
Mary, an international student who just arrived in Japan, talks to a Japanese student.
0
Ii)
B!]KOl-01/02
IJ
I'
-t"h.i-\:t,.{,o
\\i
-fJ_,.{,LT-t"h'o
Mearii
Sumimasen.
Ima
Takeshi
Mearii
Arigatoo
l ~jl}-:
t: lt
Takeshi
gozaimasu.
\\\\;lo
lie.
CD
@ Bii
1
f::lt L
Ano,
Takeshi
.., ii'>
2
;J
IJ
\'
7 ') -
Mearii
3
IJ
-'(' t.:
Arizona
t: \ \ -IJ" <
daigaku no
<])
-IJ"
gakusee desu.
t: lt L
Soo desu ka.
Takeshi
.., ii'>
4
KOl-03/04
;J
1)
Senkoo wa
nan desu ka .
''
Mearii
Ima
ninensee desu.
tc_ Iv
V
Bl KOl-05
a
ano
um ...
ima
now
;:(_ \ \ =-
eego
English (language)
;:(_ ;:(_
ee
yes
* ~<l)
* \\i
*
* fJ{< -I\\
,....., --*
gakusee
student
...
... language
go
ex. I: ( l
Iv .:
=- 7- = 7
kookoo
high school
gogo
P.M.
=-'-tf !v
gozen
A.M .
,....., ~
...
. . . years old
,....., ~Iv
* ,....., t
sai
. . . 5an
Mr./Ms ....
..
o'clock
JI
,....., t Iv
...
jin
... people
ex. I: ( l
Iv L Iv
* -l!v: 7
5enkoo
major
sensee
-t 7 -c-r
* -t 7 l''-f fJ'
* t:\ \fJ{ <
500 desu
That's right.
500 desu ka
daigaku
college; university
l'!vt?
t t t:'t;
tc i ;:(_
* fJ. Iv/ fJ.I :
* 1: lllv
* ,....,hlv-l\ \
denwa
telephone
tomodachi
friend
namae
name
nan/nani
what
Ni hon
Japan
...
-llv-l\\
nen5ee
ex. \ ' t;
h Iv -1 \ '
* (i!v
hai
yes
han
half
ex. I:
past two
lf'!v =-- 7
* 1)
rjJ
ban goo
number
ryuugakusee
international student
watashi
7 fJ{ < -1 \ \
t?t::. L
ADDITIONAL
Countries
7 ,J 1) tJ
il;_,
llJ
1)
VOCABULARY
Amerika
U.S.A.
-/)'
1;f
1)
/Z
,, !'! o T
@I
lgirisu
Britain
Oosutoraria
Australia
Kankoku
Korea
Suweeden
Sweden
Chuugoku
China
kagaku
science
ajia kenkyuu
Asian studies
It\'~--\'
keezai
economics
: < ~ \ 'fJ'!v(t\ \
kokusaikankee
international relations
.::J/to::z.-5'-
konpyuutaa
computer
L Iv 6 \ 'fJ{ <
jinruigaku
anthropology
-th' L
t' :/ ;f, /Z
seeji
politics
bijinesu
business
bungaku
literature
rekishi
history
shigoto
:t-:;z
r
Ii Ii T t
71J1
+c :
/Z 7
.r,
T -)
;..
" IJ
;;_,
--T'/
i... --C Iv
1; tP 7 :' <
Majors
fJ'fJ{ <
7:/71t!v~
; _, c ; _,
!v r.f.,,
tft:ioi"
,_;:Iv
f;{
tP
'i t:
il;,
<
kt~ L
Occupations
L : t
\'L\"
fJ'\' L \"\'Iv
isha
doctor
kaishain
office worker
:7:7-t:h\
kookoosee
L tP ,_;,
shufu
housewife
daigakuinsee
graduate student
daigakusee
college student
<i.: L
bengoshi
lawyer
}; fJ' <f, ~ Iv
};t7~!v
};;fl;t~!v
okaasan
mother
otoosan
father
oneesan
older sister
};(:\\~Iv
oniisan
older brother
\\t 7 t
}; t 7 t
imooto
younger sister
otooto
younger brother
Fam
i I y
KOl-06
x1ctvc9
"It is 12:30:' "I am a student:' "My major is the Japanese language:' These sentences will all
be translated into Japanese using an appropriate noun and the word desu.
~c9o
L:: tP
Juuniji
IJ{
7 t:
It is ...
...C T-9 o
(I) am a student.
L:: (j:
han desu.
Gakusee desu.
t: I l ...C : T-9 o
Nihongo desu.
Note that none of these sentences has a "subject;' like the "it;' "I;' and "my major;' found in
their English counterparts. Sentences without subjects are very common in Japanese; Japanese speakers actually tend to omit subjects whenever they think it is clear to the listener
what or who they are referring to.
What are we to do, then, when it is not clear what is being talked about? To make explicit
what we are talking about, we can say:
Ii
----
t:
11 ...C : T-9 o
wa nihongo
desu.
Where
stands for the thing that is talked about, or the "topic;' which is later in the
sentence identified as nihongo. For example,
(My) major is the Japanese language.
Senkoo wa
nihongo desu.
Similarly, one can use the pattern X wa Y desu to identify a person or a thing X as item Y.
X Id: Y c9o
_,.
"
X is Y As for X, it is Y
t;
+ Z; T-9
I am Sue Kim.
sensee desu.
Mearii san wa
amerikajin desu.
Mary is an American.
Wa is a member of the class of words called "particles:' So is the word no, which we will turn
to later in this lesson. Particles attach themselves to phrases and indicate how the phrases
relate to the rest of the sentence.
Note also that nouns like gakusee and sensee in the above examples stand alone, unlike their
English translations "student" and "teacher;' which are preceded by "a:' In Japanese, there is
no item that corresponds to "a;' nor is there any item that corresponds to the plural "-s" at
the end of a noun. Without background situations, a sentence like gakusee desu is therefore
ambiguous between the singular and the plural interpretations; it may mean "We are/you
are/they are students;' as well as "I am/you are/she is a student"
Question Sentences
It is very easy to form questions in Japanese. Basically, all you need to do is add ka at the end
of a statement.
1)
l'J)
iJ'
<
-l\ 'T-9
1)
l'J)
iJ'
<
-l \ 'T-t iJ' o
Ryuugakusee desu.
The above sentence, Ryuugakusee desu ka, is a "yes/no" question. Question sentences may
also contain a "question word" like nan' (what). In this lesson, we learn how to ask, and
answer, questions using the following question words: nanji (what time), nansai (how old),
nannensee (what year in school).
1
2
(Senkoo wa)
eego desu.
It is not customary to write a question mark at the end of a question sentence in Japanese.
The Japanese question word for "what" has two pronunciations: nan and nani. Nan is used immediately before
desu or before a "counter" like ji ( oclock), The other form, nani, is used before a particle. Nani is also used in the
combination nanijin (person of what nationality).
\'i
-rJ.tTi"n'o
( \ 'i)
< t Ti" o
Ima
(Ima)
kuji desu.
It is nine o'clock.
Mearii san wa
Juukyuusai desu.
!:tJ.A.,-lt\'Tio
Ninensee
I'm a sophomore.
Th!f':7
Denwa bangoo wa
Ii -r"-Ti"n'o
nan desu ka.
desu.
Ti" o
It is 186-7343.
No is a particle that connects two nouns. The phrase Sakura daigaku no gakusee means "a
3
student at Sakura University." The second noun gakusee provides the main idea (being
a student) and the first one Sakura daigaku makes it more specific (not a high school, but
a college student). No is very versatile. In the first example below, it acts like the possessive
("x's") in English, but that is not the only role no can play. See how it connects two nouns in
the following examples.
t: lt L ~if> Th!f' : 7
Takeshi san no
denwa bangoo
if> {[,.\.,{[\\
daigaku no
sen see
(: 11 ,{,=if) n"<-tt\'
nihongo no
a college professor
a student of the Japanese language
gakusee
(:!lif'J
Nihon no
daigaku
a college in Japan
Observe that in the first two examples, the English and Japanese words are arranged in the
same order, while in the last two, they are in the opposite order. Japanese seems to be more
consistent in arranging ideas here; the main idea always comes at the end, with any further
description placed before it.
3
Here is what we mean by the "main idea" In the phrase Takeshi san no denwa bangoo (Takeshi's phone number),
the noun denwa bangoo (phone number) is the main idea, in the sense that if something is Takeshi's phone
number, it is a phone number. The other noun Takeshi san is not the main idea, because Takeshi's phone number
is not Takeshi.
-.-
noun, (])
noun,
main idea
further restriction
A phrase of the form "noun, no noun," acts more or less like one big noun. You can put it
wherever you can put a noun, as in the following example:
Takeshi san no
okaasan wa
kookoo no
Names
Nihonjin no namae
When Japanese give their name, they say their family name first and given name last (middle
names do not exist). When introducing themselves, they often say only their family name.
Here are some typical Japanese names.
Given name
Family name
Men
Women
~ (:: -J
Sa too
t: <
Takuya
~l)tJ'
Erika
99'~
Suzuki
L, J:
-J tc.
Shoota
;j;) ~ \
Ai
Takahashi
~'50-J
lchiroo
tJ- sJ:i.
Naomi
t: tJ- tJ>
Tanaka
V'6
Hiroshi
~ -J ;::
Yuuko
~ \ (:: -J
/too
*~V'0
Masahiro
OZ/.~~
Misaki
t: tJ>
'j:
L,
L,
Most Japanese names are written in kanji. For example, Tanaka is usually written as EE$,
which means "middle of the rice field."
graphical features. Because many kanji share the same reading, names with the same pronunciation may be written with different kanji, such as
Yuuko.
~I~/-~2
0~5
[jfu
Expression
Notes
'"""""------------------------------------
O) ~Ano indicates that you have some reservations about saying what you are
going to say next. You may be worried about interrupting something someone is
currently doing, or sounding rude and impolite for asking personal questions, for
example.
!<tl.. )/XX~ Both hai and ee means "yes" in response to yes-no questions. Compared to hai, ee is more conversational and relaxed. In more informal situations,
un is used.
Hai is also used to respond to a knock at the door or to the calling of one's
name, meaning "Here," as follows. (Ee cannot be replaced in this case.)
-t ;;,. -t
Teacher: 7. ~ 7. -2' Iv ?
Mr. Smith?
Sumisu san?
Student:
fi
v'o
Here.
Hai .
.Z. 5 c91J' ~Soo desu ka acknowledges that you have understood what was just
said. "Is that so?" or "I see."
Pronunciation of let ~The particle fi is pronounced "wa," not "ha." It should be
written with fi. All other instances "wa" are written with b.
denwa bangoo wa
"
........
r
Expression
Notes
4 J:: Iv is the most basic, but fourth-year student is J:: tl.!v-ltv' and four
o'clock is J:: L. In some combinations that we will later learn, it is read
as L (as in L i.)>0, April). The part that follows this number may
change shape too, as in J:: Iv~ Iv.
5 ::: all the time. When read out separately, it may be pronounced with a
long vowel, as ::: -J .
6 0 <,but pronounced as 0-::> in 0-::> ~Iv.
7 iJ: iJ: is the most basic, but seven o'clock is L "b t.
8 Ii "b, but usually pronounced as Ii-::> in Ii-::> ~Iv and Ii-::> '2' It'.
9 ~ ~ -J is the most basic, but nine o'clock is < t.
10 t,~-J,butpronouncedas t~-::> or t-::> in t~-::>~!v/t.-::>~!v
and t.~-::>'2'v'/t.-::>'2'v'.
tt futtl.,' The word sensee is usually reserved for describing somebody else's occupation. W atashi wa sensee desu makes sense, but may sound slightly arrogant,
because the word sensee actually means an "honorable master." If you (or a member of your family) are a teacher, and if you want to be really modest, you can use
the word kyooshi instead.
~ fu San is placed after a name as a generic title. It goes both with a given name
and a family name. Children are referred to as chan (and boys in particular as
kun), rather than san. Professors and doctors are usually referred to with the title
sensee. San and other title words are never used in reference to oneself.
anata, is not
very commonly used in Japanese. Instead, we use the name and a title like san
and sensee to refer to the person you are talking to. Therefore, a sentence like "Ms.
Referring to the person you are talking to The word for "you,"
-~-
-j
Haato san wa
;{.
-r: Iv
--T / t./v'l"Ti.J'o
instead of
.i
.I.
J\ -
-t?x..i-C/v
Haato san,
anata wa
7 / t Iv 'l"Ti.l'a
tlful.A~5
(D93l;
0
1
;! "'
-t:t
a/
;f'L \ \
zero
ree
\ \ t;
11
12
1:::
13
14
(yo)
shi
15
;; <
16
roku
-tj_ -tj_ /
nan a
L t;
17
shichi
18
10
19
ku
L rp -3
20
(f) 8
Lrp-J;;<
L rp -3
;;<L::rp-J
L rp -3
70
-tj_ -tj_
nanajuu
80
!ii;Lrp-J
hachijuu
-tj_ -tj_ /
L rp -3 L t;
90
juushichi
~rp-)Lrp-J
kyuujuu
L rp -3 lit;
100
v '('
<
(e)
10
hyaku
Lrp-J~rp-J/Lrp-J
<
juuku
1:::t.::rp-J
nijuu
BJ
(b) 9
(g)
45
(b) 83
(f)
100
(g)
BJ
(d) 1
( i)
(j) 3
K01-09
(c)
19
(h) 61
38
(h) 6
(a)
Ko1-os
( c)
(a)
: L rp 7
rokujuu
L rp 7 :
60
juushi
juukyuu
juu
A.
L rp 7 l ,.{.,/ L rp 7 L
juuhachi
~rp-J/<
J:,.(.,L::rp-)
gojuu
juunana
Ii t;
kyuu
50
juuroku
hachi
Lrp-J~,.(.,
juugo
go
40
yonjuu
juuyon
5
6
L rp 7 1:::
juusan
J:,.(.,/L/(l)
~,.{.,L::rp-J
sanjuu
juuni
~ ,.{.,
yon
__,
30
Lrp-)\'t;
juuichi
san
Bl KOl-07
ni
(Numbers)
ichi
(d) 76
( i)
(e)
24
52
(j) 97
B]Ko1-10
(f)
8-7
(g)
40-25
lJb'fv
(Time)
Bl
C9 cg CD
Q)
J: L
::: L
niji
sanji
yoji
goji
Lt; L
Ii t; L
< L
hachiji
kuji
\ d; L
1:
ichiji
,; < L
~,.<..,t
shichiji
rokuji
Lrp7\'t;L
Lrp-Jl:L
\ 't; L Ii,.(,
juuichiji
juuniji
ichiji han
0 : \' i
Ima
-rJ.: ,.(,
juuji
BJ
Ko1-12
Ex(O
L T-tn'o
Lrp-JL
co
C)
KOl-11
(1)
(5)
(2)
C9 ..
co
(4)
(3)
(6)
(8)
(7)
Q)
C)
CD
GD
Ko1-13
0 : t -J ~ J: -J Ii
Tookyoo wa
\' i
-f,f
ima
/v L -r-tf.l'o
sanji desu.
2. Stockholm
7:00 P.M.
4. New Delhi
~ 11:30 P.M.
Ex. Tokyo
3:00A.M.
Lib
3. Nairobi
9:00 P.M.
7. New York
1:00 P.M.
5.Bangkok
l:OOA.M.
~6.Sydney
\J
4:00 A.M.
8. Rio de Janeiro
3:00 P.M.
-\"'
i L
t:
283-9547
-+
Yamashita
1.
;Ji,
1)
,,
rp
3. ;)7 1) -
951-0326
-l lv-l \ \
362-4519
4.
f: It L
030-8522-1032
Takeshi
B : 283-9547 T-9
A : 283-9547
-c-r ho*
(*
;i-1 = right?)
B:
020-6921-4236
Mearii
sen see
B.
-J : J: Iv -fJ. -fJ.
ni hachi san no
daigaku
2.
Ko1-14
t:::: ( ;t t; ~ Iv(!)
//)
GD
(i\',
-T-J T-t"o
Hai,
soo desu.
GD
Ko1-1s
C.
numbers.
name
telephone number
G!] Ko1-16
--+
nihongo no
A.
their
<
-tl" \ \
gakusee
1. my teacher
5. Mary's friend
2. my telephone number
3. myname
4. Takashis major
Look at the chart on the next page and describe each person using the cues
in (a) through (e).
1. f.: It
-t
L ~Iv
2.
Takeshi san
(a) Nationality
G!] Ko1-11,,
,;(I
"'
IJ
1) -
II)
~Iv
,;(I
"'
--+
~Iv
G!] K01-19
II)
Example:
,;(I
"'
"'
"'
,;(I')
Mearii
,,
IJ
1) -
Mearii san
IJ
,;(I')
II)
--+
Mearii san
(c) Age
"'
I::
~~
/v
~Iv
4.
--+
II)
"'
,;(I')
~i L
t: -tl" !v-tl" \ \
Yamashita sensee
,,
- ~
!v(;t
Mearii san wa
G!] ,,Ko1-1s
IJ
1)
Ii
CJ/\'-
Robaato san
Mearii san
Example:
"'
3.
Suu san
II)
Example:
:::z-~ Iv
I,;(
1)
amerikajin
fJ t.: Iv T-t
desu.
,,
IJ
~!vii
san wa
IJ
,,
- ~
Mearii san wa
!v(;t
t.: rv 7 ~ rv 7 ~ \ \ -c-r o
juukyuu sai desu.
,p,
IJ
v-
.J. T 1) - ~Iv
Example:
Mearii san
'6
,p,
,,
I}
,p,
IJ
-t"
Arizona daigaku no
,-c-r
gakusee desu.
Ko1-21
'6
,p,
IJ
,,
.J. T 1) - ~Iv
Example:
Mearii san
'6
,p,
,,
IJ
.J.jl)-~/v(})
-tt/v:::-J(j:
I:: I l Iv .: -c-t o
Mearii san no
senkoo wa
nihongo desu.
Hart, Mary
~ t; G f: It L
American
Japanese
Kim, Sue
Kimura Takeshi
British
Korean
Nationality
-\" i L t. -t.L<.1-\t 11
Smith,Robert Yamashita
sen see
C'
(iJ'lv:<Llv)
IJ
-j
Japanese
(1 ;f1) A Liv)
kankokujin
igirisujin
Year
2nd year
4th year
3rd year
4th year
Age
19
22
20
22
47
School
U. of Arizona
Sakura Univ.
Seoul Univ.
U. of London
Sakura Univ.
computer
business
Major
Japanese
(*1 ~ L)
history
1ft::io-t
C.ldf.P?tc,P,
(t>/
(.:J/t':i-7-)
rekishi
;j', A)
bijinesu
konpyuutaa
Example 1:
j;,
I)
C'
j;,
ti)
1)
Ko1-22
;I)'
amerikajin
ti)
---+
j;,
IJ
C'
j;,
ti)
1)
n'
.J. T 1) - ~/vii
T .J. 1) 7J L: 1v-c-t-lJ'o
Mearii san wa
amerikajin
;{ ;{, -t 7 T-t
Ee,
soo desu.
desu ka.
(Japanese
teacher)
Example 2: ;J
t..'
I)
~Iv/~ lvifllv-tl-\ \
1) -
sannensee
Mearii san
//)
IJ
j;,
''
;J/'J-~!v(i
~lvifllv-tl-\\-c-tn'o
Mearii san wa
Mearii san
Arizona daigaku no
Mearii san
ichinensee
Takeshi san
nihonjin
Takeshi san
Nihon daigaku no
s. t: It L ~Iv/
t.:: l'P
Takeshi san
T ~
T ~
8.
senkoo
Ii
iJ;,
/:
10.
iJ;,
senkoo
Iv/ I::
L:: l'P
nijuuissai
bijinesu
7 \ \ "") ~ \ \
;b
"
~i Lf:-tl-lv-tl-\\//\171 t:\\h"<
Yamashita
A.
ti
t- 7.
yonensee
Yamashita sensee
12.
/:
D / ---- l- ~
Robaato san
11. ~
keezai
Iv/ l ifllv-tl-\ \
Robaato san
Ii
Iv
U'
9. cu<-~~
;,
L::
xi \'- ~ ~ /..,(!)
Robaato san no
;,
7 ~\\
Iv(!)
Suu san no
iJ;,
gakusee
suweedenjin
7. 7. - ~
Ii
l'P
Suu san
;,
7 ~
gakusee
juukyuusai
T ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
6. 7. - ~
ninensee desu.
(!)
Hawai daigaku no
sensee
-tl-lv-tl-\\
sen see
Look at the chart about Mary's host family and describe each person with
regard to (a) and (b).
t. 'h n' j) ~ Iv
2.
okaasan
'h I::\ \ ~ Iv
oniisan
(a) Occupation/School
Example:
GD
'ht 7 ~Iv
otoosan
3. \ \
t 7
imooto
Ko1-23
-+
kaishain desu.
(b) Age
G!] Ko 1-24
-j:; t
Example:
7 ~Iv
-j:; t
--+
otoosan
J: Iv L
~/vii
Otoosan wa
rp
Ii~~\
'1''--t a
yonjuuhassai desu.
~
~
-j:; IJ' ch ~ Iv
-j:;t-J~lv
oniisan
imooto
(father)
(mother)
(elder brother)
(younger sister)
L rp ,;,
kaishain
shufu
t:\
1-/J" <
(high school
student)
48
45
23
16
Otoosan wa
2. -j:;t-J~!vli
kaishain
desu ka.
--tJ.: Iv~
\ 'T--t IJ' a
nansai
-t;IJ'S ~/vii
-1 Iv-I\ 'T--flJ'a
Okaasan wa
-t;IJ'S ~!vii
-fJ..
---c--t IJ'o
nansai desu ka.
5. -j:; 1: \\~/vii
Oniisan wa
6. };l:\\~lvli
Oniisan wa
8.
Otoosan wa
Okaasan wa
7.
desu ka_
Iv~\'
L -\"\'Iv
IJ'\'
kaishain
T--t IJ'o
desu ka.
Iv~\'
-fJ..
- -c--t
nansai desu ka.
IJ'o
\' t 7 t Ii
-fJ..
nansai
lmooto wa
kookoosee
(graduate
student)
1. -j:;t-J~lvli
4.
= 7 = J-1\\
(housewife)
3.
\ 1,-(,{/_-\ I
daigakuinsee
(works for
a company)
Age
8.
\\t 7 t
okaasan
IJ'\'L-\"\'lv
Occupation/
School
};l:\\~/v
otoosan
Iv~\'
- -c--t IJ'o
desu ka.
*clslJO)
A.
flfvu~3
(Review Exercises)
Class Activity-Ask five classmates questions and find in the chart below.
Ii)
}; i"J.
i ;:{_Ii?
(What is yourname?)
Onamae wa?
Iv Ii?
: L
r)) -? L
Goshusshin wa?
}; L : t'. Ii?
Name
/::
~ T-T o
IJ
1)
f'
1J:
'/-J- -t-T o
-c-r IJ'o
t: 11 Iv
Senkoo wa
j;,
i;I:
Gakusee desu.
C'
Arizona desu.
Oshigoto wa?
1)
j;,
,;( 7 1) - / \-
:-c-r
Occupation/
School
Major, etc.
Age
Example:
6') i L
Hajimemashite.
Ii L::
j;,
IJ f' 1J:
1) '/-)-
Ii)
desu.
IJ ''
1) -
i;I:
j;,
/\-
/::
l- T-t o
t: \ \ IJ" <
ninensee desu.
Juukyuusai
j;,
-Co ,;( 7
Arizona daigaku no
Ima
Nihongo desu.
Nationality/
Hometown
B. Self-introduction-Introduce
7 ~ \ \ T-t
(!)
Senkoo wa
Yoroshiku
nihongo desu.
onegaishimasu.
C.
Class Activity-Ask
your classmates
Example:
Q :
A:
1::/l!v:::-c-to
Nihongo desu.
name
1. Japanese
2. economics
3. English
4. history
5. business
2. You'vejust met a Japanese person and want to get to know the person.
Useful Expressions
Time
Age
Time
Hours
Minutes
1 \\t; L
ichiji
2 1: ,;, ,..{,
12 L rJJ 7 1: ,;,,..(,
nifun
niji
juuippun
ippun
2 1: L
3
~ ,..{, L
juunifun
~ ,..{,.)~ ,..{,
juusanpun
sanji
J: L
yon pun
juuyonpun
15 L rJJ 7 :--.;,,..(,
gofun
juugofun
goji
;;
6 ;; < L
juuroppun
17 L rJJ 7
nanafun
hachiji
< L
juuhappun
LrJJ71:J:t;.;.,..{,
hachifun
juuhachifun
7 ,),,..(,
~ rjJ
19 LrJJ7~rJJ-J.),
kyuufun
kuji
juuji
juukyuufun
20 1: L rJJ -:i.)~,..{,/
10
LrJJ7
juppun
nijuppun
L-:i.)~,..{,
I:
jippun
nijippun
LrJJJ\\t;L
L
30 "",..{,
-
juuichiji
'0/
sanjuppun
12 L rJJ 7 1: L
sanjippun
juuniji
Age
18 L rJJ 7 l:J:-:i.)~/
happun
8 t:t t; L
juunanafun
8 ll -:i .)~,..{,/
Lt; L
shichiji
11
roppun
rokuji
10
LrJJ7J:.)~,..{,
14
5 :.;,,..(,
5 : L
13
sanpun
yoji
11
\ \-:> .)~,..{,
-fJ. ,..{, ~ \
'T-9-4'
-c-t n'
1? \ \ <
-:>
Oikutsu desu ka.
o/
The counter suffix.........,~ \ \ ( ... sai) is used to indicate" ... years old."
1 \\-:i~\\
issai
~ ,..{, ~
6 ;; <
1: ~ \ \
nisai
- .>.;
'-..
9 ~rj)J~\\
gosai
kyuusai
rokusai
\
sansai
jussai
11
-fJ. -fJ. ~ \ \
nanasai
4 J: ,..{, ~ \ \
8 (l-:i~\\
yonsai
hassai
t. t; (hatachi) is
jissai
LrJJJ\'-:i~\'
juuissai
20 (:J:f:i;*
hatachi
rP ..., ~ 1 '/I:
l ..., ~
1 '
r~~~
1J'G
~tjO)
II)
iJ;,
,;(
Sumimasen.
u t:
h.-10)
II)
iJ;,
IJ l'
l} -
Sore wa
<h fl ( ;t
sanzengohyaku
iJ;,
IJ l'
l} -
en desu.
Mearii
7,i.-lO)Ut:
Mise no hito
II) a;,
IJ ,,
Kore wa
,;(JI}
ano tokee wa
Jaa,
Are wa
Mise no hito
II)
sanzen en desu.
h.-10) u t:
5 ,;(
Kore wa
Mearii
4
K02-01102
Mise no hito
3 ,;(
GD
Mearii
2
N2J
Shopping
Are mo
u '<"'
Mearii
sono tokee o
Jaa,
kudasai.
LG-t-,f\'Ut:
Shiranai hito
II)
iJ;,
9 ,;(
IJ l'
l} -
Mearii
@ After shopping,
-)
;{_
7 i-
;{_
/::
Ueetoresu
II)
iJ;,
2 ,;(
Mearii
IJ l'
l} -
JL
j-
l-<~
I/)
\ ' G ".) L
'<"' \ '
i -1 o
lrasshaimase.
t:" 7
GD
-)
zz, -
Menyuu o
to .; fl
Doomo.
IC
,;(-=-
(;t
Kore wa
-t-J.',{, T-9-IJ' o
nan desu ka.
K02-03/04
r: 7
doozo.
f''o
~2~59
;Z
;Z
I::
tL
-t
71-r VA
,,
,-,( 7"' ') -
Mearii
Tonkatsu?
Ueetoresu
IJ
Ii)
;Z
;Z
I::
r
tL
-t
lie,
Mearii
Jaa,
kore o
Niku desu.
-t
Mearii
Sumimasen.
;Z
I::
;Z
i'L
7i-rvA
-t
,-,( 7"'
.H i
-t:L<.1
I::
tL
r1
,,
t- Ii
Toi re wa
r:::: T-t
iJ'
~~:::: T-ta
Asoko desu.
Ueetoresu
Ii)
onegaishimasu.
,,
IJ
-c-r iJ'
,,
,-,( 7"' ') -
Ii)
-r,j_
IJ
Ii)
Iv iJ'--:J ? ~ iJ'
7i-r VA
Ueetoresu
Aa,
,,
IJ
l] -
~ iJ iJ'
Mearii
z7
- >(
'-
-t
gozaimasu.
Arigatoo
tc_
v
s
Word
That
fu
Po
(11
u
n t
* :::: ;ft
* -t ;ft
* <});ft
kore
this one
sore
that one
are
* t:'' ;ft
dore
which one
:::: <!)
kono
* -t <!)
* <}) <!)
sono
this ...
that .. _
ano
that . .
t:" <!)
dono
which ...
koko
here
-e ;
soko
there
*<h-t::::
asoko
over there
* t:"'::::
doko
where
dare
who
* 1-J\\L\\
* ~ iJ'fJ.
oishii
delicious
sakana
fish
* t: Iv iJ'--J
* 1: <
* ~ .:::...::i..-
tonkatsu
pork cutlet
niku
meat
menyuu
menu
yasai
vegetable
i.. Iv (./--J
enpitsu
pencil
iJ' ~
kasa
umbrella
iJ'if'!v
kaban
bag
<
kutsu
shoes
,),
saifu
wallet
/ ;(
jiinzu
t.: ;ft
(over there)
Food
1:
VJ
"'
-\''~\\
Things
* ~
--J
\
:)-
L L J:
LT,.{,L-\"
L1v.;:1v
jisho
jeans
dictionary
j itensha
bicycle
shinbun
newspaper
T ~-\""/
ti ishatsu
T-shirt
tokee
watch; clock
,,
/.., i'
-c ..v- t. ~
"J
* tit\\
* Words that appear
in the dialogue
K02-05
-~
nooto
notebook
pen
boos hi
pen
hat; cap
hon
book
kissaten
cafe
ginkoo
bank
to ire
toilet; restroom
toshokan
library
yuubinkyoku
post office
7 ~ 1) tJ
Amerika
U.S.A.
1:f
lgirisu
Britain
/-r
I:
JS
0)
~/
"'-
A,
117 L
{ l ,.(,
Places
~
-:> ~
-r ,.(,
~- ,.(, .; 7
*
L J: IJ' ,.<_,
I: \'
tl
rJJ 7 rJ ,.<_, ~
J:
<
Countries
j;
~'
l/;J
1)
1)
~- !J
ti'
::Z.
-t
IJ' ,.(,
=<
Kankoku
Korea
-t; rP
7 = <
Chuugoku
China
keezai
economics
konpyuutaa
computer
bijinesu
business
*1.~L
rekishi
history
i I y
fJ ' ;}, ~ ,.(,
t?t-J~,.(,
okaasan
mother
otoosan
father
ikura
how much
... en
...
takai
expensive; high
Majors
It\'~--\,
:J/to.::i.-5':::_;.,
(f
r;~tc;l;
Fam
j:)
Money
~
~
Matters
* \' < G
* ,.___, i. ,.(,
* f::.IJ'\ \
Exp
re s s
yen
o n s
* t '<' ;},
jaa
* t' 7 ..z:
doozo
* t' 7 t
doomo
Thank you.
... ,please.
Please give me . .
What do we do when we want to talk about things that we do not know the names of? We
say "this thing;' "that one;' and so forth. In Japanese, we use kore, sore, and are.
.; fl.Ii
\'
Kore wa
-t fl.Ii
~ 1" ~..{,Ti"" o
Sore wa
sanzen en desu.
Kore refers to a thing that is close to you, the speaker ("this thing here"). Sore is something
that is close to the person you are talking to ("that thing in front of you"), and are refers to a
thing that is neither close to the speaker nor the listener ("that one over there").
"-
/'(
/,,,
s fl ( i
Are wa
watashi no
pen desu.
"-
Iv
Iv
Kore wa
Sore wa
watashi no
pen desu.
watashi no
pen desu.
There is also an expression dare for "which:' Here we will learn to use dare in sentences like:
r fl.Ti"" n, o
Dore desu ka.
In this lesson, we will not explore the full extent to which the word dare can be put to use,
because there is a slight complication with question words like dare. Question words like
dare and nani cannot be followed by the particle wa. Instead, you must use the particle ga
and say:
....Z
/v
anata no
L_0)/7c0)(0)/
cO) +noun
If you want to be slightly more specific than kore, sore, and are, you can use kono, sono, and
ano together with a noun. (Note here that the re series must always stand alone, while the no
series must always be followed by a noun.) Thus, if you know that the item in your hand is a
watch (tokee), instead of:
:::ittli
\'<
Kore wa
GT-th'a
Similarly, if you are talking about a watch that is held by the person you are talking to, you
can say:
That watch is 3, 000 yen.
Sono tokee wa
sanzen en desu.
And if the watch is far from both the speaker and the listener, you can say:
That watch over there is 3,500 yen.
Ano tokee wa
sanzengohyaku
en desu.
If you already know that one of several watches is 3,500 yen but do not know which, you can
say:
Dono tokee ga
sanzengohyaku
en desu ka.
Since dona is a question word, just like dare discussed above, we cannot use the particle wa
with it; we must use ga.
To summarize:
Lft(I~~)
-tfl(I~~)
fl(!~~)
c:rtCtJ'~)
LO) noun
-tO) noun
il50) noun
cO) noun
(I~~)
(I~~)
(I~~)
(tJ'~)
We will learn just one more ko-so-a-do set in this lesson: koko, soko, asoko, and doko are
words for places.
here, near me
there, near you
over there
where
LL
Yuubinkyoku wa
If you are close by, you can point toward the post office and say:
(The post office is) right over there.
(Yuubinkyoku wa)
asoko desu.
titl.O) noun
In Lesson 1, we learned how to say things like Mearii san no denwa bangoo (Mary's phone
number) and Takeshi san no okaasan (Takeshi's mother). We now learn how to ask who
something belongs to. The question word for "who" is dare, and for "whose;' we simply add
the particle no.
.; fl. I ;;t
t:' fl.(!)
Kore wa
dare no
Sore wa
Suu san no
kaban desu.
nount>
In Lesson 1, we learned how to say "Item A is this, item Bis that:' We now learn how to say
"Item A is this, and item B is this, too:'
nihonjin desu.
nihonjin desu.
Note that these two sentences are almost identical in shape. This is natural, as they both
claim that a certain person is Japanese. The second sentence, however, is different from the
first in that we do not find the particle wa in it. We have mo instead. Mo is a particle that
indicates that that item, too, has the given property. One thing that you should watch out
for is exactly where the particle is placed. In English, the word "too" can be placed after the
sentence as a whole, as in the example above. Not so in Japanese. In the above example,
mo must directly follow Michiko san.
!Ai
\ B:
Id:
1:J
two items
: X:
\ X ~
c9o
c9o
shared property
A isX.
B too is X.
1
To negate a statement of the form X wa Y desu, where Y is a noun, you replace desu with ja
nai desu.2
Mr. Yamada is not a student.
Yamada san wa
We cannot use mo to describe a situation like the following: Our friend, Pat, has dual citizenship; Pat is a
Japanese, but at the same time, she is an American. To describe the second half of this situation, we cannot say,
Patto mo amerikajin desu, because the sentence would mean that Pat, in addition to somebody that has been
mentioned, is an American. Neither can we say, Patto wa amerikajin mo desu. (Japanese speakers would say,
Patto wa amerikajin demo arimasu.)
2
In the dialogues, there are two sentences that end with desu, which call for special attention: Are mo takai
desu ne (That one too is expensive), and Oishii desu yo (It is delicious). These sentences cannot be negated by
replacing desu with ja nai desu, because takai and oishii are not nouns. Are mo takai ja nai desu and oishii [a nai
desu are therefore not grammatical. Instead, one would have to say takaku nai desu and oishiku nai desu. We will
learn about the conjugation pattern of adjectives in Lesson 5.
~it:~,.(,
L '(>~
1)
i-l,.(,o
1)
-tt ,.Co
gakusee ja arimasen.
Ii -IJ"
Yamada san wa
<
-l\ ,-tli ~
gakusee de wa arimasen.
affirmative:
(X let) Y c9 o
negative:
(X let) Y
Xis Y.
Xis not Y.
Statements often end with the tags ne or yo, depending on the way the speaker views the interaction with the listener. If the speaker is seeking the listener's confirmation or agreement
to what has been said, then ne ("right?") could be added.
!J
\,)
IJ - ~
,.{,(!)
Rii san no
<
T-fho
:::;ttli
1:<
Kore wa
L'(>r.,1.\'T-tho
Another particle, yo ("I tell you"), is added to a statement if the speaker wants to assure the
listener of what has been said. With yo added, a statement becomes an authoritative decree.
t:
,.(,iJ'-J
Tonkatsu
Ii
wa
iJ'-f.,1.
L '(>
-f.,1.\
'T-t J: o
;,. -9
:A ~ :A ~
''
!S
,.(,Ii 1 .:'
Sumisu san wa
rJ
1)
igirisujin
-9
:A
L ,.(, T-t J: o
desu yo.
~2~67
r
Expression
(-;a:)< tC:~l,' ~ ( . .
Notes
(-;a:) (6~1J'il,'
u *9
~ ( ..
c-;a:)c5i:'~ ( ...
On the pronunciation of number words ~ Note that the words for 300, 600,
800, 3,000, and 8,000 involve sound changes. "Counters" whose first sound is h,
like hyaku (hundred), generally change shape after 3, 6, and 8. Some counters that
begin withs, like sen (thousand), change shape after 3 and 8. Refer to the table at
the end of the volume.
Big numbers ~ In addition to the digit markers for tens (juu), hundreds (hyaku),
and thousands (sen), which are found in Western languages as well, Japanese
uses the marker for tens of thousands (man). Thus 20,000, for example, is niman
( = 2 x 10,000), rather than nijuusen ( = 20 x 1,000). While the next unit marker
in Western languages is one million, Japanese describes that number as 100 x
10,000, that is, hyakuman.
More complicated numbers can be considered the sums of smaller numbers, as
in the following examples.
234,567
23 x 10,000
4x 1,000
sx
100
6X
10
7
~: L ~ -J
2' Iv i Iv
J: lv-tt Iv
::::-{}~ <
o<L~-?
(nijuusanman)
(yonsen)
(gohyaku)
(rokujuu)
7'd:7'd: (nana)
':tl/vO)
~iP.tl
Nihon no okane
Japanese Currency
5,000-yen bill
2,000-yen bill
1,000-yen bill
500-yen coin
100-yen coin
5-yen coin
1-yen coin
A portrait of Hideyo
Noguchi (18761928), a bacteriologist who devoted
himself to yellow
fever research.
50-yen coin
10-yen coin
All bills and coins are different sizes. For example, the bills slightly descend in length from
10,000 yen to 1,000 yen. Although
shops and restaurants do not accept them, even in major cities. Consequently, most people
usually carry a certain amount of cash with them, and ATMs can be found almost everywhere.
Pre-paid cards are available
are not used in Japan.
tlfuL.,~3
c t
c e
G)9'3L.J (Numbers)
100
G!l
u '(' <
1,000
2,000
hyaku
200
3,000
<
j:,{,7.}>(>
4,000
;s -:;
-fJ.' .,.J.,
u '('
<
(;t-:;
u '(' <
7,000
u '(' <
( ;t -:;
8,000
50,000
9,000
60,000
-1 ,.{_,
70,000
(a)
34
(b) 67
(f)
515
(g)
(1)
.,.J., .,.J.,
80,000
(ii;i,.C
hachiman
-1 ,.{_,
90,000
~rP-Ji,.C
kyuuman
G!] Ko2.07
(c) 83
(d) 99
(e)
125
603
(h) 850
( i) 1,300
(j)
3,400
35,000
(m)
64,500
(n) 92,340
B. Look at the pictures and answer how much the things are. G!] oz.cs
,.,_
Example:
i ,.{_,
nanaman
-1 ,.{_,
~ t1J -)
;s < i ,.{_,
rokuman
kyuusen
.: i ,.{_,
go man
hassen
~rPJU'('<
(k) 8,900
-fJ.' .,.J.,
l,.Ci,.C
yon man
nanasen
kyuuhyaku
A.
40,000
rokusen
happyaku
900
l ,.C-1 ,.{_,
:S<-1,.C
6,000
~,.Ci,{,
sanman
gosen
nanahyaku
800
30,000
= -1 ,.{_,
5,000
roppyaku
700
~ ,.C-t:LC
yon sen
= u '(' <
1::: i ,.{_,
niman
sanzen
gohyaku
600
20,000
nisen
yonhyaku
500
ichiman
I::: -I,.{_,
sanbyaku
400
\\i;i,.C
10,000
sen
nihyaku
300
-1 ,.{_,
/..,
0 : "'"'- / (;t \ \
Pen wa
<
-r-t
-e,
~'o
/..,
Ex. ......::.:;.,;
80
K02-06
70 ~ili!i . ><:;~ti
(1) )._
/v (}o--;)
(2) fr~
(3)
L 1v.;:1v
(4)
11 Iv
50
<--;)
(5)
1,000 I
t:
(6)
(t\
110
(7)
h'lf'!v
1,500
L'. L .1:
(8)
&~
3,500
(9) /-
,,
Iv -r
/ 7.''
(10)
10,000
L'.
20,000
([)
-r Iv L ""'
(11) / -
vs.ooo
I:
l-
(12)
If 7 L
I 9,ooo
C.
I 25,ooo
450
I 2,800
Pair Work-One of you looks at picture A and the other looks at picture B
(p. 80). (Don't look at the other picture.) Find out the price of all items.
Example:
A:
<
G T-th'o
)._fv(}"-J(;t
\'
Enpitsu wa
Hyaku en desu.
~2~71
Picture A
I 36,oool
I 1,200 I
{]
A.
I 1 o,oool
I s,ooo I
Items (1) through (6) are near you, and items (7) through (12) are near your
friend. Your friend asks what these things are called in Japanese. Pay attention
to z n (kore) and -tn (sore). G!] Ko2-09
Example 1:
Friend : -f ;ft Ii
Sore wa
Example 2:
-tJ.
.-..z
You : : ;ftli
Kore wa
Iv T-t -/;'a
Friend:
:;ftli
Kore wa
Iv
'"'/ T-t a
-r.J.'/vT-t-lJ'o
nan desu ka.
lL'l.t'L
You : -f flli
pen desu.
Sore wa
"<
-::>
:'%
(8~(y
~~u)
(IO)
Friend
0//
B.
Example:
0
A
S;ft.(;J:
-tJ.!vTi"iJ'o
Are wa
-c-t
sn!;t
t L J: iJ'lv
Are wa
toshokan desu.
is.
8!] Ko2-10
BANK
Libra.ry
t:I
CJ
co
SD
c IJ
cc
00
0 0
(1)
C.
(4)
(2)
Pair Work-Point out five things in the classroom and ask your partner what
they are using
(kore),
(sore), or fl (are). Refer the picture on p. 83
for the vocabulary.
c:::n
-tn
Example 1:
A:
Example 2:
S;ft.!;t
-tJ.!vT-tn'o
Are wa
B: S;ft.!;t
Are wa
A.
Iv
B: :;ft.!;J: '"'-/T-90
t It\ 'Ti" o
tokee desu.
Kore wa
pen desu.
Look at the pictures and make sentences using C:::O) (kono), -tO) (sono), or O)
(ano). 8!] Ko2-11
Example:
Ex.
Iv U-J (;J:
: (7) ;t
Kono enpitsu wa
7y
<
L:: tP -) ;t
Iv T-9 o
rokujuu en desu.
(1)
68,000
60
~2~73
(4)
(3)
(5)
'
,,
' 017,000
0
,.
,,
~
4,300
3,500
B. Pair Work-One of you looks at card A and the other looks at card B (p. 81).
Ask and answer questions to find out the price of each item. Use 'C..O) (kono),
f:O) (sono), or <!BO) (ano) appropriately. After finding out the price of all items,
decide on one item you want to buy.
Example:
Customer :
Kono hon wa
< G -r-tiJ'o
Customer:
L::~;f:,,
-f:<7)fJ'~~
<f:~\\o
laa,
sono kasa o
kudasai.
Card A
1,800
(1)
(4)
315
%:::.<p J
Ex. 2, 100
"9
7,350
lt=J
(5)~
(2)
(3)~
@!] Ko2-12
BANk
Ex.
Example:
Ii
Ginkoo wa
t:'': T-9-IJ'o
doko desu ka.
Asoko desu.
Arigatoo
I:
(1) "
,,
gozaimasu.
l1.
(2) t
1 t-
J:
-/;'Iv
toshokan
toire
(3)
~-~
< --:)
kutsu
@.
0
(4)-\"'
llJ
i L f::-1 Iv-I\'
1:
Yamashita sensee
"' ?
::I.. -
( 6)
L: L J:
jisho
menyuu
Pair Work-Point at each item below (picture A) and ask whose it is. Your partner
will refer to the picture B (p. 82) and tell you who it belongs to.
Example:
: *11i
Kore wa
llJ
;;,
I)
dare no
\'
,,( 7 I} - ~ Iv 0)
Mearii san no
-/;' ~ T-t
kasa desu.
Picture A
(1)
(2)
(3) ~
63g ca~
(7)@
(6)
(4)
(8)
rf:j
(9)~
(5) ~
(10~
B!] Ko2-13
Ex. Japanese
}; t: ~ ~,{,Ii
Otoosan wa
nihonjin
desu.
Okaasan mo
nihonjin
desu.
Father
Mother
~
( 1) second year
Mary
(2)
rs.soo
Carlos
Robert
(4) 7:00
( 6) U. of London students
(5) vegetable
Seoul
Robert
Tokyo
A. Look at the chart on the next page and answer the questions.
II)
Example:
if;
,;( 7
IJ \'
1) -
~,(,Ii
I:::
Mearii san wa
1.
:>,
2.
If
chuugokujin
if; /::
IJ
1)
if; /I)
O/\'l- ~,(,Ii
Robaato san wa
3. -\"
7 _;(
If
if;
-tt,<.,:-Jli
senkoo wa
lt\'~--\'Ti""iJ'o
keezai desu ka.
~ < 0t:\,iJ{<(J)
fJ{<-tl-\'Ti""iJ'o
Sakura daigaku no
if;
IJ
:>,
I'
/,,
/::'
/,,
,i7')-~A,li
o/F/t:\,iJ{<(J)
fJ{<-tl-\'Ti""iJ'o
Mearii san wa
Rondon daigaku
no
If
if;
Suu san wa
10.
f:ltL~A,li
Takeshi san wa
-t -?
9.
Ii 1:::11,z,:--r---rn'o
Takeshi san wa
II)
8.
desu ka.
Suu san no
7.
i::
5. A.-~,(,(])
6.
desu ka.
O/\'~,(,(])-ct,(,:-)
Robaato san no
senkoo wa
-t -?
ichinensee
i::
O/\'~,(,Ii
Robaato san wa
J:
desu ka.
tJ.,(,{t\
'Ti""iJ'o
-/J'
Amerikajin desu.
sc
: < L ,(, Ti""iJ'o
kankokujin desu ka.
i L f:-tl-A,-t:h'Ii
1)
il'
amerikajin
Yamashita sensee wa
4.
if; II)
0
Takeshi san wa
BJ Ko2-14
Nancy
~2WI! 77
Hart, Mary
~t G
f: It L
Kimura
Takeshi
Kim, Sue
Smith, Robert
Nationality
American
Japanese
Korean
British
Japanese
School
U. of Arizona
Sakura Univ.
Seoul Univ.
U. of London
Sakura Univ.
Major
Japanese
history
computer
business
(Japanese
teacher)
Year
2nd year
4th year
3rd year
4th year
~
B. Pair Work-Ask your partner whose belongings items (1) through (7) (picture A)
are. Your partner will refer to the picture B (p. 78) and answer the questions.
II)
Example:
~\1,),T-9-IJ'0
Kore wa
Mearii san no
\'
Iv (!)
Mearii san no
~ \ \ ') '
Ex.
0
IJ \'
1)-~/v(!)
~\\,),T-f-lJ'o
Rii san no
IJ
\ \ \ \ ;;{_ ' ;J 7 I) - ~
lie,
\'
;})1)-~/v(!)
II)
I}
:;tt(;J:
\'
ii,
1)-~/v(!)
~\,,),T-to
Ee,
Rii san no
saifu desu.
Picture A
(1)
~
(6)
(5)
(3)
(2)
(7)
\/!!!/
(4)
tt!l
Picture B
ri)
;ji,
IJ
')-
Mearii
Rii
*c6b0)
A.
1)
,,( 7 ') -
\,.'
J: 7
Yooko
~dO
-tf3jf!)-
~2~79
B. Role Play-One student is a waiter/waitress. The other student goes to a restaurant. Look at the menu below and order some food or drink, using Dialogue
II as a model. (See Culture Note in Lesson 8 [p. 207] for more information on Japanese food.)
If
If
')
-c
,,
A_/{Jf',;;7-1
"
-t (;f
;j;,
\'
71
<
Iv
I:'
i -
-If / F 1
IJ
\'
t:
A. 7 ') -J..,.
ll: Iv
Ii
;J;,
')
1-
~<
;J;,
/\//{-fl-
~
~
t,
';I
C. Look at the picture and ask who each person is. Then, add more questions
about their nationality,
Example:
occupation,
::: it(i
Kore wa
//;
;J;;
;J
IJ
1) -
"t-t
~ ,.(,
Ex.
lgirisujin
desu ka.
C>
IJ
\ '\ ';t,
1.: r1)
lie,
igirisujin
<l;
//;
IJ
;J
1)
IJ
{'
L '<'
-rJ.\
'T-t o
ja nai desu.
iJ'
7J L ,.(, T-t o
Amerikajin
<l;
:AL,.(,
desu.
too
71) '/-Tt.:\'h'<
Arizona daigaku
no
0)
h'<-l\'T-to
ga kusee desu.
-f 7 T-th'o
Pair Work (D C.
Example:
====================================================
(- p. 70)
A
Enpitsu wa
~100
Hyaku en desu.
Picture B
4.soo
3.7ool
7.ooo
Pair Work
@ B. ==========================================================================
( _____. p. 73)
Example:
Customer :
< G T-tlJ'o
:: O)(l,Z,li
\'
Kono hon wa
Store attendant : I:
-1 ,{., U
'<"
*
Customer:
L::
'\"S,
Jaa,
7<:0)1J'~ ~
< t:~\'o
sono kasa o
kudasai.
Card B
(4)
(2)
1,050
3,780
(5)
~fl/~~~~
53
~~
9,450
Ex. 2,100 ~
(3)~1_~
Part I. You are a customer. Ask for the
Pair Work
===============================================================
(-p.74)
Example:
t: .rt<!)
fr~
dare no
ii>
-c-r iJ'
: .rt ii
Kore wa
if;,
;J I
IJ t>
1) - ~
Mearii san no
s.:
fJ' ~ T-t
kasa desu.
Picture B
_,
-?
/ZSuu
//)
f::.lt L
Takeshi
if;,
IJ
t'
;JI I} Mearii
"'
/;f
0 / \'-
a;, I:
~
Robaato
\"i L
t: -tt ,<.,-tt \
Yamashita sensee
Useful Expressions
I n
the
Class
room
iJ'
d; -C
lo
7]-j--/
kaaten
-z-,.<_,~
kokuban
denki
t: '"'
FT
doa
;,
I
I
Ii,.<_, ----+h.~
hon
\ \-t
isu
keshigomu
:--'"\
hf.1'1) i Lf:f.l'o-------wakarimashita
Do you understand?
ka.
h I.I' 1) i -1 ,.{_, o
------------
Wakarimasen.
l'1:>
-:>
<
< t: ~ \ \
\ \-:> T
itte kudasai.
1)
Yukkuri
o -------
J:
-:>
\ 1
itte kudasai.
i-:>
Chotto
~
-------
< t: ~ \
\o
-------
Please wait.
matte kudasai.
T <
t: ~ \ \
o ------------
Kiite kudasai.
""' .z
10 '"'--/
Juppeeji o
l:.
~ h. T
< t:~ \
mite kudasai.
\o
-------
3J
Making a Date
0
l
t: ( t
2 ,;(
L :
1)
-t 7 T-t tlo
i -t
f:(tL:
t: \ 'T
BIB!ii;J:--)t:
t' J:-? 1f
L:-\"<h,
f:ltL:
1 ,;(
1) -
\ '\
G!] K03-01;02
! ;t f: \ \ ( \ \ 1PJ f L i -t ii'
>1:1:
\' 7 t; T~ 7~ L i
rZ/v~
J:-3
7 1) - :
,;(
};~~Iv :
;l;ji,
3 ,;(
1) -
t' J:-? 1f
.. o
BBIB!;tt:''-JT--fii'o
'T--f tlo
G!] K03-03/04
~8(j:jf:~(::f[~i--fo
-?
5 J:? C:
!.. '
Jf:~Tgj(@J"f.Jf,i--fo
~
J:
x_ \, \ -/J{
;l;ji,
1) -
1Lmt
:.; T-t
<
L.
a_t :-~i;t?
61:;~~/v:
li/v
;l;ji,
7 ,;(
8
1) -
};~~Iv:
i;l:/v
~""
i -tr Iv
t:
-t 7 T--fii'o
;l;ji,
9 ,;(
1)
t: ~
J;.
;{_cqj<
};~~!v:
5 ,;(
t..
1: i? J:-? rJ
~ J:
L-\"ih, BIB(::Gj(@Jf.Jf,i-ttlvii'o
+,
-t-JT--fii' .. o
s ,;(/1)-:
6
l>J>? ;!'-:>
3
4
\\--)(~i--fo
h-
r-- ~ Gj(@J
f Jl
x._1,,
N
7-)..
Mary: Saturday is not a good day. (lit., Saturday is a little bit [inconvenient]
Takeshi: Then, how about Sunday?
Mary: That's fine.
A~r:i,
rn
EJJ
... )
G1l K03-05
a
Ii
Nouns
Entertainmentand Sports
* ;t\'fr"
1? JA" <
:s
8*@!
movie
iit~
music
n~
L
::z.~--y
"'J
magazine
sports
-r- r
-=;-.:::...::z.
7 t- t:'
tennis
TV
71::Z.7
~=--~
1?5@
1?~
ice cream
breakfast
sake; alcohol
green tea
coffee
aJE::::-1R
dinner
hamburger
o 7;., = (i ,{.,
~=--~
h-f
1.J(.
water
home; house
~t:X
school
~
B}iB
morning
lunch
Places
\
;{
* 7 t;
fJ" "'J
.;
Time
<h :s
<h L t:
\ \-:>
* ~ J: 7
".J
when
~8
=-.;
* L1117i-=>
* ~'J: 7 (./
tomorrow
today
at about ...
~Bjt
~*
BIB
tonight
weekend
Saturday
* 1:t;J: 7 rl
i\'l:i;
Sunday
every day
i \'IL{,
every night
U-verbs
* \\<
to go (destination 1:1~)
* -Ir;:{. 6
to go back; to return
(destination I: I~)
to listen; to hear ("' f)
to drink ("'
f )
f I
-n
to read ("' f)
Ru-verbs
}; ~ 6
* f::.""' 6
to get up
t.16
* h.6
to sleep; to go to sleep
to eat ("'
f )
Irregular
Verbs
<6
*6
* -9 6
* <A: ~ J: 7 -9 6
~~-9 6
to study ("'
f )
Adjectives
* \ \\ \
good
* Ii~\'
early
Adverbs
<h i
I)
negative
not much
~
?'&
not at all
* t: \ \ l \ \
usually
* i;J:-,t::
* t:: ~ t::''~
a little
J: <
sometimes
often; much
Expressions
?; How is ... ?
Verb Conjugation
Verbs in Japanese conjugate, or take various shapes. In this lesson, we learn three forms: (1)
the "dictionary forms;' (2) the present tense affirmative forms, and (3) the present tense negative forms. 1 There are two kinds of verbs that follow regular conjugation patterns, and an
example of each is below.
ru-verb
u-verb
verb bases
dictionary forms
present, affirmative
present, negative
tabe
:$:~.Q
ik
stems
:$:~
(to eat)
:E!~*9
to
:E!~*ifu
to
to
to
fi<
,, (to go)
fiE*9
,,
2
fiE*ifu
,,
fiE
,,
~.......:: ~ belongs to the group of verbs called the "riz-verbs," Ru-verbs are so called, because
r:
you add the suffix ru to the verb base (tabe, in the above example) to form the dictionary
form. For the two long forms we learn in this lesson, you simply add the suffixes masu and
masen, instead of ru, to the bases. We learn four ru-verbs in this lesson:
Another major group of verbs is called the "rz-verbs," The dictionary form of an u-verb like
ff<
,, can be broken down into the base (ik in the above example) and the suffix u. The long
forms like ff~ i -t and ff~ i -1 ,then, are formed with the base plus suffixes imasu and
imasen. In u-verb conjugations you find letters shifting in the same row of the hiragana
chart (see inside front cover). In ff< , for example, you see < and ~,both in the iJ' row of
vthe hiragana chart, !kt; has t; and h., both in the ;t row, and so forth. We learn six u-verbs
in this lesson:
\,'
\,\
0)
The use of the term "dictionary form" is by no means restricted to listings in a dictionary. They also appear in
various constructions in actual sentences. We will learn their uses in later chapters. Don't be misled by the names
given to the long forms too; the "present tense" in Japanese can indicate both the "present" and the "future:' We
will return to this issue in Section 2 below. For the moment, we will concentrate on the forms, not the meaning
of these verbs.
2
In addition to the standard negative forms like it-" i -1 )._, and ff~ i -1 J..,, you may also hear the much more
colloquial sub-standard negative forms like it-Z-r,f \ '-c-r and
-f.;. \ '-c-t used by Japanese speakers. We
will briefly come back to these increasingly popular new negative f~rms in Lesson 8.
h-1;'
~3~H89
jkt;
~?tt;
J:
(!)
jkh. i
(!)
-t
~fi:;,..
i -t
J:
Mi-t
(j:i'j:
~<
!';
~tLi-t
~~i-t
ff<
"
ff~
,,
!';
(j:i'j:
i)W6
1!'7..
i-t
1JW ')
n';;_
i -t
In later lessons, we will have many opportunities to refer to the parts like 1-" and iT ~ ,
to
''
which come before i -t and i -1 A., in the long forms. For the sake of ease of reference, we
will call these parts (same as bases with ru-verbs, and bases plus i with u-verbs) "stems:'
In addition to ru-verbs and u-verbs, there are two "irregular verbs:' Note that the vowels in
their bases are different in the short (dictionary) forms and the long forms.
irregular verbs
dictionary forms
present, affirmative
present, negative
9 0 (to do)
<0
G3::9
GZl::ttfv
E3::9
EZl::ttfv
stems
(to come)
These two verbs are also used to form compound verbs. In this lesson, we learn the verb ~
X-/.,
1~ -t 6, which conjugates just like verb -t 6.
5 J: 1
It is important to remember which verb belongs to which conjugation class. It is a good idea,
therefore, to memorize each verb as a set: instead of memorizing just the dictionary form,
try to memorize the dictionary form and the present tense affirmative, like ~T < -fr ~ i -r.
~
~'
This is especially important with verbs that end with the hiragana 6, because they may be
irregular verbs like -t 6 and x 6, or ru-verbs, or u-verbs whose bases just happen to end
with the consonant r. If you know the verb classes and the rules that apply to them, you
know why it is wrong to say X Jt 1) i -t and X ~ i -r.
\
h.
/Ji:z.
5%0 (= a ru-verb)
~m-@
verb bases
mi
kaer
long forms
stems
J%3:;g/J%3::ttfv
5%
l;
l;
l;
l;
tii.
~;oa::gtP5t
/~moa::tt1v
tJ'5t
~mo
"/JX
Look at the second from the last syllable in the dictionary form; .J.;. and ;t in Jt 6 and 9W 6,
;;
n';;_
for example. The irregular verbs set aside, if you see the vowels a, u, or o right before the
final 6, you can be absolutely sure that they are u-verbs. (We have not learned any such verbs
yet.) If you see the vowels i and e before the final 6, in most cases, the verbs are ru-verbs.
~ 6 is such a ru-verb. There are exceptions, however; there are also u-verbs that have the
jJ
vowels i and e before the final 6. ~.fl} 6 is such an exceptional u-verb.
n';;_
In this lesson we learn about a dozen verbs that describe basic human actions. These are
often called "action verbs;' and the "present tense" of these verbs either means ( 1) that a
person habitually or regularly engages in these activities, or (2) that a person will, or is planning to, perform these activities in the future.
Habitual actions:
I often watch TV.
Mary sometimes doesn't eat breakfast.
Future actions:
I will go to Kyoto tomorrow.
Sue will not return home today.
Particles
Nouns used in sentences generally must be followed by particles, which indicate the relations that the nouns bear to the verbs. 3 In this lesson, we learn four particles: ~, T, I:, and
'""-
~ The particle ~ indicates "direct objects;' the kind of things that are directly involved in,
or affected by, the event. Note that this particle is pronounced "o"
I drink coffee.
I listen to music.
I watch TV.
The particle l'' indicates where the event described by the verb takes place.4
I will read books in the library.
I will watch TV at home.
3
4
In spoken language, particles are often "dropped:' We will learn more about such cases in Lesson 15.
In later lessons, we will be introduced to verbs that require particles other than -c to express location.
IL:
The particle 1: has many meanings, but here we will learn two: (1) the goal toward
which things move, and (2) the time at which an event takes place.
(1) goal of movement
I will not go to school today.
I will return home.
(2) time
'"'- The particle "'-,too, indicates the goal of movement. The sentences in (1) above therefore can be rewritten using o- instead of 1:. Note that this particle is pronounced "e."
I will not go to school today.
I will return home.
Note hat >- may replace the particle 1: only in the goal-of-movement sense. The particle 1:
for ti e references and other uses, which we will learn about in later lessons, cannot be so
repla ed.
Time Reference
eed the particle 1: with (1) the days of the week like "on Sunday;' and (2) numerical
xpressions, like "at 10:45;' and "in September:'
I will go on Sunday.
,,
L'.)
*E:S-t li.71-1=~
L'. J:/vl'.~-j :_',;,A,
s-
~,;_
~ i -t
I get up at 10:45.
};
You do not use the particle I: with ( 1) time expressions defined relative to the present mo-
ment, such as "today;' and "tomorrow;' (2) expressions describing regular intervals, such as
"every day;' and (3) the word for "when:'
I will come tomorrow.
I watch TV every evening.
When will you go?
You normally do not use I: with ( 1) the parts of a day, like "in the morning" and "at night;'
and (2) the word for "weekend:' Unlike words like ~ L t. and ~a_t above, however, these
i 'lfA,
words can be followed by I:, depending on styles, emphases, and personal preferences.
l
You can use ;t -\:t lviJ' (=the present tense negative verb, plus the question particle) to extend an invitation. It should be noted that its affirmative counterpart, ;t -t iJ', cannot be so
used. Thus a sentence like ~ :~ ~ ~-"' ;t -t iJ' can only be construed as a question, not as
11''->
lilv
t:
an invitation.
What do you say to having lunch with me?
Sounds great.
Will you play tennis with me?
Um, it's slightly (inconvenientfor me at this moment).
Word Order ,
Japanese sentences are fairly flexible in the arrangement of elements that appear in them.
Generally, sentences are made up of several noun -particle sequences followed by a verb or
an adjective, which in turn is often followed by a sentence-final particle such as iJ', ti, or J:.
Among the noun-particle sequences, their relative orders are to a large extent free. A typical
sentence, therefore, looks like the following, but several other arrangements of noun -particle
sequences are also possible.
Ii
~8
!; ; ~
~~f;T
/: l; ~'/v
time
~1~ii Li-to
8/.f.?o~
I: li/v .:
place
X./v~
object
verb
t pie
-l-* :;
J: <
t, t, L:
frequency
<<
time
9,
~'"-
goal
1)
-t
verb
Frequency Adverbs
You an add a frequency adverb such as 1iJ: 8 (everyday), .J: < (often), and C:: ~ c:: ~ (some*' 'I: t,
time ) to a sentence to describe how often you do something.
I sometimes go to a coffee shop.
In t is lesson, we also learn two adverbs which describe how infrequent an activity or an
even is; -\f',{,-\f',{, (never; not at all) and Si 1) (not often; not very much). These adverbs
anti ipate the negative at the end of the sentence. If you use -l:f -l:f ,{, or S i ') , in other
wor s, you need to conclude the sentence with i -tt .
I do not watch TV at all.
t+ L ~ ,{,(;!:
GF,
i IJ ~1~ Li
{t
/v
--<.A,~ J.:-)
L~ i ;i'-::i
i ;1: t: \ , "C \ , M ~ L i
>;:1:
8 (;!:*~(:ff~ i-t
-3
~ .t: 1 C:
\,\
-t n,
effects can be paraphrased like these: "Let's talk about weekends; what do you do on weekends?" "Let me say what I will do today; I will go to Kyoto:'
~-=--~(i?
If
~""
i -tl" ,.{_,o
t:
Ii
In this example, (i is used in directing the listener's attention and thereby inviting a comment or completion of a sentence. You may also note that the broached topic, Bjt
does
ll'.I.
li/v
not stand in subject relation to the verb, but is rather its direct object.
=--~,
~I~/-~4
0-J:'S
Expression
Notes
11fv
fi( f*Q
~When you move to a place where the hearer is, you say 'Tm com<
ing." in English. However in the same situation, :fl, l::Hr ~ i T is used in [apatit.:L
''
nese. < .Q is a movement toward the place where the speaker is, while fr
< is a
,,
l,\
"5 ~ :>C ~-SJ: -::it literally means "a little," "a bit," "a small amount," as in -S J: -::i
t < t: ~ v' (Please give me a little) and -S J: -::i t f!i'; -o -C < t: ~ v' (Please wait
for a moment). It is commonly used for a polite refusal. In this case, it means "inconvenient," "impossible," and so on. Japanese people don't normally reject requests, suggestions, or invitations with v' v' X. (No), because it sounds too direct.
"-''"'
""
-j U'
~3~95
A.
--
f::.~6
f::.~6
B.
and ~*ttfu.
G!] K03-06/07
f::.~ i --t
t->: i 1 Iv
J: t;
O)t'
4.
--t6
7.
<
~ <
5.
Ii -r"- -t
8.
n'il 6
11. };~6
H.6
6. ~ \
<
9.
*16
12.
10.
~Iv~
J:
7 -t 6
ook at the pictures below and make sentences using the cues.
a) Add the appropriate verbs to the following direct objects.
G!] K03-os
(3)/\//\'-ff-
library/2:00
4) -::]-
t-
home/4:30
(5) .:;-
~z
ft
----
coffee shop/3:00
McDonald's/5:00
v t:'
\
,, I(\
school/Saturday
,;'I
[S::i cc
"']
home/tonight
library
GD K03-09
--+
C. Look at the pictures below and make sentences using the cues.
Example:
--+
~1! Jtl;
I::: ff
.P~lflv'<i<
\'
( 1) go to the library
1:00
3:00
~ i -9 o
(2) come to school
8:30
( 4) return home
Sunday
GDKo3-10
tomorrow
5:30
A : tm:ljogTttt.t
e: l.J:n'1v Cf,,
B:
;t;t,
1.,
f~rch. i -9 n'o
J:
~rch.i-90/\\\\;t,
J:
~rch.i-tt,.<.,o
J:
E.
Pair Work-Guessing
game
Ask questions and find out the items your partner has chosen.
1. Before you start, both of you will choose one item in each row of the table and
mark it.
2. In each row, using the verb and one of the four items, make a yes-or-noquestion sentence and find out which item your partner has chosen.
3. You can ask at most two questions with one verb. If you have guessed correctly
the item your partner has chosen, you score a point. Your partner will not give
away the right answer when you ask a wrong question.
4. When you have asked questions about all the verbs in the table, switch roles
with your partner and answer their questions.
5. Tabulate the score. You win the game if you have scored higher than your
partner.
Example:
i-t~'o
A : ~~!:::ff~
iJf-?.:-3
\..'
B: \'\';{,ff~
i-tt,.<..,o
\'
A: ~*;;51:::ff~
i-t~'o
~'?~"'CJv
\,\
B : I ;t \ ' , ff ~ i -t o (A guessed what B marked, therefore A won.)
\'
~1:::1t~
,, i-t
~fJli-t
post office
school
coffee shop
sports
movie
news
cartoon
(.::.:i-::<)
(;L{.,n{)
sake
green tea
water
coffee
book
newspaper
magazine
Japanese book
date
study
telephone
tennis
"'
~ fj):h. i-t
library
(/)
~ f ~rch. 1 -t
J:.
~fLi-t
A.
A.M.
get up
8:00
eat breakfast
8:30
go to school
+ e-,
7 iJ - ~ ,.(,(;ifPJ*I:::~ ~ i
t:I:!v t
2. ~ J
1) -
})
,.(,(;ifPJ*(:::~;fX(:::;f'f ~ i-tlJ'o
l:
-/;i/v
-/JL-:J..:-)
\,.)
eat lunch
12:00
3:00
1. ~
EI] K03-11
P.M.
drink coffee
4. ~
4:00
play tennis
5:00
go home
6:30
eat dinner
6.
7:00
watch TV
7. ~
8:00
study
1) -
,.(,(;ifPI*I:::
~/.., t::
~71J-~,.C!;i1PJ*l:::~1~
'/j:/-u
1) -
~jkh. i-tlJ'o
(})
Li-tlJ'o
X:./v~J:~
,.(,(;ifPJ*I:::~ i-tlJ'o
l;t/,.J
11 :30
t-
:J-
*J.
go to bed
B. Pair Work-Ask your partner what time they do the following things.
Example:
C. Look at the pictures in I-B (p. 95) and I-C (p. 96), and add the time expressions
to the sentences.
Example:
EI] K03-12;13
(I-B) 2:00
(I-C) 1:00
1:
I:: L J: iJ' Iv
'5' -o L
J:
-*1=~1~!.V
(:::it~
i-t
,,t, L
vP ~ 1ffv~ <
,,
1
A.
Example:
drink coffee
8] K03-l
--+
(J)
B.
1. see a movie
4. eat dinner
2. come to my house
3. play tennis
Pair Work-Ask your friend out for the activities in the pictures.
I: ld'lv
"'-lv~d
B : \ \\ \ T-ttJ.o/-t h. l
{t ,.{_,!;\
i; J: ~ t o
(3)
(1)
(6)
(5)
Ho
often do you do the following activities? Answer the questions using the
Q :
*
lilv
~M'th.
J:
A : ;t ;t, l
l -tfJ'o
< Mth.
J:
J: <
t ~ t''~
Si
5. :J -
-lf !v-tf'lv
0)
6.
1)
8;$.(1).:g=-~flif]~i-th'o
<
I: ll/v
7. ~
;Ji,:<
l?/vn<
!'<
=~ f ~"" i -th'
tc
li/v
*c~O)**~
flfu Lij>5
(Review Exercises)
5. ~*(j:
LtP-J -:::>
2.
r: : T~ 7~ L i -t h'o
3.
~\-Jj-
;Ji,:<
vt'fJli-th'o
7.
J,.
4. :A if-'/
t.'
M f~""
i-th'o
t:
~B>t, M f L i -th'
6. ~,
"-lvo;?
{:ff~ i -9 h'o
>d:I:
~ lvli/v
>d:I:
f L i-th'o
;!'Hilv
>d:!v [;
io
B. Tell your classmates what your plans are today/tomorrow/on the weekend.
Example:
zr,
~'" i -to
t:
.=_&f
1: ~t:i'BT
81: ;$.?of~
7~ L
:<Iv L
i:: L~n!v
li!v .:
"-lv!<d
7'%'::::..;*{:~IJ i-t"o
;, <
t;
""-
n;t
D.
Example:
B
A
B
A
r ~<t,
s J: ~
BBIB!ii;.t-")
1:s J: ~ 11
f--)
1f
t: .. o
8
t;
*O)*
ll A.
.<_
Japanese Houses
Fusuma
Tatami
Japanese-style toilet
Bathroom
Genkan
( m4~ /
{JJ6i)LO)T'-~ The
41
First Date
Id: lJ
0
1
2
Bl] K04-01;02
7 I) - :
~oG-tJ.\'A:
~
U-1:
<7
"-'-
Bl] K04-03/04
~71)-:
f: t:'\ \ i
j:) )( ~ ,.(, :
i:?
3 ~
4
1) -
j:) )( ~ ,.(, :
-o ,
i:?
5 ~
6
1) -
L -Z -r-t il' a
t: 7
11/v.>(,
t: -h~ t:::fi' ~ i L
i:?
A.f.J{f:
< ~A.,\' i L f:il'a
U-i:
7 1) - :
j:) )( ~ ,.(, :
7 ~
-CG
-r / {' -
l- I::: t fi',, ~ i L
(l\
-hh.~lt'T-t a
-.
i:
l'<'llv
t:
-CG
t:
t: a
(!] K04-05/06
~7')2
t: lt
3 ~
4
t: lt
L :
;ft ~ i L t. J:
1) -
L :
< 7 F -T JI,;
,,
L:: ~
-tJ. \
'T-t J:
~- -- -- -- :<I)
0)
o
M 1~ -t; i L t: o
< 7 F -T JI,; F T-t J: o
WT
T-*
Lz
''-!?
C -/J'k 1
A.JJ. ~ \ ' !
I'm sorry!
store.
104 ~~ .
3ti*~
~E
1:n::::i
Tcfu
@!]
Nouns
Activities
11i.,/<1 l-
part-time job
]{ \ \~b,;
-/;'\\tO)
7 7 A.
shopping
class
t.
<f> -t,,:
you
\ \-t
chair
\ \ cV;;i
*-
dog
t?Jt:
souvenir
-T-1~
:~
child
: 11 ,.{,
* L '<' L ,.{,
~~
picture; photograph
~JL
desk
-c i){;,..
+~~
letter
* }) ;,.. -\" ! f
.; -r t
~m
*1:
/
\/
rice; meal
cat
bread
A.
* U: t
_;( -
person
e-mail
J(.;
Places
*t?-CG
: 7 ;{_ ,{,
})~
temple
~~
park
A.-/\-
* r/\-
supermarket
department store
/\'A.-C\\
/{A.ff
bus stop
r./JJ\\A,
m~
hospital
;t-T
* 1 l -\"
it
vA.
* Words
hotel
J(.;
r7/
/.f.&
bookstore
my
town; city
restaurant
K04-07
Time
*~0)-)
e'fB
yesterday
* ""'t.::n'
cf. \ , t; t.:: n'
-\T ,<_, L r)J -J
""''*M
...
-*M
:71tll!
t~
I f -::> J: -) (/
n' J: -J u:
-t\\J:-J(/
t<J:7U.
~ J: -J u
hours
one hour
last week
YJ Bl B
Monday
kBIB
7.J<.BI B
*BIB
~BIB
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
(person I:)
there is . . . (place I: thing
* th 6
n' -J
n'<
n {)
to buy (""' f)
to write (person I: thing f)
to take (a picture) (""' f)
* t 6
* i -::>
* :hn' 6
to wait (""' f)
to understand
( "-' n{)
(place I: person
Adverbs
and
""'(.G\'
* : 61) ,{, t: ~
* t:n, G
* t: < ~ ,{,
"-'
t
*t
-JL-r
* U t 1) -r
Other
n {)
Expressions
about (approximate measurement)
\\
I'm sorry.
so; therefore
many; a lot
together with (a person)
why
alone
Location
Words
h. !5''
:fi
Uf:_' I)
'ii_
fir
* i ;;{_
7 L.;
1~A
-f,)_' i;'
if'
7 ;;{_
L t:
t; iJ' <
.L
T
on ('"'"' (7))
t'.
:{ft
<
I)
;h \ \ t:'
between (A t: B (7))
-f.J.'
=:J
.J:::lii
~
t:75J:7
7 ~ (7) M
;,c,tc
X fJ<'if> 1) i -t means "there is/are X (nonliving thing):' The particle f.i<' introduces, or presents, the item X. You can use if> 1) i -t when you want to say that there is something at a
certain location.
There's a McDonald's over there.
Note that if> 1) i -t is different from other verbs we have seen so far on the following three
counts. One, it calls for the particle I:, rather than T, for the place description. Two, the
place description usually comes at the beginning of the sentence. Three, the thing description is usually followed by the particle -IJ', rather than li.1
You can also use if> 1) i -t to say that you have or own something.2
I don't have a TV.
Do you have time?
We also use if>
kBi 8 1:
j-
1)
:Z. ~-I)<'
iJ' J: ~ 1f
cf:>
<:>
1) i -9 o
-tt lvo
Another count on which Ji) ~ differs from other verbs is its colloquial substandard negative form. We have -f,f
instead of the expected regular formation Ji) ~ -tJ: \
which is ungrammatical.
2
Note the difference between:
T I> t:' -!}<'Ji) 1) i 1::t A, (I don't have a TV), the negative version of T v t:. -!}<'Ji) 1) i -t, and
T l> t:. L <:' Ji) 1) i 1::t A, (It isn't a TV), the more conservative negative version of 7 l> t:.
3
When Ji) 1) i -t is used in the sense of an event taking place, the place description is followed by the particle T,
like normal verbs and unlike the other uses of Ji) 1) i -r.
Ji) L f:: ff;:$ T ;J:.J ff; I) -IJ <'Ji) I) i -r ,
There will be a festival in Kyoto tomorrow.
1 c
Note also that some time expressions (such as 8 ~ 8 I:) come with the particle I:, and some others (such as Ji)
1:-t;,J:-j
o
L f::) do not (see Lesson 3). The rule applies to the Ji) 1) i -t sentences as well.
\ -rr.
'--c-r,
-c-r.
~!
j:-:>
When you want to present a person or some other sentient being, rather than a thing, you
I: Wf *~h{\ \ i
l) P
-j )I< ( -ltC'
"to
You can also use \ ' i -t to say that you have friends, siblings, and so forth.
I have a Japanese friend.
(place IL:)
thing tJ'
person tJ'
We learned in Lesson 2 that to ask for the location of item X, you can use the word
(where) and sayX (i z; -r-g--1;'.
r:
Where's McDonald's?
<7F-t-11'F!i
T-t o
McDonald's is
In this lesson, we will learn to describe locations in more detail. More specifically, we learn
to describe the location of an item relative to another item, as in "X is in front of Y:' The
Japanese version looks like X (i Y O)Wf -r-t.
Li.
(<7
~~WiT-to
~;{_
Note that the same verb "is" in English comes out differently in Japanese:
if:, -'E- : 1: ~:i.1.I<'\ \ i -t
There is an international student over there.
Jj,,-j1)1(--\tl
.J 11) - ~Iv Ii ~:i. T-t o Mary is an international student.
1) ~?
< .1.f \'
\ ' i -t and if:, 1) i -t are strictly for descriptions of existence and location, while
attribute of a person or a thing.
1)<
-c-r
is for description of an
~4~
109
location words
J.i.E'
OtC. f'J
*~
X Id: Y
0)
5Lo
1d:.1J'
5~
Lt.:
!51J'<
(: 16. f'J
Xis
c9o
(:
-tJ. 1)
to the right of
to the left of
in front of
behind
inside
on/above
under/beneath
near
next to
Y.
X is between Y and Z.
T-t o
1.-dlv
fJ'~ 1;:1:7-7/L.,O)rT-t
1.-tc
v::Z.
r tmBtO)MT-to
r7/l;:tf/~-
rf;?c'lv
~c,t:.
NcL
ii-
0)
ir
T ;<' 7
'J';{.-
I) - ~ ~
"f: ~ t; i L t.
'l'
5
6
(;t
negative
present tense
~c9
~l.)-f->1J:l,)C'g
past tense
~cLte
~ l..) "f-'1J:1J'-:Jtec97
Vi i.Jc1t/v1tC'
f:o
;t ;ft ( ;t 8
1: 111v
<7)
'-" n'
->
f: -r -t
The past tense forms of verbs look like the following, where ,....., stands for the stem of a verb.
affirmative
present tense
~*9
past tense
~*Lite
negative
~*ttfv
~*ttfv C' Lte8
Mary returned home at about nine.
*h ( ;t ~
btcL
<7)
7 8
7.j>:.~ ~ ~ 1~ L i 1 ,.<., T L t: o
1: li!v .:
.-z1vo,; 'i
The various details of formation of the long forms that we learned in Lesson 3, like the ruverb/u-verb/irregular verb distinctions, all apply to the past tense forms as well.
As was the case with the present tense L <:' tJ. \ '-c-t, you also find a more conservative variant L <:' ~ 1) i 1
/.., T L f:: along with L <:' tJ. fJ'-, t: T-t. Written language would more likely have r-- Ii~ IJ i 1 Iv T L f::,
with the uncontracted form T" Ii.
8
The colloquial substandard form of the past tense negative verbs are tJ.n'-, t: T-t, as in ~ G tJ. n'-, t: T-t.
We will learn how to change verbs into these forms in Lesson 8.
tJ
We learned in Lesson 2 that we use the particle t in reference to the second item which
shares a common attribute with the first. You can also use t when two or more people perform the same activity.
:;fJ.- Ii ~
btcl
0)
* $ I:: ff ~ i
5d
I:
"
t:
<
-:> ~ ~ \ \
i L f:
ii'
In both cases, t directly marks an item on the list of things or people that have something
in common. Observe that t replaces the particles Ii, fJ\ or f in these sentences.
You can also use t when you go to two places, do something on two different occasions,
and so forth.
I went to Kyoto last week.
I went to Osaka, too.
We put t after the particle 1: in these sentences. More generally, particles other than Ii, fJ\
and f are used together with t , rather than being replaced by it.
-* M.
''S
M 1~ -t; i
t:
L ii'lv
l: ii'lv 1
7 B1: *~~.=:.*M
lilv:::
"Iv [; iJ'lv
;ft. Ii~~
btcL
""'* M.
[; ii'lv
L f::.o
-"'-lv~d
To say one hour and a half, you can add -=- immediately after
li/v
~~7-i-:*M-=F-~i
Jo l:
tJ
L
Lf::.o
>'.J'lvlilv
""'* M.
[; iJ'/v
'
tc.(.(!fu
Expressions of quantity in Japanese are rather different from those in English. In Japanese,
if you want to add a quantity word like t. < ~ Iv to the direct object of a sentence, you can
either place it before the noun, or after the particle f.
As we learned in Lesson 3, for "at about a certain time" we have another word :.;.
You can use t: to connect nouns only. We will learn about connecting verbs and sentences in Lesson 6.
11
"With" as in "with chopsticks" requires another particle. See Lesson 10.
10
Be
The particle t has two functions. One is to connect two nouns A and B.10
I speak Japanese and English.
I went to Kyoto and Osaka.
The other meaning of t is "together with", it describes with whom you do something.11
,;< 7
1) -
-to
~I~/0~5
11~
Expression
Notes
\..,._~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
X OJirti.,X O)JW is often used in the sense of "across (the street) from X" or "op-
*"ioi.
posite X." You may also hear another word that is used in the sense of across,
namely, X O)uiJ'v'.
If something is behind X, or farther away from a street and cannot be directly
seen because of the intervening X, in addition to calling it X 0) :{ft 0, you can also
'l L
describe it as being X 0) -) G.
~ :J /:J., In the dialogues, we observe Mary's host father saying X. 0, and Mary
saying cb 0. X. 0 is like the incredulous "what?" that you use when you have
heard something that is hard to believe. cb 0 is used when you have suddenly
noticed or remembered something. The small 0 at the end of these little words
indicates that these words, when pronounced, are very short.
~ ~b
B*0)1Jl8
2Fl11E3
t/i'?
(:'5
Constitution Day
5Fl4E3
Greenery Day
5Fl5E3
t/"J~\-")f;>
Children's Day
ii?J:-:ifJ'
Marine Day
Respect-for-the-Aged Day
Autumnal Equinox Day
Health and Sports Day
Culture Day
11 Fl 23 E3
tf-"J
1:'5
12Fl 23 E3
i)I"-;;
1:5
The period around April 29 to May 5 encompasses several holidays and is called :::i'-Jl--7' /
rJ 1- 7 (GoldenWeek). Some businesses close for a whole week or more during that period.
(For the names of months and days, seep. 127.)
*l ~ P
tllv
L~3
A. Look at the picture and tell what you see, using !J a:;-g or l,'*9.
;J't,
vA. ~
7 /IJ{~
1)
i-tlJ'o
2. ~f.,1.f::O)~j:~ifjf}{\\;i-tlJ'o
~J..:.
I.';{_
1) i iIJ'o
3. ~f.,1.f::O)~tJ(l:fPJIJ{~
Id.(:
-/)"(":).:-?
4. ~
f.,1. f::O)~tJ(I:
8 *A.O)~:i.lJ{\
1: li/vl.'.A.,
il-o:::.-?
5. 7'/{-
'i -th'o
il(it\'
~ l:fPJIJ{~ I) ii"IJ'o
i'd:l:
7.
tb~~IJ
(zoo) 1:-fPJf;{\
C:'-J,)~--:);{_/.,
8. ~
9. ~
f.,1.
f.,1.
f:: 0)
~(:
'i i"IJ'o
t: 0) *- I: M fJ { ~
pi_
~(:
>1:1:
I)
i -t fJ'
C.
Look at Takeshi's schedule for the week and answer the following questions.
~K04-08
After School
School
Monday
French
English
Computer
History
Tuesday
Wednesday
French
English
Club activity
Computer
Thursday
History
Club activity
Friday
English (TEST)
Party
Saturday
NO SCHOOL
Date
Sunday
NO SCHOOL
Part-time job
club activity
/{-f-1-
party
test
Example:
Bi 8
fj
lf-::>J:-? 1f
Bi 8 l::~?o-(7)
1f-::iJ:-J rJ
"-":::
2. klli 81::
'::I/
-/] J: -j 1f
7 7 A n{.:V)
1)
i-tn'o
'J-(7) 7 7 A n{.:V)
zi: -
< J: -j
i-tn'o
.:V)IJi""to
A:lj:\\,
1. fj
1)
.:
1f
.:
4. Bi 8 I:: 7 7 A n{.:V) 1) i
1: J: -j 1f
1)
i-tn'o
-tn'o
-tn'o
;'J:i:
6. ~Bi B 1::Mn{1:i
""'J: -j 1f
D.
1)
i-tn'o
;'J:i:
Pair Work-Write down your next week's schedule and ask each other what
plans you have on each day of the week.
Example:
B : 8 7.j;;.?o-(7) 7 7 An{
1: ii,<, .:
.1) 1)
i -to
Youre Schedule
fl Bl B
lf-::>J:? 1f
kBIB
n' n 1f
7}(61
.,,,J:?
B1f
*BIB
t<J:? 1f
~BIB
~ A,J:? 1f
BIB
1: J:? 1f
BBIB
1:-!; J: ? 1f
A. Look at the picture and tell where the following things are. @!] K04-09
Example:
-+
~~'f;ti:k~(7)q~.; T-t o
I: L~-/J'"-
~t:nti
I: L~ -/J'"-
tcc'n'<
?L
A.-,.
t:
\'-(7)
-tJ.' 1)
T-t
3. ,1\'A_f.f
4.
~ml
:: ? ;i_A,
B. Look at the picture and tell where the following things are. @!] K04-10
Example:
''"'
*Ii
IVv
-J
<
;t
(7).L
1. ;{ /, {jo"'J
2.
7 7 :; ~
3.
wHt
I:
4.
'i:~
If 7 L
T-t
-,
77 "/ l(racket)
6.
x.
-,
ltc'
-r:"' :b
5. il'(;f/,
FT (door)
~
C.
Pair Work-Ask
-tJ. 1)
.:_-) X./v
-c-r
Map A
*~
'ii'<
2. / ,. :;z 1;f
t.'.c
-cc
4. :;f.Ji
Liiv -'('
5.
~1~ J5i
.P-?U'!v~J:(
~tld:tsltcuic
A. Look at the information about Professor Yamashita 25 years ago and answer
the questions. G!] K04-11
Twenty-five years ago, Prof. Yamashita was
twenty-two years old
senior at a college
good student
his major-Japanese history
Example:
'('1 Ltc-tt!v-ttc
1.
Jir7\:;~1;;1:-J-f~T L f::.IJ'o
1'1 Ltc-\t/v-\tP
2.
cio,t.J.!v-<tc
t:
4.
1J'
< -ttc
t: iJ'o
t: iJ'o
Jil'7\:;~<7)~1){(;;t*?o-r
-'?'i Lf.:-l"/v-11.'
.: l:'t
1'1 Ltc-lt!v-ttc
3.
t.'.c1J'<-ttc
5.
-tf/v.:. -J
;{_\.' .:
L f::.IJ'o
-\tlv.:-J
tL!; L
~4~ 119
B.
mark it.
2. In each row, use the item and one of the four prices, make a yes-or-no-question
sentence and find out which price your partner has chosen.
3. You can ask at most two questions with one item. If you have guessed correctly
the price your partner has chosen, you score a point. Your partner will not give
away the right answer when you ask a wrong question.
4. When you have asked questions about all the items in the table, switch the roles
with your partner and answer their questions.
5. Tabulate the score. You win the game if you have scored higher than your partner .
Example:
.:.c 0)
/v;{_/v
L t. n'
~ t: T-9
A : -:Qli.:f-JIJ TL f::.n'o
cd0ilv
.: -\tlv;i.!o
n'IJA.,
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
n'~
600
1,000
1,300
2,000
If 7 L
1,600
2,000
2,400
3,000
T ~ + ''/
3,500
4,000
6,500
8,000
B~Ht
z
3,000
10,000
17,000
25,000
7-1-
(t\'
C.
Pair Work-Suppose you got one thing as a birthday present (':::tL.rtz':; t-) and
choose it from the items on the next page. Your partner guesses what you got.
Answer your partner's questions.
Example:
7 v-t'/
;t;t,
~ lin'IJ,{, TL f::.n'o
n'IJ,{,TLf::.o/\'\1;t,
n'IJ,{,L'<:'-r,;:n'~f::.Ti"o
---
f:~6
f:~6
f:~ i L
8]Ko4-12;13
t:
t: ~ i -1 ,.<., T
L f:
1.
!:lJ,ct
4.
-IJ' <
7. };
2.
-IJ' 7
5.
<6
8.
3.
J: t;
6.
i-J
9.
-5 6
10.
t6
13.
-5 <
h-lJ'6
11.
s6
14.
-IJ'il6
-t6
12. ;tJ. 6
15.
0)
t;
B. The pictures below show what Mary did last week. Tell what she did. 8JKo4-l4
Example:
;) 7
1) -
~,.(,Ii J1Bi8
tf-:>J:~
Ex. Monday
in the library
(4) Friday
tr
1:::
~:f!f;T~
/:
l..J:h'!v
(1) Tuesday
1~ L i L f: o
"'-!v'\H
(2) Wednesday
at a coffee shop
at school
at home
(5) Saturday
in Kyoto
(3) Thursday
(6) Sunday
at a department store
~4~--~
C.
o :
tr
A : ( ;t \ -. ~
7$ L i L f: o
-"Ziv~ 1
Q : ,;( 7 1) - -:: ,{., ( ;t fj Bi 8
~~-g--c-~
7$
rZ!v~d
I: lJ:tl'lv
L i L t. -IJ'o
J:
I::: 8*@
lf-::>J:? 1f
L ,;(
1} -
-::
,{.,
2. ,;(
;b!viJ'<
-c
4_ ,J 7
,{,(;t~Bi
1) --::
81:::
iJ'
0) ~
tt
i:-
-CG
1f
iJ'
Li Lt:-IJ'o
{,O)
Q : ,;(
A : ~~'BT~7$
Li L
t t. n'lv
"Iv~ d
.1:
1.
2. ,J71J-::
,{,(;tkBIB
ii' J: -j 1f
3. ,;<
1) -
-::
4. ,;(
1} -
-::
5. ,;( 7
Lt:-IJ'o
>d:I:
l:::Mf Li L f:-IJ'o
>d: 1:
{,O)
T~=--~
"!vJ:-j 1f
6. ,;(
i L f: -I;'
1) --::
M
f L
>d:I:
G!] K04-l6
r.,
,J71J-::,<.,(;t7J(BiBl:::MfLi
TC'J:? 1f
''
nu
i:Jo,J:?
li!v
IJ:!v
flt"'
tc
E.
6. ,;<71J-::,<.,(;tBBIBl:::J(\'t~f
D.
j:
t: -IJ'o
L t: -IJ'o
"h~l:::ff ~ i L f:-IJ'o
!'!vJ:? 1f
5. ,;(
*A
i)<Jj.
I: Ii/" L.!v
1f
j:
"
;,,
-tt ,<., T L t: o
f Jl i L f: -IJ'
iJ'
"-''
tt
j:
L f:-IJ'o
j:
L f:-IJ'o
iii)
B : 7 .z: A. f L i L f: o
121
A.
Compare sentences (a) and (b), and change the sentence (b) using ti.
Example:
"\'-fi-li..=. 8 Fl T-t a
(a)/\::.//
1: cl<' <:Uv
:::7-t-!i..=.sP=]T-ta
(b)
---+
I: lt'C(:Z/v
(b)
2. (a)
t: It
I: li/v .:
3. (a) f:lt
t: It
(b) ,;<' 7
.n
1f
1)--::
6. (a) J1c1)!,
i;TB*?of~Li-to
I: li/v .:
li>d:
,.{.,(i~*5(TB*?of~ii
Li-ta
iJ<_, :::_-)
1: li/v .:
li>d:
,;<' I
1) -
-::
,.{.,
Ii
7:/~- ~(:::;ff~
-ttA.,l..P-}
(!)
Li-ta
ct L f: ,
ct L t.'
(b) ~
"-Iv!' l J
4. (a) ,;<'71J--::,.<.,ii7
(b)
"""'" d
1: li/v .:
5. (a)
t:
I: lt'C(:Z/v
CJ/{-~-::,.{.,(i8*?of~7~Li"to
(b) ,;<'71J--::,.<.,1iB*?of~7~
(b)
:::7-t-t..=.sP=]T-ta
i -t
i L t.,
I.'
Ji*::,.{., Ii~~
~;J'
ti:
iJ<(-\tC<
G!] K04-l 8
--r---t a
-iJ'(-\tc
student
(2)
:::7-tgo to a party
(4)
(3)
};i;-\"
G!] K04-l
~4~ 123
(6)
(5)
(7)
(8)
(9)
"/]' J: -) 7J t < J: -) 7J
t -) ~.J: -)
U-'SLi
A. Mary did a lot yesterday. Describe how many hours Mary did each activity.
GD
Example:
t il'lv
(1)
Ex.
(2)
8 hours
(3)
~11 ;;
jo
2 hours
(4)
~!.,A;
(5)
\
-,
3 hours
1 hour
~"
il
11('--
,_,
;;- '
/~cc-:]
K04-19
M*M~7~
Li L f::.h'o
1;,:1v c n'lv"'lvi!d
~ (!) 7, M*M~ i L f::. h'o
>J:!v t: n'lv to
I. ~ (!) 7,
2.
3.
'r>: L-
(game) ~
*c6b0)~*~
tlfv
A.
l_,tj>
L i -th'
L nlv
G \ '7 - L- ~ L i -th'
(Review Exercises)
Pair Work-Using the expressions below, ask your partners how often they did
the following activities when they were a child or in high school.
A : -J-13=t<J)*/~:fX<J)*
l <*-~~ft:;,.. i L f::.h'o
.; l:'t
I:~
-=~-=~ 1:1!
li!v
J:
B : ( ;i \ ' , l < ~ft: h i L t: o /
J:
\ '\ ' ;;t, ii i 1Hft:;,.. i -tt ,<., T L t: o
Example:
J:
~-t 6
8*@
~ Jt6
;{_\,\ If
J.t~1111:11
<
X. !v
-t-~1*. ~. <
-c n'"
n
-'F- ~ ~-t6
2. A~-'/
l <
3.
t ~ t"~
4.
.;
5.
6.
iii
I,\
:::_i
8, M*I:~
~ i-th'o
t;,:!v L
H
'1H:lo,
2.
f::.\'1"\'-fPI*M<""G\'~i-th'a
1;,:1v t: n'1v
to
4.
5. l
< ~t:
t;
t
-lt!vL~~
i;l:!v
1: ;t-;i,
I:
6. 7!;1}!,
-t -IJ'o
~ L i-th'o
Li L f::.h'o
~ :~ ~~"' i
U'~
A~-'/~
')
"'i L t:
t:
m4~
8.
=~ ~ ~"'""
7. ~
9. ~
(!)
(!)
If
12s
IVv
7 !iMBI
8 -r L t: IJ'o
to: lvJ: 1f
-j
C. Pair Work-A and B want to play badminton together. The following is A's
schedule for this week. (B's schedule is on p. 126.) Play the roles of A and B with
your partner. Ask each other what the other is doing and decide on what day
you will play badminton.
Example:
A's Schedule
A : / '\' F ~ / ~ / (badminton) ~
B : \ '\
,-r-tno
SUN
A: {j'-:>J:
J181B(;;tt
7-c-t-/J'o
1f
-j
B : J1Bi8(;;t121-:ttr;-Cjfg 1~ L i
!f-:JJ:.-) c..f
-*.Bi 8
(;;!:?
-/J' J: -j 1f
L.tt.Plv
....ZA.,~.t~
+,
MON
TUE
WED
THU
FRI
SAT
P~-~~
(12.-!>p . .,,,,.)
Pair Work
C. =====================================~c=-~p.~1~1s~)
A : ~!I
Ii r: : -r-tn'o
-:-):<_,;,
Example:
-t-o1. 1)
T-t o
.::_-) X.!v
Map B
2.
~*-T.5
~ ->
5. v::Z ~
7/
l /v
3.::Z-1\'-
Pair Work
C. =====================================~c=-=p=.
~12~s)
Example:
A :
1 '\'
B's Schedule
F ~ / ~ / (badminton) "f
B:\'\'T-ttlo
A : Yi Bi 8 Ii
If-:>.):
U'
r 7
B : Yi Bi 8 li~~ogT~7~
If-:>.):-)
U'
SUN
T-th'o
I: l"ir/"
'"'-/"""'
b P M . .J039 i hj
Li-to
MON
kBIB
Ii?
fJ .): 7 U'
Stv-a\7
IV\ -t~e
l; br-CA.ry
TUE
WED
THU
D1nY1e..r o-...-t
frleV\d's
FRI
SAT
hou.se
Useful Expressions
Days/Weeks/Months/Years
Days
fJ Bl B
BBIB
lf-:iJ:7U.
1:t,J:7U
1
-:> \
'f: t,
-r , '.1:7 U
~,uw
t<J:W
.).-:>;>)'
~BIB
*-BIB
J:
t:J:7U
,,...,n,
n'
->
BIB
t;',
n'
10
11
12
13
==<J)n'
t:l?n'
lrlli\ 't,/:t,
lr1>71:1:t,
lr1>-J~,{,1:t,
15
16
17
lrp-j:'1:t,
lrp-J~< 1:t,
lrp-J Lt,1:t,
22
1:Lr1>71:1:t,
28
29
1:L:rp-j/;J:t,1:t,
7]<.81 B
i!'J:-JU
J:7n'
21
1:L:r1>7\ 't,(:t,
kBIB
1:L:r1>-J<1:t,
23
24
1:L:rp-)~,{,/:t,
1: lrp-JJ: ..,;?,
30
~,{,lrp-j/:t,
25
1:Lrp-):'1:t,
20
lrp7<1:t,
/;J:-:>,j'
26
27
1:L:r1>-J~<1:t,
1:L:r1>7Lt,1:t,
31
~,{,lrp-)\ 't,(:t,
Months
\ \ 1; fr"-> (- fJ) ~~January
(: IJ'-> C=-fJ)
February
~ Iv fJ '--> ( fJ ) ~~March
L IJ'-> (zs fJ)
April
:'IJ'-> (li.fJ)
May
~ < IJ'-> (7' fJ )~~June
z:
Time Words
Day
19
18
lrp-j/;J:t,/:t,
L i;IJ'--J (-t:-JJ)
July
Lti;IJ'--J (;\.fj)
August
< IJ'-> (iLfJ)
September
L rp 7 IJ'-> ( fJ)
October
L rp 7\\1; IJ'-> (+- fJ )-November
L rp 7 (:IJ'->
(+.=..JJ)~~December
Week
Month
};t:t:\\
t:Lrp77J'lvi;t
(.=..~Mlitr)
(:fJ'(f'->i ;{_
(.=..fJ'fJ litr)
t>t:t:L
~<7)-) (a'fB)
1 Iv L rp 7 (:Jt;~)
1 lvlt'-> (:Jt;fj)
~ J: tllv ( *j:p)
yesterday
last week
last month
last year
: Iv L rp 7 ( ~~)
Year
.; /v(f'-> ( ~fj)
.; t: L ( ~j:p)
today
this week
this month
this year
~Lt.: (EJ1B)
G \ \ L rp 7 (*-~)
G\ \If-> (*-JJ)
G\ \tl!v(*-j:p)
tomorrow
next week
next month
next year
~G\1Lrp-J
(W-*-~)
~ G\ 'It'->
(W-*-JJ)
~ G\ iti/v
(W-*-j:p)
~ J: 7 (~B)
~~-:>l
the day after tomorrow
r~s~
5$m'115~1-r
<tl~
tJb
Cl ~
Ti";flo
It
A_, :
.Z7Ti";flo
It
A_, :
1~~
-c Iv :;
-ct, t;.i:-Jt~\\-t-t;flo
;!;,-::>
*
A_, :
*
C]I
5J
SJ K05-0l/02
It
A Trip to Okinawa
cu\'-}-
L_ 5
\'-
"
A_, (;J:
- '/
47--7 1 /-4{jf~
.., Ti" o
{t
It
A_, :
L l:-~I: J("> IJ i L
J:
-J 4'
Tt ,
(;f!J
* * -c-r la
t-::1. \I:j::__
.I:~
,)~
B!] K05-03/04
cu\-1-:
-thi-lA.,,a
~f~}.;] ~ :
-t+ Pi T-t a
>d:>d: tH .Ziv
vH 1flv~; ( c/v
3 O/\'-}4
l:-\";h,
!;J:-4{~1;J:,
1.:f1J::-<iT\\<
-l-Tfli-l:JJ-t-~=-.:fX.})Mi\\Lii"o
i'd:7d:L:rti~X!v~0
-c
1: i1.'
i:;ii.lf
-.tt
< t: ~ \ \
c"G;tc
G-ti"4'a
-f"*14'G,
li.-t-fli-l:JJ-t-~
.: t.:11>~X!v30
-c
@ On Monday at school. BJ
1
f::.tt L :
!--
r::J/\-
~Iv, Iii.I"~,
;t ;t o 59' ~
0)
B!<>'t''
3
J: I.I'~
f::.tt L :
f::.
K05-05/06
-t
-c-r o
Jltff~
O)t;7JH
I ;;t tcil'
iWi I.I'~ f::. T-t I.I' o
1} .:-)
$
$0 ,;~
I)
iWi <
-f,J_'
I.I' ~
tcil'
t: -C' -t
t: t t
L ~ Iv 0) 7 - l- ( ;;t t:'' -) T L
t: f.i'o
6
1
t!.c'
t.o:
f::.tt L
Takeshi: Robert, thank you for the postcard, Did you enjoy the trip?
Robert: Yes. The sea was very beautiful in Okinawa.
Takeshi: Good, I like the sea very much, too, Was the airline ticket expensive?
Robert: No, it wasn't so expensive. How was your date, Takeshi?
Takeshi: , , .
@]
V
Nou
t: A::. t
f:::. ,{, t
-r 7-.
sea
{)] 4'-
postal stamps
{JJ{,'f
ticket
surfing
ts'*!
food
J: 7 l/
~~8
birthday
l-
test
weather
Jfl\:ff~
og~
1l
airplane
{:th.
:Kff
travel
~~
j)zh.~~
{7-_
*tF:7~
-"'-..-'('
* Lf <
-'("'-th.
* ') J:
)iii:
~A::.~~
* (;l:"h<'~
=7
drink
postcard
bus
room
I (used by men)
a d j e c t i v e s
S t: G L \ \
<f,-J\\
S-J\
\ \ -t "h<' L
\I
~JT L \ \
=I-\ \
new
~\\
hot (thing)
tt L \ \
hot (weather)
j:)j:)~\1
*~\\
large
ht L.t)\\
008\\
interesting; funny
n'-:i
:::_\I\\
:;.f-J\\
~ L'\ \
*
<l)
<1)7.;.t<l)
homework
*<'."~
l,' ~
n s
* 7 h.
*~-:iT
* ~ -:i .)~
* -+t-71 /
L rp < t:-\ \
K05-07
t: <l) L \ \
t;\\~\\
t;i\i \ \
*\\
* t'fn'L\\
* Words that appear in the dialogue
~ L\ \
fun
1J\ ~ \ \
small
boring
-JJ;GfJ_'\\
.i- ~ \ \
frightening
;5\ \
~ L\ \
difficult
~G\\(f.,i:)
.\\
* ~;f'L\\(-t.,i:)
beautiful; clean
If,{, ~ (-t.d
L-tn'(-t,J.')
*
*
-t ~ (-t,J.')
t: \ \ ~ G \ \ ( -t.,J.)
t: \ \ -t ~ ( -t.,J.)
I: ~-- J.\' n' (-Id
t)
ft.~
healthy; energetic
M-n'
quiet
tr~
*\
\
::ktf ~
i (fJ.)
B~
)7-j( ('
to swim
~<
Jill<
(7)6
*6
U~verbs
* };
l <"
* J.\' 6
Ru~verb
Tn'lt6
Adverbs
*\\-:iLJ:I:
*
*
*
:ln'lt6
and
Other
-~1:
to go out
Expressions
together
-t = <
extremely
22 kl n' G
and then
t: \ '
L J: 7 .;:
::k'f::..:J,.
t'lt
* t'' ,{, -t.,J.
* ,.,_, i
*
\\
"-'i T
very
what kind of ...
,.,_,~
r
-
Adjectives
There are two types of adjectives in Japanese. One type is called "\ --adjectives," and the
other type
"-f'J.-adjectives"
\ \ and
-f'J. are
\ v-adjectives:
iJ'
7 , 1? t L .; \ \ 8*@!
~Ji;;,. i L
,_,, iJ'
~ (!)
t:
a scary teacher
'<'1 lJc-\tA,-\t\'
-\tA,-ttc
t:-adjectives:
~ fl\ \ -t-J. 'Jf- ~
L<' LA,
a beautiful picture
I took a beautiful picture in Kyoto.
:7t ~
-1'.J.'
7't st
an energetic teacher
lfA, ~
-ttA,-ttc'
Japanese adjectives conjugate for tense (present and past), polarity (affirmative and negative), and so forth, just as verbs do. The two types of adjectives follow different conjugation
patterns.
L r-adiectives
ciGlYc9
negative
ciG< tJ:l )c9
(or ciG(IJa::ttfv)
It is cold.
It is not cold.
It was cold.
affirmative
present
past
~5~
133
In the negative, you can use the more colloquial variant f.._ \ ' T-t, or the more conservative
variant ;f:, ') i -1 Iv. Both these forms involve the change of the last \' syllable into < .
Unlike verbs, adjectives conjugate fairly uniformly. The only irregularity worth noticing at
this stage is the behavior of the adjective \ '\' (good). The first syllable of v '\ ' is changed to
J: in all forms except the dictionary form and the long present tense affirmative form.1
L, )L,' (irregular)
affirmative
L,)L, reg
present
past
negative
J:(UL,)cg
(or J:(!J*ttfv)
n'
-:> :
\ '\
'
that are built with \ '\ ' follow this syllable change.
1d:-adjectives The conjugation pattern off.._ -adjectives is exactly the same as the conjuga-
tion table of
-c-r
affirmative
present
negative
She is healthy.
7C~C'~ic.
7C~
7C~C'g
(fA, ,,--
7C~
(f A,
'(!
'(!
past
(fA,;,--
'(!
'(!
c ~jc)
The final syllable f.._ is dropped in these long forms of f.._-adjectives. The two forms shown in
the negative column are the colloquial and the conservative variants, respectively. In addition to these two forms in the negative, you can also substitute -c Ii for L '(' as in -r ( i ;f:, I)
i -1 Iv and T ( i ;f:, 1) i -1 Iv -c L t: which are more often used in the written language than
in the spoken language.
J: \ ' and J: \ 'T-9, but they are much less frequently used than \ '\ ' and
If you want to say things like "very hot;' and "a little hot;' you can add "degree adverbs" like
-t : <
5if~Q)5fali
t
"JJ;
;f;O'<(;:;b
-Ct~
;ft\
-J
'TL t.;
: Q)'ff~J.i Ii t;
r-;
->(>
J:
-::>
:I-\ '-c-t o
if,-:>
In this lesson, we learn two -fJ.' -adjectives that are very important from the grammatical
point of view. They are ff ~ ( -fJ.') (to be fond of; to like), and ~ G \ ' ( -fJ.') (to be disgusted
with; to dislike). The meaning of these adjectives is relational, and you need two terms: a
person to like or dislike something on the one hand, and a person or a thing on the other
hand that is liked or disliked. In sentences, these two terms usually appear with the particles
(;J: and -IJ\ respectively.2
.,
I
!
likes
X dislikes
o /<-~~,{,Ii
.,
J.Jrl\::i-lif~,
fJ'~ G \ 'T-t
[Jc-\t/v-\tC'
~iJ'ft
->(>
.,
In contexts where you are contrasting two or more items, the particle Ii is used instead of -IJ{. Thus,
;fhliff*-I
Hf~
T-9-IJ\ ~Ii~
G \ ,-r-r o
I like vegetables, but I don't like meat.
bf~L
-\" ~,_,T
!.:(3
In the expression of romantic or familial affection, the complex particle 0) : t fJ{ can replace fJ{. Thus,
f;: It L-::: Ii ;t 7 ') - -::: ,(,0): t -IJ{-!if ~Ti" o
= ;t 7 ') - -::: -IJ{'!iJ-~ -c-t o
T
-T
Takeshi is in love with Mary.
~5~~
135
Let us note three more things about 3(J- -5 ( -fJ.') and -5 G \ \ ( -fJ.') before we go on. One, if you
like or dislike something (or somebody) very much, you can use the intensified forms of 3(J-t
-5 -c-r and -5 G \ \ T-t, namely, ::k..3(J--5 -c-r (like very much) and ::k. -5 G \ \ -c-r (hate),
tee' -t
tee'
which are more often used than the degree modifier t: T. t in combination with 3(J., -5 T-9
and -5 G \ 'T-9.
.,
.; *1 I Lfh <1> tr 1:
-t
Mel
-tJ.'
-fJ.'
ll!v
and -5 G \
'-fJ.'
r--t o
Take a long form of a verb and replace the ending with i L J: 7 or i L J: 7 iJ' and you will
get the Japanese expression for "let's ... ;' which you can use to suggest a plan of action.
-~1::
~--e:itT~
5~ Li L
''""LJ:
I: LJ:n'lv
"'-!veld
J: 1 o
~*;;!; T
~-?~l/v
:::7-
t- ~jjz;,,. i L J: 7 iJ'o
(/)
Counting
There are two important things you should know about counting items in Japanese. Firstly,
we use different number words for different kinds of items; the words used for counting
people are different from the words used for counting books, for example. Secondly, number
words often come after, rather than before, the items counted in a sentence.
1) -
,.{,Ii
t;J-'f-"C ~
.:=.;&
item
number
:: Iv i \. \
~ ?
~ \\i L
il'
t:
The number word, .:=.tt, is made up of the numeral .:=. and the "counter" tt. This counter is
;2i:!vil.'
s );
it'
used for sheets of paper and other flat objects. There will be other counters in later lessonsfor people, for books, for sticklike objects, and so forth.
~6
~I~/U-.t5
Expression
11fv
Notes
\...-------------------
'It
LA, \fl;:'i!'t->1J'(1d:) Ht
L\tfJ
t: It L ~Iv
Ii
rt L v'-z:'T
\'{-~(
*}5'!, Ii 1: ~-'-'\:'iJ'-z:'T
c-)
5.t1
Takeshi is busy.
Tokyo is busy I lively.
Note that the sentence below is also acceptable, since the susbject "I'' is omitted in
the sentence.
B Ill B !Ht
L v'-z:'T o
cH'
1:tJ:-i
1f
I am busy on Sunday.
6
....
~
*l ~
L,~5
:ti.A,
A.
--
f::.IJ'\\
If A.,~
-r.i.'
If A.,~ T-t
4.
2. 1:,-:n'
5.
"ht L.;\'
")i G -r.J. \
'
8.
~ t; \ \
6.
9.
L f'IJ , -r.J.
3.
7 .. )'"~ \ \
\
11.
--
l('-f\\
oi
-fJ.
GD xos.os
t: IJ'\ 'T-t
1<'-t \ \
1.
B.
1<'-t <
Ui
-r.J.\ ,
~ fl\ \ -f.J.
12. (j
GD Kos-09
T-t
L.:: ~ -r.J.\
'T-t
1.
~ t; \ \
4.
1> t: G L \'
7.
i;\\~\\
10.
Lf
2.
.i- ~ \ \
5. t;flJ' L \'
8.
11.
~fl\
3.
= h\ \
6. IJ'-;)
9.
If A.,~
= \ \\ \
\ \
-f.J.
:. O)*~tli
~ \ 'T-t o
I: ltc
tc-/J
;:O)*Hli~< -r.j.'\'Ti"o
I: itc
'<'i"
(1)
Ex.
100,000
(2)
480
IJ'-f.J.
d.J.
-fJ.
(3)
(5)
(4)
I
'
(6)
(7)
/
/
(8)
(12)
:::rA.f.1%
I
D.
..
(13)
)(
2 0
' 0
" 0
3 0
8 0
)<
4-
9 0
a
10
:r?-f.
5 x
/00
)<
g x
q x
/0
)(
8 *Po(J) 7 7 A (;t
;;t. ;;t.,
~ l!lv ~
n L \ , -c-t
n L \ '-c-g IJ'o
Cf~
o/
\ , \ ,
nL
;;t.,
Cf~
1.
~B(iUi-c-tn'o
1: l!!v
6.
ii'?-:: 0
4.
E.
'T-t IJ'o
t:
L\'Ti""IJ'o
L/J)
77A(it-Jt
7. 7:.@(;tn
Lo< tee'
;f;;f;
L.;\'Ti""IJ'o
L \ , ..t-tlJ'o
Cfn'
-c-t o
-rJ. \ ,
5. 8*(7)~"'~~(;tt;\'
~ J:-)
3. ~~(;t::k ~ \
<
Cf~
110
""
Li'
~ tL \
-t:
_... ~t t: t; (J)tf~~
I:
<
(;i ~
tl \ 'T-t o T t,
><;>
*1' (J)tf~~
PfcL
<
(;i ~
><;>
T-t o
1.
t-Jt L.;\'
2. \ \ \ \
3.
:t?\\
5. ~\ \
tdJ'
4.
6. IJ'-")
7.
= \ \\ \
If Iv !'<
8.
ui
-fJ.
~5~>H 139
F.
Pair Work-Make your own sentences on the topics below using adjectives,
and tell your partner.
Example:
3. ~h <7) t
-f,J_'
I)
<7) ),..( ;t
btcL
5. jft
ll
1::7:;;?
1J'/:
6. / \ r; 1 (Hawaii) ll
4. ~h <7)~~ ll
blcL
A.
-:
>('
--
t: fJ'fJ'
--Y
If,{,~
-r L f::.
\"'-t \ \
4.
J::;t
2. ~ -::n \
5.
-:i
~ t; \ \
6.
\'-f:-iJ{L\'
1.
3.
t: T-t
L.;\'
7.
t: <7)
8.
9.
L -r t;, _,..).,
L\'
\ \ \
\"'-t \ \
ui
1. f::.fJ'\\
-fJ.'
-4.
-\"' -t <
_,.J.. I;'
--Y
-:i
2.
t. <7) L \'
5. };})~\\
3,
-\"'~ L\'
6.
GD
11.
~ *1 \ \ _,. ).,
12,
oi
-fJ.>
10,
Lf
iJ'-rJ.
11.
~ *1 \ \ _,. ).,
12,
( f ,.{, ~
Kos-11
t. -r -t
--Y
t: T-t
7.
8. fJ'
--y ::: \ \ \ \
GDKos-10
-fJ.>
-fJ.
C. This is what Robert wrote down about the trip to Okinawa. Look at the memo
and make sentences.
Kos-12
GD
Ex. Okinawa-hot
1. food-not expensive
2. food-delicious
3, hotel-not big
4.
5.
6.
7.
hotel-new
restaurant-not quiet
sea-beautiful
surfing-interesting
D.
Pair Work-Practice
very hot
A : 1*hl:::5if~l:::fi~ i L
~-t
t;~t,:b
-f 7 T-tn'o
A : t: T
t :1-n'
f:.o
''
t'.7
--:i
f:.
TL f:.n'o
T-t
j;,-:o
1. saw a movie
2. stayed home ( 7
scary
-G 1: \ '~)
very boring
3. went to a party
not fun
4. went to a restaurant
not delicious
5. (your own)
A.
-r t- i::
( 6)
lllJ
100,000
(4)
A.
U-1:
(5)
A.
U-1:
;j'
i;
the underlined
~5~H
141
~7
~71)-~,.C!if'~
1) -
1H:
L\'A-ti"o
V-1:
Ex.~
1) -
(3)
kind
A.
beautiful
interesting
t: tt
energetic
Pair Work-Choose the items from the following categories and ask your
partners whether they like them.
Example:
A . ~
.J.{.h:l. ~
IJ ~~J .._
J\\'
-r---+\.. '/
.J.,
IJ o
-t
~!!'it
~ G \ 'T-t / :k
~ G \ 'T-t o
t!1. \
\ '\ ';t,
1. Foods: meat /
z7
(fermented beans) / 7
2. Sports: ~ :;
3. Music:
-fJ. -:i
t.'.c' T
.A 7
:::tJ[., 7 (golf)
Japanese class /
green tea/
homework
coffee
*If you neither like it nor dislike it, you can use
2.
3.
4.
t,.c-rJ~@Jh{ff~
-t
t:
-t
i,(I)
(I)
-t
i,(I)
X.1.\ i)'f
5.
1)
-t
t,.c-rJ-N-~h{ff~
ti!viJ'
<
-t
Ti"h'o
Ti"h'o
t3- ~ T t ~ ~ \ 'T t
-t
f,;_ \
'T-t.
A.
L \ '".)
J:
2. 71:;~1:::~
-l:t/v-t!-C'
*L
J:
3 sentences.
1~-:J
1:::9~6
6.
<
7. )7-j(.('
~L
!')
}i
4.
1? c4 ~If "f Ji 7
5.
tl:ln'lt6
-c
GD Kos-is
J:
ii'
B.
*L
J:
31J'.
*\ 'T--tho
"t;
--+
1.
2.
3.
4.
A: *\'T-tho
"t;
'(>
J:
7 n'o
(!)
Jf
\ 'T-t ho
<!;-::>
+-=-1*("-tho
L'.
l>H 1:
:::(7)tef*!1iJiL\'T-tho
l~U-'''
t;fl!'
;t L t. (;t7t;~(7)~~ 8 T-t J: o
-tt!v-tte>
to!vtd
1f
r 7/(;t1? \'
;h L t: (;t 7 :A r -,7{ <t ')
5. ;t
6.
1?~-fj)zh.i
i;
(7)
t- :A
*c~O)f'*~
rtfu l,t;1>3
L \ 'T-t J: o
i -tho
(Review Exercises)
~5~>H
143
~ m ! i t . 7 T L f-: -h'
l Iv "'
t: *'1.. t ff,, ~
i L
t: -h'
1ltff~<1)-l:JJ{f
!i \' < ~TL
o .: 1 ~
~-?
f-: tr :
.)~
8*0)~9
1:
IJ ii.,
;!: ':J
Japanese Festivals
There are many festivals in Japan. Some are famous, while others are known only to the
locals. Some are very traditional, while others are rather new. Here are some examples of
well-known festivals. Where do you want to visit?
1,~~
I:<~"
~iiJ)&:~ifi ~J
i;
"
ti/:'
Useful Expressions
At
h e
s t
0 ff
c e
Expressions
: ;i-l,
~lvil.'
t.l7l'
M 8 < G \ 'il'il'
t,:1v1:0
.li.-+- JI](:
1t<>( .: ~~?X.!v
-fo1. 1)
+,
Vocabulary
~tJ
counter
JIYJ1-'.
,}.~Cf Iv
surfacemail
!iii{~
postcard
1!1!
f- < t::
special delivery
{]Jf-
postal stamps
;tl:'('J:,
~-?
"C
Jj\~
parcel
.: 'CJ'J;/;
;Vt 'if.1-'.
.:-j(-jU'!v
airmail
registered mail
1*~
Ii It Iv
insurance
7l!'< I: lb
(m
6~ / L
\-~C-fv0)-E3
D)
L 1'.5
0
1
SJ K06-0l/02
cu<- r ~ J...,,
Jir:Jft:i.:
IL:'.5
o / ,-_
;jz<l)"'"'-:)
0~
f~fi:J..., T
J:
<
~~T
t=-~\\o
wr:Jft:i.:
O/{-j--
o/ ,-_
~/...,,
to
1-- :
-tt!v-ttc'
";?ii'
77:AT!llT!i\\(ti-tl-J...,J:o
t>
v-t
L.~
s wr:Jft:i.:
~H'f: f #-:i
T ~ T < t: ~\'ho
""7 ii l.~
t
60/<-j--:
(l\',
~I l.tc-lt/v-ltl'
@ After class.
-1&-
ic,1:J;0iJ'
-9hi-tl"J...,o
SJ K06-03/04
1:A
~ J:?
f.:\,V'-./v
1-- :
~i L.tc-tt!v-ttc'
:A
\ '\ 'T-t J: o
~ ') h{ t: 7 o -t ('i! L i -to
7;;{_
s :A
0 / ,-_
l- ~ J...,, ~ L f: TA
r h{ ~
1)
i -t J:
:A
;t ;to o / ,-_
L:>\'~,
r ~ J...,,
~ J:-)
@ On the bus.
l
j:?(j'.'~~J...,:
~B!iaRl::::~-:iT,
l.'.i
iJ'i.
~-t
M7~Li-to
.-<../v~ J:.-)
SJ K06-05/06
~<7),
-9.7,,.i-tl"J...,o
61
In the class.
~il.Jc-tUvltC'
2
:::<7)/\':A(lfP~ffl~A...{t~i-9-h'o
LJ.J./...AJJ.?1..'lv
\, '
-Z- 7 T-tii'o
4 t:]/-\-~:
L::
'I"
1:
t-:o
Old woman: Excuse me. Does this bus go to the city hospital?
Robert: Yes, it does. Take this seat, please.
Old woman: No, thank you. I'll get off soon.
Robert: Is that so? Then, shall I carry your bag?
Old woman: Thank you.
El!] K06-07
V
Nouns
}; n' ti
};
money
};~
,;, .;
};$ii,
n'lv
L
* ~ J: 7 n' L J:
:::lvLrJJ7
bath
~*
~f+
textbook
A,11!
this week
CD (::/-7'1-)
* Lh-lvllJ:
;:_,,;.r;* -:i ~--
CD
\\Iv
Tlv~
T/vL'('
* 1: t
l'P~fflBL
shower
'h
o;
next
~3n.
electricity
~~
train
~~w
-J
municipal hospital
baggage
personal computer
/'~'}'::]/
* "'"'---;
i ~--
%S
window
J: 6
night
G \ \ L rJJ 7
G\\t.l!v
*11!
*Jf
next week
page
next year
tJ:-adjective
*~
tough (situation)
~ -t .;:
\ \ -t ('
iQ!.;:
};,;,.;1:!i\\6
};$i{,g
n' ~ -t
~-t
* t. \ \ "' Iv (f.J.)
U-verbs
J~
<
to hurry
1:A.6
to take a bath
to return (a thing)
(person I: thing f)
lt-t
L &':!
*-th6
t: -:i
t: rr
* Words
f-t 7
5'Af-t
yt&':;i
to die
~6
:IL -:i
f: ( ;f
= f '!&. 7
to stand up
to smoke
-J
iJ' 7
1! 7
to use (""' f)
-C-J
t: 7
.:f-1i 7
to help (person/task f)
(;J: \ \
A.6
#-J
{*t;
* t -J
* -\"'-t t;
f)
(2) to rest
Ru~verbs
<hlt6
};L;t6
~lt6
tt;t 6
* }; 1) 6
* iJ' 1) 6
LcV.>6
:/ -r ry-f
~I) 6
1t 1) 6
ll cl>') 6
<h r/6
:/-r?-f
)'{t ll 6
-J(t6
(person I: thing f )
to get off (""' f)
to borrow (person I: thing f )
to close (something) ("-'f)
to take a shower
to turn on (""' f)
TA,hffJ'lt6
*h--9*1.6
~~f fJ'lt6
~*1.6
(""' f )
Verbs
Irregular
1!*1. -r < 6
#-:i-C<6
-J;tt-C<6
*t-:i-C<6
and
Adverbs
* <ht-r-
};-t <
* "-' iJ' ~
* It -:i : 7 T"'t
Other
1~T
:!{ <
ff.6;fl-C"-t
* -t ('
* (lA,t
t'j)
-:>
right away
7 T-tfJ'
< 1)
/.f.~T-tfJ'
Really?
slowly; leisurely; unhurriedly
G
-
Te-form
The main topic of this lesson is a new conjugation of verbs called the "re-form" Te-forms are
a very important part of Japanese grammar. In this lesson, we will learn, among their various
uses, to use them in:
The conjugation paradigm of te-forms is complex, as we need to learn separate rules for ru-,
u-, and irregular verbs. Furthermore, the rule for u-verbs is divided into five subrules.
First, with ru-verbs, the rule is very simple: Take ~ off and add -Z:.
ru-verbs
U-verbs come in several groups, based on the final syllable of their dictionary forms.
u-verbs with final
:z:s;:)
__.
~:J"C
ii;--
~~-:::)
__.
~~:)
""C
ll'--
(::.:@
__.
(:::) ""C
Ao..ii;-
ll'-
J;-
illf
131
<l;-t-
__.
ifilfv
c
<l;-t--
9Et'd.
~-
__.
9Efvc
~--
As we discussed in Lesson 3 (see page 89), some verbs that end with the hiragana 6 are ru-verbs and some
others are u-verbs. Review the discussion on how the vowel before the final 6 syllable determines which verb
belongs to which class. As far as te-forms are concerned, we observe that u-verbs that end with 6 will have a
small -:J, ru-verbs that end with 6 do not.
<
~<
~lW:
IJ,--
IJ>-
fi
l, \ -
<
fi -:) c:.-
---+
<
l,1--
---+
!';J:-
~59
l;l;d:-
~5 ~ c:.-
---+
l;l;d:--
The irregular verbs -9 6 and < 6, and compound verbs built with them, conjugate as
follows.
irregular verbs
g:@
<:@
Note that te-forms and stems (the forms you find before i -9) are totally different constructs
in the u-verb camp. A common mistake is to assume that the simple paradigm provided by
the ru-verbs (~"" 'l and~"" i -9) covers the u-verbs also, thus coming up with unwart:
tc
ranted forms such as x %-\ ''l (see %-\' i -9) and x wtl,.. 'l (see gft;l,.. i -9). It is probably
"'
"'
J:
easier, at this stage of learning,
to memorize
each verb as
a set, as inJ: "j: < -"j: ~ i -9-"j: \ '
~
~
~
'l, than to apply the conjugation rules on the spot. Refer to the verb conjugation table at the
end of this volume (p. 382).
--"L<tc~~'
~f-'irJ-:lLJ: ~~ft;,{,
-c <
J:
od
t: ~ \'
r: ~ \ 'o
-9.H-i-l,.{,o
i;J:.
'?
t~;{_ T
t~ L
<
t-:>,
Excuse me. Please teach me a little. (=Tell me, I need your advice.)
If you are talking to a very close friend or a member of your family, a te-form, by itself, can be used as a request.
%S ~Im It'"( o
Open the window, will you?
,~
t \ '\ '-c-r means "you may do ... ;'which describes an activity that
is permitted.3 To ask for permission, you can turn it into a question sentence, """'( t \ '\ '-c
-9 fJ'. If somebody asks for permission and if you want to grant it, you can either repeat the
whole verb te-form plus t \ '\ 1 -c-r construction, or just say \ '\ 'Ti". x "'( t \ '\ 'Ti"
and X t \ '\ 'Ti" do not stand alone.
A verbal te-form plus
--Ii\',
Jt.
-rt\'\ ,-c-r .J: o
;;,.
A verbal te-form plus (;!:\'It i -1 Iv means "you must not do ... ;' a strong prohibition
statement, as in rules and regulations.
You must not take pictures here.
If somebody asks you for permission and if you want to deny it, you can use "'((;!:\'It
i -1
Iv, but the sentence may sound too harsh unless you are in a place of authority. We will
learn a softer way to say "please don't" in Lesson 8.
DescribingTwo Activities
You can use ate-form if you want to combine two or more verbs, as in describing a sequence
of events or actions ("I did this and then I did that"). In other words, the te-form does the
work of "and" with verbs. (Note that two verbs cannot be joined by t:, which only connects
nouns.) This te-form conjunction can be used for present and future, as in the first and third
examples below, and for the past, as in the second example. The tense of the verb at the end
of each sentence determines when these events take place.
In casual speech, you can drop t and say --t..--.:: T \ '\ 1 T"t as well as --t..--.: T t \ '\ 'T"t. In contrast, Ii in the
t:
t:
construction T Ii\ 'It i 1 /...,,which is discussed in the next section, cannot be dropped.
~6~ .. 153
/-
l- ~1{\'-I)
-c ":] t -L i-to
0
il'
~ 8 Ii,
~"~
0< c
~ 1~ L i L f: o
"'C!v5d
;t-;
''
U-7.>
t:
Iii"
i L J: Io
(!)
l'
i-t
~~-lf:
~ t>-t
~tl (' -th i -1 ,(,0
n' L"
od
I am sorry for not bringing in the textbook. (I left the book at home, and I am sorry.)
A sentence that ends with fJ' G (because) explains the reason or the cause of a situation, a
proposal, and so forth.
;fl. Ii
vtcl
(situation), (explanation)
D"3o 4
+,
:::Z. ~
~aJE~
1~ L i
.:.1v1t1v""1vo d
S L f: 7
n" S
1)
-t 77' Go
/ < x 1::
*
(!)
1)
T-t n' Go
i L J: 7 o 7 7 :/'-Ii~~'
~~
The explanation clause may also precede the situation clause. Thus the first example above can also be paraphrased as:
th L t: T ;;z HJ{ th I) i -t ~' G' )ft,
li4-B.$E.
$PM~i L i -t
bf;L
.: Iv If Iv.-{./.,~
We will discuss this further in Lesson 9.
0
In Lesson 5 we learned ;t L J: -) iJ' meaning "Let's ... :' ;t L J: -) iJ' is also used in the sense
of "let me do ... ;' in offering assistance. If you see somebody having a hard time opening
the lid of a bottle, for example, you can offer help by saying:
I'll do it.
Or to a person who is carrying a heavy bag:
fi.T
~~ ~ # t; i L
1:
{,-::>
J:
{,
fJ' o
c ulture.~t)
B*0)~1i'ffJUlt ( 1)
1:
Ii Iv
~ J j t, < it
t,
Most children in Japan attend kindergartens or nursery schools before entering elementary
school. Compulsory education comprises six years of elementary school and three years of
junior high school. Although not compulsory, over 95% of junior high students go on to high
school for three years. About half of high school graduates attend a university or junior college. Admission to high schools and universities is usually based on an entrance exam.
The Japanese school year starts in April and ends in March, with a long vacation in summer
and two shorter breaks in winter and spring.
*~~
t~l.'tf< l.'A
Graduate School
Junior College
Age
22
*~
t:'C'n'<
18
15
12
~-~Jm:k~
(~JI*)
tcA if! t:'c'tf<
tcA.t:'c'
University
tj:l ~~
( tj:l ~)
~*?IJ'-o;::?
~~'.ill'<
1j\~f.X:
l.,.t:?ii?C::?
Elementary School
6
Compulsory Education
~I~/-~7
U-"3
Expression
Notes
11/v
~ <, /~l,) ~Although both :i1! v' and :i1! < mean "late," they have different usag<15T
<15T
li-f
<
li-f
<
A: ~ (1)-)-~l:~i
lt, L:
B :
io
l..J:a
:i1!
v' modifies nouns or works
li-f
};){"
~*1:1, +~~;sj@~-c
:il.!v'lj!Jj~filH.'jt-"ZiTa
t
Bi"
r:
L1t7i-::J
ti,7
Ji)~
;!"?
!1/v
!fl<
/!fl
v>.
IH'
I'(>
c,
c -)
(6 ~Many words that begin with ;13 can also be used without it. ;13 in such words
simply adds smoothness and nuance of social refinement, without changing the
meaning of the words.
Example:
;13~,"'.) 9
-,
(festival)
A.
B!] K06-os
}; ~ 6
Example:
}; ~ -r
--+
1.
f:~6
4.
IJ'
<
7.
2.
IJ' 7
5.
<
8. t6
3.
J: t;
6. i-J
9.
~ -t ,;:
-t 6
10.
\ \ -t ('
13.
Li.:l
11.
\\<
14.
!if.ct
12.
~6
15.
IJ' ;;{_ 6
B. Let's sing ate-form song! (Battle Hymn of the Republic) B!] K06-09
.P
1.
2.
i-:i-r
J: Iv T
tt.z.;:
IJ'\\-r
(t-t
L i.:i LlvT
Gt-tlvT
t+ L -r \ \ -t (' \ '-Z\ 'T
Gt
J: t;
IJ'
.P
i-J
Gt 7
<
-:J
-r
,J.;.,.{_,fJ..
u-verb
7-:)6
-:J
lvT
(repeat twice)
-t
L -r
u-verb
-k-ili:ro
8 /f''IC ll/v
-r.
~:t..
'(!"' PO
.:
te-form
B!] K06-1
L
-r\.
<
lifo:
t-:i-r
te-form
t;.;:.v.:i
-r
t6
2. Please listen.
3. Please read the book.
4. Please look at me.
5. Please bring the textbook.
t: ><"-
\ \o
<
\ \ -r
('
\ 'T
E. Pair Work-Make your own request, such as "Please stand up" and "Please
take a picture," and ask your partner to act it out.
Example:
A: ::7-t-~jk,.{,T<
(/)
t:-~~
10
--+
A.
You are staying with a host family. Ask your host family for permission to do
the following things.~
K06-11
Example:
1.
2.
l:(J:ti;&-J
-t
~fMY:>6
11:'
4.
:12! < 9W 6
5.
z: t: t; f
:I!;tL T < 6
--~ f f:ij]!';
<
3.
im, / -r
r;-
t5B-rl6
iii>
iii>"
6.
};-'(-
n'"-
I: t
B"'n'<
7.
~'
ttlf.l'(t6
-(
8. /""'{') ~ / f 1~ 7
".'.)
9.
~-*
f{-1}
,z,
n'
L -C
-:in'
')
L'<>
B. What would you say in the following situations? Make sentences with ~"Lt,L,)
l., Yc91.J'.
1.
You are in class. You realize you need to go to the bathroom as soon as possible.
2. You are in class. You feel sick and want to return home.
3. You have forgotten to do the homework. You are sure you can bring it in tomorrow.
4. You want to ask your teacher something, but you cannot phrase it in Japanese.
5. You have run into a celebrity. Conveniently, you have a camera with you.
6. You and your friend are in a dark room, and you feel somewhat uncomfortable.
t: ( r : f '?&-t 7
__. A t: ( ;f : f '?& ~
-t
Example:
B
1. ~'
T t \ \ \ \ T-t f.l' o
~~1Jff.l'lt6
-c,z, ;b
2.~/f{-1}')6
J:"'
n'
3.
~f~(t6
4.
7 t- t' f
11:'
iii>
-J
It 6
-:in'
-'?'
l,\
J: ~ t .... o
A.
You are a strict parent. Tell your child not to do the following things using the
cues in II-A.
Example:
B.
G!JK06-12
T t- t' f Jl 6
-+
v t' f
Tell the class what we can and can't do at school and at a place you live.
Example:
~t(Tf:lf':::
tJ'-? ::_ 1
f'?&.--::iTli\'(ti-l::tlvo
..,
i;T~/-rr;-f)sr./Tt\'\'T-to
;Ii,~
;Ii,
~jiT~~i;
f l.i'!t 6
1:: l; n'lv
-c 1v ;,
-
A:
~jiT~~f
/:: l,;n'/v
-C/vb
B:
ll\',
\ '\ 'i,
~~fl.i'!tTt\'\'T-to/
b
-(Iv
-(Iv
1.
JIHt;fl
T t. If' ::: f '?..,&. 7
o ::_ 1 ~
5.
2.
77AT~6
,,
6.
3. ::: :::
T-:i-t-fj_kt;
~jiT~"6
/:: l;n'lv
t:
~i3t"'-*
f:i!;ft l < 6
\.'lb.
ll-?.::.-)
7. ;h -t-J.
-?
f: (]) 00 T-t< 1:
IJ)
4.
~~T~ii-t
1:: l;n'lv
1J:t.:
1\.Jl
l$-jli0
~,,
(])A Ii
(}/::
t?5fili fix r;
~It
IJJ
A. Look at the pictures below and combine the pictures using te-forms.
G!]Ko6-13
Example:
(1)
oo
DO
oo
(2)
(4)
B.
(5)
Change the following into te-forms and make the rest of the sentences.
1.
s: t: t
2.
7t1:~6
3.
~Jli f ~B
I: t
(J)
I: it,,
<
4.
}J:t:-;1:%7
I: t
;Ji,
1:A.6
5. };j\g
.s.
iJ';i,_
1)
(;j:\,~
-(,t.,l,>0
C. Pair Work-Make questions using the following cues. When you answer, use
~-c.
~ L
f:(J)~
.u,
__.
A : ~ L
Example:
l.~8(J)~
3.
.t~
Mf
Li
-t ~'
4.
~ (J)
(,:IC
.t~
~ J: -}
2.
t: (J) ~,
~ L
f:(J)~
~ (J)
5.
;Ji,C<
(J)~
;Ji,:<
6.
(J)~
*
*
.t~
~
11! (J) L~?
11! ;!'-::>
::_;..., ltP-J
7t; 11! (J) LH
11! 1-:>
-tt;., L H
~6~H
1.
-tt/vLtP-3
3. cl:
4. ~
'f Ji i -1 ,(,
< S <7) t- A
<7) -)
J-;.
~ 7 /I:: ff~
,, i -9 o
7 7 A 'f 1*.H i L
'('-t
t:
B.
-c-r
Example:
t:
U'!b
IVv
-+
U'!b
li/v
tc
B : t: 7 LT T-97J'o
1.
~11!
(;t*:Jt T-9
.:.1vL~P-J
t::.t'"'lv
U'!b
li/v
t:
3.
11!*-,
lo?;l''J
-9 o
i -1 ,(,0
n'ti
8 *-?o'f~1~ L
6. *-~l;t
,;,c,ti/v
7.
8.
1: li/v .:
'"-lvcd
*-11!,
(nameofaplace)
0t'L~?
~if'f ~ \ \ i -r
l -C Iv l
ii
0
<'
i-1 0
l::ff~ i-90
I.'
fJ{ i:>
1)
i -9 iJ' Go
161
A.
Example:
A : -T t- t' ~5%
Li L
It
J:
*G
-IJ'o
t:-\ \
;t,
ti~'
(3)
(6)
(1)
(2)
(7)
(8)
L: J: 7 ,;:--c-t
~6~>H
B.
163
You and your partner are in a room. Your partner looks hot.
___.
A : ~
~ Mltt
i L J: 7 -IJ'o
;<I:'
&,
B : lf> 1) IJ-i: z 7 o t:;~\' L i -to
lJ:iJ'
You and your partner are in a room. Your partner looks cold.
1.
*c6b0)**1
tlfv l.,tii-S
(Review Exercises)
A :-th.i-1,.{.,-IJ\
1:>~~{-t}l)Tt\'\'T-9-IJ'o
:iJ'lJ
t:;~T-9-IJ'o
l:t
t..
tc!vt;11.f
:/J'
t 7 LT o
7J'lJ
Example-8
You don't have money to lend to
your friend because you went on a
trip last week.
1)
8 T-t iJ' Go
i -1 ,.<. ,o 7C ii!, ~At t:::ff ~ i L
:iJ'lJ
-\t/vL~1
1; ~.:: ')
''
t. iJ'
Go
(1)
1-A
You have a date tomorrow and want
to borrow a car ( < 6 i ) from your
friend.
1-B
You just bought a car ( < 6 i ) and
don't want anyone to use it.
(2)
2-A
2-B
tomorrow.
the test.
(3)
3-A
3-B
2.
3.
~:fjtTM~
I: L.til'/v
5.
6.
"""-c
!ion'
J:
<
t.:1:
~jfi(:::*
-c'!vL>t>
J'c~,
-ttlvlA-i
7.
(Answer with
LTll\'(ti-l:L{,h'o
to:I:
~jfi<l)o/-tf.:lf'::
-c'!vL>t>
4.
M~
Li i"'h'o
t.:1:
i i"'h'o
i~~~;tti
Lf.:h'o
b"9
L~U.:'c'
-1-f~(J)*,
~ l:'t
I)
0)
~:: T1Qllli
I:";
iJ;,f-
<
8.
-1-f~(J)*,
.; 1: t
1: c;
J:
9.
~:fjtTJ:
I: L .t n/v
ll'lv
r.,
1?~~,<..,~-t-fi\'i
niJ;,
-c -c; t:
1)
i-th'o
Lf.:h'o
""'o")
Useful Expressions
Directions
i -:> -t ('ff<
(go straight)
,,
i 1: liBf.l'
6
;!'
1t f5/t6
t>tc
[i't,'1)
h-i?
(turn left)
.=.-J
,;,fc
ilJ
O)~ f
iJ/:_'
--J
0)1~f
(}/:_
i1J
Liv.::~
i 1: liBf.l' 6
;t 1: liBf.l' 6
"""
in: '!
irF
--~
(turn 1
right at the
first traffic light)
)t
!!tc
(north)
!
(left side of
\ itO)~~~
ilO)*)~~
(right side of
the street)
the street)
--r---
1fn'L
(west)
(east)
ij
l;ftl;
(south)
<
"""'
f:_ ~ \
'o
0) ~
lb
i)/:_'
f ;51: liBf.l'-:> T
;,.~
1) ii" J:
h-~';IJ<;b
1: L
( m7~
~TI~O)~~
0
2A.
-:
;t;to
hi;
::: :
:*1..Ti"o
A.
~*5(<7)%=(::t~IJ't.l~IJ'(t(\\i
:::
7J..;.-f;::
tffJ'~<(,
-It
IJ'--:J=\\\\Ti"t.J.o
;': /:'{,
10
11
h-/;:::
1t.-,::1v
i'.J'/:
iJ;i_
~'/7JJ,,J:::1i,.CT\\ii"o
''I
~/v~C'
--:J,
:*1.,(;J:j:;:/($~,.(,Ti"IJ'o
::=_fiN.Ti"o
I}
-f J Ti"IJ'o
Tt,
-:>I:
tci>'
-'J-{}~IJ'-A\\ii"o
Ll:o
I: 2'
.; ? ;: ?
::: :
:
IJ' o
t,t,
7J
Family Picture
s hi;
fa'if;'\
\ i i"t.J.o
iJ;:
-/;.t--:Jt::i:.--:J(\\ii"t.lo
,;,1:
1-
K07-0l/02
~7~ 167
@ Michiko's
phone rings.
K07-03/04
rZ-:::>
;iJ::i:
L-.>\> Liv
i..\;t
iJ'
i L
s;
t: h' G , l
fr
--.>
t: G Jl I ::
*-i-tl-/vJJ'o
4
5
1)
l-;. -t;
l-;. -t;
=:
\" \\ \T-tno
=:
t 1;7>0
t '\" ;t, -t
/Z-
('ff~
~Iv t-~l::;ff--.> T t \
\. '-'.) L.t
i-t
1\
\T-th'o
l'
CD
Michiko: Is this your family picture, Sue?
Sue: Yes.
Michiko: Which is you?
Sue: This. I was wearing glasses when I was in high school.
Michiko: You are cute.
Sue: This is my father. He works for an American company.
Michiko: He is tall and good-looking.
Sue: Yes. My sister is married. She lives in Seoul now. She has one child. He is three years old.
Michiko: I see. Oh, there is a cat. But he is a little fat.
Sue: Yes, because he eats a lot.
;,.
~E
Wv
61
Pi::!
tcfu
Nouns
* ;f:i ;fl
1 /'~-
\\t7t:
7 t:
song
grandfather; old man
t;C:\\~,.{_,
j:; t:
t:
t;t::o:>Ut:
t;I:\\~,.{_,
younger brother
older sister
grandmother; old woman
man
older brother
j:;(f';f:i~,.{_,
j:; ,.{_, -t.J. 0)
o t:
woman
* fJ'\\ L "<'
* fJ'Jf' <
fJ'h~ .J:
company
family
hair
brothers and sisters
7 t:\ \
< ~
<
mouth
country; place of origin
car
game
convenience store
1:
<~i
J-j'-L..
'::J/t'.::...
+T- '7
J[,-
<
t:"
L .J:
~'.t
* ~ ~
)(
* DVD c-r1-717"1-)
(l(l
-BJ
club activity
cafeteria; dining commons
(my) father
DVD
(my) mother
eye
glasses
l,,\ ~
;f:i
a d j e c t i v e s
t. i fJ'\ \ \ \
mH'\ \ \ \
if fJ{~ \ \
1f 1J{1t. \ \
(conjugates like \ \ \ \)
cute
tall (stature)
short (stature)
~\
long
*fJ'h\\\\
* -lfJ{f::. fJ'\ \
-lfJ{lj < \ \
-f.J. f}{\ \
K07-05
fast
short (length)
~-adjectives
L ,<_, -1 -:> (f.i.)
"'. ,{_, I) ( -f.1.)
~ tJJ
1~)f lj
kind
convenient
U-verbs
7 t: 7
to sing ( ,. . ._, f)
to put on (a hat) ( ,. . ._, f)
f.i',): 6
9;06
9;o -:i ""( \ ' i -t
9;P I) i -Ii ,{_,
{it;
L6
L-:i"t\'i"t
L 1) i -1 ,<_,
* -t t;
Ii<
f )
I know
I do not know
to live ( ,. . ._, 1:-t
c-~f)
* .), t 6
,),
t
-:> ""( \ \
to gain weight
to be on the heavy side
i -t
Ru-verbs
* (&f>f.l{;f-Jf)1Ht6
~6
to put on (glasses)
( ,. . ._, f)
-:>
&>':>
}(>-1 6
}(> -1 ""( \ \ i -t
-:>
to lose weight
to be thin
Irregular
* lt-:i:::. -t 6
Adverbs
and
Other
,....._,I.I{
Expressions
... , but
t +
Mt
,....._,I:,<_,
,....._,;.,,.
o t I)
,), t. 1)
-A.
=-A.
""--:>
-f.1.
I:
I:
negative
negative
* t Lt L
* t t7>
* .J: I.I, -:i t: G
$1J 1:
of course
if you like
i -t)
A verbal "re-form," when followed by the helping verb \ '6, means either of the following:1
(a) an action in progress, or
(b) a past event that is connected with the present.
Which of these two senses a given verb is used in is to a large extent determined by the semantic characteristics of the verb. The verbs we have learned so far can be roughly divided
into three groups based on their semantics.
(1) verbs that describe continuous states
(2) verbs that describe activities that last for some time
(3) verbs that describe changes that are more or less instantaneous
We have not seen many Group 1 verbs. So far we only have ~ 6 and \ ' 6. The te-forms of
these verbs are never used together with the helping verb \ ' 6, so we will have nothing to
say about them in this section.
Many verbs belong to Group 2. They include verbs such as ~-"' 6, ~ft; t;, and 1~-:J. When
t:
J:
J'
the re-form of a verb in this group is followed by the helping verb \ '6, we have a sentence
describing an action in progress.
7- - ~,.(_,Ii
l.'i...ZA.~
.t ~
(i/v
J:
+,
You can also use a ,....., ( \ ' i t" sentence to describe what a person does by occupation or by
habit. The first example below therefore has two interpretations: 1. you are teaching English
right at this moment; and 2. you are an English-language teacher (but are not necessarily in
class right now.) The second example means that Mary is in the habit of studying Japanese
(but of course she does not spend 24 hours a day doing so).
;fl- !i*?o ~~;t T \' i -to
.z,, .: ;b L
I teach English. I I am teaching English (right now).
Mel
The distinction between \ ' 6 and <f_, 6 that we learned in Lesson 4 does not apply to this helping verb ~ T \ ' 6 :
you can use ~ T \ '6 both for living things and for inanimate objects.
~7~ .. 171
~T ')-~ 1i.Di-B
Bi'-~~1fa1i
L -C\ 'i-to
;l'\'l:Jo I: li/v t:
AC/v~lJ
Mary studies Japanese every day.
Verbs in Group 3 describe changes from one state to another. If you get married, or Mi~-t
1t0~k
2
6, for example, your status changes from being single to being married. With these verbs,
-r \ ' 6 indicates a past occurrence of a change which has retained its significance until the
present moment. In other words, -r \ ' 6 describes the result of a change. 3
J.ir1t:i.1i*-ili~
L -C\ 'i-t o
Ltc1tlv1t\'
lt0::/v
'(>;j'
Here are some more examples of verbs that are commonly used in the ,...,_, -r \ 1 6 framework.
#-J
t
9;06
L
:i\.6
,;.1:
~-l6
.:A. - ~
(has)
,(.,Ii 1? ~
~
7)1;l
t. < ~ ,(.,#t
-:i
-C \ ' i
-r,
>(>:J'Ltc1tk1t\'
IJ:IJ:
-r \ \ i
-t
l- t,. ~ ,(.,Ii t; J:
(is overweight)
~-l-C\\6
t :k -:i -C \ 'i
,;.1:
(wears)
+,
Mel
(is thin)
-:i
-r \ \ i
-t
""
l'
-::i
.:
rJ)
<!::
172
~~2i . )()T,;i\iiii
~~6
;b
t? )( ~ A., (;;t~ ~
~~(\\6
I:~
;b
(is awake)
1iA.,
.., T\ \ 6
1it;
..,
(lives in)
fJ}ll) 6
-:>/:
fJ}ll)
-r \ \ 6
-:>/:
-r \ \ i -t
*~!J:*-*
1!'
f'<
I:~~ H
1::1iA., T\ \ i
T
+,
*h O):k'ijl(;;t
tdcL
(works for)
ti
<l;l>
B *O)~{l::fJ}ll) T \ \
1: li!v
-/J'o'L~
-:>/:
i-t
Note that verbs like ft< and *-6 belong to this group. Thus fr-? --C \ \ 6 and*- --C \ '6 in\..'
<
\,.\
5
dicate the current states that result from prior movements, not movements that are currently
in progress. You may want to be careful with what the following sentences mean.
Somebody has gone to/is in China.
Not: She is going to China.
Somebody has come over to visit.
Not: Somebody is coming over.
Finally, a note on conjugation. The helping verb \ \ 6 conjugates as a ru-verb. Thus we have
long forms as in the following example.
affirmative
'*9
present
:5!~-C\.,
t:
He is eating.
past
:5!~-C\.,
l_; ic.
t:
He was eating.
'*
negative
:5!~-C\.,
'*iifv
t:
He is not eating.
:5!~-C\.,
'*iifv c l.;ic.
t:
He was not eating.
rt-~ A.,O)~(J:-&\
-/J'h-
\Ti"
"f,;:1)<
rt-~
A.,(J:~"h"-&\
-/J'h-
"1,,:1)<
\Ti"
This applies not only to discussion of the length of one's hair, but to descriptions of a person's
physical attributes in general. See the Parts of the Body section at the end of this lesson for
the name of body parts.
*~\\
tot-;
,j,:S\\
A :S ,.{,Ii
'W'f.l{i%\ \
-It
'W'f.1{1~\ \
tcir
-It
is tall
t <
tJU
is short
is bright/smart
In the last lesson, we discussed the use of verbal te-forms to join sentences. \ v , and tcadjectives and -c-t after nouns also have te-forms, which can be used to combine two
elements to form longer sentences.
The te-form of an v v-adjective is formed by substituting < 't for the final \'The te-form of
a fJ. -adjective and a noun+ T-t sequence is formed by adding -C to the base or the noun.
l, i-adlectlves:
~l,)
irregular:
tJ:-adjectives:
l,)l,'
noun
{,Q)
-+
(tJ:)
-+
82fs:Ac9
-+
TC~
't,
TC~C
! -
82fs:Ac
1: l;!A.L5A.-
1: l>A.t;A.
<
~<-c
'<',-J:<-C
lfA.
lf/d!
+c9:
1,<7)~<7)~~~W!i~
tc
-+
'<'9
})\ \ L \ \T-t
'?'i'
J.i"f :7'G:i.. Ii 8
'?' LJ:-lt/v-tl-C'
*A. -c
I: liA.,!;A.,
Ii. + ~
.: l:o-o:'.<C'
(' G \ \ T-t
verb stem+
li::fr<
\,)
If a person moves to another place in order to do something, we can describe their movement and its purpose this way:
destination of movement
l~
The purpose of movement is a phrase consisting of a verb, its object, and so forth.6 Verbs describing the purpose of a movement must be in their stem forms. Stems, as we learned in
Lesson 3, are the part you get by removing i -t from the verbs' present tense long forms.
stems:
.:;::/~- l- 1: 1-h'!i'A,
~]'{\\I 1:ft~
-/J\
i L f::.o
I.'
1) -
A,!i 8 ::;f.l:
I: li/v
I a ::<f.?o~~5$ LI
I: I;! Iv C:
1:*-i
<r; 0 d
!'<
L f::.o
Counting People
The "counter" for people is A., but "one person" and "two people" are irregular: - A. and
l:/v
()'/: IJ
=-A..
s.r: IJ
u t:
') (-J...)
.), f::. ') (::...J...)
~ A, I:: A, (=._;.._)
.J_I: A, (e:sJ...)
::: (::A, (:E...J...)
.; <
1: Iv (-/7.J...)
L t; I:: Iv/ -rJ.- t: I:: Iv ( -l:- A.)
Iii; 1: Iv (!'-..A.)
~ tP -) 1: Iv (1LJ...)
r tP -) I:: Iv ( -t- J...)
6
one person
two people
three people
four people
five people
six people
seven people
eight people
nine people
ten people
{PJ}.._\\i-f"h'o
7J:/v!:/v
You can also use some nouns like Jl'. \ '4~ (shopping) for the purpose phrase, as in
7.l
!,(!)
7, {- l- I::: Jl'. \ '4~ I::: 1T ~ i L t: o
I went to a department store for shopping.
tr
{,f/l
'.
fllF~175
To count people in a class, for example, you can add ,..__,A after the noun and the particle fJ\
1:1v
and say:
person
1J' X A
IC,\,
;ft. 0) 7 7 A I:: ( ! i) A r/ I
l., '*9
7' /A
Pl:L
',i_ f}<'- A\ \
n'<-ttc'
tr ): '!
0) ~
L:!v
i -t
~I~/-t----8
0.,5
Expression
Notes
11fu
~13\ ~mt~ means "to play," "to spend time pleasantly," or "to pay a social call."
;J;;-t
;,-t-
-=f.: 1:1t
<1) A~, J::
(:'{,
t 5
<*J.f-
Lt:..o
-t!JvL1tii
Lib-)1-:J
t-)~.1:1
di.>-f
\'
<
9;0Q/Db'Q ~If you don't know the answer to a question but should have
thought about it, you should say b ~'~ i-lt Iv instead of *D ~ i-lt Iv (see LesL
L.,
son 4 Dialogue 2, for example). *D ~ i-1 Iv in such a context would sound rude,
L
implying that your ignorance on that matter is none of the inquirer's business.
A.
(t
1) 1)
,{,(j:1PJ ~LT\\
B!] K07-06
i-9n'a
(1)
~m.,.
-
7d:(:
tr
/ IS:::i
cc
!]
(8)
B.
(9)
P.M.
--+
B : ~
tt
1. 6 A.M.
3. 10
2.
4. 12:30 P.M.
8A.M.
A.M.
-;
-"'
5. 6
P.M.
6. 8
P.M.
7. 11
P.M.
C.
Class Activity-Let's
student.
guess
what the person is doing and raise their hands when they recognize the action.
The person that gets the most points is the winner.
@ (}:)~~fvlctct:IL:f$fv "CG'*91J'
A. This is Sue's family. Answer the following questions.
B!l
Example:
1.
3? )( ~ ,.{, I i .::.
..,
3? (rJ1
~ ,.{, Ii
tioi.
r :
Ht? t
-t 1J'
tioi.
liM~
t,:1:
5. J?(rp ~ ,.{,Ii~~
io;i.
Father
ILo -=:;,,
T'\ 'i-t-h'o
Ht?/:
lt-o-=:,t,,
i -t-h'o
LT\'
7.
J?X
~ 1iM~T-th'o
C:-)
8.
!f;~ 1iM~T-t-h'o
hi::?/::
9.
~/v~I.'
1: Ii/,,
7JtL>0
-:J/:
\\;i-t-lJ'o
L -C \ 'i -t-h'o
Mother
~/v~I.'
L -C\ 'i-th'o
lives in N.Y.
6.
3?-lif~
1iM~
L -C\ 'i-t-h'o
t;;J;,
t,:1:
4. J?(rp~
B.
3 - 7
zi: -
2. !f;~ 1i7,J1)fJ1:1i
3.
-t h'
I :: 1i ,.{, -r \ ' i -t
T
1:7
K07-07
48 years old
45 years old
Sister
lives in Seoul
27 years old
Brother
lives in London
18 years old
Pair Work-Ask your partner's family and fill in the blanks below.
M~T-t-lJ'
M
~ L -C\ 'i-th'
7d:Jv~I,.\
~(:::
j?)(~,.{,
1:-j
j? ./if ~ ,.{,
;l;il;
j?JL~,.{,
1:1.>
j?J(rp~,.{,
tioi.
!f; ~ ,.{,
Ht? t
~ ~ ,.{,
tLH
z; I:: 1:
L -C\ 'i-t-h'
.., ,.{,T\ 'i-th' ~~
lt-o.:: A,
A.
@!] K01-os
Example:
(2)
(3)
(5)
@!] K07-09
i:
A: (l\1,
1.
2.
J..iEB~,.{,(;i-\"-lT\1i-90
r:
vi
J..iEB~,.{,(;il\.-:)T\1i-9h'o
vi
t:
,;,1:
J..iEB~,.(,(;tT :/-t<l~~T\1i-9h'o
'<Cit!_
71-
6J1J~,.(,(;t1PJ~~T\1i-9h'o
J: Ub
to:I:
!J
4. J..iEB ~ ,.{,(;t /-/:A-~ (l\ 1T\1 i-th'o
3.
vi
5.
r:
i-th'o
J:Ub
~#-:)T\1i-9h'o
t
7. J..iEB ~ ,.{,(;ilf'h{f%\ 1T-9h'o
vi to
-it
ten'
8. sJlJ ~ ,.{,(;ilf'h'1l&\ 1T-9h'o
6.
sJlJ~,.{,(ih'~
J:Ub
J: [.,iJjo
-It
U-(
9. J..iEB ~ ,.{,(;t~h'-t{\
vi
10.
to
iJ;,.
>:i:i!'
T-9h'o
{!)
Jc,c
sJll
J: LiJb
C.
Example:
7j(Jj
,,..,.
(1)
+,
~n{~\'T-to T :/-r'Y!-~T\'i-to
fiJj.
Ji.t.:fi
f-1-
"
2. h. t; .; ~ Iv
3.
-tfn{~\'/n'-:>=\'\'
-tt
tcfi
- ff-n'-rJ./::k ~ \,
t~itL~lv
l-
4. 1 / ~-
Lt'
5.
*fr#.MR.
(Bullet Train)
L!vfi!v-ltlv
6. A. - ~
Iv
(I:
U'i:
titi
!!Ji. n{\
Mo1
:it\ '/
/j:'(>
'\
1~*1J
<
IJ
-fJ.
'/~;tJJ-fJ.
L/v-tt-::i
lf/v"
B!] K07-10
-/-/A.
.. !-(l\'l\'i-llvo
B.
Example:
GlJ Ko1-11
--+
0)
A. ( ;t if h { ~
&t
~~
<
1. father
2. teacher
3. house
4. classes
5. friends
6. school
7. homework -
L~~~
8. myself
l ' ~;l:JJ T L f:
my mother
--+
~(;t~;fl\'T~~
L\\T-to
l;l:li
D.
1. my hometown
2. my country
5. Japanese people
3. my Japanese class
6. people of my country
l::*._h{\
\,';{_
l.'o'J.
--+
A :
B
*- 1::*..h"\
l.'i..
I.'~
\ i -t h'o
\.'iJ.
(;t\ -,
A : t''A,-t,i::F..
,,., T-t h'o
B: 1J\~
-!; \'
A : -f
<
T,
h'tJ\\\\T-to
T-th'o
~7~ .. 181
2.
1. t''::: h'
!'<
i L f: >.
/"~')':I/!
< 1:
/ t''/v-fJ.' /{')':I/
T-9 h'o
3.
4.
ff-~
-.-
i -th'
a /
u-1::
i!!*-M t L i L t: o>; /
t'' 7 TL
LP'i 1-:::>t,:I:
o:
t: h'o
Sue is going to the following places to do the things below. Make sentences
like the example. G!] Ko1-12
Example:
*~ -
""'i
--+
h'.): ~(Kabuki)!
1::
Jl.6
~
h'.;: ~ ! Jtl::1t~
i-t
~
,,
-7-F!1-tr'J6
lllv
-~=--~!~~6
U'ih
IJ:lv
t:
- t;iJ-tt
~
7
l
1. ~"f:jf;
i}>
/:: Ld'lv
2. ~~
L; < l:'-j
3.
~1!
!,',]
.p-j[f!v~;(
4.
~IE
.:.-);{./v
5.
6.
lllJ
;<t,
7.
7'/{-
8.
i%;fX
t;\
~?
C:
.r<.!v~ J: ')
:;It;_ "'
X:a!I-~)'\
ii,{-
<-:)!~7
iJ'
-*~!~;t6
BL
;iy
.::-).::-)
.::
- ":J-t-!~kt' a:
B. For what purpose would you go to the following places?
1. ':I /
2.
**
t-Jed
t:' -=- I ::
l::fi~i-90
,,
1::
1::1-f~i
L f:a
,,
3. ~"f:jf;
4. *-1::
~ ;{_
\
5.
*~1::
tee,.,,,<
1::
l::fi~i-90
,,
l::~IJ
i-90
i)>j__
L f:o
1::*i
!'<
C.
Pair Work-Look
partner.
A : ~ t,, :S A.Jlii..t:'i;q)
7i;1::Mt,:1: ~ L 1::ff,, ~ i-th'o
I: t
Example:
B : &;-f
~lll::ff\,' ~ i-t o
Ex. to play (have fun)
( 1) to borrow
Tom
Paul
Ken
(4)
( 3) to buy souvenir
(2)
(5)
~ODD
O 0 D
temple
Mary
Maria
Yoko
A:
Example:
:::q)'ffB1::3{q)J...n{MJ...\'ii""h'o
r-;
V'C
}.;/vlj:
!J.:/v(:/v
1. .;
2.
"(>
/;/:;:
1!'/:
:::q)'ffB1::
r-;
.>(->
(nationality)
3.
.;
q)'ffB1::~h{~\
->;
4. .;
"(>
"';,.
>d:-/J'
'i-th'o
'd:/vl:/v
J...h{MJ...\'ii""h'o
L::/v
i'J./v(:/v
'J...n{MJ...\ 'i-th'o
()'/:
>d:!vl:/v
q)'ffB1:::7t'A
1-J.J...n{MJ...\
'i-th'o
lf/v e.
()'/: 'd:/vl:/v
r-;
"(>
-t -IJ'
2.
~~LT\'ii"h'a
3.
~.ifi/.ifi~#-:>T\'ii"h'a
4.
8*0')~~~P-:>T\'ii"-IJ'o
lt-o~!v
L -ClvL<>
1: li!v
Oi'
0 tc
5. +T-71t,,1:A.-:>T\'ii"h'a
6.
B*-?oOJ7t;~li~81PJ~~T\'ii"-IJ'/li\'T\'ii"-IJ'a
7.
I: li/v .:
";"0 7):1:
-\t/v-\tC'
;'.<
'd:lv{:Jv
~J:~t.:i.1
7J'Ji)
-:>!::
-t -IJ'
10.
-t -IJ'
-J-1~0J*,
~lfi ~#-:> T \ 'i L t: h'a
~ l::'t
I::!\
L -C/vL<>
t
11. ~t(OJ*,
~ 0 .; 0
I:: ";
B*?o~~o-:>T\'i
1: Ii Iv .:
Lt.:h'a
B. Class Activity-Show a picture of your family to the class and describe it.
2. Referring to yours
1. Referring to
other families
A. formal
B. informal
Father
s:Y:6fv
:Y:
<;<;
s:Y:6fv
s:Y: 6fv/1\1\
Mother
st6fv
st6fv
st6!v/??
5[.
il'>IO
s6fv
1:1,.1
s5\'!'fv
~IP
s~m 6
I:?
IJ>lh
(:I.'
s~m 6
Older sister
ti:<.
n,
t;l:?I:
~\{,?
::EA./~
.t:>-:>C
l,$~A
s t.;;1,16
ti:<.
Yit
--
tC.fvt:I./7 "!:>(])A.,
fv
LJ>I:
etc.
ts<
J:/l.l
etc.
st6fv
l);f,
t.El.:Y:
s t.;;1,16
t.El.Bt
s(i'il!> 61v
-t
s:Y:6fv
I:?
~ 6/v/9* 6/v,
f.;.l.1
s(i'il!> 61v
Grandmother
s~IP"!s\'!'!v
--
*l*l/~
tr
-o;<
ts(
Grandfather
n,
l,$~A
~6/v
Wife
(:1,,1
l.1'5?
~'::)..
Husband
ti:<.
l);f,
t;l:?I:
M:t 6 Iv
Younger sister
I:?
l);f,
il'>ti
~ 6 Iv
Younger brother
I:?
{11;t
s 6 1v
Older brother
3. Addressing
yours
Iv
st.;;1,15\'!'fv
s(iil!>!S\'!'fv
f: '"
Child
-) 5 (])T-
sT-61v
--
There are many other kinship terms in addition to those listed in the table above. Equal or
younger members of your family can be addressed by their given name instead of the kinship term. As the table indicates, the term used for a particular type of family member varies
according to the following situations:
Speaking about somebody else's family
1.
2-A. Speaking about your own family in a formal situation, such as a job interview
2-B. Speaking about your own family in a casual situation
3.
A:ffi$6/v(J)s:Y:6fv~00-T9~o
t:
t?
f,;.f)
B : [formal]
[informal]
t.;.A..~1,1
:Y:(i.n+T9o
t:
-S'S
i;~.,;;1,..1
s:Y:6fv(in+T9o
t?
~[;fl,.,~\,\
You can also address members of your family with the terms that the youngest member
~ould use. For example, a wife can call her husband s~ 6 fv or 1\1 \,and a mother can call
her oldest son s52, 5-\'!' fv.
(:1,1
s :Y: 6 Iv t.f~i!i-::i T \, 1 i 9 J: o
t?
Useful Expressions
Parts
of
the
Body
6":>()
<
~ t. i
Cm)
t;tl (~)
-tt -rJ., n,
ctr i:f)
~ L (~)
t;(o)
( m8~ / L
) \-A:=\=- :iD
t: t t
t: t+
t: tt
t: tt
E!] Kos-01102
L ~ Iv, S L
""' +
t: h. !v -t-J.' T / ,- !<,
A. - ~ Iv t
zz, -
f L i -l Iv I.I'
l- ~ Iv f.l{
CJ/,--
* i 1" o
,;l I
1) -
tt
Iv ~ Iv ti I ; t- / < 1
r I.I { S 6
~~T-ttlo Ml.I'#-:)(\\~
:!'!vlJ!v
;;.:1:
t
M t \ \ G -rJ.- \ \ t ~ \ \ i -t o
7J.;.-f;:
1J.;.-f;::
cd -f
;;t ;;t,
t
,, -:) T \ \ i L
i L
J:-)
l <
*- T1t<
IJ;-j
1)
-::)
IJ
i 1" o
:k~a0 i L J: -) l.i'o
lit
S -:) , i t:-jk i
-t-J.' \ \
T < t:- ~ \ \ o
0)
,;t I
1) -
:i! <
Bf-
h. !v -rJ.-
<
t .~
\ \ i 1" o
E!] KOB-03/04
!<,
t:
r ~ lvli;f'f-:!1"60)f.l{~~
T
CJ/\--
1,.,x_
*6
-;
Mf.l'-=f-1~\
\ i L J: -J l.i'o
;;.:1:
-c -st:
t -\'"' s, r < r f-l:JJ-:) -r < t:- ~ \ \ o
3 J.;.-f;::
,;t I
Iv t
:B t
;&.(:
!<,
tt!v~!v(i?
sJ.;.-f;:
6
3J
\\\\Ti"t:J.o f_:';tlf.l{*-ii"f.l'o
3J.;.-f;:
4
Barbecue
At school.
1J.;.-f;:
L -\'"'
1) -
Iv t *- 6 t -:)
<
v-
-t-J.- -:)
T 1" h. i -l Iv o
s,
~;ff !
;/)'/vl;fC'
-r \ \ i
L t: I.I' Go
Ti"l.l'o
Bt
msfil!l
Michiko: You are good (at cooking). Do you like cooking, Robert?
Robert: Yes, I often cook at home.
Michiko: Shall I help you with something?
Robert: Well then, cut the tomatoes, please.
*
Robert: Shall we start?
Michiko: Don't drink yet. Mary said that she would come.
Mary: I'm sorry for being late.
Everyone: Well then ... Cheers!
,,,
H 1s7
B!l
V
KOB-05
Nouns
<h~-?l
<h 66
rain
n'\\L-\"\\,.{,
office worker
tJ ,;( 7
camera
tJ7::t7
karaoke
< 7 ~
It~
::: < If',.{,
~~
air
~im
this morning
~AR
blackboard
.; ,.{,If-:>
~}3
this month
L .: t:
1*
:k~:i.
college student
~~f~
weather forecast
?JT
place
< {t\ \
-r ,.{,~ J: 117
t:'\
\-Q{
t: .; .;
r<
tomato
l-
-f.._, -:>
-f.._, 1:
summer
h'
something
/-\-j-1-
* /~--""'~
Ii L
party
barbecue
.:z_-
chopsticks
,), rP
winter
;t-i-:;?;j-1
;i\\LI'))-)
every week
G \ 'tf-:>
next month
tJ:~adjectives
* c: J: 7 -r- (-f....)
.I; .=f-
skillful; good at
("" -Q{)
r .t-
clumsy; poor at
( ""n{)
rP 7
~ i;
famous
66 \ \ (-f.J.')
U~verbs
<h 66 n{.;, 6
<h G 7
* \\7
* \\6
* Words
jf,j-Q{~{J
it rains
to wash ("" f)
to say
to need ( ,.._,n{)
51(;
:i!! <
to be late
to think
1:}]6
to cut (""'
11=6
#-"Jl\'<
i.::.;i.::.;~6
~l'6
:kEi 6') 6
Irregular
-JJ...,l'J...,-t6
-tJ: }._, t: < -t 6
227 L::-t6
TA.,h-t6
* ') J: 7 1) -t 6
Adverbs
\ \-J t
-f.,1.
ca ,
~7
"f )
to make (""' "f )
"f )
"f)
to throw away (""' f )
to begin (""' f)
to stare (at . .
) (""'
Verbs
if~-t
55\:;51-t
{W~-t
~~-t6
Jf.1-JI-t
and
6
6
6
f)
to do laundry (""'
to clean (""'
f)
"f)
to call (""' I : )
Other
to cook
Expressions
always
7 7 }._,
7 }._,
*n'J...,lf\'
* ~'J...,;fJ.J..., (T-t*1)
"-'1:-J\\l
* i t: + negative
* J,..J...,-t.,1.T
to drive (""'
uh-uh; no
uh-huh; yes
~;ff
~~ (-C'-t ;fl)
Cheers! (a toast)
That's too bad.
about ... ; concerning ...
not ... yet
all (of the people) together
Short Forms
In this and the next lesson, we will learn a new paradigm of conjugation, which we will call
"short forms.1 " Before we start worrying about their meaning and how they are used, let us
first see what they look like. It should be obvious why they are called short forms. We will
list the already familiar "long forms" to the right in the table below.
Present tense, affirmative
short forms
verbs:
L, v-adiectives:
ta:-adjectives:
noun+cg:
long forms
~rc(}f*g
.J;
~~Cg
/Ji(itl.'--
long forms
~re#* tt 1v
.J;
<
i:tl.'
re.
drop cg
after tcJ:L,'
Various names have been given to this paradigm. They include "plain forms;' "informal forms;' and "direct
style:' Long forms, on the other hand, are often called "polite forms;' "formal forms;' and "distal style:'
..J: <
1".1. \ '.
Verbs in the negative need to be analyzed in more detail, because ru-, u-, and irregular verbs
conjugate differently.
Negative short forms of verbs (c above)
ru-verbs: Take the final
~-"Z.Q
-+
to
~<
-+
~39
l;f.f,j:
-+
~~"=:)
-+
=U
~1J'tJ:l,'
IJ
~3~1J:l,'
l;f.f,j:
~~tc1J:l,'
"t,
~tJ:1J:l,'
~7C~1J:l,'
J;
1'F.Q
?<
~71<
<
t;J;
Dif
i~I
J;
~5
IJ
-+
-+
LJJ:l,'
(.@
-+
-+
tJ:l,' (3)
IJ>
"
~~
t,
-+
~7Cct>
-+
J;
-+
-+
-+
1'F
5tJ:l,'
?<
~71<1J'tJ:l,'
t;J;
Dif
I d'.'tJ: l,'
J;
~btJ:l,' (1)
IJ
irregular verbs:
g:Q
t:::tJ: l,'
(2)
exception:
.Q
With verbs in the negative, the following three points are worth noting.
(1) The negative short forms of verbs that end with the hiragana 7 are ,....,,, t:J 1-.1.\ ' instead
of <f:J.1. \ '.2
(2) The vowel changes with the irregular verbs -t 6 and < 6.
( 3) The verb cY:i 6 in the negative is 1".1. \ ', as in iJ' ~ iJ <' 1".1.\ ' (there is no umbrella).
r-
We now turn to discussion of how we utilize short forms. In this lesson, we will learn to use
the short forms in the following four contexts:
In
In
In
In
surfaces with the vowel a following,~ tJ 1-.1. \'This mystery consonant also explains why the te-form of such a
verb has a small ~,just like verbs whose bases obviously end with a consonant, such as t ~ and f~ ~ .
Informal Speech
Two people who are close friends or family members speak with short forms at the end of
sentences, using them as a sign of intimacy. The use of long forms, in contrast, tends to imply the speaker's intention to "keep a proper distance" from the listener. Short forms, then,
are like talking on a first name basis, while long forms are like using "Mr:' and "Ms:'
It may not be easy to decide when it is appropriate to switch to short forms. First of all, Japanese speakers are often very conscious of seniority. A year's difference in age may in many
cases totally preclude the possibility of establishing a truly "equal" relationship. Second,
license to use short forms is not mutual; senior partners may feel perfectly justified in using
short forms while expecting their junior partners to continue addressing them with long
forms. Thus if somebody who is older, say, your Japanese language professor, talks to you
using short forms, they would be greatly surprised if you should return the favor.
Here are a few observations on the grammar of short forms as they are used in casual conversations.
In the casual conversational use of short forms, question sentences do not end with the
question particle iJ', but with rising intonation alone.
c:: ,{_J.,1. 1t ~
Bl"~'<
~ rift <
'
x r ,.c -r.,1.1t~
to!"~'<
~ rift <
!<
fJ, ? )
-
1)
:S ,.C (;t.=_.ff..:.
(: .P/v-t!"\.'
or ,J 7
1)
:S ,.C (;t.=..ff..::J:. t: J:
t; *:J./v-tt"I.'
(Rather than: ,J 7
1) -
:S ,.C (;t.=_.ff..::J:.
1: ~oA,-ttc-
t:o)
Mary is a sophomore.
In casual conversations, 11 \ ' and \ '\ ';{_ are usually replaced by the less formal 7 J..., and
7 7
J...,.
~B~>H
193
To quote a person's utterances or thoughts, you use a clause ending with a predicate in the
3
short form, plus t: .~ \ 'i -t (I think that ... ), t: -:i -C \ 'i L t: (They said".. :'), and so
/;L
''
forth. t: is a quotation particle, which does the job of both the English word "that" in indirect quotation and of quotation marks (" ") in direct quotation.
0
0
0
0
''
Bt
The action in progress expression in I::: ,, ...., T \ ' i L f::. indicates that you were there when. somebody said
that, as in "I heard them saying ... "If you were not there when the utterance was made, as in "(the long dead)
Napoleon said ... ," I::: \ ' i L f:. sounds more appropriate.
4
Note that the present tense in Sue's original utterance is preserved in Mary's report.
5
To say that you don't think something is the case, it is more common in Japanese to say it like ~ i'J. \ ' I::: .~ \ '
i -9 (I think that something is not the case) than r-- I:::.~\' i 1:t A, (I don't think). Therefore:
1-; L
(:f.t,i;J:) FT 1) - ~ A,i;J: f:. It L ~ )...,IJ<ff-~ L:: 'i" i'J.1' I::: .~1 'i -9 o
btL
~
Bt
I don't think Mary likes Takeshi. (=I think Mary doesn't like Takeshi.)
To request that someone refrain from doing something, one can use a negative verbal short
form plus
T < t:' ~ \ -.
t:' ~ \ 'o
L<' Liv
verb
+ c < tC.cl \
1J'~J=i!c9
Short forms are used in constructions where verbs and adjectives are to be treated as nouns.
Thus ;f.t.. Ii"" n{ff ~ T-t / ~ G \ 'T-t can, besides describing your preference for items devu
T
noted by nouns, such as JIB, also describe your preference for activities, such as swimming,
/JC:
drinking coffee, and studying Japanese. Add (!) to a verbal short form to express the idea of
"doing x"
(;f.t..(i) BJ.j;;.?o-~~1i-t6 (!)n{ff~T-to
/Jl'L
1: l;!!v::::
XC/vod
-9
->;
(1)-IJ{ ~
G \ 'T-t o
i-7 t.:
'<i'
~ ~
,{,(i#J!.~11=6
1)J0
"'n{r
<:
*
to
T'-t (is
(!)fJ{_tfT"to
cd T
-=><
IJ
"'n".l.*-c-t
cli i'
(j:Jd:"
->;
t:
To describe one's skills or lack thereof, we also often use a different set of expressions, namely, ~i;< t:
-9 (is comfortable with ... ) and "'-'iJ{ 1: i;{-C -r--t (is uncomfortable with ... ).
;ft. Ii B ;t~ !- ~-9 (!) i;< t: < \ 'T-9 o
I am good at/comfortable with speaking Japanese.
bt~L
!:
ll Iv
.:
11 "-i:
< \ 'T
H~
person Id:
'
~SL,'
_t-
G;j
c9
l'-t:
r-;
It is a common mistake to use the te-form of a verb in such contexts, misled by the association between ""'""' T \ ' {> and the verb in the -ing form in English.
x t. It L ~Iv li~?o
;Z_l.'
.:
t~t L -Z-h<'T~-C-t
t:
Lt~
r-;
1J'i
What if we both know that somebody went to Okinawa recently, and I know that it was Robert, but you don't. I will say:
ROBERT went to Okinawa.
This sentence means that Robert went to Okinawa, which in English would be uttered with
an extra emphasis on the name Robert. His identity is the new piece of information provided by this sentence. It is one of the functions of the particle i;<' to ( 1) present the subject
of a sentence in a way such that (2) the noun will "fill in the blank on the information sheet:'
The "blank on the information sheet" is a question word like
tence will fill in the blank left out by:
t:;tt
t:ttn<'5tf'~l::ff ~ i L f::.-h'o
i:>~ld:'b
l,\
As we learned in Lesson 2, a question word that is the subject of a sentence is never followed
by the particle ll, but always by the particle iJ<'. As we have seen, a noun that will provide
the answer to such a question is also followed by the particle iJ<'.
r_'' (}) 7
'?;t Ltc-tl:lv-trC'-
The word for "something" is M IJ', and the word for "anything" in negative sentences is Mt.
ij.(:
~(:
10J1J'
tJ:(:
10J1J'
I.ti::
1DJ=t:J
+ negative
tJ:(:
something
anything?
not ... anything
These two words are used in places where the particles (i, IJ\ and ~ are expected, In these
contexts, they are used on their own, without the help of particles. We will learn in Lesson
10 what to do in cases where particles other than these are expected.
~i-lJ{M-IJ'#-:i
;,::_
to:I:
-c ~
i L
t.;
i L f::.-IJ'o
~iliM-IJ"'~~
;,::_
fo:I:
i:
to:1:
t ~t: ~ i
-l ,.<., T L f::. o
ms~H 197
r
~I~/-~9
U-"3
Expression
Notes
11fv
nouns
MH!Tib
,-.{_fv5 J: 1
MH!
....Zlv5J:1
to study
study
fl-~Tib
J: ')
lj .t -j 1)
to cook
cooking
1)
!)
;f4-~
-"./v5 ! ')
t::
L "'-CT o
o;\-
J--2'/vO);f4-~liiJv'Lv'""CTo
iJT1T
T 0.
I studied Japanese.
t:
It L 2' Iv li1l~~O)M}~
;;r Li L tc;
Takeshi cleaned his room.
f--J t.:Compare: t: It L 2' Iv Ii ff~~ ;;r .fw ~Li Lt.: o
-t-1 t-<:
-\"'
-;
You can use both these nouns and their T 0 verbs in sentences with ~t ~ -CT
i"
and ~ G v' -CT, for example. You need to add 0) to the verbs, as we discussed in
Section 5. Pay attention to the particles before these words, too.
Bl:li/v..:----<./v5J:1
*~O)ML ~! iJ'H;- ~-CT o/ B(:liA,..:-..-.z1v:J.i:')
*~ff;;rML ~!T 0 -O)iJ>H~
-C'T o
T
I like studying Japanese.
*l ~
flfu
Ll\b5
G)Short Forms
A. Change the affirmatives into negatives.
Ir<
Example:
IJ'IJ'-f,n'
1.
H.6
5. (;t
<
2.
ihlt6
6. (;t
t &':> 6
3.
--t t;
7.
<
4.
-IJ'lt 6
ih G 7
13.
};t 7
10.
<
14.
t-=>T\'<
11.
hi";ft6
15. (;t \ \
12.
ih6
16.
'J
9.
t: IJ' \ '
If ,.C ~
1.
l'P 7
2.
3.
t:
t:
8] KOB-06
IJ'h\\\\
7.
-\''--9\\
;h &':> t:
5.
H.t-lJ'\\
8.
~ ;ft\ \ r:
6.
L tC-tt -J
9.
t:
IJ' ;;(_ 6
8] Kos.01
4.
&':> \ \
10. \\\\
Informal Speech
A. Answer the following questions in informal speech, first in the affirmative, then
in the negative. 8] xoe.os/oc
Example:
1. ~8,
~J:-J
Q :
J: <
'*' ~~""6?
':j-jpfa.
~5~--96?
t:
4.
-"'/v~J:')
5.
J: < -ClvL<'
~lP-1:::*6?
ai
:Bf
8' 8
-*-IB ~iii"
?
'l'C'i:t,
IC Iii",::_
IJ:>d:
~8~
7. ~
L f::., :k.~1::*-6?
tJ7;;t71::ff<?
I.'
!>;~
L>P<tc1'
11. ~~'
#~Ji f=Nf}~-t
6?
-f"i L
~~
f#-? (\ \6?
12. ~ 8'
57t5i-t 6?
-itA,t:<
8'
t.:: -C,t,,L<>
B.
GI.' L.11i ~
7 Jl!h{ ~ 6 ?
8. ~
9.
*~'
10.
<
tc\'il<
;<1,Lo"i
;!'\'l:t,
199
<:
-"'
Answer the following questions in informal speech, first in the affirmative, then
in the negative. G!] Kos-10;11
Example:
o::7t'A?
Iv "
A : 7 Iv , :7t 'Ao / 7 7 Iv , :7t 'A L
If
lf/v
"
5. ;.ft JI h { J:.
1. Vi?
2.
3.
IJ;-j
'J
''tn'
::: <7)~f+:1=(i\ \\ \?
'I" -tJ. \ \ o
.:f- ?
iJ' L;
8 *-'?o<7) 7 7 A. (i}:; t
9.
L; -j i'
IJ
l't L \ \ ?
!id
4.
If/,,
1: li/v .:
L.;\\?
G \ \?
10. B*-'?o<7)77A.lin
1: Ii/,, C:
7t;:i.(i::: h\ \?
If-:>
"J;-j
J:
-j
\ \?
8. ~BliJiBIB?
-ttA.,-ti"I.'
t;fi)
U'
!i!6tcC:!G'*9
A. Make a guess about Mary, using ~2::.S\L, '*9.
8't
Example:
G!] Kos-12
good at Japanese
1: liA, .:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
B.
often cooks
drives a car
doesn't smoke
speaks Japanese every day
doesn't go home late at night
doesn't drink coffee much
often goes to see movies
td
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
ht
not married
likes Takeshi
busy
a good student
not tall
not quiet
not a freshman
Make a guess about the person or place below and answer the following
questions.
Example:
;t;t,
IJ-C
IC ll/v C/v
B*-A..t:t:,~\\i-to/
ht
1: ll/vl/v
t.::/v
ht
-t
Picture A
1.
2.
'\>'1' Lf:-\t/vtTC'
"''
ry 7
3.
U i -c-tiJ'o
4. liJ{ iJ'\
Mei
5.
if'iJ'~\ 'T-9-IJ'o
t:n'
-tr
6.
-\t/v-\tC'
~i;T-9-IJ'o
tt
L \ '-c-r iJ' o
\H'
7.
#.G~LT\'i-9-IJ'o
lt-o::. Iv
8.
j:;~~f:
9.
< ~#--J(\'i-fiJ'o
n'tt
t:
10 .
11.
77:,;;z~~~i!Li-th'o
.:
L i -t iJ'o
Ii t.:
Picture B
:liB*-T-9-IJ'o
1: ll:!v
1.:
2. ~
'1J7&'.>C'
3.
!>
ii?-::>
6.
/:~7,
~'Ali~il\'T-9-IJ'o
n
4. ~\
5.
'T-9-IJ'o
~Ii*\'~ t:
T-9-IJ'o
A.iJ'f:
< ~ 1i
,;,ry
U'I:
7. : :
8.
T\ 'i -9-IJ'o
BJ:
~1:::
.J: < ii?&'.>
miJ'~
') i-9-IJ'o
Id:-::>
,3,
university cafeteria
u<1:.7
B: ~< (,
-\,T
A~ li
A:
Bt
j:;\\L\\t'.~\\i-fo
Bt
r 7 Bt
~\
*h!i.J: <1;:~1:::ff~i-fo
t>teL
t:
''
'i-9-IJ'o
*t.li--o
Mel
1. this town
3. Japanese language
2. this class
A.
Report what the following people said, using ~c~ ,, :J""Cl'* Lr.:.
- o : ;) 1
- ~ 1i
1J
M t:
~/...,
-:)
v-
-r \ ' i
;)I I} -
t: n,
B!] Kos-13
1.
* 13 t
2.
s L t: ! i Jl \ '~~ f
Gc1j'0
iJ'
3.
Li
0)
~85l~f~Y~
L 1"\'i-to
:tc1:t.nlv t.:
-<!v!<d
-r \ ' i -t
4. ;t - L,, A
7 1 f L
s. r;x ~
!i~:l-lrc-t o
I:?
6.
L!v-tt0
t!.1.,tf< -ttl.'
(.:I.'
-<'<
"-'' .:
T-t o
L i-tt i..
*-~!i~?of~1;
iJ'
9.
t;-tV~
!i3't:f!n{_t.:f-T-t o
n';Ji,
IJ;0 IJ
t;-) -f
7. t;)L ~ !i:k~1:.
8.
-r ,
lit.:
SLf:!l\'\'~~T-to
-c Iv
<
!;,
10.
S L f: !i-*
n.
s ~-:) -r !ii\fun{~
12.
S ~ -:)
"t;
-t-J. \ 'T-t o
;Ji,11)
-r !i-*\
,;,
'J i -t
'T-t o
"t;
B.
Pair Work-Ask your partner the following questions. Take notes and report to
the class later, using ~c~:J""Cl'*Lr.::.
,,
2.
3.
1: 1J1v
4.
-c-t n'
1: 1i1v
1l'I:
-t
n'
-<'<
1l'I:
A.
GJKos-14
Example:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
not
not
not
not
not
not
--+
~~
l'<' l!v
to speak English
to call you
to come to your house
to go
to smoke
to sleep in class
f Jf;f,,e\ \T
;;,
< r:: \
\o
7. not to forget
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
not
not
not
not
not
to stare at you
to start the class yet
to be late
to erase the blackboard yet
to throw away the magazine
Example:
~f!m(t6
1(:'
;J;,
--+
A: ~flm!tT t\\\\T"-9h'o
i
e:
;J;,
B: -thi-tt,.{,o
imit-rJ.'\\T<
;J;,
\ \ \ \ T-9 J: o r -J 2f o
1.
t: I ;f : f ~T -J
4. ~~
-( Iv ~
2. 7 t- t:' f-J It 6
t:~\'o *\\T-th'Go/
~~
fWf-t
It
5. )~')~/f1~-J
0~
3. ~~
l'<' l!v
f :Jil.6
(:
-(Iv
~o
Example:
-;
"
t:
tennis (good)
--+
,J
i'
swimming (poor)
-
,; 1 IJ - ~ ,.<.,1i)71'. <"'O)h{r.:f-T-t
hJ:
French (poor)
2. cooking (good)
3. making sushi (poor)
4. eating with chopsticks (good)
1.
(Ii LT)
-;
5.
6.
7.
8.
to
ms~203
B.
studying
A:
~7~-96(7)h{3tf~T-9h'o
B:
Ii\',
-t
"'-lvoH
3tf~--c-t/*-3tt~--C
-to
T
fcY T
* ~ G \ '-c-t o
t.:.l\
9. cooking
1. eating
5. playing sports
2. sleeping
6. studying Japanese
3. singing
7. doing cleaning
11.
4. doing shopping
8. doing laundry
ff~
..,
driving a car
t ~ G \ 1 -r t t: \ 1 -r-r .
tcrt1J'-1=1JA.{);c91J'
A. Use the table below and answer the questions. B!] KOB-16
Example:
t:tln{1.:f'1J
01'\-
r~
7..A. T-th'o
t.:lv
,.Cn{1.:f'1J 7..A. T-90
t.:lv
1.
t:tln{~OOA. T-th'o
2.
t: ;fl h{ Y1i
# JJ. ~ -t 6 (7) h{ .I; .:f-T-9 :
Y
t1i ~
3.
t:tln{\
4.
t:hn{.:p-
5.
t:tln{*._n{3tf~
T-th'o
,,~,
-r
7J'fv::_ ( t.:/v
t ~'.tT~"
l1(1:'0
~Li
t:
i -th'o
L f:h'o
~Robert
British
is good at
cooking
cooks often
went to Okinawa
last weekend
doesn't like
cats
~Mary
American
is good at
skiing
likes dogs
E}sue
Korean
is good at
singing
cooks
sometimes
likes cats
is good at
swimming
always eats at
cafeteria
doesn't like
cats
B.
'-J
Takeshi Japanese
Pair Work-Use the table above and ask your partner questions with tcfltJ'.
You went to a party but did nothing there. Make sentences using the cues.
Bl] KOS-17
Example:
-(:::ff~
i L f::.IJ\ (eat)
,,
/ ~ - 7- 1 - t::: ff
~ i L t: fJ \ M
t 1"'
i -1 ,.<., --c L
(,.\
7j:(:
t:
/~-7-1
1. / ~ -
1 -
(:::ff,, ~ i L t: I; {,
i L f::.IJ\
2. -/] 7 ~ 71;{~ 1)
3.
T t- t' I;{~
4. -/] ,J 7
1)
i L
t: I;\
t:
(drink)
(sing)
(watch)
(take)
5.
6.
Q : ~
(!)
7(l)Bjt:::~liMIJ'1l1)
lik
A:
(l\',
[;tk
7_/~1l'/T1
>:;:1:
1.
tt~, Mn'1"'i
>:i:I:
t:
3.
~(!)"),
\,,\ i
5. ~3*,
LP'i ;t-::>
6.
7-vt'T(onTV)'fPJIJ'Jti
MIJ'\'
1j\:
1)
i L f::.IJ'o
<
(spaghetti) ~1):1)
-::> <
-::>
i -1 ,..(, T L
t.
i Lf::.o/
Lf::.IJ'o
>:;:1:
4. ~,
>:;:1:
Lf::.IJ'o
;,.
i-tn'o
Mn'Li-tn'o
>:i:I:
~3*, Mn'~
1~ L i -t IJ'o
7J:C
""-lv~.t?
LtP?--:J
A Interview one of your classmates about any future plans and report to the
class.
Example:
"A-~
tC!i*-iJ=.
') rJ !lr'"-ff < C:
'~'J./..,
i; \,,
1,,. \
-:>
\,, \
T \ \ i L t.,
ms~2os
B. Pair Work/Group Work-You are planning a party. Decide on the following
points and fill in the chart.
-r Li
-ti.I'
t:'*tf.l{*-i-fi.l'
!'-
2. hates to do cleaning
3. likes to sing
4. is poor at driving
5. whose mother is good at cooking
~ Iv Ii -----------
-------
t
,, "') T \ \ i L f: o
D. Pair Work-A and B are making plans for a one-day trip with two other friends
C and D. A knows C's schedule and B knows D's schedule. Play the roles of A
and B. Discuss your own and your friend's schedules using ~C: ~,, "J "Cl,'* ~ic,
and find out which days all four of you are available.
Example:
A : cP
+~B
Ii U i T-fi.l'o
-j ;t, (I: "I;
B : \ \ \ \ ;{. , ~ \ \ ~~ I ::: ff ~ i -t o
iJ'
j,O)
,,
id:(:
-r t .
\ \ i L t. o
B : ~ -) T-f-/;' o L::
'I"
ch ......
1 -,
8 Ii , t -) T-t I.I' o
J.:~-jl;l:i;l:t;
C ~ /vf.l{~@J
X.1.' -//
t: Jll:::ff
<
J.J.
I.'
t "') T
I.'
Student A
A's schedule
16
17
18
20
19
quiz
study
23
24
25
26
21
27
22
party
28
29
part-time
job
Pair Work
@ D. ===============================================
Student B
B's schedule
16
shopping
23
17
18
19
20
21
work
22
tennis
24
25
26
27
28
29
work
~8~
.:!&
l!A
s ;IJ>-f
J.i. { 5t
L?;
Commondishes in Japan
n~-71A
~U771
~-J:~~-
Al'lfj;i7-1
Deep-fried shrimp
Ra men noodles
Udon noodles
Spaghetti
'*'*
j\/J\-1'
~L-J.i.
Raw seafood
sHJ.i.i*~
z.a:
'?
>!'?cA
Dumplings
~ c_;,,
7-j/
Hamburger steak
Savory pancake
What did Michiko and Professor Yamashita eat for breakfast today?
A-7, 3-/j;i,"
.:!&, i* ~ ttJ't./.
fi.i" t.:
(j.A,
-\"'
* z:
J.i. { 5t
L.Q
207
( m9~ / L
91
1J'13\=0: Kabuki
f: (t L :
~J
~7')-:
h',;:~T-th'
1} -
~ ,{,
GD K09-01;02
Si
')~a')
i-tl-,{,o Tt,
CJ/\--!--
~,{,!i-bt L.;
h' -:i
3
4
t: It L
~}I}-:
f:ltL:
t: t ,,
t: ! + L :
3 ~ /
I) -
IJ -
Jj.
.)~
"'
*-BIBT-to
+-=-mrn'GE:9mriTT-to
t < J: ? 1f
t $? 1: t
J: t
@ During
~
T \ \ i L f: o
-:i
GD K09-03/04
*1 \ \ T L
t: ;t10
tl:l-c T \ \ 6 J..
Ii ;,. A.JJ. i;t:_
~ 0) J.. T-t J: o
()'/:
o:
:
i'?!3T-9h'o
Ii/vi:?
~}I}-:
t: It
f:ltL:
Lf:h'o
()'Q
tc
L :
@ At a concession
1
f:!t L :
2J60)J..:
h--t!c
()'/:
f: It L :
4f60)J..:
J,.-t!c
()'/:
stand.
};
GD K09-05/06
?!3 ~-=--:>
< t: ~ \ \
,),fc
<r; I: ?
..Z-*1-n'G, };~~--=>t":J-t-~--=>o
t;"
()'I:
()'/:
.=_f-;\.gf9T-'to t''-) t<h1}h"t -J =--~- \\i
1: -t!c!v1L>1f'<'(i.!v
Lf:o
CD
Takeshi: Mary, do you like Kabuki?
Mary: Kabuki? I don't know it well. But Robert said it was interesting.
Takeshi: I got two tickets for Kabuki, so would you like to go to see it?
Mary: Sure. When is it?
Takeshi: On Thursday. From twelve noon to four.
~E
I]
v
Nou
i::t
E!!l K09-07
tcfu
n s
\.;
* t; ""' r 7
* i.l'.): ~
\\\\-f-
good child
color
};#~
boxed lunch
~~~
.:f' 5' -
guitar
*~
~J:h,{,
< -t ')
< -f
'::I
1) f
f+j--
(1)
t;
last year
medicine
~ fjjzt;
to take medicine
concert
r
~ < .;: ,{.,
~Jt
near future
fp)t
essay; composition
Lit,{.,
t\.~
exam
: A,
7.
.or-
ski
71:; ~
Jj!m
PO
to//
to!f
last month
word; vocabulary
piano
pizza
M'A
U'.i:7~
l,\ - a d
illness; sickness
e c t i v e s
;ht;\\
it\\
<h i.l' \ \
$\ \
red
< .; \ \
~\
black
~U'L\'
L.; \'
;bi.l' \ \
blue
\
~L\'
lonely
8\ \
white
;t\ \
young
~tiB,~
mean-spirited
jffi6
~;b6
to dance
tJ. - a d j e c t i v e
\\lh6(f,.:)
U-verbs
t; r 6
};;b6
* Words
1:::~n'<h6
ll L:: i 6
A.~n'<h 6
:k~ i 6
to be popular
v<
~<
(something) begins
piano) ("'
* t G7
c "'n')
f)
f)
Ru-verbs
-J? I Lt 6
* T6
( ,.,_, f)
'.Jt ;t 6
to memorize
lli6
rregular
Verbs
7 ,. {_, t:' 7 -9 6
~,..(,lf-96
Adverbs
iI~-9 6
l&:!f<-96
and
to do physical exercises
to take a walk
Other
Expressions
* "'n' G
from ...
* 1:'' U:
* t'. :: .; T
by all means
all
by the way
.H,..(,f,f
* t 7
already
Numbers
<tr
f)
)::
--:>
one
* ,;, t.::
.:: -:>
two
.H -:)
-:>
.::::. -:>
three
J: -:) -:>
:9-:>
four
\ \-:> -:>
:Ii-:>
five
t; -:)
-:>
~-:>
six
-1:--:>
seven
;'-..-:>
eight
==(])-:>
fr_,-;
nine
t'.};
ten
We will now continue the discussion on short forms, which we started in the last lesson.
Here we will learn the past tense paradigm of short forms.
Past tense, affirmative
compare with:
~"ff.Ive
J;
tJ't>l 'D'':) rec9
ijj
D' -c G re
V9
verbs:
l,)-adjectives:
ta:-adjectives:
noun+
~~cure
c9:
tJf<-tt1.. 1--
~"ff.~tcJ:L,'
J;
-
ta:-adjectives:
noun+
tJ't>l'
V9
c9:
~~
ti< itl.1
in te-forms with
re I re
D' tt:
replace
with
re.':) re
The two irregularities that we noted earlier are observed here once again. They are:
,,
,,
See ff...,
T in Lesson 6. See l iJ'-, t. T-t, l
,,
<
-tJ..' \
'T-t, and l
< t: iJ'-,
t. T-t in Lesson 5.
Short form predicates in the past tense can be used in the same way as the present tense
forms, which we discussed in Lesson 8.
In casual conversations
it"'
t:
t:
BjE :~,
if A,
i;l:A,
7 Iv, it"'
t:
t:
Uh-huh, I did.
:S Iv ( ;L
.; 7::. 7
I:~
t:
l'
Sue said that she wore (had worn) glasses in high school.
t: t: ~t \ ' i -t
};
::z. - :S Iv ( i 8(:(i!vC..'
;.f.?o ~ ~
1~ L T \ '6- t:
".) T \ ' i L
rZ/v~.t?
\..'
t:
The short forms of verbs can be used to qualify nouns, much like adjectives can. In the
example below, the phrase E -i-::: T/.f. f M[:.{, -"("'\ '~ (reading a book over there) is used as a
2
liA,
J:
qualifier for the noun ~ 1:..
-ll< -tl:e>
l<f,..:C: T/.f.~~ft:lvT\'6l~:i.(il-d;:
IVv
J:
:S !vTi"'o
~<<-ttc
A qualifying phrase like this, which has a sentence-like structure of its own, is technically known as a "relative
clause"
1.
I cf=J=BL3l' I
2.
I ~1J'&l, I
t~ti'
IN;
3.
I ~1J'G~1J,11-cG ':@I
4.
I ~ii1J'H~
ts I
-;-
A
l)>/:
lJ>/:
l)>/:
lJ>/:
t.k
noun
l~-T: T'.1F~
L~, LA-
~--:> (\
I:
\6IA.
V'I:
(l;tf:*1 T-fh'o)
-j /"l:"-j
~ -t 6 I A.
(l;t7t~ T-t a)
U'I:
If
!'<
A,
If: If':
~'?&.h-f.n
.,
'I A
()'I:
(h{-frt., ~ T-t o)
l4;;~#.i5~Lt:l~t:t;
!'<.d>/"lt-:>.:A-
l:t
(h'G-i=-#-!X.h{*-i
-c 1J'l-J.
Lf:o)
"'
In Japanese, past tense forms do double duty on the affirmative end of polarity, but the past
tense and the T \ \ {) construction
0)
*t- I ;t ~ 0) 7 tell~! f
bt:l
l~<tc''
L i L f= o
and
*t- Ii
blcl
t 7 l~(6'
tEl ~ f L i L f= o
With the negative, the past is used to talk about a finished time period like ~
{) is used if your intention is to talk about how things stand now ("not yet").
*t- I ;t ~ 0) 7 tEl<tee,
~f
bl: t
l~
L i -1 ,.<,, ..t L f = o
and
*t- Iii
bl:l
0)
t: tEl~ f LT\\
lP<fCI'
7 , but T \ \
i -1 ,.<,,o
This use of T \ \ {) can be found both with verbs describing changes and with verbs describ ..
ing activities, as defined in Lesson 7.
A - ~,.{,(;ti
t:~~ ~ T \ \ i -I ,.{,o
(change)
*h ( ;t i
bl: L
t:~
U-ct.
:"j]j._
lilv
f ~""l \ \ i -1 ,.{,
t:
(activity)
*t- Ii~
bl:l
;Ii;"
t:
In this lesson, we learn to incorporate the explanation clauses in the statements themselves,
rather than adding them as separate sentences. You can simply transpose the "explanation+
iJ' G" sequence to the beginning of a sentence for which the explanation is offered.
(explanation)
1J' 5, (situation),
cf:>
t: ~.~IJ{ cf:> ~
Lit;,.,
fJ'
+,
G , btcl
~t. Ii ~l!t~
7~ L i
-:;,.,1f;,.,.-z;,.,e<,.;
f::.fJ'
f::.o
-c
Note that the resulting order of elements resembles that of a "therefore" sentence more
closely than that of a "because" clause in English.
Before the conjunction IJ' G, you find both the long and short forms. Thus the IJ' G clauses
in the above examples can be rewritten as <h L f::.~.~IJ{<h 1) i-tIJ' G and *IJ'-:> f::.""'t-tIJ'
3
l lj
"t;
G. The long form before IJ' G is more polite, and is frequently found in request and suggestion sentences.
A,
J i-tn'G,
n'.;:50)1:JJrfn{<:>
~ -o )'
-~1:::;t1:::ff5
L
1,.\--:)
J:
}j..
i L
J:,
L'
The long form before iJ' G is inappropriate when the entire sentence ends in a short form, however. Thus it is
inappropriate to say: X *iJ' -of:: -r-tiJ' G, ti:liJ'ltfJ.iJ' -o f::o
: :<t:
-r
*l ~
tlfu
[.,~5
IJ'
<
1. (j:-f"J.'-t
2.
L.t.:i
3.
(7)
4.
IJ'(t 6
t;
I;'\\
t:
5.
\\<
9.
6.
s.z.;:
7. -:>
8.
<
-r-6
s G 7
13. \ \ -f ('
10.
<
14.
11.
u<
12.
i-=>
16.
B.
IJ'
<
fJ'fJ'-fJ.'fJ'
5. (;!:
<
6. (;;t
L: i 6
<
2.
+r
3.
L6
7. -:>
4.
fJ'(t6
8.
G!] K09-os
1.
tP 7
2.
3.
<
6
11. \ \ 7
14.
7 t: 7
15.
-1 ,.(, t.
~-tt;
16.
7 ,.(, t:'' 7 -t 6
11.
~UL\'
t.J. t; \ \
12.
G!] K09-1 o
-fj.'
tf ,.(, ~ t: ~ t:
-1 \ \
I;{<
-1 \ \ t: ~
t:
4.
IJ'h\\\\
7. ~-t\
S.l6
5.
7,.l:IJ'\\
8. ~;ft\ \-fJ.'
s IJ' \ \
6.
9. \ \\
at) \ \ -fj.'
-t
1? !Lt 6
t.IJ'\'
I;{ <
13.
(f ,.(, ~
-t
G!] K09-09
Example:
<
sG7
10.
IJ'~ 6
-1 ,.(, t:
t:
9.
tG7
'1 ,.(,~
12.
<
218
'li~i5 . )Z:j~i'i
K09-11
t: -IJ'\'
Example:
lf,{,~i'J.
---+
lf,{,~L::>r:>i'J.-IJ'-Jf::.
---+
1.
\\L::h6-f'J.
4.
2.
rlJ:-J~
5. i'J.-IJ{\
-IJ'tJ\\\\
6. <):
3. h-lJ'\ \
\
1) i'J.
"'J
t.
= \ \\ \
7.
~j:;\\
10. -IJ'
8.
L -f'-IJ' .,.J..
11.
J:;t
9.
\\\\(,.{,~
12.
~r/L\'
"'J
L.ij\'
Informal Speech
A.
Using the cues below, make questions about yesterday in informal speech.
How do you answer those questions? ~ K09-12
-rvt:'fJl6
Example:
ii;
~ (]) -) 7 t- t:' f Jl t: ?
-) ,.{,, Ji t: o / -) -) ,.{,, Ji _,.J.. -IJ'
---+
ii;
ii;
1.
t -lf f1;:"'"'-6
2.
i&~-t 6
3.
~:ffj'f;T4'. f 11t-
t:
~Iv ll:
I: l..J: ;l)'/v
4. -)
t f fll}J3#;-t
6
{- 'j [;
5.
-)
t. T#JI-t
6.
IX.
I: t
7.
ii!"?a
f
tck .:
IJJ:"i
1)
-/J'
lik
IJ
8. -/J'-o;:
~t~1:::*6
'j
<
9. *~1=~~~f-lJ'lt6
-/J' {'(
-ov b
10. ~ /
11.
12.
--:>-/)
-t-#i\
ft
-c -/J'h-
G -J
~r/l:::;ff
&rf
7 - "f 1!-)
zz, -
t.'
<
13.
ll~b-t
6
'j Iv/:'')
14.
7 7 7 (club) T~m 6
Bl:'
ii;
"'J
f::. o
B.
G!] K09-13
those questions?
Example:
--+
Q :
A :
1 Iv , If/,,
5t !fid = -:) t: o / 1 1 Iv , If/,,
5t ~ t '(' -rJ.' 1J'
:": l:'t
If A, !;
I:!)
!)
-IJ'h\\\\
7.
2.
~-IJ{-&\ \
8. ::;\
3.
-It
9.
tciJ
10.
,.z,t,,o;?
5. ::;\ .:t--fJ{_t-:ftH
11.
i'
~-'/-IJ{ff~
tEI Jl!-IJ{ ~ G \ \
m -IJ{\
\\ \
a;u
:Jt:::lli~
~ L\\
-tt-A,-tt\. '
r./ L \ \
6. ~
Lo(t.:'1
7$ -IJ{ff ~
4. ~
t:
tc!J)
~~
lf-lJ{~ \ \
-:)
*L\\
1.
~h
A.
!)
12.
\\th
Make a guess about what the following people were like when they were in
high school.
5t~ TL t. -IJ'o
Example:
If A, !)
--+
/<'
~Iv Ii ~~O)mt,
1) -
:": -) :": -J
A Ii \ \ , 5t ~ t= -:)
If/,,!<
t: t
I: !)
~\\i
J.;t
5t~
If A, !)
-r L t. -IJ'o
+, /
If A, :0
(a) ..)(]7IJ-cfv(L:-:)l,)"C
1.
G!JK09-14
2. 8 *-?ofJ{_t-:f-T L
1: Ii/,, .:
3.
t;?
1)
i'
1.
2.
3.
[,t~-ttlvtt\'
l < <r;:
~ 1$.t-} L i L
t: -IJ'o
f:-IJ'o
i L t: -IJ' o
4.
G!] K09-15
1f
1J { ~ 1J' -:) t: T-t 1J' o
-It
tciJ
l < 'F- ~ f Li L f: -h'o
l < .::f 7 - f ~ ~ i L f: -IJ'o
o
4. jifj 6
t?I:'
5.
<7) -IJ{
.L-t-r L f: -IJ'
i'
t;?
1. h'h\\\\
4.
7. t 7" / ~~
8.
~n{*\'/~\'
iJJ,.
<i:iJ'
.;.t~
3.
9.
t: < ~ ,.(,
7t~
5.
J: < ~.;:
\\\\-f-
6.
"''"'
tfh{~\\/1!&\\
If Iv !;
-t
?1v1:?
2.
<
:!Ifb-t 6 0) h{*1- ~
tciJ'
;t
U-
<
u-
*~
li/v
O)n{_t:ftd
~ft:
t;
J:
Example:
i L t.,
Ex. ~\
b~
'*,
1:5
7J:.
t: t;
1:1,
2. jjij 6
0)
Bl:'
3.
J: <
jffl
t.
< 1 7 11,t 0) ~
"! r:
i'
t. < ~ A., Jt ;t i L t: o
Blf
f::.o
5.
n'.;:~11-t.=.*t:::-ki-;)T,
t ~ -j 1: t:
Ii [;
rs*t:::~h'J
J: [;
;t;
6.
4.
-lt!vlf-:o
~7)(
7.
8. ~
0) ~ ,
f::.
T-t
:k
~ t::: ft~ i -l ,.(, T L
t.:_1.,,7J(<
l..'
9.
ffl ~ T L t: o
1fd
!;
10. ~ ~
(tlJ
jk A., -c
if)
~T\'i
lo
L f::. o
t:
Lf::.o
-r
B.
Pair Work-Ask
2.
M ~ L i L T: -h' o r 7
t,:1:
fo:-:>'<'"9
A.
t: -h' o
,;,vp'(>-t
i6~x0)*,
.:. 7.:. 7
T L
t'',.(J,f-3-f~T'
Lt.:-h'o J: <M~
Li Lt.:-h'o
.:. l:'t
t,:1:
-3-f~O)*,
.:. l:'t
I:~
3. Jt{*.7,,./~1*.7,,.1:::
4.
~C:~-::i-Cl,)a::;urc::.
,,
I:"
''
J: < M
~ L i L t.:-h'o
t,:1:
Example:
t: ~"/}'
-+
U-1:
2.
Ji 0 ~ ,.{,
'('1
3.
<;;
ff#~ ,.{,
(/) t;"'
5. :kJI] ~ ,.{,
~* ~ ,.{,
;t;;t;n'P
6.
-ti'
".'
222
~lli!i . :st5n~
B. Pair Work-One of you looks at picture A below and the other looks at picture
B (p. 225). Ask each other questions and identify all the people in the picture.
J: L ::::
Example:
___.
A : J: L :::: ~ ,.{, I i
t: (7) A. T-t
ii' o
()'/::
B :
()'/::
Picture A
Ask which of the people are the following:
1.
f:~ 7
2.
~ J:
3.
t:.\ '-t It
4.
J: 7
7 ~-
Teacher:
Example:
Student:
< 1 7 ~ A.,!i
~ f
(7.>
11~
L
01v-r:1v
t:''(l)A_
0 : t 7
~=~ f~"'
()'<,
IJ:lv
to
T-til'o
-C \ '~A. T-t o
u-1::
()'/::
*r.:~-rl'*iifu. BI]Ko9-11
i L f:il'o
2.
3.
4.
t 7 (tlJ
~ f ~k;,.. i L t. ii' o
t J BJE
f ~""'
i L f: il'o
lifv
lilv
to
t 7 McG
*fr L \ 'Jl!
~ f '<bl!.Ji: ;t i L t: ii' o
tclv ::_'
(/")
.)~
5.
6.
=~
8.
partner out, as in the example (1 ). If yes, ask your partner how it was, as in (2).
Examples:
r r; /
A : t -)
B:
\'\';{.,
7..]
0 -
---+
r r; /
NcL
A..] f
0 -
Ji;,, 6
f Ji
i L f: fJ' o
;,,
it:;i-z\'i-tLCo
;,,
A~1i?
A : ;ft.ti
;,,
t: G,
;,,
ii, \'\'T-tt1o
B : i i , t -J Ji i L f: o
;,,
B : -t .:
r -J TL t: IJ'o
< }; t L .; iJ'
~ t. T-t lo
~~~~~~~f-t6
~Ii
,,,,
~~fJ'~h
3.
:lJ1<.ffl:ff~t:IJ'G
l'
L it;,,
ff~
,, i
~ t: iJ' G
2.
JS
J:.:.-)
4.
":J
/-If -
s. ~~ fJ'
"(A,
6.
1--
<
OJ-l:JJ1'1 f .::..;&
t G ~ t.iJ' G
i: i
~ 0
.)~
l'
-tJ. iJ'
t: iJ' G
7 7 7. fJ'-kf5
i 6 fJ' G
jj:[:
{t
,{,IJ'o
-t L f~~i
t:
-~~iLJ:-Jo
-tl"o
''-f
<b-f
1Q! U' I: ff,, ~ i -tl" T L
. t-Ji:-fJ'<h
n'iO
1)
{t
t: o
224 ~~3
><:5nW
A.
7--"AJ\-fj180
)\";/) (-jj'-
160
75-1 t-:m:r
180
"
'9'::JJl;J(-jj'-
280
7-~:;J\-jj'210
7'Y:f)llJ (-{
160
7 ij "t'~J\-jj'240
~9~H>225
B.
0/
2 ..
questions.
ii"h'o
~~~
1f
:f 7 - ~ ~ <
t
(7) h"
td
3. jffl6<7)h"*f~Ti"h'o
-t
ti 1:
4. ffl
I:"
~<7)~,
1fi"i"
s. l:
+ e-,
<'!&~Li
s ); 1r
6. *-1f-<7)~~
t:lv td
"dJ!v
ih'o
17)
8(birthday)1:1PJh't
1f
t,:(:
t : *1. I: M ~ t G \ ' i L
JJ:"!:
t: h'
G\'l
Lf:h'o
8. *..h"*T~ Ti"h'o
-t
''//J.
< 1:
13.
t'',.{,-t-J.~h"*f~
''"'
Pair Work
h" j)
1)
i -t h'o
1: /" "
Ti"h'o
B. ====================================================================
c- p. 222)
Example:
l: L :
1}/:
Picture B
Ask which of the people are the following:
2.
l'P t: h'
t rj) ,.{,
3.
t; :
4.
;Z 1)
1.
8 *O)fA*!f)(ft Japanese
(:
IUc
"fie
I: 7 %/.,
:I!'
Traditional Culture
~UH:t:s
'/}>
:SZ:*<
-~~
-S~A.6
Kabuki
Puppet theater
'-'!:;
~~~
s < ;::
lk
(!)')
Humorous storytelling
Masked musical
drama
''(,?
t;l';l?C?
~Jli:
ii
JJli:
(th.I:'?
Sumo wrestling
Judo
Japanese fencing
;j<}~
s*
""
(*Jli:)
~ I:'?
Tea ceremony
'.:!:_
l\
wrr
ctt.i:
(ii J1i:)
tJ C?
Flower arrangement
=i'Jli:
l-J:C?
Calligraphy
Useful Expressions
Colors
Therearetwokindsofwordsforcolors.
Group 1: l,\-adjectives
8 \'-------white
'f!'!.,,\ '-------black
<0
LOS
i]f\\' --------
if\ '--------blue
red
ihB
ihiJ'
~~\'------yellow
~
I,.
'JS
*- ~ \ '------brown
Jo "''OS
red bag
ihiJ'
Group 2: nouns
~ / 7
1) -
---green
JJ(~/ 7 v
t.
0 /
~ -------purple
tG~~
Ji-t'!)
gray
7-------pink
;,.-9,,os
1t~/:i-1v
~ lvt
,7.:>
7 ') - /<1)-t-
'1-
green sweater
Ji-t'!)
g~h{if \ 'T-t ho
8 'f!'!.,,<1)~~
L '<'Liv
n'B
ihB
LOS (OS
gold
~~15 . :S:Z:5iiK;;
228
r~10~1 L E S S 0 NlOJ
~1*0JO)TAE Winter Vacation Plans
D
0
1
,J
BJ Klo-01;02
*- < -f,;: I) i
L f: ti
'5 t;
f:ltL:
:Z:Zo ,J/l}-~/v,
~Vf\.J,,.(j:(:'.''-)
,J/1)-:
~00-IJ'i"15~1:ff<-Jt
')T-t-lJ\
f: t t L :
\ '\ 'T-t ti o
,J
2
3
1) -
nlv::. (
<
t:
J- :
,J
,-.,;: ~~
\'
c:: ::: ~
"'(-
7 T-t
fJ'
-t- .=.. }j
J: ""' <
t ::. 7 5
+::IL 8 T-t
6
7
~ff~:fO)A_:
rJ; ::.7n'cl>(>
1) ,J
u-1:
')
9 ~ft~:fO)A.:
u
r ; 7n'cl>(>
ll\
u-1:
nh.
!? !? ::< n
rJ ; ::. 7 n'' l ~,
u-1:
1) ,J
:
Iv I ;t ~nlvC.(00 0)
t: J: o
-r: ~
BJ Kl 0-03/04
1) -
/Z - ~
7 1J - :
-r: \ ' i
t: It
L '<' t, '
,J
,J
-c,
',
11 7 fJ{\ \ \ \ t .~ \ \ i -t h'o
I ;t }; \ ' L \ ' t -?
{;OJ
@ At a travel agency.
3
!'<
t; t
c:::::1:tf[~i-\:t/vo
I) -
it:*ll)(\'i-l:tlvo
tcPblv
9f:ltL:
10
0)
Li-t-IJ'o
7 - Iv, tccblv
i"t 5~ 0) 11 7 fJ { ~u,
8 fJ' \ ' t t;i,.~\ ' i -t o T t ,
f: It L
s ,J 1
\'
~00 ta 5~ t c::-? i;
nlv::.
tc\blv
,3.v)>'\'-9
\0
7 Jv i T r: (' G \ 'iJ'iJ'
-*Mf<". G \ 'T-t o
cs L'. n1v1;11v
1)
i -th'o
h. n'
i -t J:
Takeshi?
~E
I]
rcfv
*k
fall
~=t'-
doctor
;;t -
.~
station
1?-ll'tl. t t;
t?~#t;
rich person
iJ'h
~-l:t-J
*~
*~r
face
if>~
\\L\"
-:\
'
~-- rj)
* 7
7 1:
v:)
';/
rj)
4-~L
~-JJ-F
.;t
+}- ';/
-JJ -
season
milk
cake
~~
this year
soccer
shirt
~-\' ''/
L iJ'-l::t ,.c
-t L
*n~**-
-l::h \iJ'-J
-l::t iJ' \ \
t; iJ' -r -J
~j~
life; living
1!1:-W
world
:tiBT~
subway
-r .)~ < .;
-r .)~ G
-t-~
gloves
~.)~ G
tempura
t : -\"
bK&.
barber's
ll ~
spring
pants
ll.J:7\\,.C
~~~
beauty parlor
u:
f~
flight
')'ti
j!yi}
ship; boat
-\"~rp-)
JfJ)j(
baseball
1f~A.
celebrity
-ttll
reservation
*ey:M
next semester
credit card
7-+
n s
Nou
Bl
i::J
c
/ ''/
11)-)6')\\t,.C
* .J: -\" <
G \ \ iJ{--> ~
') ,.(_,
:'
a d j e c t i v e s
8-IJ'\ \
* if> t. t.iJ' \ \
apple
l,' ~
warm
Kl0-05
}:; -'(- \
-t-f'L\\
~ &'")
t: \ \
t;J.t;\ \
1!I \ \
slow; late
~ L\\
'Rt f::. \ \
cold (things/people)
H~\ \
sleepy
Mlfi
easy; simple
tJ:-adj
ective
iJ' A.J::.
/...; (1-.i:)
U-verbs
-: 6
t i 6
(no particle)
*
f.,_,
58i 6
to become
:fld
* Ii G 7
to pay ("' ~ )
Ru-verb
*~&'J6
~&'")
to decide (""' ~)
Verbs
rregular
7 -t 6
*1./...;Lt1J7-t6
1)
J: .;
and
Adverbs
:Ot<.1t-t 6
to travel
*-*~-t 6
to practice (""' ~ )
Other
best
,.._, iJ' ~
"-'i3t
~\ \ -r
;h6\\-C
\d;lf'/...;
* ,-. ._,-IJ'\~
"-'iJ'lf~
Expressions
on foot
or
these days
.; <J) ;::".;
,. . .,~M
for ...
weeks
by (means of transportation);
with (a tool)
t'' 7 >\' ~
tt-_, G
-r
* t'' ~ 1;
* t''<J) <- G \ \
which
how much; how long
'"'-'-1f
... years
Ii>\'<
.!f- </it<
In Japanese, adjectives have the same shape in noncomparative and comparative sentences;
there is no alteration as in "great/greater:' The idea of comparison is expressed by adding
something to the nouns that are compared.
A 0)1; 51J'I B J: fJ 1 (property),
o/ 00 0) I l 7 fJ{ 8 ;$. J:
*-. ~ \ 'Ti" o
1)
I: ll'lv--BB
t,,;')c."<
You can ask for another person's opinion on two things in comparative terms.
AC: BC:
=
I\' A
~Jf..
t t'' '?
I C'::>~la:5
C'~SO)l;5
21J'
(property),
-t; 0) I l 7
fJ{tJi; \ \Ti"-/;'
~!vL~
~T
In comparison among three or more items, the degree qualifier \ ' t; I ;f ,{, is used.
[(class of items) O)cpc] A 1J'll, '~ ld'.'f\J (property),
f;t.tJ
o ~7 t 7 7 /At
8 ;$.O)o/T,
1: lilv
t;J:i)
z;
I;{\'
t; If'*\' Ti"IJ'o
'5t;
Between Russia, France, and Japan, which country has the coldest climate?
In real life, the phrases A <l) 11 7 -/;"and B .J: 1) often appear in the reverse order, making it very easy to be misled
into believing the opposite of what is actually said. Don't rely on the word order, therefore, to decide which item
is claimed to be superior. Listen carefully for the words <l) 117 -/;"and .J: 1)
2
In place of t" t; G <l) 11 7 and t''-:> t; <l) 11 7 , you can also use t" t. G and t''-:> t;. Any one of these can be
used in question sentences seeking comparisons between two items. t . -:> t; and t"-:> t; <l) 11 7 are slightly
more colloquial than t . t; G and t t; G <l) 11 7 .
O:t;
-*W(J)t:f T\
~ -tt0
t.:n'
If',(,*!-~ T-t o
*kl;{\\ t;
a;,~
Note that the words (})I l 7 and t --:i -t; are not used in statements of comparison among
three or more items. Normal question words like t: *1, t . *1, M, \ '-J, and t .. : are used
~:!:
instead.3
adjective/noun
0)
When a noun follows an adjective, and when it is clear what you are referring to, you can replace the noun with the pronoun (}), "one:' You can use (}) to avoid repetition.
5' - ~ #-:i l \ \ i -t
<;,
<J;,n'
l \ \ i -t
~\\#-.~J'.\\l:ff~i
'(>-j-
t l
n'
Lf:o Tt\\\\(J)f;<:;:hl)
i-l,.CTLl:o
((7)=#)
\'
t l
\.,)-adjective
.
.
1d:-ad1ect1ve
noun
\.,)-adjective
tJ:-adjective
0)
Similarly, a noun following another noun can be reduced. Here, a sequence of the form
"noun. (}) noun," will be reduced to "noun, (]):'You simply omit the second noun.
1)
:S /: (7)
T-t o
The tendency is to use t" ;It when a list of items is presented, and to use 1PJ when a group is referred to collectively. Compare:
~"
I) ,{., : .Z,,. h' ,{., t'. ~ < G ,{., iJ'O) tf-("_ t'';/1..'h<'\ \ i; If ,{.,'feJ- ~ T'-9 h'o
t:..tr
T
Which do you like best, apples, tangerines, or cherries?
< f: t O)O)tp"(",
Mn'\'
i; lf,(,-feJ-~ Ti'h'o
'J:1.i'
i:.i:
-r
What fruit do you like best?
7 ~
1)
fJ (!) 7 1 A ~
1)
J: IJ t? \ \ L \ \ T-t
noun, O) __
1)
follows verbs in the present tense short forms to describe what a person is planning
to do in the future. You can also use a verb in the negative plus --:i t ') to describe what you
are planning not to do, or what you do not intend to do.
--:i
OfiIi)
PtcL
~*-1:::
LH ;!'-::>
t: It
+ -::Jti fJ re.
1; -c-t
L :5 Iv t 7-.:::.. A. f-t 6 ~ t
Ji T 7t j:. Ii ;t L
~;< Ltc-t!c/v-ttl'
t: *~
tcc'il(
I:::
* t:\ , ~ t
~
1) T' +,
t? ~ f Jt 1::: ff < ~ t
-Ct;
Jj.
1J
-c L t: f.l '-
I,,\
~ ~ f.l' J: <
-CA,~
-rJ. f.l,
-:J
t: f.l, G , ff ~ i -tt Iv c L t:
\,\
We were planning to visit a temple, but we didn't, because the weather was not good.
adjective +
"/J.~
fJ. ~
to become warm/warmer
to become quiet/quieter
to become a company
1Cl:-adjectives:
nouns:
employee
"'-'"~'
t::
-rJ. 1)
i L
t.
Studying the Japanese language is fun now (though it was like torture before).
8*-?o(!)~1Ai
f.1'36-"9 ~ I::: -rJ. 1) i L t: o
(:Liiv::..
,-.z/v~.t~
<
A common mistake is to expand the pattern of -fJ.-adjectives and nouns and use 1: with v
adjectives. It is wrong to say, for example, x
When an adjective is used with
-fJ. 6,
B. n' \ 'I:
~u,
-fJ.
v-
6.
absolute change (e.g., "it has become warm, hence it is not cold any longer") or a relative
change (e.g., "it has become warmer, but it is still cold").
-fJ.
isolation. If you want to make clear that you are talking in relative terms, you can use the
pattern for comparison together with
-fJ.
6.
1: li!v.::
l'.11 i'
In Lesson 8 we learned the Japanese expressions for "something" and "not ...
anything;'
M
;j:(:
-IJ' and Mt. As you must have noticed, these expressions are made up of the question word
;j:!:
for things, M, plus particles -IJ' and t.. Other expressions for "some" and "any" in Japanese
;j:(:
someone
somewhere
not anything
not anyone
not anywhere
As we noted in Lesson 8, these words are used by themselves, where particles Ii, 1;\ or
would be expected. It is, then, interesting to observe how these expressions
other particles, such as 1:, "'-,and
-c. These
interact with
t .: tL n, -a;,
1: ~ \ , i L t: n, o
\'\';{..,
Mn' Li
~(:
L l:h'o
"f
t.:tt.1:t~\'i-lTLf:o
ili)
~!:
L i -1 ,.(, T L f: o
-c
You can use the particle "C with nouns that describe the means of transportation and the
instruments you use.
We eat our meals with chopsticks.
:.if.?o T~ L i L
1: li!v
.:
J: -)
li>d:
A T.!ID\ i Tff ~ i L t.
I ,-
;{_ ~
I..'
,
~I~./~~3
17~
~10
E x p re
ss i o n
N o t e s
'"~--------------------------------------~
CfiF.i
CCf~~O)fJ!!1Jl(tij
t> *91J' _..We sometimes use iJ> and it c: (but) at the
C t!.fv
L 2
r.Jfu
end of a sentence when we want our partners to treat what we have just said as a
given, common ground to build upon. These words often indicate the speaker's
intention to give her partner a chance to react and speak up. By relegating the
right to speak to one's partner, they also contribute to the politeness of one's
utterance.
In the dialogue, the travel agent lays out the relevant information on the table;
there are two flights, one leaving in the morning and another in the afternoon. 7;>
attached to her sentence indicates that she wants to build upon, and move forward with, these pieces of information. Instead of asking the obvious question,
namely, c<"b GiJ'v'v'l"TiJ\ the agent chooses not to finish her sentence, and
lets her customer come forward with an answer immediately.
10
"I
m10~~
~~Pract
:rtfv
L,>1>3
A.
Q :
~-*" t / < /\ t r. i; G
liV
(a)
Picture (a)
3.
4.
14,000
-=-8*M-
*fr.tf*7'R
t /< /\ t: r. i; G 0) 11 7 h{:i! \ '--C"-t h' o
L.
1:
l!viJlv-tt;.,
liv
*fr.ff~
t ~-*" t r. t; G 0) 11 7 h{:ii \ 'T-t h' o
l!v~!v-\tlv
-C,t.,L<>
B~
6,000
-C8*M
*BB
l 1? L. illv
*fr.ff~
t /<:;z t: r:-1; G 0) 117 h''!fi\ 'T--f h'o ~,&;.
l!vi!,t.,-\t,t.,
v-t
~-*" t: / -;:;z t: r:-1; G 0) 11 7 h{~\ 'T--f h'o
:1L8*
M 9,ooo
-Clvl<>
tciJ
< L. i)!v
i)/vlj:A,
====
Picture (b)
5.
Kl0-06
-Clvl<>
2.
SJ
0)
-C Iv t, <>
A: /\'/\0)(1777{~-*"J:
1.
.. 237
0)
li0ilcI:'?
6.
'\~?L>?
'\ P"i i. 7
0)
L::_(
i?c
Picture (c)
0)
tl
0)
0)
117 h{*\
'T--f h'o
bi!
7. ffi i:f
t: ,,,,.,,
8.
t:
9. ffitf
-t-r
vi
10.
Ji ffi ~ Iv
vi
tc
(b)
z #-t-r ;t.~ Iv t:
!'<
r: --:i
o<
-tt
!'<
~Iv t: -ti"'
#:t.!'< ~Iv t: r: --:ii;
t: ,,,,.,,
i;
0)
(c)
:IL j]]
~1ji-JLrp-j
(i'
;,ti1
*__,__
)j',
B.
Pair Work-Make
questions
~/
}{-.. (ff~)
t,:-:o
,;,.p
-t
Example:
___.
-t
,;,.p
t,:-:o
8: ~0)(17-IJ"(}{-..J:
,; .p
t,:-:o
1)) ff~T-to
-t
(or~t}{-..tff~T-to/~t}{-..t
1d:"J
,;,wp
t"
fd:--J
,),vJ)
~ G\'T"to)
A : t .. 7 L -c-c-tfJ'o
B : 571'.
(' 0) fJ"ff ~ T-t iJ' Go
;;.1:
-t
1.
2.
-tL/~.;~G
(J:;\'L\')
Mc
3.
Jr
J>i( / +t "/ fJ V '\ ~
4.
9=700;f4-JJ/84'-;ft:EI
-j
IJ
t,,p-j .: ( 1) d
Oo
I: 11/vl) d
!;
IJ
(ff~)
T
1ftff~
(ff~)
,;,;,
1!' .::_~ !.'
-t
8 4'-0) if-/ F 1 ''/ (Germany)
1: lilv
(u
~'if/
t; 'l t; + Ur Iv t: !v)
-/J/v l
5. :ffl'i} /
6.
7.
8.
*/*k
9.
IH>
10.
A.
0) }{-.. /
,;,.p
*O) ::fj~/
I: 11/v
(ff~)
-r
;!;!;
1: lilv
0)
00
0) }{-..
< 1:
,;,vp
-1!cc-/)-:::>
&,Uc
00 0) ~5~
< 1:
-1icC-/J-::>
Look at the pictures on the previous page and answer the questions below.
@!] Kl0-07
Example:
Q: :O)tfT,
t'"tlfJ"\'i;(;f/vi!\'T-tfJ'o
>d:-/J
A:
Ii'(>
~fr~#tfJ"\'i;(;f/vi!\'T-to
llv-/J'lv-1!: Iv
Ii'(>
Picture (a)
1. : 0)
tf T,
id:~
Picture (b)
3. :
V') o/
T,
T,
r-: -/;{\ \
t; (;f ,.(,1J\
-;i.,
t:' *1..-IJ{\ \
t; (;f
~~
4. :
V') o/
BB
-/J:.f.p
~ \ 1 T-t-lJ'o
Picture (c)
5. .;
V') o/
~~
-r-,
6. :V')o/T,
~i)
7. .;
V') o/
~~
t:'tt-lJ{\1-t;(;f,.C:t-\\T-t-lJ'o
bi)
l'',
~i)
i)l,.
~i)'
B. Pair Work-Make questions using the following cues and ask your partner.
1t""'i~/ff~
t:
tOJ
1
Example:
Q: '1t-"(i~V')o/T,
--+
tOJ
t:
1.
jk_.,Z, .i~/ff~
tOJ
_,
2.
5.
1f~A../ff~
oJ)-j
6.
-1t iJc
3.
"'''(;;A.,
C.
it
~1:
a *ti- J!/
4.
0)
-iPJ-IJ{\ii;(;f,.(,fJ-~T-9-IJ'o
~iJ
~ G\
I: liA.,IJ; -j IJ
7. 777./\l\I~~
1f~/ff~
B/viJ'<
T
::}jp/ff~
"'-lt-::>
_,
< -ltC
i)<
8. 7 7 7. /=tr'-IJ{~ \ \
tci!
-1t
9. 7 7 7. /
_,
t: < ~ ,.(,1t-"(
6
t:
Group Work-Make a group of three or four people. Ask each other questions
and make as many superlative sentences as possible about the group.
Example:
A~,.{._,-/;{\ 1-t;(;f,.C:t-\
: V')o/T,
-/J:.fJ'
T-t o
~'.)1)1
B ~ ,.{._,-!;{\ 1 t; (;f,.(,=tf'-IJ{~\
c ~,.{._,-!;{\It;
(;f,.(,
-1t
tctr
.J: <
i{
\ T-t o
<
7 7 7. (:*i
Bf-
-t
"'
D. Class Activity-First form pairs and make comparative and superlative question sentences with your partner. (You should know the answers.) Then ask
questions to the class. The rest of the class answer the questions.
Example:
t ~A-
mt: o/
~ ,.(,
~iJ
z Ji lB ~
'(>1
,.<._,
t.'.
v 7.
{!!- ,W.V') Jj
t:J: i)C
( (:
~iJ'
Tr- :
tciJ
biJ
!<, 7
V') o/
-h"~\ 1 T-t-h'0
7 7 7. V') o/ T~ 8 t: *1..-IJ{\ \
~iJ
t: t:''-f; G (J) (l 7
~ (Mt. Everest)
-,j{\ \
t; ( ;f ,.(,};
~ f
iJio
-:i
l" \ \ i -t -IJ' o
o
: (])
1)
Iv :i;t
1) --::
(J).
(!K10-os
/v(J)T-f" o
(1)
~ ?
Example:
A:
>
~--i;G(J):::?-t-77"\'\'Ti""n'o
s : AA\ '(J)n'\
"'"'
'\'Ti"" o
AA\'
"'"'
(1) ~--t; G (J).;f- ~ 17'\ '\ 'T-t n'o
-c .;~ (J,
{[]
';$? t: \
':>//)
me
Guide
Book
Japan
E3:~~\3
Easy
Japanese
\
8*~
1: li/v
...t*~>Z)~
(:~g:;;
\
fJ' Iv t. Iv
z:
~ L \'
tttr
A. You are planning to do/not to do the following things next week. Tell what you
will/will not do using ~-::>ti1Jc9. Bl]K10-09
Example:
~Bi 8
lf-"JJ: 7 1f
~Bi
If--:> J: 0 1f
2. to do exercises
;rj(Bi 8
3. to do laundry
-t11J:
7 1f
T-t
k818
J: 7 1f
fJ'
1)
::t.818
t<J:7 1f
5. not to go out
~818
~,u
7 u
818
t" J: 7 1f
8. to stay at a friend's
9. not to go home
8818
1: t, J: 7 1f
B.
8 0)'1-1~, tg 7~ L i -tn'a
~BJE, T i- t. f Ji i -9 fJ'a
1. ~
~J:-)
2.
.:
.:
-"Z/v~.t?
.; !vli!v
;;,.
J{\\~~fLi-tfJ'a
ch~-:>-c
3.
t.o:
iJ'
#J!f1"F
1Ji-tn'a
l.P-)-:i
IJ;')
IJ
.=:.j:p.q~, 8*1::\\;i-ffJ'o
:C' /viJ/v .:
t; l'!/v
4.1)!;.tz,
-:J(
5.
*-~:Mt
8*-?oftg7~
L i-tfJ'a
Gt"'iJf-:i ~
tl/v .:
....Z/v5.t?
6.
A.
t.,
5 ;h. \'
~~
5 ;h.\'
--+
@DK10-10
5 ;h.\ 'I::
fJ.'
1)
i L
T: ;
. -~
+~
(2)
Jt'A
lf/v
!'
(3)
*
;f;;f;
5\\
(4) ~f;{JJf \ \
-/)'J-).
Ji.liJ'
(5)-Ui
(6)~\'
il;-:o
to) ~
(7'
,, ~
"
''...-,__:;'o~~
'
If
"-'--"-"-0
(8)
l2f:lf
,, l'<'
(9)
$.
li-0
...
B.
3.
L'.
<:
4. ~
I::$
-'(> "''
t: o
-rJ.1) i Lf:o
''"
-rJ.
;i'H:t,
tLkL~1
6.
-'(>
5.
-rJ.' 1J i L
+-Ji
t:o1c,t,if-:o
I/)
Ii 8 -IJ'-IJ'->
totJ
-rJ.
tdo
t: T-t-lJ\
::::
0) ::::;;
1)
1)
,,
? ,'.)\
'--
i L
t:
i L f:o
tc ')
i L f:o
"
A. Takeshi was sick yesterday. Mary did a lot of things without him. Answer the
questions based on the chart below. B!] K10-11
Mary
Takeshi
eat
nothing
drink
nothing
go
Osaka
nowhere
meet
Robert
nobody
do
watch a movie
nothing
(Ex.)
Example 1:
Example 2:
o:
~<7)-7_
A:
Ii\',
0:
~<7)7, f::ttL~A.,!iMll'~-"'i
;o<'/1J-~,tli1PTll'~-"'i
-t
L t:~.;~G f~-"'i
L f::o
t:
-ck
t:
t.:I:
;><'JI}
- ~
,.{_,(j:1PJ"l)'$Xh i L
t,:1:
2. ~<7)-),
f:: o
f;:li'o
o
(/)
5. ~<7)-),
6. ~<7)-),
t: ! t L ~ ,<_, Ii
7. ~<7)-),
;><'
8. ~<7)-),
f:: ! t
3. ~<7)-),
4. ~<7)-),
Lf::li'o
(/)
Lt::li'o
t:
t.:1:
;><'
;,
B.
7 1J - ~ A.,!iMll'
Li L
t,:1:
f::li'o
O : L~-)
~*-Mil'
Li L f::li'o
'J'-:o
t.:1:
A : Ii \ -. Bk@
f Ji i L f:: o /
,.z_i,, -/J{
J.;.
\ ' \ '
i.. ,
M t L i 1 ,<_, T L t:
~(:
2.
3.
Mil'~Xh. i L f:il'o
4. ~B,
1J: t;
~ J: -)
5.
6.
(/)
~1J!
if> 1J!*-, t'.''::: ii' (:::f[ ~ i -t il'o
.:/vLtP-3
LtP-3-::>
~ 11! if> 11!
1iiJ
il'-t 6 -J t ') T-t ii' o
.:/vltP-3
Lt~?:--:>
7J.:\:
t'
*'
A. Look at the pictures and answer each question as in the example below.
Example:
0:
7 i;il'G,\iTt:'
'7-\"-:iT1t~
;{_ ~
E!JK10_12
i-til'o
\,\
A : 7
~Ii
(3)
ru
1 hour
3~rnin
@)
E13Ll
1=1$ )~
(8)
(7)
(6)
~,,,
-=---)
:tt!J~
t;:
2hours ~
.:
>(>
.. "', ..
8 hours
~~
**
1:0c\d
B. Use the same pictures and answer the questions as in the example below.
Eill Kl0-13
Example:
A : 7
-t; ii' G .\
i T-t-71-il'il'
X. ~
L'..rJl-:J,;~/v
1)
i -to
C.
how they get from their houses to school and fill in the
chart.
Example:
7 t; IJ' G;k~ i
El~ ~lP..
T*-i-t
c/vL~,
$
tcc'n'<
--c r 7
0
A
A.
+.lift<". G \ \IJ'IJ'
i-t o
1)
[.:1p ~ :: ,),A.,
The chart below shows winter vacation plans for Mary and her friends. First,
answer the following questions about Mary's plan.
Mary
will go to Korea
with Sue
by plane
3 weeks
will stay at
Sue's house
Robert
will go back to
London
by plane
2 weeks
Ken
will go to Tokyo
with a friend
by bullet
train
3 days
will stay at a
hotel
Tom
will go to the
by boat
south pole ( ii :f.:E)
2 months
~A-~ J: (
Takeshi
1. ,J
2.
will go nowhere
1) -
.:: I: L
.;.v)>~'-j
t_''-)~-:i(~l-"~T~i-tlJ'o
t''<7)
4. r_:::
.>: .i.->:
<
3.
->
<" G \\ff~
,,
<
',
-J
1)
T-th'o
''
f:';ttt_f[~i"tlJ'o
',
i-tn'o
1:::58 i IJ i -tlJ'o
I:
s.
~lTM~-t6-J
n/v.:: (
>Joi:
1)
T-th'o
How about the others' plans? Make pairs and ask questions.
B.
Pair Work-Talk
C. Role Play-One
Jan. 1
1 person
morning flight
Feb. 14
1 person
window seat
Apr. 18
2 people
aisle seats
Aug. 20
4 people
afternoon flight
1) )
J)
':J
window seat
= ~i't';N'{~IJ (!) 1$
-t!c~
aisle seat =
:ii.~1~U (!) 1$
-::>-j
-t!c~
0 "'"
public transportation
pecially
es-
are trains,
Shinkansen
If you are in Japan on a "Temporary Visitor" entry permit and want to travel
to different regions,
itl.'l...~A.
discount
'
ticket gives you five days of unlimited rides on local and rapid-service JR
trains for only 11,500 yen.
-~.,,:
.. ~
'
..;
il'li
"~=>-
._V
'
_p;;.
r.
~-~
1,;'i~
Highway bus
248
~ffi5 . :s'l:)*l\iil
Useful Expressions
At
t h e
Station
Types of Trains
1f,), 1!
-----local
"'.:)?
~
'~
1T------express
/-
;<~-j .;
-j
t9' ~IP?
,~------super express
C?
Destination
*if-~
t:d L.>eltlv
(boarding)ticket
@)~~
coupons
generaladmissionseat
r]$
L vJ>-j-t!-5
n'''T-i 1t1v
~~if5/v;i_/vl.>e
-%if\'i;C.'-j L.>e
nonsmokingcar
5tM~lt/v
commuter's pass
-W.~J
7"'
student discount
fiqt
round trip
t~JtJ#;5
reservedseat
illt
n'tc;t;.;;
one way
ti:-c D
('i;
exit
AD
entrance
c\' 5
1)< ( ;b I)
L. -C\'-\t
Car No. 1
t-n.><
Places in stations
"':l-MJ!.-----tracknumber ...
lf/v-\t Iv
t;J'J1f
~?
,)t
1G 1)
-)
:!:~---ticketvending area
{!
\' 1)
c.)(At-----gate
('i;
F~j9:
stairs
1J'l.'~"'.J
iJ'l., 'f~/v
;t - /.------platform
\ d; I ;f ,.(., 'M"--
1G J,5------shop;stand
t;i_
-j L.
l;f\'-Clv
MiscellaneousPublicTransportationTerms
* ')
~;t
7l'
;jz(;t"'
transfer
next (stop), ...
-::>5'
7\:;}e
-It/vi!-::>
'b}f;
iA.
-----
~~
-----last train
departing second
L Ii-::>
{}")
departing first
L.~-j'(/v
Announcements
i t
-f,f
lohL<'
0Cf
~, 7 h'M i IJ i -9 o
:,,
5i ;t < t~' ~ \
f:,tp-}
'o
\,\
Expressions
:O)~J!i(;:tfk~'*l::::.tl:i
-c/: L <'
~ ~ ( ;:t
L~-i-Clv
I~ Ii G
M* T-9 h' o
;Ji, ~
1)
i-9h'
DoesthistrainstopatAkihabara?
Whattime is the last train?
t,:lv L.
n'<n'!
0n'
A : }!~fr~
n'i(G\'
*
*
O)~J!i!;:t t:''it T-9-h'o
-ClvL<'
=.ff#,'R
T-t
1: lilv-ltlv
11~
@!JKll-01/02
1H..1;::
2 ;;(
1) -
;;( 7
1) -
Li L
t:
1)
4H..1;::
1)
5 ;;(
1)
~~
iJ'
{,tJJ
L t: ')'
I)
51'1'
Ne L
t ~ff
L t: \ 'T-t o
IJ
J: ::_ ')
i ~ i ~ T L t: o -
6H..1;:
a t: 1 t
c't,i:t,
a 1iv
;l'c,1:t,
"'1
@
1
BlKll-03/04
H..t;:~lv,
;;(/')-:
:tz.t:-t;f*~1r-Li-to
I: L
3 / ~ Iv I ;:t -lt/..,lf-:>
~ fL BI: *-I::::*i L t.o
li/v
!'<
3/3/:
:f-Va0iL-Zo
e t;
:t;G!;:t/3/~lvT-90
LdiJ'C'
BlKll-05/06
1 h. 1; .; :
/ 3 / ~ Iv,
2 :,/3/:
:t-:A ~71)/0J"Tl//Z,-T-to
3 H..1;: :
4 / 3 / :
-t- 7 T-9-IJ'o
L~.., l/..,
t: :
t: fJ { ~ ') i -t fJ' o
\\\\;;{_, ~!Ji-tl'Jvo
Ji .l(>JHi:fJ{ ~ --:)
~,1
')if!.
J:
If v- ~ 1'-'1J11J
- 7
Tif
i; -c-r o
'1l'Jl6c'
ht:.~
,{,(;tr:.(!)
lB ~-r--tn'o
Le o Liv
*:Jf
T-t o ~J.t:!Qi
U 1::: *T < t: ~'
f.;:iJ'
<!Of!;
-tf V, 1t
,, ~ f::' \Ti" o
sht=.
IJ)
z.);
/:'
\o
~.--.;:~~
t:
t };'\ L \\Ti" J: o
i,IJ)
Michiko: Mary, I haven't seen you for a long time. How was your vacation?
Mary: It was really fun. I went shopping, ate Korean dishes, and things like that in Korea.
Michiko: Sounds good. I want to travel, too.
Mary: Did you have a fun vacation, Michiko?
Michiko: It was okay. I went for a drive just for one day, but I was working part-time every day.
Mary: Michiko, I want to introduce you to a friend of mine. This is John. He came to Japan last
month.
John: How do you do?
Michiko: How do you do? I am Michiko Yamakawa.
~E
Pi::l
re.Iv
(3!]
Nouns
* :t-::;z l- 71J1
1-J ii' L
1-J L J: 7 1.1'-J
1-Jt:O):
})i -') 1)
1-Jt-t;~
}) ,{, 1 ,{,
Australia
}) :~t-t-
snack; sweets
}) iE }'j
New Year's
!JJ 0) -1-
boy
})~ 1)
festival
toy
spa; hot spring
}) ,{, fJ.' 0) .;
girl
ii'\\:
<
ii' L tP
il'h
foreign country
singer
river
.f-,.. / 70
* .; -t; G
.; ,{,f.1'
-J
camp
this person (polite)
~
L~i;J:7
L:: tP ~-- J: 7
LJ:-JG\
1
~~:M
:f-&
president of a company
~~~
class
f1*-
future
#:f
shrine
this semester
fishing
* F717--
drive
t'-1t,,
beer
ll L::
tP -JI.I',{,
;t::;z i--
art museum
7 r ~ J 1
h-f7h
* -\" i
tP >
it,,-t-.J -
host family
lake
mountain
dream
roommate
U-verbs
7-tf-J<
}) fJ. il'il'-t
to tell a lie
<
to become hungry
ii' 7
+r ;[,' 6
* Words
Kl 1-07
t'. 6
G7
OJlf 6
Ii t: G <
to learn ("'
-rJ:
f )
Ru~verbs
"".J-/;'fl6
~&') 6
'Ji.ft.6
to quit ("' f)
Irregular
It
to get tired
Verbs
,(,-IJ'-t 6
* L J: 7 -/J'\ '-9 6
7 1 .r; ;; r -t 6
~1\'--t 6
t .; < -96
1J rp 7 -1;{ < -t 6
1/!~J-t6
m~-t 6
to go on a diet
and
Adverbs
;h t'.
* L rp -:i L A,
..z- L't
* "'t: It
Other
q~
tB Jr
"' -r ,{_,
..
* U ~ L .;:
~ L .;: ')
1)
* i<hi<h
t -:> t'.
points
ADDITIONAL VOCABULARY
~*
G'O';?
-:> -/;'
(-f'p~.)
:/-r--J-1)
:A.
Kl 1-08
(Occupations)
writer
lJ:tP7
journalist
-/;'/..., : L (~~giji)
(31;-ff:)
G!l
actress
nurse
firefighter
cartoonist
You can use a verb stem (the verb form that goes before i -t) + f: \ 'T-t to describe your
hope or aspiration.
A,}JlO:>~JR!;L
.::
I:'
L$?;1'-::i
Bk_@J~Jtf:\'T-90
;<y
-IJ'
or Bk_@Jf}{Jtf:\'T-to
'-''
;,.--
-/J'
;,.--
fJ' !?$?::.'<
o/ 00 I::: ff~
,,
t: \ 'T-t
--
tel.,rc9
I want to do ...
As you can see in the first example above, having t: \ ' attached to a verb slightly affects the
composition of the sentence. A verb that takes the particle f can have either the particle f
or iJ' when it is followed by t: \ '. Particles other than f remain the same.
The combination of a verb and t: \ ' conjugates as an \ v-adjective. Here are examples of
negative and past tense t: \ ' sentences.
i'.;.' \ '
T-t o
-t-
"?
f: fJ' G,
7r~-
l- 1:::,ff
~ i L
,,
t: o
If your wish is one you have entertained for some time, that is, if you "have wanted to;' you
can use t: \ ' t ;~--:> T \ 'i -t instead off:\' -c-t.
:ht
t: \ ' T-t
sentences are not usually used to describe wishes held by others. Somebody else's
wishes are usually reported in Japanese either as quotations, observations, or guesses. To
quote somebody, saying that she wants to do something, you can use t
,, --:> T \ ' i L t:
with t: \ '
l,.\
\,.\
-:i
verb t: IJ{ -:i <: \ '6 will retain the ~, unlike f::. \',with
particles I;{ and ~.
;1
you must
-t
The verb t: IJ{ -:i <: \ '6, which comes from the dictionary form f::. IJ{ 6, indicates "I think
that she wants to, because of the way she is behaving:' We will have more to say about this
type of sentence in Lesson 14.
I want to ... !Do you want to ... ?
. verb stem + re.\., rc9
. re.\.,' conjugates
as an \.,'-adjective
1J1 or%
rc.tJ'?:>
rc.tJ'-:i"C\.,,~g
conjugates as an u-verb
%only
You already know that you can connect two clauses with the re-form of predicates, as in:
~:~~it"'
i +.
t:
:kfo.
T~ \ '4k/ ~ L -c
};};:'<n'
i
tOJ
-
liA-
Iii"
This sentence, however, tends to suggest that shopping and dining are the only activities you
plan to perform in Osaka and that those two activities will be done in that order. If you want
to avoid such implications and want to mention activities or events just as examples, and in
no set order, you can use a special predicate form <t: ') < t: 1) -t 6.
:kfo.
T~ \ '4k/ ~ L t:
t;t;:'<n'
~'
tOJ
--
1) ,
Ll:A-
1)
i:
L i -to
(activity A)
re. 0
(activity B)
re. 0 9 ?:>
To get the t: 1) form of a predicate, you just add 1) to the past tense short form of a predicate. (Thus we have L f::. 1) for the verb -t 6, whose past tense is L f::., and~.......,:: t: ') for~
i:
t:
. .-. .: 6, past tense~.......,:: f::..) Note that the helping verb -t 6 at the end of the sentence indicates
t:
the tense of the sentence. You can change a =]: 1) ""'f::. ') -t 6 sentence into the past tense,
or incorporate it in a bigger sentence, by working on the helping verb part.
~*l~L
~5~ L f:
tzt:t;
t~17
L t:
ct
IJ:>l:
1),
"iv'< d
l>'i ;!'-:::>
1)
Li
L f:o
I studied and talked with my friends, among other things, over the weekend.
ifm-:)
t:
he'
1t~
~ !ifl \ 'f:
h!v~'<
1) ,
1)
oi;
-t ~ 0) h'ff-9 ~ T-t
--
~
J.i I::: 1t--:) t: :
.s. c "Iv
t h' ;t
1)
O)l;f
+:
+,
1)
~-.
i -l A,o
Takeshi has never been absent from classes (in his life).
verb (short, past, affirmative)
C:: C:1J'0
If somebody asks you a question using : t: n' S 1) i -t "h', you can just say S 1) i -t / S 1)
i -I:!: Iv or repeat the whole verbal complex (ff -J f: .; t: n' S 1) i -t I 1t-J t: : t: h' S 1) i
-I:!: Iv).
( l \ ', fi"
,, -:)
(l\\,
;ti)
t: :
t h' ;t I) i
-r ,
rr ,
OJ
noun A~
noun B
"(" connects two nouns, as does t: . "(" suggests that the things referred to are proposed as
examples, and that you are not citing an exhaustive list.
A and B, for example
At-'B
ff: ~ \"'
~ .t? t
* ~ I::: ff ~ i
1j:
i::,
I.'
t:
I went to Kyoto and Nara (for example, and may have visited other places as well).
~l l~ .. 257
~I~/-~11
0~5
Expression
11fu
Notes
~""""'------------------------------------
Id: in negative sentences+ In negative sentences, you often find the particle Ii
where you expect iJ{ or ~. Observe the reply sentences in the dialogues below:
Q : LlJT)t1:.li7 v~~Ji!.i-97'.l'o Do you watch TV, Prof Yamashita?
>(>
j'
lJc-lt Iv-It\'
A: v'v';t,
Q :
::J - ~
A: v'v';t,
1;
-rveliJi!.i-l'lvo
=r:;
No.Ldon't.
-7J{~-f ~ \:.""9-/J>o
:::i-~-li~~
--t
t.~id:v'\:."io
No, I don't.
~
il~H:-li1T-ci
i:': t 7'.1{;:!0 ~ i-1' lvo
U-Ji_,)L1:
~,
tcl1.,_ You can add t!. ~t to numbers to talk about having just that many items. t!.
~t implies that you have something up to the amount needed, but not more than
that.
-0t!.~t1:rr,,~7J{<:
10 ~ i -to
V'I:
--l"?tlv
:=-t:5tt!.~tl!liJo Lt::.o
~/vt.~p.,,)~/v--
t!. ~t suggests that you can live with that few, though the number admittedly
could have been higher. We will learn another word in Lesson 14, namely, L ii>,
which means "only" in the sense that you do not have enough of.
IL: .,_You can use the particle 1: to indicate the occasion on which you do something.
I ate salad at dinner.
11
...
~
v:
i--;:5.-("::7"~ F 71 7'' is used when you go somewhere by car for pleasure. To say
"to have a drive" or "to go for a drive," use F 7 1 7'' 1: TT or F 7 1 7''-9 ~.
\'
iii}]
;;,-n;;,
\>
7' Li
<
Lt-::a
Br; is:--C
1f!: ~Jl~i
Lt-:.::
!llv
< J.d:
-) lvl Iv
c il'lb
~ i Til'o
I have a dream.
VJ)//)
,;.,._
IL: Id:~ The particle Ii often follows the particle 1: in sentences describing a place
in terms of the things that are found there.
*l ~
tlfu
l.,1\1>3
(Ii\')
---+
/\//\'--Ji-"f1t""f.:\'T-to
(\'\';;t)
---+
/\//\'--fi-"f1t""f.:
tc
<
l:::ff
,,
(Ii\')
*~ ** ~
6.
3.
)Ji!.tU::::ff
< (Ii\')
B!v-lt!v
c
t1J".) < 1Hid:; (\'\';;t)
j'L/vL~j
-t 6
~;f(J);f*1:::-t.i.'6
(\\\\;;{_)
L<> Sl-)
a:;tz1:::1it;
(\'\'il)
m~-t6
C(i\')
Jil:::if6
(\\\\;;l)
IJ~H'<
vi
O)if
Pair Work-Ask if your partner wants to do the things above. When you
answer, give reasons as in the example.
Example:
t:
-t
n, G o /
\ '\ ';;t,
t: n'
t? t t;
Example:
>\' (}) ~~
-ClvL<'
1.
2.
(( i \ ')
---+
( \ '\ ';;t)
---+
-r v i::: f
Ji, 6
;,.
1Jtff;Jtl:::*-6
1.} .; -j $
4.
5.
*- f
1,.1,v'J.
f-t 6
ftiJ -J
Kl 1-10
T~.)~
a>i-t-
t; >\' (}) ~~ T~
a>i-t-
-C!vL<'
-r Iv L ,,
T~ rf'f.:
<
l:::ff,,
<
a>ii-
r,
6. j:)~
((l\\)
7. t }/f~J
1-=>
')
-tin'".) t: T-t
((i\\)
(\\\\;;l)
id:'G
(\\\\;;t)
((i\\)
;Ii
~i'X. f ~ 6') 6
1J'-o.::-j
Go
-T-1~
(}) *,
t? t
.; t't
t $
-T-{~<7)*,
t? t
.; t' t
t $
0)
3. Jj'-L--.
n' o
B : 1 i \ , , 1t""'
t:
C.
10.
((i \ ')
;Ii
I: ll/v
9.
(Ii\')
f Jl -J
(:1,"
8.
-t.i.'\'T-to
a:;tz-r
-lite~
11<
1: ll/v
7. ~
((i \ \)
v-t
1Jc L ,,
<
t:
8I: li!v C: f
5.
Kl 1-09
t:
2.
4.
B.
5;l;JJ
Ji.t-iJ;
/\ //\'--Ji-"f1t""'6
Example:
(\\\\;;t)
8.
9.
~fif~-t6
-j!v-C!v
<U
1f ij 1::: -t.i.' 6
( (i \ \)
( (i \ \)
op -j ""''
10.
~ ;;t--<7:::<(:::~-J
.,,
((;i \ ')
D.
Pair Work-Ask if your partner wanted to do the things above during their
childhood.
E.
Pair Work-Ask your partner the following questions and report the answers
as in the example. See p. 253 for occupation vocabulary.
A: tt,Z,~A,!iMfJ{it"'f::\'T-t-h'o
Example:
t:
1,:1:
i:
A:
---+
t: \ 'T-t
(t,{,~,{,(;J:t:. JffJ{it"'f;:\\t
-J(\\;i
t:
\,\
Lf:=o
t:
,fl.:~t:MfJ{it"'f::\ 'T-t-lJ'o
V' Q
IUv
t:
I,: I:
MfJ{\d;lfA,yt\'f::\'T-t-h'o
2.
iJ
1,:1:
4.
"'
s. M~~\
'f::\ 'T-th'o
Id:(:
~!?
6. A,~0:>~;Tz,
-::/ol~-i
A,,
7.
1,1-J:
8.
9.
Id:!:
h'o
t. T-t
-1-11t
0:> 8'f, Mt:
.; l:'t
I:";
1,:1:
-r.:
*1*-,
f::\'T-th'o
1PJ(:-fJ.'1)
ld:t:
1)
f:: h'-")
h' o
A,~:Jt:J30:>{~, MfJ{Lf::\'T-th'o
-::1oiJ<0
F.
1,:1:
L J: ~I? l.i'
10.
MfJ{Lf::\'T-th'o
L~-i1-=>
"'
;J;,1:
1,:1:
-Clo"'
~~~~~~~~~~-
1i.*1
f:: h' G,
".Ji)
~~~~~~~~~~-
f::
<
'T-t o
t: \ 'T-t
~~~~~~~~~~-
3.
f:: \
-t-J. \ '
T-t o
A.
Tell what the following people did on the weekend using +t:
Example:
1.
-)
3 ./
o +t:
fJ 9 G.
BI] Kl
1-11
2. ~ J:
C.
Pair Work-Ask your partner the following questions. When you answer, use
~rc.lJ~rc.lJ97a> as in the example.
Example:
3.
B*-TM"fLiLf::.f.l'o
(: (l/v
1d:(:
I :::
Ld7l'-=>
<
4.
-Tf~(J)lfif,
;:_ l:'t
I: 5
5.
B*-TM"f
1: lilv
t,:1:
Lf::.\'T-91.i'o
Mf
t,:1:
Li
M f L i -t I.I'
t,:1:
L f::.l.i'o
7. 7 7 A. TMf
8. ~Jj[(l)~*--
Mf-t6-J
>d:I:
ld:i:
c.):
9.
L~01-:>
/::
Mf
>d:I:
T-th'o
1)
A. The following are what John has or hasn't done. Make the sentences using
B!l Kl 1-12
~L.(:1J'l(l57a:J.
Example:
B.
x go to Tokyo
--+
~-;~ G f~-"'l::
-r:;..,
Jit
c? 5d
t: n{~
t:
I: ff -:J f: : t: h { ~
1)
1)
,,
i -to
i -\:[ ,.(, o
sleep in class
7.
work at a restaurant
8.
go to Hiroshima
3.
4.
5.
2.
--+
0
0
0
0
0
1.
eat tempura
eat sushi
6.
study French
t- 'l - )
10.
go to shrine
Example:
I: I'!/..,
--+
:<It
0)
8*(1)1-))@fjjz,.(,t::
A:
1: ('!/..,
B:
ll\',
:<It
A : t'. -J T L
e-
1)
th{~
1)
i-th'o
0)
zr,
t: h'
7 -f f-J <
1.
y 1
2.
7 A. ~ T 0 ,.?,, f }TX. 6
10.
3.
*?of~;;{.6
11. :i!~lj -t
.I. "/ ~ f
nc-r:;..,
"-''
.:
4. ;;ij" i;
9.
t, ;:_
A. I:~ -J
13.
f ~-"' 6
o/ 00-?o.: f ,z;..,5;1
~ 7~ -t 6
14.
~Jf~tR.1
:*6
L/..,n;..,-tt;..,
15. JI]
0)
f~;t'6
tx...t:
0/
ct
*A.
to
8.
t.Po.d
7'J7:t7"1:ff<
,,
1;~0-:"<
<
12. {(~
;j;,
*;Fl-
8
JI1) f -?(11: 6
1: l.!/..,l)d
hL
'1>?16c-L'./..,
5.
-t 6
l- 7
Jlv-t..
1 ~ 1) -
m~-t6
1)
0n' (
nt>
""('-J 1)
~ -
f-t 6
l- /
t: It,.(, n'-t 6
~l l~ 263
< Jl;,. i
-t h'o
1)
4.
1)
0 (
<h -rJ. f: 0) :k ~ 0)
t:'.c'n'<
~
L;(
'.t
I:: l;L
I:'?
t: tC -rJ.~-"'~~h" <h
t:
1)
i -t h' o
{,OJ
t:'.c'n'<
6. ?7~ 00 I:: ff
n'c'.::
<
7. ~'
,,
t: :::
-J
t:;ttn"*f~ T-fh'o
fo:n'
liC''1J?
~.:f-O)o/T,
1,.,,
I:
l_;,p~'.t?
u-1:
""
9.
1)
t.:n-
..,
A. Talk about your dream for the future or what it was when you were a child.
1.
.PIO
Example:
;fl. Ii ;f-f
bl:L
Ld
-;
*-,
i? ~# t; I :::-fJ. 1)
n'ti t
Gt'
ff~
,, t: \ 'T-t o
2.
-f-i~O)*O)~liMT
.::/:'!,
1:5
vJ)!I)
fo:/v
t: h'o
Example:
t: \ 'T-t
o -f L --C,
C.
Class Activity-Bring
Example:
~1' Ii..::. ::z. - 3 - 7
(7)
NcL
~ *1.. \
dJ. ~
zi: -
T-t o ..::.
3 - 7 (i t T
::z. -
.::~z!v
J: < ~
:: jf
L~~ Liv
1f t~0iJ'/"
vP~oi>\'
t 7c ~
HH
(theater)
lf5td
7J ;i, ~Ji
Li L
t:
<
If
J({;t.;,,.1:~
iJ'z
tj,0-'(>-t
(u
'?
;;,
ture~t)
s lE t=I
1J'0
(New Year's) is the biggest homecoming holiday in Japan. Japanese celebrate New
GJ:?tfJ
Year's Day on January 1, unlike most other Asians, who go by the lunar calendar. Most businesses are closed on and around New Year's Day.
New Year's Eve is called
;;;; l;'f:IJ
I:~;::
G -t"
ti (buckwheat
s ~1f
I:~
somebody for the first time in the new year, you say iV.i
New Year!).
Many people go to
pies) for
~$U
(Shinto shrines) and s~ (Buddhist tem01i..G~
LS
their only visit to shrines and temples for the year, since Japan is a
largely secular society.
Special dishes called
s~U~t!
are eaten for New Year's. Each
-tt~lJJ:j ~J
f-) for
< "*"'(~O)
* tfJ), herring roe
New Year's is
st ts
s ~.:E,
which
l:~t.'*
~ll~H265
Useful Expressions
I n
h e
C I a s s
Japanese
Expressions
t:'' t; G T t \ \ \ \Ti"
L: Ti"
Iii]
}; to:
ti 1d:
t; J: t: :it\
\ i -9 o --A little different.
t,;IJ'
1.R
;;(. i 1 ~ o
Can't use it.
':J-/J'
-J
No good.
-t.;_ 1) 0)
J(" JI>
"C
A. (: f1'] \ \ 'l < t:- ~ \ \ o -- Ask the person sitting next to you.
()'/:
"'
< t:' ~ \ \
~ 8 (;t : it T~h
"' ~ 7
Please stop.
1)
i -9 o
};
Vocabulary
fei
~
lPUc\'
homework
colloquial expression
fJ' t. \ \ \ \ }J---
bookish expression
\'
''
-/J'tc
-/J'tc
~*~
exercise
;t:~;,.
meaning
9e1t
pronunciation
)C~
grammar
for example
ttroi
question
( l fJ' (:
anything else
~
::_t,;_
answer
"-'ilf-------
number ...
1'7U
example
"'"'-
page number
fL/v Lo ~
''
IJ:':JiS/v
dialect
~ 4! ~------standard
(f; ~t~!v
.;~A,1!7
[_,--:;{,Iv
fJ' "'?
}j
IHlf!v
\'
*H'
polite expression
-/J'tc
Japanese
.:
lilv
) (parenthesis)
"'ff
/-----
8 J:? (/)
i6
(i'~
x (wrong)
(correct)
-=.A_ -f'~----,;,fc IJ
.
.
(m12~1L
E
ffeJ ~ Feeling Ill
0ct5
0
./-;.
2 ;(
12)
1;
=:
1) -
;( J
:
1)
GI]K12-01102
h. t; : :
4 ;(
7 1) -
~ (!) -)
s: t:_ t;
/:: {,
t:' t
5
6
h. t;:
;;(_
7
7
,,
I) -
I) -
;},
t. Iv Ti" o t. .)~Iv~~
t:
ai,
;},;},,
v>t:
-2(--) Ti"h'o
(!)
~t;},
I)
tJ.-:::>
( t IJ
(J)
Ii \ \ ' ;}, I) h { t
Ii~
-J
t: Iv T-t
ii"t.J.o h'{f'T"tt.J.o
'jA.,/::''j
t:
h'
v-r:
h h' I) i L
~ ~ 'j
*i\ \o
7 Ii j:;-fJ. n'n{*i
1: e<1v1:1',
-t ~-- t. Iv
1.'t::.
L?
(!)
T-th{
*:
c'
7t;:i_,
;},;},,
l~'
J2I
8 ;(
1) -
-J
,,
GDK12-03/04
-it !v-ttc'
*:
l2I
6 ;(
l~'
*:
J2I
,,
3 ;(
1)
t:
i;l:A.,
@At a hospital.
;(
I:: ff
:'AA_~~~
};{,
L/v!.fi..'
if A.,
7'.X.~
Tih'o
t~I.' l.'..J: 1 .)~
:
1) -
1;(7
}~
\ \ i -t
B)E
lJ
\o
*-*
~
l'L/vLo1
~E
PQ
(11 Kl2-05
rcfv
Nouns
sL
leg; foot
\ \ h.
~~
meaning
};--CSG\'
}; .:f:-55\:; \ \
restroom
* t:;-r.1.n'
stomach
* n'-tf
cold
n'<J)
t.:: J::
girlfriend
n'it
boyfriend
~};,{,
< t
1)
cloudy weather
* Ls\'
match; game
/.:z.-:.Z.
juice
-th\ t.::
politics
-l\'-I~
-1~
cough
<J) t:_''
throat
(i
(i
tooth
flower
-f.,1.
(i ft
sunny weather
,;, <
clothes
.;.~n'J:\'
7 v-1 / ~
hangover
;t-b. :/ :; 7
homesickness
<1-T:.Z.
minus
t<J)
~~
snow
J: 7 t.::
l,l -
present
a d j e c t i v e s
Si\'
if\'
1ifi\\
*\'f:\'
})};\
~\
hurt; painful
\
1*\\
-Iii\\
sweet
in the dialogue
td:-adjective
-tT~(-/i)
~~
nice
~<
to walk
U-verbs
.oh 6 <
lJ'{f ~ o <
~ J:
f,J..'
to catch a cold
~~n"<h 6
< -t
* tJ.--=>
<!)
7 hn".:h 6
$.1~ ~ o <
to lose ('"'"' ~)
n" s 6
t:n"n't:> <
~n"<h6
<!) t:n"~ <
to have a fever
-tt~n"tl:l6
to cough
$1] ;ft 6
to become thirsty
Ru-verbs
-tt ~ n"T6
t:> lJ' ;ft 6
(person t:)
Verbs
Irregular
7-t6
* LA,if\'-t6
~1l-t6
.~llic-t 6
~,{,~J:
and
Adverbs
* 1't:\' L 1:
* If",{,~ n"fJ. \
* t: ,;: ,{,
*
* 1: ~ ,{, 1: ~
* '"'"'<!) T
Ii L 61) T
* t 7 -t <""
to worry
Other
Expressions
1'**1:
'
7t3(\ 7J<'fJ.'
~~
-r~ 6 t:1t
'"'"' -r L J: 7
'""'-' t:"
to get nervous
, right?
'""'-' )!_
..=...:::. 8
fJ] 61) l
There are two distinct ways to make a statement in Japanese. One way is to simply report the
facts as they are observed. This is the mode of speech that we have learned so far. In this lesson, we will learn a new way: the mode of explaining things.
A report is an isolated description of a fact. When you are late for an appointment, you can
already report in Japanese what has happened, /\'-A ~91~- i 1 Iv TL t.. This sentence, however, does not have the right apologetic tone, because it"' is not offered as an explanation for
anything. If you want to mention the busses failing to run on time as an excuse for being
late, you will need to use the explanation mode of speech, and say:
(As it happens,) the bus didn't come.
An explanation has two components, one that is explicitly described in the sentence (the bus
not coming), and another, which is implied, or explained, by it (you being late for the appointment). The sentence-final expression Iv T-f serves as the link between what the sentence says and what it accounts for. Compare:
<h L t::. -r A
;}:, L t: j- A
n{ <h 'J i -t
r n{;}:, 6 ,.{, T-t
i--
1--1 vl:1'f~f::.\'T-fo
,,
r 1 t- I: ff~
t: \ ',.{, T-t
,,
Iv T-f goes after the short form of a predicate. The predicate can be either in the affirmative
or in the negative, either in the present tense or in the past tense. Iv T-f itself is invariant
and does not usually appear in the negative or the past tense forms. 1 In writing, it is more
common to find <J) -c-r instead of Iv -c-r.
nxJln{ J: <
i:tt..'-t!-5
In casual exchanges, A, T"-t appears in its short form, A, t:. In casual questions,
We will examine these further in Lesson 15.
O'J.
W\.~h{~h
L It;,,
'")
t: Iv -c-g
-f,f
comes in between.
report sentences
ijj1J'c9
vr
tJ:-adjective:
noun:
~~c9
1J'(
'{tl,\
explanation sentences
ijj1J'1J.fu
c9
vr ~~tJ:fuc9
tl<ttv-
You can use Iv -c-t in questions to invite explications and further clarifications from the
person you are talking to. It is very often used together with question words, such as t'' 7 L
-C (why) and t'' 7 L t: (what has happened).
0 : r 7 L -C :{~
t 31J nt::. Iv T-t h'o
;N'L
b;J
Why did you break up with your boyfriend? (You've got to tell me.)
A : fee
-tf !v-tf !v };Ji{.
g 1:: AG
iJtL
,5, ;,
lie
1J.'
\'Iv T-t
Oh, him. He never takes a bath. (That's a good enough reason, isn't it?)
r 7 L t: Iv T-th'o
What happened? (You look shattered.)
A : 1ih{7E!v t~ Iv T-t o 2
ti.:
You can also use Iv T-t to provide an additional comment on what has just been said.
A : t T t \ '\ '~*4T-ttJ.o
od iJ L~
That's a great textbook that you are using.
;i{_;i{_o 5fJ..(7)::k~(7)]t;j:_f.i{\'f::./vTi"o
btcl
t.'.ci!'<
iJ
{tA,{t\
<7)
A t:" 7 L f::. Iv -r-t-lJ' question is best answered by a Iv -c-r sentence with the subject marked with the particle
-IJ' rather than Ii, as in this example. See Lesson 8 for a related discussion.
-t ~-- ~ can also follow \ ' - and -t,,: -adjective bases (the parts which do not change in conjugations); you drop the \ ' and -t.,_ at the end of the adjectives and then add -t ~-- ~.
This book is too expensive.
This town is too quiet.
You use -t ~-- ~ when something is beyond normal or proper, suggesting that you do not
welcome it. Thus ~:W-t ~-- i -t (too kind) for example is not a straightforward compliment.
L Iv-Ii:':>
Use modifiers like t -C t and -t .: < if you simply want to say that something is in a high
degree.
(l 7
'T-t "it is better (for you) to do .. :'is a sentence-final expression which you can
use to give advice. When you suggest an activity with ( l 7 -/;<'\ '\ '-c-t, you are giving a very
-/;<'\ '\
specific piece of advice; namely, that it is advisable to do it, and if one does not follow the
advice, there is a danger or a problem.
( l 7 -/;<'\ '\ '--c-t is peculiar in that it follows different tense forms, depending on whether
the advice given is in the affirmative or the negative. When the advice is in the affirmative,
( l 7 -/;<'\ '\ 'T-t generally follows the past tense short form of a verb. When the advice is in
the negative, however, the verb is in the present tense short form.
You'd better eat more vegetables.
It is better not to skip classes.
~12~
.. 273
-on:
You can use (]) -c to give the reason for the situation described in the balance of the sentence. Semantically, (]) -c is just like -/J' G. Stylistically, (]) -c sounds slightly more formal
than -/J' G.
(reason) O)c
\ 1--:>
(situation),
1)
i L f: a
-r
My Japanese has improved, because I always speak Japanese.
1: 1i:1v .:
1 ~ iJ" f:
LP<t.:'C'
1i1':
--
< ~ Iv "<h ~
1: 1I1v
f: (}) T,
--
t?
.:
ti
t: a
-f(})A.(
i\1
U-1:
~ G\1-t-ta
LtJ6-fJ.(})T,
=--
"1~::.'i
1:J?J:'i1f=--
~'T
We use fJ.' t+ ;flIf\' tt i-{ Iv and fJ. ~ '\" \ -t+ i-{ Iv 3 to say that it is necessary to do something, or "must:' The fJ. ~ '\" variant is very colloquial and is mainly found in the spoken
language, while the more formal fJ. It ;flIf. variant is often seen in the written language.
~.~-/J""<h 6 fJ' G, ~ 7~ L
l It Iv
"-Iv" d
fJ.
lt;fl!f\
It i -tr !v/-fJ.
~ 'I"\
It i -tr Iva
t ;flIf' and
not go";
fJ.
'\"mean "if you do not do .. :' and \ ' ( t i -{Iv roughly means "you cantt ;flIf\ -t+ i-{ Iv and fJ. ~ '\" \ -t+ i-{ Iv therefore literally mean "you cannot
fJ. ~
There are more varieties for "must" sentences: -r,,: < t; ~\'It i -l Iv, -td: < T Ii\' It i -l Iv, and -td:~
\ 'It
i -l Iv. You can also substitute -td: 1) i -l Iv for \'It i -l Iv in the tc It ;fl If'and -td: ~ ~ combinations, like
fd: It ;fl If'fd: 1) i -l Iv, fd: ~ ~ fd: 1) i -l Iv. In casual speech, you can also leave out \ ' It i -l Iv and end the
sentence like: it~ fd: ~ ~ o /it~ f,J.' < t; ~ 0 /it~ fJ. \ ' t: 0
r:
t:
t:
go not doing ... "with the double negatives giving rise to the affirmative sense of the man-
-f.1.
verb
-f.1. \ -.
short negative
"must"
~~1CJ:L,'
to
-~t)1CJ:L,'
,,
L 1CJ:l'
C:: : 1CJ:l'
~~1CJ:l1t11d'.'l
'11*tt fv I ~~1d:E
t' l '11*tt fv
~
~
~b1CJ:l1t11d'.'l '11*ttfv I ~b1d:E t' l '11*ttfv
L1CJ:l1t11d'.'l ''1*ttfv I L1d:E t' l '11*ttfv
C::::1CJ:l1t11d'.l '11*ttfv I C:: : 1CJ:E t' L, '11*ttfv
~~0
to
~5
,,
90
<0
\,.\
l,I
You can change \ 'It i -lt Iv to \ 'It i -lt Iv -r L t. to say you had to, and to -ti~ 'I"\ 'lt-f.1. \ '
(the short form, present tense) in casual speech and to -f.1. It ;tL ( ;f \ ' It -f.1. \ ' in the written
language.
It~ LL 7'atfl:~ ~
7o (
L:
-t.1.
.lifB,
~!~ L-tJ.-~ 'l"\'lt-lJ.'\'!vT-t'o
1lICJ?
iclvlA~
s L f::. lif<fu?J{~6
'*'"' -.,.-
TL J:
1o
~ G -l'J. \ ' T L
J: -)
(v v-adjective)
:lt~:itli*\
ll-o7'C'/:'~
'TL J:
*< -l'J.\'TL
1o
J:
-70
-r L J: 7 may also follow 1'.1. -adjective bases and nouns. Note that T L J: 7 goes directly
after these elements; we do not use x ,.__, -tJ. --c L J: 7 , x ,.__, (J) "C L J: 7 , or x ,.__, t: -r L J: 7 .
T L J: 7 may also follow predicates in the past tense. We will, however, concentrate on the present tense
examples in this lesson.
u.J..' -adjective)
ill "F 7't~ (;t ,tt!, lr'ff ~ TL J: 7
>?t
L-to-ttA,-ttc'
~!rlt
-.,-
ff~
., t
(noun)
b (!)A. ( ;t ::t - ::::Z ~ 7
~c
::t -
::::Z ~
1)
'('-r.f\
,-c
L J:
1o
like fish.
TA.
c;,,
1)
-c L
TA t '('
J: 7
1-J.' \
'T L J: 7 o
C/v
Australian.
TL J: 7 sentences can be turned into questions (,...__,TL J: 7 iJ'), which can be used to invite another person's opinion or guess.
81: i'-?o
t ~OO?o z . t'' -:ii;(!) 117 h":n L \'TL
Ii/,, .:
~,;,,::_ < .:
(;-fl!'
J:
7 iJ'o
f: t t L ~ A, Ii J! ~ iJ" b 6
Cid;,.
t: ;;
7 t .~
\'i
Bt
a prediction or an
+,
In casual exchanges, you can use -c L .J: 7 (with the question intonation, and most often
pronounced as somewhat shorter T" L J: ) when you want to check if your partner agrees
that you have the correct understanding about what you have just said.
:/
.>.
i:f .:OO?aiJ"hiJ'6-c
< .:
t, ,, 7
L J:?
.tl, -g1(;A, To
J:
John, you understand Chinese, right? Can you read this for me?
*l ~ P
:rtfu
l_,t;1>'5
A. You are in the following situations. Explain them using ~fv c9.
~J{ f.i'~
Example:
Mc<
''to
Q :
'-c-r
t''7 L f:!v T-91.i'o
B!] K12-06
~~~
~
(2) 7 v-t':,; ~ ~
t ~ \' i L f:
(4) ~
0)
(i
(6)
0)
t''f.i'~\ 'T-t
\,'f::.
~~ BT'Lt:
tclvtd
(7)
1f
/.l'-tf ~ U ~ i L
t:
(8)
1:JJ1f ~ t: < L i L f:
~ ->
(9) cf:>
L t. 7 ;;z ~ f.i'
)>
cf:> ')
-r
G!] Kl 2-01
Example:
(l)
~fl\ \fJ.':ft-C-Tho
l~>d:
(2)
~Jf L \ '~t--t-tho
<0
McG
I received them
from my friend.
Italian ones
( 1 5' 1) 7)
I made it.
(5)
It was cheap.
kind
.,
.e '
C.
Pair Work-Your
B : -t T ~ -t-J.'*~t-r-t iflo
Example:
I: ih'
I: t
A : 7t; ~
Jlil
-t!"!vL>'il:?od
B :
I: ff ~ i L
*
''
r: 7 L T Jlil
l:-? ~
J:
t:
I,'
1. I am very tired.
2. I have no money.
3. It is not convenient today. (~-@--h{~' ')
-:) .:: 7
;,;:,
d7
'
A. Describe the following pictures using ~-g~7a). Use "verb+ 9~'-Q" for (1)
through (4) and "adjective+ 9~'-Q" for (5) through (10). EID K12.os
Example:
fi: 1J -t ~- i L t: o
-:)
:::: 0)
:g~
g Ii -l i -t ~- i -t o
=: '(>
~12~279
(3)
(1)
(6)
(4)
B.
(7)
(10)
(9)
(8)
Look at the verbs below. Think about the results of over doing these things
and make sentences as in the example.
Example:
i<:""
6
t:
___.
~""-t
~-- t. i.J'
t:
G,
-c-r
7. ~
~ t:
5.
3. / ~ '/ :::7 /
'f 1!-)
"CJ~'
6.
<J;,;t
'(,O)
8.
'f ~-)
~ t:
~~-t
6
C<!vt,H
A.
Using the cues below, give advice to a friend who has a headache. Decide if
you should use the affirmative or the negative.
Kl 2-09
BJ
Example:
~
<-j-lJ
"fj}:t'
B :
---+
Mei
0)
v>t:
1.
,l;y-f
B.
3. 1h'i'lv
m~1=ff,, <
4. 1:f. "f {*t;
L .: I::
<'T
-!f.
< !Jl
6
1;1:v
<o
2. 1Ql
0)
o I:: fr <
\,\
5.
6.
:!l~-t
6
? Iv I::'?
-t;1::~6
iJ'}._
Pair Work-Give advice to your partner in the following situations, using ~1~ 5
f.J\l., )l.,).
Example:
L'.I? T
I: li/v .:
---+
1:111v::.
A : 8
*A.
1)
L'.1?-f
<7)
1: li!vL/v
-::>(
T~ 6 t:-1t~?o"f~i?~
1.
2.
!i~
,i \..' .:
f:. \
""?
t. 11 7
4.
-\"'-tt t: \
5.
nX.*-lh{~
\\
-ttc '-It'
jo.t,
6.
-=-am\'t:J:
I:: t
t-;~h{-fJ.'\ \
iJ<o
t:
cL /
' T-t o
7.
!ih{~\ \
Ii
l'tc
_,,-:) il'
C. Pair Work-You are a health counselor. Someone who hasn't been feeling well
is at your office. Ask the following questions. Complete this form first, then
give your advice using ~1~51.J'll.,)l.,).
a.
l < :!!~ L i -t h, o
( ;t \ \
b.
J: < <ht
i:t\\:t~"f~"i-t'h'o
t:
( ;t \ \
C.
I ;t \ '
? Iv I::'?
{,O)
v "''
i -t'h'o
l < t-; )YJj "f j}: h i -9 h' o
d. ~
<J;, C<
e.
f.
t:
t:
IJ:/v
C< It
f:. I ;f :::
h.
<o
L fi'lv
t''-1J.'#JJ"fJ:
01?
l < j;,.t,
~ ~ i -t h'
I ;t \ '
FJifM
----Lfi'/v
<~"i-t'h'o
ij
i.
I ;t \ '
0)
g. MFJifM<"G\'!Jli-th'o
t.:!v
I ;t \ '
~
0
I ;t \ '
\ '\
-C Iv ~
--+
-C!v
':<Iv If
v-t
2.
;t (7)8*@!
Ii}) t L.;
;t \,,' tJ{
3.
~~Ii
4.
.::1vL~?
tt
cfn'
ffl'A TL
1};-j ~
<
r... \ 1 --c-t / Jl
t:
Jj.
t: -r--t /1-Btitt T \
f:/t~~
~1;f\.h i L t:
t>J>"'d
'(,_,
L h' ".)
0tr
1-kli\
\-:) t*'lt;rc-t
/ A.'An'1.>
'J i-t
nO)t~
l1v-tt0
1:1v ~
6.
~5~1:
~~h'1.>
-It\ t
"d J;.
7. ;t L
s.
9.
(7)
i -1 ,.C/*frflif9
t: -r A 1-- n' ;t 1 J
l/".;;1v
r... \ 1 T-t
i -t
5.
1)
<
~Melt. i -tLC
J:
i -t / ~ 1~ L i -t
t:''h'h'h ~ i L f://
"'-!v"d
1-
7.h'i.Xh
0)
<bl.>
t: \ 'T-t
T-t
B. Make sentences using the cues below as reasons, according to the example.
Example:
h'-l:f ~ U ~ i L t.
1. })
4.
Jfj:f-h'1.> 1) i -t
2.
5.
6.
1-Btitt
i L t.
0n
1th' ;t 1) i -1 ,.(_,
"'*"
})r ...n'h'-9\ 1T\1 i -t
J:
7 t
tc!v C:
''
J;.
1.
(7)
2.
(7) T,
3.
(7)
T, h'-l:f ~ U ~ i L f:
4.
(7)
T, $iJ ;tt i L
5.
(7)
6.
(7)
7.
(!) T,
A.'Ah'1.>
1:1v ~
bn
T,
1)
-t
t: o
8 '-Fl:1ih
1: l'!!v
i-t
t: <
rJ.\
T, :1~1J L i L t:
t, .; <
~7<\'ii"o
~!vtd
'T-t o
A.
The following
example.
G!] K12-11
Example:
7:00
A.M. /~
};
Ex.
7:00
A.M.
~~6
};
1.
8:00
A.M.
7 t; ftl6
2.
9:00
A.M.
~~~1::t:e6
t:>J>,.d
3.
1:00
P.M.
4.
2:00
P.M.
~?of~;{.6
5.
3:00
P.M.
~t:jf; I:: 1t
,, -:i T, /.f.f{{t7),
6.
5:00
P.M.
71;1::~6
7),;i.
7.
6:00
P.M.
;t;;zr7T~
8.
8:00
P.M.
W~f-96
9.
9:00
P.M.
/ 1' '7-f5B-l/6
,.,
10.
10:00
P.M.
~ fj)zt'
11.
11:00
P.M.
*~I::
i:~i; f n'lt 6
7), i'(
-c Iv b
-c
-c
iLr7t~1=%7
;J;,
'(>J' L.tc<t!v<tc'
,;{_ ~'
.:
}; I..
I: I.. J: 7)'/v
1)
li/v
1) - t Bjt :~ f ~"' 6
li/v
Ll/v
t:
L1<t-'''
(tlJ
(])
2.
n'
-:i
C:
l:>J>~d
J:: <
fJ.' 1)
T,:I:
t: \\A,
4.
;J;,-t-
M
f
7J:!:
L f"- t+ fl(;f\
-t+ i
-tt A,n'o
3. ~t:-t;n"1~H/1::*-i-t
I: t
T-t o
!>
r.:1:
r T-t
<h L t. li:f7J
al:> T 0) -rl;l I.:
o Mf L
r.:1:
t: t+ fl
(;f\
-t+ i
-tt A, n'o
C. Using the cues in A, tell your friend what you must do tomorrow.
Example:
7:00
A.M. /~
};
G!] K12-12
D.
Pair Work-Invite
play tennis
--+
A : 1:i L
l'-::i
B : -t.;,,. i -tLto t; J:
'?
-::i
A.
1. do homework
2. eat lunch
5. go to karaoke
3. drink coffee
6. travel
Here is tomorrow's weather forecast (~~:Y~&). Look at the map and play the
ZA. ;;; J: I:!~
role of a meteorologist and tell the weather forecasts for each city. BJ Kl 2-13
4. Rome~
"
(Warm/20C)
~3. Moscow :fj_:
( Cold/-10C)
~
'J-Ex. Tokyo Is
(Cold/-2C)
Ob~
~
~
1. Cairo
(Cool/l8C)
Example:
Tokyo
--+
JR
Jj(
t~5d
5. Los Angeles
(Warm/25C)
Ii 1:i L
t: op~~ T
L J: 7
-* \ ' -c L J:
'51;
1:
1. Cairo ( iJ 1 rz )
4. Rome (0-7)
2. Sydney ( / F.::::.. - )
5. Los Angles ( o
.ff
J:
/-\DJ.;
x)
:Q:
B.
Pair Work-Play
Predict
the weather
for your
favorite city. The other person fills in the blanks. Switch roles and do the same
thing.
weather
city
temperature
B. Pair Work-A and B are deciding when they can play tennis together. Play the
role of A and B. Discuss your schedules and find the day on which both of you
are available. Refer to the next page for B's schedule.
Example:
B :
lf-::>J:'.>
\ \ l t-t"' \
1f
\ ,.{, T-t
~~1h~
\ \ ,.{, T'-t
-::> C_.'.>
Jol.>
8 Bl 8 ( ;t ~"
l:'SJ:'.>
1f
A's schedule
Sunday
go shopping
Monday
Tuesday
read books
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
meet friends
T-t
n'
~?a~~
;t -t"' ~
i.\'::::
BL
'<"
~12~
.. 285
Name:
Age:
Symptoms:
Pair Work
@ B.
Example:
A:
D Sore throat
D Headache
D Stomachache
D Any other pain
D Cough
D Fever
D Allergy
D Others
(/ t- 1i,-t:-)
============================================================================================
(---+ p. 284)
l?Pl1:ti?
B : *-~
(7)
G1>L~-i
Bl Br.f
lf-:>J:-j
yj
\ 'tt-tJ.' \',.(,Ti'
\..'"?
L J:
(;J: t; J: -,
-:>
-z--r
t: ~~I.I{,~\',.(,
.::-j
101.>
f.l'o
1:-!; J: -j r.f
B's schedule
Sunday
Monday
teach English
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
practice karate (~
T)
~?o
~~
~ t: ~ \"
;<_1,::::
;t;L
Tokyo
Sapporo
Mid-January
Late March
Early May
Early May
Mid-June
No rainy season
First snowfall
No snow
January
October
January temperatures
High:19.1
Low: 14.3
High: 9.8
Low: 2.1
High: -0.9
Low:-7.7
August temperatures
High: 30.9
Low: 26.1
High: 30.8
Low: 24.2
High: 26.1
Low: 18.5
Annual precipitation
2036.?mm
1466.8mm
1127.6mm
Winter is sunny and dry on the Pacific coast, but cloudy and snowy on the Sea of Japan coast.
Spring is rather short because daily temperatures rise quickly and the season is cut short by
the arrival of the rainy season (#Hri), which lasts for about a month and a half. Summer in
-0
iW
most parts of Japan is hot and very humid, and almost tropical in some places. Typhoons
('i 00.) make occasional landfalls
t~l.'h?
B*~
(: 'l'
A IJ'C'
(Sea of Japan)
F
110-
- -40
::t: SfL5f:
100-
(Pacific Ocean)
80-
f.:l.'"'1,'J::?
90-
-30
7060-
-20
-
4030-
50- -10
"
oJ
o.
-o
~~~t-10
-20
-10
Useful Expressions
a n d
Health
Illness
-t.z,,. i -tt o
Patient:
f7J /rl)
IH'.
<: -rJ.
--c-r fJ "o
1*.~filE
f Jt-lT < t:~ \ 'o
Ii lt/vL.t?
;,.
Receptionist: Ii\',
to: i X.
IA 'l L ~
~,
: tlliMV')~ T-9/J'o
Patient:
( tiJ
fo:lv
~{~l:jk.T<
L; ( .:
/:.'
t:~\'o
(!)
}; **-I:
tee' t
I}
<t: 1f
-lt\'
1)
1tf;J
1if T-to ------------1 havehayfever.
~' ,),/vL.t 'l
(""' 1:) 7 l> Jv .:f-fJ" S ') i
;I.; J'.iN fJ" ~ ') i -9 o
t; L If
<
L ~ .Z,,. fJ"ili i
-c
+,
-----1 haveanallergyto...
I havea bad tooth.
-*-71<-/J"ili
i -9 o ------------1havea runny nose.
Llfo:J;i'
"(
'l"-9 o ---------Mybackitches.
ifi:ff.J{f.J'tP\
-tt r.:n'
&>'>
t!. ~ 1 L t: o
I threwup.
l;I:
'A!'< .;:1v
7.]'-f.J{
'-C-9
~ \
bJ.>
I amnot feelingwell.
Jf.. 0) it f {fr
;J;,L
liio
I) 1
ltf.l{ f L 1 L
t:
t:
I broke myleg.
Vocabulary
~~(Doctor's
\,\ L.,~
office)
i*J f+
physician
11
f+
o .s. ,,,,
dermatologist
J~t+
n'
surgeon
jf-Mf
A.f+
'5!v ,;, t!v ,,,,
obstetrician
andgynecologist
1\Ht~J~f+
If ,,,,
~f+
1J'!v ,,,,
orthopedic surgeon
li*4
L ,,,,
JI=t 1f n'
dentist
f..:l' iJ'
If
-lt\'IT\'
r+
-t'O)ftBto
ophthalmologist
otorhinolaryngologist; ENTdoctor
(Miscellaneous)
:J:;t~~~jt
antibiotic
t- / ~ 'l /
X-ray
,~-~1
111J
.
------operation
L<Pl:P'J
5i# ------injection
tP"i L"'
1*-5J.H
t..:L';f)/v!tt.'
-----thermometer
Reading
!ill } O!l!
lll
0- 51Jlt;J.
lll30!l!
!ill
lll60!l!
Section
Katakana-------------294
Daily Life---------298
5 O!l! Oct L. 3
Writing
Hiragana------------- 290
a:;l,,IL:!>O)ttl,'D':J
and
Mary's
Weekend-----
Travel--------------
fb0)9~tc:J:[.;:::Z.t'-5::J
302
306
My
Favorite Restaurant-----312
btd.1
m 70!l!
!ill
.)()71J-cfuO)Y.1Jl()-J
8 O!l! E3 ;:$:0):~H~
!<:
lll90!l!
liJA,
Mary's
Letter-------318
Japanese Office
Workers------323
1J1L\l.,'1,'>L\A,
:A-C:-/uO)E3~c
Sue's Diary----------328
IC::>~
llllOO!l!
1J'cl>r3
The
Folktale
Kasajizo ---------334
lllllO!l!
~tC.!>~~
Looking
forFriends
---------340
Cti
llll20!l!
ftt,f.
!if Gti15
-$' Tanabata
Festival ------------346
ltn:
Nll
Hiragana
G)Hiragana Practice
A.
4.
SU
2. ho
I ;;t
ll
5.
ki
3. me
6. chi
t;
-t
7. ta
f:
1:
8. ro
i;
9. e
;{_
Iv
'-
'-
t: fJ.' I; . .
2. ~
Sakuma
6.
< i t t:
Tanaka
7.
t;-1;-..~;i
Morikawa
8.
Takahashi
9.
l :: Iii
-IJ"h
Yamamoto
10.
i t t:
3.
~ < i
4.
t: -IJ"li L
5.
1)
Place name
Morioka
Yokohama
1) t; -1;-..
h. t:
Mito
Okayama
Kumamoto
C. What's wrong with the hiragana below? Rewrite the correct hiragana.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
D.
-----
3.
2.
7
4.
E.
5.
'
4.
t. Jv ::::
dango (dumpling)
5. f::.
zabuton (cushon)
6.
3. ~ ,),
t Iv
< L Iv
IJ' \ \ ::::
1. \ \ -/; ::::
2.
F.
'
Jv ( l ( l
to appro-
gaikokujin (foreigner)
tanpopo (dandelion)
IJ' fvA.. . ~
ganpeki (cliff)
Pay attention to the pronunciation of each word, and mark with 0 for the
correct one. G!lvo1.2
1. shashin (photograph)
L~Llv
2. dokusho (reading)
t'' < L
3. kyori (distance)
~ J: 1)
U:
5. chairo (brown)
t.; Iv -tJ.(1)
ut
7. kitte (stamp)
~ -r
~--J"Z
8. motto (more)
t~t
J:
J(' -t
LJ('Ltv
t'' < L J:
~ J:
1)
u~-r
-/;~\\;
t.;
)
--J
--J
-tJ. (1)
ut
G.
t? If'~ Iv
t? I r .:h ~ Iv
(aunt)
2.
(grandmother)
t:;L\\~lv
5.
(landlord)
1 \ \ ~
1~
(century)
(seat)
(uncle)
L ~ L Iv
(husband)
j:.) j:.) ~
(parent)
t?L~lv
(grandfather)
3.
j:.) ~
4.
@I YOl-3
L~-J L Iv
(prisoner)
f ': t: t f;
---+
_r_ ~
f :_ j2._
1.
hfv-r
------
4.
;;{_ -tJ.
2.
= \ \ ; {_
------
5.
lv-l:t-l:t\\
--------
3.
Iv 111:
------
6.
fJ{t:'\ \ <
--------
------
Reading Practice
Read the following people's self-introduction and answer the questions. Refer to
vacabulary list on p. 41. @] YOl-4
1.
L 'l"\'lvT-to
Ii Gt:
7 T-t o
t: \ \ fJ{ < -1 \ \ -r---r1)
J:
-1 Iv :: 7 Ii
3.
;ft~
LT-to
f:\\fJ{< \\A.,,-\:t\\-t'-t"o
-t!v:71i
(t\
,~--\'Ti"" o
2.
4.
t> t: L
:: 7 :: 7
t:
~i
t:\
-t-J.
V')
V')
i :: t T-t
,.{.,tJ.,.{.,-th 1T-t
5.
o
@)Writing Practice
You received a letter from a Japanese friend. Read it and write a letter introducing
yourself.
ix t &0 i L
!:
(l ,.{_,
-r,
i ;t n'h
i;
-t; : : : -c-t o
l ,.{_, -r -t o
h f: L ( i
1 ,.{_, .; 7 ( i ;Z \ \ .: -r -t o
l 7:> L <
Li
+,
r~~~
tJ5'tJ)
CD Katakana
A.
N 21
Katakana
Practice
4. shi
''/
7. ru
5. ku
'7
8. ho
.:c:-
47-
,,
9. yu
..I.
2. nu
3. sa
6. ma
J {.;
::L
:t v/:/:/ .:i.-:A
7. (
4f / F 1
2. (
771 Fif-Tr
8. (
3. (
9. (
4. (
7-.:t47-7 If
t -+f
5. (
1- 3':Jv-"1!\7
11. (
" - :A l-
6. (
':J-t-
12.
v-1:-/7-1-
(a)
10.
.I.
(b)
(d)
0
(f)
(e)
(g)
(h)
~
U)
CO
~
(k)
~~
''J
(1)
1-
Countries
:t'/9
i.<v-:/7
9://
l- /DC
3.
:t 7 / '!''
7 ,J 1) tJ
-=..
.:z. -
7' I) -
4.
x.:; 7 l-
/,.A
j- Ji,;
2.
1)
7.
:t- A l- 7
A 7 .r, -7'/
1 / F
8.
7Jl,,-1'/1-
9.
tJ-T f
s.
6.
7/ 7
L,.
JI,, / 7- JI,,
7''x. /A
11 t- A
. 4- -r /"'7
tJ 1 D
l- "/ 7 ;t
Ji,;/,.
/ /fl
1-
..-,;:
r -t L...
(Czech)
I,;(
1)
fJ (America)
7- r/'
.I.
(Vietnam)
.:T' /
(Sweden)
7 I F /L (Ecuador)
,;( ;\=- /
'::I
(Mexico)
f 7 :/ /L (Brazil)
7-
""1 /
(Spain)
:;t 7 / '/.(Holland)
1 / F ;f, /I (Indonesia)
fJ -t f (Canada)
1
JP7 / 1f (Rwanda)
'1 1 (Thailand)
:;t- 7-
r7
1)
I (Australia)
F ;f, :/
JI,,
'!''
:J
7 -t- 1) 7'' 7
1-
:J
1)
.I.
.> 7
,J
:J
4- :/
:J
;(
::::
r
-r
.I.
,J
JI,,
1)
;f, 7:.'
'!'' 4-
-r-,
Ji,,
tJ
-r
"'r
tJ -t-
t:' A
-r-,
:/
7]'' ~
Ji,,
/\
'!''
'!
1 :f 1) 7
.I.
7 7
JI,,
:t -
'!
;(
_,,
' ,,
' ,,
,,-.....
"
/,.
'-'
,J
E.
Example:
4- T -
--.
i.
"/-
3 . ..::..
2.
/~
4.
::L ,,;( -
/:)-A.'
Name Tags
Write your name' in the box below and make your own name tag.
Example:
,,;( 1
J - / \-
i--
,,;(
')
I
/
"
~2~297
@Reading Practice
Mary wrote about the things below. Find out which item she wrote about. @!] voz
1. (
-t -r
/-
~ /v(7)
If 7 L
-c-r
f:: n'\
r 7 1J
L::
'(7)
-r 1v L ~ -c-r 0
'T-t o
) :;tt(;t
L::LJ:T-90
~/.I.Ji,t~/v(7)
4. (
:t- :A
3. (
'T-t o
lf7LT-to
~i-3-?~/.:f--:A(l)
2. (
-r.J. \
7 /:A :(7)
) :;tt(;t
/-r?'//~/v(7)
1)
1)
-f.J. \ \
(b)
(a)
'T-t o
L:: L l T-t o
1 'l
,J
-r.J. \
<-::>T-90
T-t 0
(c)
(d)
g)
(f)
(e)
50,000
(g)
8,000
(h)
@Writing Practice
Write about the things you or your classmates own. Use Mary's sentences in ill as
a model.
(~ 3 ~I
s
s
0
\(L !)O)ttl \b\~ Daily Life
*l
001
-002
003
004
---
---9
005
,_
006
J ..
007
"
-t:
008
~\ d;
t>Ut
-(ltdj)
--:) W i:: 0)
one minute
-*7"-(v'0~/v)
one
(one)
(1)-
~1:
[>,),f:
(two)
(2)
~~,(_,
[>;,.. ~
(three)
(3)
~L
t>J: ,(_,
J: ~
J:
.=.. -J (b
--
--
---
zs
(four)
(5) l
~:''
[>\\-:)
(five)
(4)
~.; <
[>
.;~
VI
~(6 <)six
11
1711
~*(6
<
six hundred
~ -J ( LM 0)
_,_
old
Ji
~ Ef ( 0 0 'CJ~ < )
t' ~
_,_
_,_
/'
six
(six)
(4)
~Li;
[>
-fj_' -fj_
[>-\'"' ~
--!::
(2)-
(seven)
~(;ti;
J -,
(;t ~
J \..(Iii?)
J \..
(2)
eight
J \..*(Iii?
J\..~
(eight)
31
('i
L) eight o'clock
eight hundred
1\..-J (~00)
eight
t.:0) two
~3~299
009
7L
010
011
-t
8
012
013
..,~tP-J
<
t>::(})
")L-:> (.::.::
Pl
015
t> t j:;
(ten)
-r:
(6)-
(hundred)
-tf ,{,
(thousand)
.., i ,{,
Ff 8
three thousand
+ 7j ( t. ~ -) i
Ef 7j
('(}-?
<i
(ten thousand)
(3)-
l> i 6
f9\
\(;i7.>v')
7j
round
n m
F9
(yen; circle)
(4)
_.,L
t> t ~
nine
0)0)
..,ttP-J
L tP -:)
..,1 ,{,
(time)
1L
(2))
(nine)
7j
014
(10) I
(c ~
in one's childhood
t- ~ ) sometimes
A
a-
aif~f (c ft\,\)
a+
IF
watch
a:!=
(D~!0)*l~
tNu
:tlfu i.,~5
L.;
(Kanji Practice)
A. Read the price of the following items in kanji and write it in numbers.
Example: 1-
=1
l> - l-
l./\/f;.:f
8 .E.--t-P1
7' 8 .E.
( 150 )
3. ~
2.
4. j-
<J)
+P1
+"'-aP1
-tLt--t
t- t'
5.\\;{_
oO
<::
+ =- 7j.:::. + F9
)
30
-+
6. 42,500
2. 140
7. 168,000
3. 251
8. 3,200,000
4. 6,070
9. 57,000,000
5. 8,190
A student writes about his daily routine. Read the passage and find out about his
BJ
t:
""i -t
h
~ J:
-to 7 t; TS ~ :: Ii ,{, f f:
;\..* 1: t:'\ \ "h{ < ""\ \ ~ i -t :IL* 1: 1: (l ,{, =-- f "",.{_,
7 L i +, +=. .:f. I: t: \ \ "h { < -c U 7;;, ::Ii ,{, f t.-: i -to
L Ii i \ \ I:
t; -1::
t ~ t'' ~ ~ - t - f
-t
hi
Yo3
7'* =--.;
+=-* =-- .;
ti i
-t
0)
I: ;h ~ i
Ii Iv
h i
+,
7 t; """h' ~
1)
v.:i
-t
+* 1:
j-
l> t' f hi
7:00
go to the university
eat lunch
watch TV
9:00
(
4:00
6:00
@~<**~
b'
:tlfu L,~5
(Writing Practice)
Write about your daily routine. Use the above passage as a model.
-t
(~ 4 ~ I L
017
018
(:: : i;
*
A
019
021
7j(
022
023
Mary's Weekend
(day; sun)
(4) I
~ (l/v
*OVv) book
r:> t t:
~ tlv
I::::
Iv
r:> o t:
t ~ Iv)
;if
(5)-
(book; basis)
8
8 *(l::lilv) Japan
Ji* ~ /v ( ~ i
Mr./Ms. Yamamoto
*
t ~ l:')
:: (!) A. (.::
alone
0)
V- t
this person
(person)
A.
r:>~~
(moon; month)
(4) )
~ IJ'
r:> (}
k Bi
f;<:~
N 4)
vu o
I:::: -J
~If'~
020
~ (::::
fvO)l_;~3*-:J
,)(]71j-~
016
u:
fj
J3
( iJ>-tt v')
'/
:{tj( (Ii
tj cf) fireworks
Mars
:)/
j(
(fire)
(4)
~i"\ \
[>;,,.
'
January
:tj<.
(water)
(4)
~t<
*-Bi 8 (ti
r:>~
*(~)tree
(tree)
(4) -
~~Iv
;h~(BiJ>;Q) money
:tJ
:rt
;;if
ff~ ( ~
J:
-? ~ Iv) charge
~
(gold; money)
(8) /
4-
i'-
~4~303
024
025
Bl
026
~ t:''
8 ( c: J: -) rf')
Bl
t:
[>-Ji;
(-:::ii:,)
soil
(soil)
(3) -
~ .J: -)
(weekday)
(18) I
~ L J: -J
B'
.L
(up)
(3)
~I.I'
I> L t:
r (Lt:::) under
(J)(f
029
J: -) ) rooftop
< t:
I-
.I;
7'j) poor at
(down)
(3)-
~ t; r)) -)
L rJJ -J
[>-f.j_' I.I'
(middle)
~(;t,{,
.I; 6 (OJll'J.i) to go up
027
o/
I> -) ;{_
028
Saturday
(5)
'
-c
',
v ,
0~!0)~*~
b'fv
A.
tlfv
t_;
(Kanji Practice)
l.,tj>-3
t. 7J(BI B
Sunday
2.
i:-111 B .
Monday
3.
BBIB
Tuesday
4.
~Bl B .
Wednesday
5.
BIB .
Thursday
6. *-BIB
7.
Friday
-*.BIB
Saturday
B. Look at the picture and choose the appropriate kanji for the blanks.
(building)
2.
B *~~t((;t
t- /\ l- 7 /if)
.: -/Jf-?::...?
T-t
;h' 1J \ J) -:: ~
:!( J:
~
r-:
-7 1 1t t ( t? t
I
r~ \, ,
.
1)
3.
Miff:
.; n'
t.t
A,
;t
'J i -t n'o
-t~::--r-8
~Bi
8 I : 8 '-1-'- /;
A, -r-- t
t:- 1;
0)
t t:- 1;
t :
;t A, I : \ \ ~ i
L t: o t: < ~ A, f: -: i L t: o
Bi 8 Ii - AT }; l G """'\ \ ~ i L
L
t: o
t:
f:
L t: o
t- :::z
r7/
< ~
A, h. -tt f; '{ ch I)
;t
""'- \ \ ~ i
i
t tt> 7 f fJ' \ \ i L f: o
B Bi 8 Ii }; -'C < }; ~ i L f:
fJ' ch ~ A, t };-'C < }; ~ i L t.
h.-tt T}; i A,
};
s t:
i L f: o
:-- :--
Ii 8 '-1-'-~ f ""'-A,~
7 L i L f: '-1-'-
J:
t J: h. i L t: o
h.-!
shop; store
}:; 1 Iv L:: l'P -J sweet bun
}:; ..Z-
<
( e) watched TV
~<**!
b'
n1v
L,i;,5
)
(c) went to a park
(Writing Practice)
A. You are going out. Write a memo to someone in your house, telling when you
will be back and whether you will have dinner at home.
B.
(m5~1
IJ~L.3
030
031
(mountain)
(3)
h"b
034
h" ,.(,
~If,(,
I> t t
Jl
*h
A
;oj>;b
SI
Jl]
- r
i:i t) local
(4) -
~~
(spirit)
(6) /
~ -r ,.(,
,,._
--
:7t
.c:
035
..
t.L
(origin)
036
J_
(3) )
033
'A
(river)
7C
t>~i
Jl]
...-
[>-Q~b
032
Travel
~ ~ ,.(,
Ji
Japanese emperor
genius
:;=
(heaven)
(4) -
~L
(I; private)
5ft. (:bt.: L) I
5ft.J'I.:;k ~ ( L ~ 0 t:3. v' ;?{ < ) private university
5ft.~ ( L "(0) private railroad
~
(7) ....
f f 5f 5fJ. 5ft.
~: ,.(,
~(v'i)
l>bf.: L
-r
[>\\
t>f~
~ 8 (~
now
~~(.:: c L)
(4) /
(now)
037
:R..
t:
(rice field)
J:
0 ) today
this year
A
n rn
Ffl
EE
038
'"k
039
-!J::(!) A. (J3/v~(J)(}
~ L.:: J:
[> };
(woman)
[>};t:
041
042
man
man
~ (!)
rrr
(7)
~It /.v
[>;,,.
(to see)
(7)
~--
-)
- J: 7
[> \ \
(to go)
[>
J:
'
<
t:
FFI
fl
:Jtzff ( ~
J: :: -) ) travel
(6) /
-ff
1==-
A-
Al--
(9) /
~\\fv
[> (!)
(to drink)
J3
Jl
( v' -G ~-- J:
-)
1T
(to eat)
043
EE1
::ft Jl (Ii~
Fl
male student
EE1
(man)
~L
jk
c)
~t
(!) (}
~1
Ji
woman
/.v -fJ.
~ t~' /.v
040
c)
~w (
(12) /
/'
A-
A;
4;
j
I>
j'
jh
jy
jk
0~!0)**~
IJ'fv
A.
(Kanji Practice)
tlfv L/03
L.;
Example:
1.
&
2.X
B.
Jt
--+
7J
3. ~
5.
4.-
~
6. ~
7.A
9. ,;(
10.
8. ~
5. (
2. (
) :::7-t-~jj\_J,..i-fo
6. (
) ~8 Ii\'\'~~
3. (
) /\//"\'-fl-~~""" i-t
4. (
) )JJ <!)A. t
-o:
''
(a)
'
-9;<!) A.IJ{\
~/Iv::..?
'i -ta
(b)
i -t
T-t
) }~{tl:fi~ l-f o
7. (
1)
(d)
(c)~
~
(f)
C.
(g)
) -8
2. (
3. (
(a) \
V)
4. (
) !!38
7. (
) -CB
10. (
-=-a
5.
.z a
8. (
) ;\.. 8
11. (
-=.a
6. (
9.
) iLB
fJ'
(b) .; :
(!)
(h) ,7,..
fJ'
-J
) ~8
t;\ \fJ'
(j)
J: 7
fJ'
(k)
fJ.'<!) fJ'
J:
-J
fJ'
(f) Ii
+a
) -=-+ 8
)
-J
fJ'
~35~309
A.
cake
-If - l-
2. :J /
3.
4.
7J 7
5. 7
6.
B.
coffee
1 -/
cafe
classical music
.I.
7 ~ "/ 7 .
concert
7--t
Vienna
4. (
2. (
) go to see a ballet
5. (
) enjoy sweets
3. (
) take pictures
6. (
) eat at McDonald's
I ~~
Jt~=~l"
fG~{f iJ',, ~~,.fyi?.-1-/L':: 1J:Jo 22ti
/;~., t ~t; I.. l-t'fo 1'.7.-1- /Lit tt ~ 1!H1G:
1..
i1>-c1'
-=f 3oS' -
--;
ofr36
1)
i1 } 1\ 'J+ ~ ( 1 ~
11
~.r:
L.L r(fo
no
Japan
e9 8t:-b'L1J ~io
,. . ., ~ i
..
, but
l 6
night
J; L ~
castle
t:
again
c.
DJ\- r-~1utict>rc-s1<::1a:t.J''Q'~1.J''Q'*L,t.::o
Read the postcard below and answer the following questions in Japanese.
@JY05-2
2.
r A.J ~Ji. -r -t h, o
3.
s 7 Ii
4.
~B Ii -rJ.1::: f Li L f:h'o
e.:
-rJ.1::: f Li L f:h'o
t:;t-u:::
Li L f::.h'o
rul9J l9J ~
[i] ~
)I
-....._\-
cp
--
L;
tJ -,
->--
rp
})'
<)
[!3
cp
'-
fu
,E1
0
I\"
I-
/:_
~ i
/\,.
0)
B 7- ~'--$ Jt a,
r: t::.
A. ~
0
711 ~
Iv t (!)
c
fu V;t'
8 (!:,'
Jt.
I=
T(,
t'
<1)
$;
-t
(,.1
L JJ
i:::
t-.
~ ts
t
d)
t:
A..
...
A.
<::" fl'
l, I
'--
{_,
-:t
t:
i)
./
J,
lI
;<
t: \ \ A... Iv u-. . )
0)
/,-
1x
.:\-
1 1
~
i:.
rs
fJ '\' :n A.
t tJ) l
t-: L.LI t
'
t"
tough
::J
"-:)
h'
t'
l :t
J:
:\'"
'--
t r:
L
1)
f: t
C>
~ I
El
I!
0)
-t :/
'
'.)
J:
L::
o{
'
l
l
l
I
ft._
J==
t'
fJ\
~1 B
<h'
l}
:;\-
--"<.
r:d.
Iv
h'
t.;
\,I
"--
'
zr,
J:=
Xii
i l:''
9c 9
-..,
'-
i ;t
i'.)\
o
/~
7,
Ji
mountain
--c1;L ;h7t~ -r
Take care.
Mexico
@~<~~!
D'
(Writing Practice)
tllv l~5
The following are your Japanese friends' addresses in your pocket notebook.
Copy their addresses on the postcards and write about your vacation.
.s
"'
_,_,,_
ti
fllJ
Li.
p)f
l>P-l
~i:p f1);,.
'T753-0041
1.'i~i.J'
_tm-~
-i x_ t: n'i' Joi
112-0002
Ji 0 ~Ji
rPt. U'n'L-?i
*- Ji
* *
-?i <'-t;lt/v-?J'
*-
l.t
/: -J ~ d
(t,
36-8
$)(
1R1J\,fi JI] 7-7
/: ,;'./v~ d < .; l'Ln'lo
Japanese addresses
Japanese addresses start with the postal code followed by the prefecture, city, and neighborhoods as follows:
ol
(3)
=r ( l
2
753- 004 1
J.io ~
(4)
-?i (t,lt/v
(7) ~
1, \
i:p rp ;,.
-J:t-j;1
( 1) postal symbol
(2) postal code
(3) prefecture
Ji o
**
rr
-?i <'t, t,
(8)
(s)
}RJ.i
(6)
36- 8
U'n'L-?J'
-yr
Note that, like all Japanese texts, addresses can be written vertically as well as horizontally.
C~6~JL
61
~t7
*-
C> U~{L
JRjf- ( c -J
JR).f. ( c -J
(8) -
(east)
045
047
m
;t
048
0
049
050
tB
7o
J:
jfi
f1
C>l: L
(west)
(6) -
~ fJ.' ,.{,
C> h- 1-J.' h-
ij ( J7. id:#) south ij t:J ( J7. id: J7. (' t) south exit
ij )R (id: Iv c -J ) southeast
ij ;f..~ (id: Iv 2' J: < ) Antarctica
JR f-lij 7 :./ 7 ( c -) IJ: Iv 7 :J 7) Southeast Asia
(south)
(9) -
~~
~(l <
C> ~ f.:
( l -:i
rt-
~=7
(3) '
~Lr)l-:i
Lr))-:)
~7
C>:6 ~'- -
::Jt.
A t:J ( t s : -J )
to exit
t:.'
~7
:;f;(J7.2'")
population
out
) exit
ti:: ff{; ( L- ~
right
right turn
right hand
~~
E: (U' t! f) ) left
C> (lf:_' 1)
ii ;}fr ( ~ -tl:-J)
ii5f'lj ~ (U't!
ii::fJ ( ~ ~ -J)
::f; {~IJ
( Jj. 2'"1.l'b)
right side
T :f7 ;;5
(5)}
(5) -
t:J
(right)
(left)
ii
(mouth)
(to exit)
F-i
north exit
A. IJ
C>T
n n n
)-'
J,
-l
Kansai area
iffi
C> {' t;
vq
iF1
(north)
051
ii_
-J) Tokyo
-J ) the East
2' J:
~-th\
~
046
left turn
: .f Wt! f) -C)
;/=
fr
ii
left hand
052
7t
053
),,(.,
.)~,{.,
,;:,{.,
t>tJ
(minute; to divide)
(4) /
1 ,{.,
t> ~ ~
(ahead)
1\ \
L J: 7
(5)
(birth)
056
t:\ \
*
=
~
057
?'~
058
fj
f:\ \
t> t? t?
/'...
~ :i_ (;6{
:i_ i
-:i_
t> 7
055
five minutes
~
054
< -ttv>)
student
*16 ( -J i
1:::-J.t
tL.Q) to be born
1-
J--
J:f:
:i_
v-) big
(big)
n" <
t> i
7] {-;)
-tJ.
f-
:k ~ (t.::'.v>;6{ <)
university
~te. (;6{-::>.:.-))
school
"
,'''
i'>
i'>
(learning)
(8) '
n~\ '
t> .2(- t
(outside)
:< :<
t> < I:::
~ ]j
(ip Iv.:.
i'>
:er-
overseas
foreign country
(8)
Fl
IT]
['fl
11
]j
0~~!0)**~
tJ'lv
:t1fu L,e;1>3
(Kanji Practice)
J'~ +
Example:
00
--+
7'~ 00
8
B. Indicate where each place is located on the map.
)
1. (
VA ~7/.
;t~O)i:fl:::;tl)
}Jl,;j-''/-j-:
;t~O)*-oftl::-c
i--:J-t('li.~'-('G\' . .C-90
2. (
) a1-r1kt-T1L.-:
3. (
) J.i T 1t : 0) 7 t; : :H~. o f tl:: -r_ :;fl "'- +-)1- <"' G \ ' T-t o
4. (
5. (
) *-#- :
< t:~\'o
-r < t: ~ \ 'o
station
to exit
b
a
straight
c fv2fvld.'fv
(Bulletin Board)
Look at the bulletin board on the next page and answer the questions.
1. If you want to buy a bicycle, who are you going to contact?
2. Where will the party be held? Are you going to bring anything?
3. How do you get to the concert hall?
4. What can you do for the winter break (from December to January)?
*-AA7-i
7CJ??A
-*.Jt.O) i -t; -c ;t- L- 7. -:T 1 t L i
-l:L\,
~'o
I: -j Ii (
-t-.::.!3.::.-t-1""8 (8),....,
~ ;ft\
d,i:
t, ii'
<
-!3-=-8
T-t
C)
8 ::4'-AO):k~::E
T-t
931-2682
-1:! -11- ! !
J: 7 :
l.J -C Iv L, t->
8,000
~ t: G
L \ 'T-t
-c,<.,tJ L --C
CJ: 6 7
i.Lru
< t. : \ 'o
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11 &t)
597-1651
jk;,., t
0)
t t
-:>
~ --C
t \ '\ 'T-t J: !
-r ~ -r < t:.' ~ \ \
~ (-+t79.
::J-t-)
B -t '/ l- (1 ~ / :::7 - t - )
( I
11 F.l 12 El (3li)
6: 30~
1---71\-J[;
(iffi.;<_;!
~R 3 t:l D ~ tl:fL" 1r: ""- 3 51)
[:::J ::;-t:)-
Chiaki writes about her favorite restaurant. Read the passage and answer the
B!] Y06
questions.
.l(
A,
iJ'
~
(
/_,.
j:;
""
A,
T
'
1t
~
L
\
--
')
A.
-t
A,
1)
J:
7
I)
Ii
-c
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f::.
<
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-t -t
0
h. T
-fJ.'
~
~
-:)
t
t:
-t <
""-ti
0
/, ..
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,..
/'
/'
7
')
/
~
ix
A.
ii
*t.
~
-tJ.
""'
:t T 3i
/'
r
-
-t
7;'-
.; T
G T Ii'
(/)
t -
j:;
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A,
{''
-r~
-f,f
t-
(!)
-t
(/)
~A
(/)
'
,'
t-
A.
,.. r
I 7
i- /
7
/
Ii \ \ -t .I. \ \ -t
7 T
t A.
1
I ( T 7 Ii -t ;{_ 'J
')
i- t
~
-t / 1
"
,..
1:::
t;
j:;
Italy
l::'!f
pizza
1) J: -) 1)
cooking; dish
~'-:>t
always
~:r.. 7
chef
J.;. fJ. ~ A,
everyone
171 /
wine
1 'l
ill
A,
1)
J:
7
1)
<
I
t-
A.
I
J:
t-
.l(
t:7
~
:t 7
I)
J:
7
I)
\
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to -t T -- A, (/)
00 i L lf
-t :t.l( Ii 7
A. -t \ \ ~ 7
t /
?'~
t:< t
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.l(
A,
1)
'J
(/)
B.
t -!f
"A1~lf','/T1
17 1 /
t:' -
JI,,
117-71)-L>.
"A 7 - 4-
2.
</:/-r-vli
~<~~!
IJ'
n1v r,~:;
f:IJ'\'
~-t\ \
!-c-ro
(Writing Practice)
A. You are organizing a party. Write a flyer about the party. Be sure to include:
what kind of party it is, what time it starts, where it is held, what to bring, how
to get there, and so on.
(m
7 ~I
>(]71j-~
059
>-
;~
060
061
.,,, ~ J:
Mary's Letter
JR :ff: ( C: ~
}f:-J-(~ J: ~.::)Kyoko
:ff:$(~
~ J: ~) Tokyo
J: ~ C:) Kyoto
__,_
__,_
t3"
-#
(8)
-r-
., , L
~:
(child)
(3)
,J,
.,,, L .t i
~ t;\ \
(small)
.,,, IJ'\ \
~7
~s
~f~
064
)(
065
-BJ,_
1::>
T6J
.,,,L~
l: ~
s.
-T
small
J \ ~ {3( ( L J: ~ iJ> 0
'I>
(i.b-?) to meet
(iJ'v' L
-? ) elementary school
.::
__,_
5' ff
-r
(6) /
(to meet)
'i:-T~
~-
063
N .. 71
fuO)Lb\CfJ
(capital)
062
066
n= ~ ~ L-'\>)
7
society
entry to a company
t- t+
(company)
(7) '
.,,, ,),
~t; t;
ti
(father)
(4) /
.,,,If
,, ...
"/
Oili) mother
x
;I?} ~ ,.{, ( ;B iJ' i.b ~ Iv) mother
-HJ:tf; ( 'i
(mother)
(5) 1-._
[J
., ,:7
~ t: IJ'
~(;t(;t
(high)
IJ'S
CJ.
CJ.
-HJ:
(10)
"'
-&-
-&l
f?j
_,_
_,_
if1
-&-
fi5J
067
~:1
(school)
068
!/q:
069
~:n
i:JO
070
9,
072
(every)
(6) /
~:-
;f.?o (I:
1'J.
(language)
(14) '
~.;:,.<.,
)(~(/vi.l~\)
(sentence)
n' ;t
(to return)
[>(l\'
(to enter)
"""
i7
;;
~T
0
~1i
0
iii
0
iii
Ol
iii
on
iii
00
literature
)( ~ ( b t) letter; character
(/v~;J'.'-)) grammar
~~
')
.Hf
1Jj_
(word)
v u
;f"
t:
~?o (It
[>
t-'- tr
t'
~l::rp-)
!OJ: 8 ( i
!OJ:~ ( i
~i \\
)C
071
school
~u:i. (.:.-).:.
~;f,3((7.i~-::i.:.-))
A.
;>>
1. B/.js;.
B.
*-
)(
t }:
)C
h/v
8,
3. B/.js;.
kanji.
.:=_Sf-j:_
'*
2.
4.
< }),;,.;
1:fr~ i L
f::o
1:
~.. . .;: t
liJ- !/ii;-
') i -t
(7)
Ii
IJ'-') t. T-t
A.
_,_
_,_
~
s.
Which new kanji from this lesson include the katakana below?
Example:
1.
.I
-+
-+
ti..
2.
_;f',
-+
3.
L.,. -+
4.
-+
C. Word Search-Find seven kanji compounds from this lesson and six review
compounds.
Example:
7'[;j:_
9t
)( )C
= Ji
~
_i-
1t
r-gJ
tB
-1-
7o
* -BJ-l=f 7G
~~
00 A. '
/~
Y;
**
-
~..._,
~.li
PO
~
~7~321
t
8
)Z
7
l)
I
/\
-9 :::: L
a little
h. ~
1",f
all
"' fr
G
<
from ...
L::
tj)
cram school
)(: ilf:
t 6
to take (a class)
("' f ) f: <!) L h. ! :: -t 6
literature
-J
t+ 6
2. Hertown:
3. Father:
4. Mother:
5. Sister:
6. Brother:
7. School:
8 *(i/1'1.,0) 00 (;!
2. *J.,O) ii;(;!
3.
4.
t: t t:'i;
(;!
B. Write a letter to a Japanese friend. Describe your town, host family, friends,
and so on.
~8~323
(~ 8 ~I L
B*O)~t~ Japanese
073
j{
074
075
*JT
lifl
076
11=
077
~:fJl (i?'v'
/...,
078
,....,
=
I
member
., L ;.,_,
t> <f> t: G
(new)
(13) '
., ';:
19
+-
J..
Tr
SJ.
[> ~
(to listen)
(14)
., ~ <
[>~ <
r r r r1 r1 r1 r9
M Wl r;i rJJ
composition
1fo-
1t
11'
c.::
~(L
J:
<
(thing)
(8)-
., -r-;.,_,
'F>
'i:-T#f:
<5'
'f
-3-
;=.
o<F>
Fr
., L-\"
(13) -
(car)
t.) meal
(electricity)
t><6i
&9
11=
1*-(LZ:'C) job
::: t:
author
., l:
t:
*f *f *fr
newspaper
(to serve)
[> :::
*/
1*- ( L t: c) job
1 1! L ( L i?' X. L) revenge
1 ;:{_ 6 ( "':) n' ;{_ J.,) to serve; to work under
(5) J
1 1- 1+ 1
[>~/.I'
Jl
to make
(to make)
ffe
newspaper
/...,
080
Office Workers
(member)
., L
1
079
.,
N81
'
L '? t.
(<
J: ~) parking lot
.t
J.,
'i:
081
082
.,, ~ t1J
1*
--.......
083
~':!:
6?C
084
a:1
085
'~
""'h
IA
1* t; (~f'@t; be absent;to'"rest
1*7,. (~fl,)~holiday; absence
l>~iJ
(to rest)
.,, lf'A.,
[> \ \
: t
ft
7 (v>)) to say
"?o ~ Uf Iv .::'iJ{ < ) linguistics
g ;t (.::. t
7J Oi)
-=-
(7)
~;t~t; J::~I
~/t ( c' < L J:) reading books
~ft: .l,. ~~ ( J: J;. b 0)) reading matter
(to read)
(14) '
.,, L
.~ 7
l>~:S;
:f ,~~/J.'(b
.;,.
'"'
'
'"';;
.;,.+
-""*
-""*
6
""
~~ ~
"
"'
-""*
67C
ff1
to recall; to remember
(to think)
(9)
.,, L::
tEI
tEI
tEI
''--
tEI
1-.::..
tEI
'~
*(
[>-J ~-~
(6) -,
(next)
(what)
.;,.-
L 2''';/j) mysterious
[>i'J.'I::
;;
to think
(;13
lf!v) dialect
-"'-
(to say)
086
1~,. A.,
,'
,-r
fi?J(;!jl.:) what
,h ,;
M~ (;!j Iv t)
b
;j(@] ( tiJ'v')
next time
IA
what time
~8~325
A.
"
Example:
1.
""-
-+
/"'
--".
~
A
3.
4.
5.
6.
2. -'!}~
B lvn' <
3. 1
4.
116
. {;f. ;t;
. Mt ;t;
*Mii9 t
B*-~Lij:.)t
5. /\'.//\'-fl-
L.;\q~
-t6
t .
. ~ 7
'E0 '
<
<7) 6
6. ~lf_ 1:::
F:ifl
7. 777.."f-
A.
IJ1i1>?
L.,tco
l/'T-~
1.
1.<J):::Z ~
v"Al.i{~
1)
i-tl.i'o
DJ:<-t6
7 / 7 -
r vA
3.
1*<7)1~,
Mt L i -t l.i'o
ib I:
~~
4.
1:f.J,..!it~\'1\'-fPJ"f-
L i-tl.i'o
questionnaire
stress
( ~- 1.._, ~- J: 7)
("'
(7) <h
z)
overtime work
after ...
B.
C.
':'.77'1-Cfvl3:7Y7-
HL:-::::>l,)-CLnn-
I--~~~*
~ico
IJ
B *-A.
t: \ \ l
<7) %t- ~
I r. it~
-t
\ \ h. A, f.;. ~ "C \ \ i
~
:fAll/ / 7-
<7)
r f 11--:> "l,
t:f -r-,
t ~ t'' ~
G!] vos
77'1 . 7<-Jl--
*fr~,
h. A, f.;. t l t ~ ;tL l \ \ 6 t
~~
-t 77 \
~ \ \ i -t
f ~'it 't:\ \ i
1)
i-tn'J
* *~
t Bf]~
f:o
i L
f:o
1LA.li Iii
\ \J z ~
;{_ i L f: 11 7) { tc\'"-lv T' 1* h.7) { ;h i I) f.;. \ \ J t "'.) l
::_ t:
\ \ i L t: o ;jz I::: , Il < ~
~ f L i -t 77, J t Bf1 ~ i L f: o .=:.A. Ii Il
C!lv!id
0
<~~ f
~/v':J;;.1
-t 6 J
t "'.)
-r \ \ i
L f: o li.A. Ii
It
~ t'' ~~
~ f
~'!vt:/l~
-r \ \ i L t. o Ji.13t
I::: I 1* h. Ii t: \ \ -r \ \ M f L i
.:
~i ~ i L f: o -l- A. 1 i I~ tL -r \ \ 6 77' G , I::: \ \ 6 J t "'.)
t "'.)
~\,\
-t 77, J
-r \ \ i
L f:o
-::) IJ'
8 *-<7)%f~ Ii
n' G '
t
-t 6 J
t. < ~ 1*- f
1* h. ( l M t L i -tt A,
I.\
L "l,
::Z
,Z
r t- ::Z t
J / T - l- f L l'
;h
1)
-to t:-
<7) %t- ~
Il
-r t ::k~
t:- t ~ \ \ i L t: o
t:
I.'-""- /v
~;ft."l\'6
i f
(--:>n';ft."l\'6)
tobetired
;jz I:
first of all
~ 1Jt I:
to answer
secondly
( ~ \ ' .: I:)
lastly
~8~H>327
(a)
1*0)
A ~ l> A
-h{ cf:, 6 o
(c)
.l: < ~
~ ~ -r 6
'5'!v!!H
t "5 r: "5 ~ ~ ~ -f 6 o
(d)
1*0)-f~,
(b)
---
---
-:! Iv~;;. 0
~t
___
___
j:;)@~jjztJo
)...
).._
).._
)...
'51t
'o
---
).._
Make a questionnaire and ask several people the questions. Then, write a report
based on the result.
[m9~_~JL
A-~ fvO) E3 PC
IL:-::J
087
~
088
{~
089
'l..
H1J
(noon)
~:
Sf-{,((t: ::)
[>
j:;'t
,)-
-? L
093
094
P.M.;
1f 1~(Ji) t "t')
in the a:(t~[Noon
-;;:;ff)1f \<{! ~ t )
lastly
1~
1~
(after)
(9) _,
~-lf'A_,
[> ;f ;t
if ( i
(before)
(9)
~&'}\ \
;t
[> fJ.'
~q:;
,,
'
1'
Wf{ ~ i
~
I
~
I]
X.) n~me
1",j.'(~-?
~v>~) famous
K.ij ( L~v>)
;:7
full name
(white)
(5)
~7
m(~~)
(rain)
(8) -
~ L J:
rfj
t, L J:) dictionary
Em~og(t
_,
rain
#. (
-=>-
~ijlj
" "'
name card
white color
swan
[>(ta!)
t>r~;v
n Fl 8
1~
.s
~!;;I:<
-f
1~
(6) /
j1
{t-
;t~ij(~v>L)
(name)
[>
;fl&.
m m
~f+. ( ~
J:
-? i.P L J: ) textbook
L J: -/p!v) library
---
-"'
-]It
1t
(to write)
(10)
~t1)7
[> t: t
(friend)
(4)-
after,,L,;
later
~{ff:: (~v'::t:)
091
Tm)'
Sue's Diary
'-
092
N9J
090
r -Ji s:
jt
~rn~ 329
095
ra~
096
;:> >
..,77,,.<.,
098
099
1'"
t!1
100
~p
(between)
(12)
... 77'
*(v>X.) house
*~ (;6>-'f. <) family
[> \ \ ;(.
~~ -t
l;IJ,f L
r1
,..,_.
r1
",
r,
ri
rn,
rAi
my wife
,.
... h
.!=>
>}:>
~~(l."lvb) telephone
4;;~~(;6>v>;b) conversation
-"
..;:.->
;;
-==~
i4;;
p
'MPl
(to speak)
(13) '
_., L J: 7
[>,),6
(old)
(5)-
... t;
t> L
t>-t:
-t <
(little)
... .;
+ T
~P IJ
(8)
_., G \,
(10)
[> (;t'f'.J.'
r r
(house)
(to know)
101
~t
[>;})\\f:'
*
097
.=..
M ( t.::0,1v) time
[>
<
""
-@-\ '(L
J-
* < ~)
*~(
6 (
*-fJ.'\
*
j
~l
(to come)
(7) -
~~
~p
i T) to come
nottocome
t!1
* i '"t ( ~
*8 (
to come
'(.::.;/j:v>)
'"';;
acquaintance
~ii;\,')
!=
ii
...,
SL
-'f-
A.
= (})
\ i
-17 '/
(;;tli.
F9 TL f::.o
~\\7-.:t-1-
2.
L~~ i L f::.o
r-71-
3. -Wj
4.
T ::,,,
8/.f.
kanji.
1-
~ i L f::.o
Li-to
2. 4ij. 8
t: \
3. :. (}) IJ' ~
T\
WT
(;;t.f-L-T-to
-1:-wt =.;
l;;ttt-\ 1 n' G,
j? ~
i -t
~1~
IJ' ~ 1- IJ' \ \ i -t
~WT
~WT
*~ \ \
4.
-s a 1;;t \
t-:. '? t:
1 \ 1
1:> L t: l;;t
Tt,
5. ,;
1)
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]=]
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-(J)j?)( ~ /....,
1-
B ()
i-tIJ'o
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Tm)
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-r
* M (' G \ \ 1t ~ ~
a < -r , * ~ \ \ * t: -')
l ' -
IJ{.),6 t .~-)
Jt'A
\1
ffr L \ \
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t:.
!if] \ \
,1
t:
tiPt ii :R t: t; 1 :: ;( -
)Et. : .; ,J
U6
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0)
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'J *~
0)
i.L
'<'"' {, t
,.<..,1:::~-.>f:.o
aJE
li A,
;h)(~1i-tt7){~<
r Mt
;h-IV ~ ,.c 1i
l;l /"
~-tl"T\\~.A.t:'-.>f:.o
T,
;h 'J i-tt
,.c n{J
t -.>
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f:. o --C-
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t,d
Ii A,
-j'
l;l A,
0)
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t T
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<~kt,\
-0);-tA.
1)
l- 71
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8g[,
(I:
-:i
~)
~Wio/ ( = {f',{, t;
tj) ))
~ (U6)
~/\ r 7
7 ~
1)-
= i;-f 1
A.
u.d
diary
\ , .-s \ , .-s
in the morning
g~f-t6
to have a talk
noon
-f LT
and then
host family
~A~ 0
excellent food
t (!))
various
kimono; Japanese
traditional dress
Put the following pictures in the right order according to Sue's diary.
(
(b)
(e)
--+
B.
Mark
1. (
t G-:> f:o
) :A-~ ,.{.,(;ti!;\'~~~~
"'
2. (
) -hX ~ ,.{.,(i-tl-n"U
3. (
) BJE =--~(;t
lilv
l~k
{,QJ
'60
-\"'{i-""[\
4.
5.
1);1
6. (
-t
I}
-r.;: n'-:> t: o
) _;<')1}-~,.(.,<7),-t:A
~71~1)-<7),-:gitJ(iJ.imt:o
c. -J t ~v J tf t -J z: "25' l \ 1 l tc.
~ 0)
-J
(i
-J -c (i ~ 1 v J B
s 1 ~ Iv 0) v J J: -J v J
v J c1:
*
(i
0) v J c1:
-J
vJ ~
t T t s l \ L, tJ) J tc. -C 9 a
v J ti t -J t: "25\ \ 1 L, tc. a
n tJ) G -, ~ t 0) ~ ~
t T t ~n l \t;r ~ t 0) -C 9 td.a
tJ)fvZ..
f.l (i
rJ Jv 0) s t
'/
L,
l\o
c'.t'.>fvf;rl\ L,19o
sue@genkinihongo.com
1) l
;}; Iv tc \ 'i" 6
dormitory
to show someone around
~9~333
Useful Expressions:
\ ' ;; \ ' ;; J:; 1 b I::: -tJ. ') i L
1* I::: ~ ~
-::>
It T
li'Glo
J:;~\ 'T ~ 6
<
f : ~ \ '
<!) ~ ~
t.o:
r J:
-)
L h-1::: LT\' i -t
t:
U: J:; II) T t -)
(Congratulations on ...
o
(Happy Birthday)
rm 10,~, L
1J'~lJ~3
102
1i
103
iE
[>
iE. L \
t: r:
1BJ
108
109
*
it
-? i){-::>}
J;
[>
i=
(to sell)
(7) -
~If\
l>
.Ji{ 7
n~
c'-? lilvli'v'
~
~-t;J:7
[> i -t;
lllJ(i
lllJ ft ( t
J; -)
(town)
(7) I
~i;J:7
-&\
t)
(long)
(8)
~ t''-J
it ( l;. t)
J;
J; -) )
rn
(12)
'JC
1G Jl ( Lfv'li'v')
=
l
Ff
J;
-? )
Bl
,,
'
YI Yl
Kitayama town
long
the eldest son
company president
_g_
t'-? )
-:::i
Wf
lllJ
-f
l.'.- VJ>-?
c'-J)
way; road
(Li
mayor of a town
lll
-? Id: Iv)
J; -? )
r'
:f ~ ( L .i;
)t }iit~
(way)
'r
)t Ji lllJ ( ~ t.:"V' it
town
(~i,){1;>)
ft 31} ( t
TTT7
:f ft ( L ~ t
h -t;
~)vending machine
p,
,,._,
,._,
(12) \
[>
stall
this year
(i?'-)) to buy
(to buy)
t,
noon
iE
if
1G 6 ( -) Q ) to sell
1G ;;!,; OJv' -C Iv) stand;
~AA.1G~(
New Year
~fl,.(,
~~
107
(5) -
~If\
10
r r-
(right)
.:..~
(year)
Jt
~ L J: 7
106
(to live)
t>-t
t> t
':I=
1i t; (-ttJ) to live
1i PJT ( t. VJ> -? L J; ) address
#1i-f" 6 (v' t, VJ>-? T Q) to immigrate
(7) I
1t N= 1i
1
~trJJ7
104
105
calligraphy
i?' It'
c'-? )
ss:
~~(
judo
Hokkaido
-
l'l
11'
it 'it ~it ~
110
~-1-::>
~>
9
111
JI_
112
~(~~)snow
l> rJ) ~
*fr~ (
(snow)
(11) -
~ ')-:)
l> t:
JI.-::> ( i: 0) to stand
Jj JI.*.~ (.::. < I'.) --:it! \i' iJ{ < ) national university
~.l.Jl. ~ ;f'X ( L I'.) --:i.::. -) .::. -) ) private high school
(to stand)
(5)
~t
t~-)) freedom
~ t.~J;;>
-'-
rp
t'
i<r
Tr
n A
(6)
~~
~ ( J:: ~) night
l> J:
J:
'
(self)
!$>
im-
im-r
snowman
im=l
JI.
~ ~ ( r. -C Iv L ~) bicycle
m(
113
i ( ~ ~ t! ~ i)
'!
~~(.::.Iv~)
tonight
$,ij
115
'
_,_
r:
(night)
(8)
~i;J:7
~ ( il0 ~) morning
t>S~
~"ft ( i::i J: -)
(morning)
(12) -
~t
l>
(to hold)
J:
;(!
;&
~ ~ (It~)
this morning
;!;
;!;
-? ""(
~
il0 ~ ) every morning
It'
< ~ (~ *
~
~
-C
if]
< ~) to bring
# #
A.
Add strokes to the kanji below and turn them into new kanji from this lesson.
Example:
8.
JI.
--+
1.
.l;
--+
3.
--+
5.
--+
7. ~
2.
--+
4.
,Fl
--+
6.
--+
8.
'
--+
--+
4. ~
C.
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate kanji from the list, and add hiragana
where necessary.
I.
lllJ T ------
~ L i L
t:
shopping
have
3.
::$.T!
i;$.~
-?
---
(\\ii"o
(are) sell(ing)
snow
was long
live
was standing
A.
questions.
3. (Picture 2) :
T-t
1?
(J)
r /. . , fJ.' A t: t
.~ \ \ i -t IJ'
(J)
r /. . , -fJ. ~ 511 ~
-r \ \ 6 t
(main characters)
.~
\ \ i -t IJ
'0
iJ'0
B.
"1J'c L;.Z:5"
on pp. 338-9.
Efily10
(a)~
-+
..
...~<?~
{].
'/..,
G)
.
-+
-+
(b)1&~-
%'?
;;.-" !lf'',
-+
(c)
-+
t'-h' L t'-h' L
h' ~
once upon a
time
New Year's
year
t:J t t;
.JG 6
rice cake
-h'
-fJ.. L
Ii
t
"C
-'f 7 ~ ,.(,
guardian deity
of children
t:
0
t 1-J
L L::
s ~\
h
1 L
snow
h'.}:{t
fJ.
A. i
mountain road
to put (a hat) on
a person's head
~)
71"
oneself
f: If'
t: 6
to take off
good deed
/E ( ::: ;{_)
voice
p ( t:)
door
<
0
L_
>(
(person I: a hat
1-J
-c
'
Iv
Ii
1-J
t
t;
-f 6 to be surprised
L <f> tJ 1 ( -rJ..) happy
(J ...,
I)
f:
<
D. Mark 0 if the following
statements are true. Mark x if not true.
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bamboo hat
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Choose one topic from the list below and write what you do/did on these days.
1)
A. 7 A. (Christmas)
~ :i.8 (Birthday)
/ \'
tcA, I: d rJ
/(Ramadan)
7 1
r; -
1) -
(Diwali)
/ ' o 7 1 - / (Halloween)
v/
/' :X
fJ- (Chanukkah)
Others
(m 11 ~I L E s s o
~/C.!5~~ Looking for Friends
N ll~
ra; 1_,~5
116
-t117
~ L rp
l> T
-t-(--C)
119
120
lJi
BA
121
ffl
~L
-t-~(--Ci.lrh.) letter
~~ ( i.lh.) paper
-t-
(paper)
(10)
~:7
'9:J- ~
:if>
l>-t
-fJ. ( T
2- iJ:) to like
good will
'9:J- ~
~--
~(
-fJ. ( t!"' T
~f
~~
2- iJ:) to love
liking; taste
i; fJ'
[>
-9:
f'
-95-
-9:J
(near)
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[>
(6) (
~ ~ ,.{,
sfJ'
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(8) I
(bright)
(ill; sick)
~\
123
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122
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8*
(4) ~
~~
singer
iJ:) good at
(hand)
fJ'.7,..
19>)
hand
.L-t- -fJ. ( L J: -? f
[>I.I'~ .7,..
l l8
~ -t-(i.l L
\,.{,
Bf]
BJ
BJ]
B}j
m~
]! m (
'A ( rl J: -? 2- ) illness
J: -? It' Iv) hospital
t::, 19> -? tr J: -7 ) serious illness
~ ffl ( 2- 19> -7 r.F J: -? ) sudden illness
(lf
(10)
'
_,_
r-
s':
t= #1
ffl
(institution)
(10) ~
~'';;{
[>
7 -J
(to reflect)
?'
r r r:
movie
BP
Bji
B!k:
124
~'<
~~{'
@)
8*.@i(.:Z.1t>7.J>) movie
*-
ifi
(picture)
(8) -
~~'
I> 7
~ 7 ( -? t::. -) ) to sing
125
lJ ~ (.::.
t:
iti
lB
@i
@_
~~1~
(7.1'~ ~) Kabuki
~
126
rP
127
(to sing)
(14) -
~L
Jl] 0$
128
L .J:
.J:
(place)
~-"'A.,
t:
~
(to make efforts)
129
'~
f' ~ ~
L J: ) city hall
\ \ .; \ \ .; fJ.
?ff ( t
=7
(10) /
trr
{'
{(,
{h
i.. 1rz
f3
(strong)
~rp 7
~ ij
I> cl)
~;ft ( v9J -)
I>-:) J::
t: (v9J-) /61.t>;J:)
(to exist)
(6) /
~ 1) .J:
~ff
I> t:
u:
(travel)
tJ) -)
id:) talented
Qt{j'g"(
(10) '
~6
J:
.).
- A.Qt{ ( V- t
inn
I'.) J: 7.)>/v)
Qt(~ ( I'.)
~
famous
~ ~~ fJ. ( v9J -)
~
l3l
ff
~~ .J:
130
:er
PT
ilt?ff ( ~ Iv t. J: ) neighborhood
~?ff (t! It' c'.::. 0) kitchen 1ififf ( t. 19' -? L J: ) address
__,
1
3
(8) p p pf pf ?ff
~7~-t" 6 ("'-Iv~ J: -?t"i5) to study
~ &I:> 6 ( ".'.) t 16 i5 ) to try hard fh~ fJ. ( ~ !v""-lvid:) diligent
1>t::.;
t:'':.;
[>-J
"
(city)
~t
P)f
I>\\
I'.)
It Iv) passport
.).
7j
7J
JjJ"
fr
Qt(
Combine the parts below to form the new kanji from this lesson.
A.
B.
(3)
lJ[J
~ro%:::~X.
""C </eel
L.?'tA
er:
A.
2. 1J:..
t': t; f .. ~
'o
11rr _,,_ 1
L T \ \ 6 A I::: ,)(' -
Ii., ~
~<t.:~"' 1
:kcf:..:=.~1:. T-t
cf: T-t o 7Z ;f- -
5$-JX!i 7 7 / ;z :)(
4tf~ T-t
fJ'.:k# ~ T, {:th.
7 7
'/
-tt Iv.:: -j
JI]
-c:ili<
J:
1:::~U
ifJf-
C1rp l:::fi.,.C
T\ 'i -to
00-----
If L~-j
(4)~
(7)i.L~Jl]l:::ff~ i-to
1)
f: \ ' t .~
;jq*-!i
Ldl?\'
'?
T \' i
lite-to
C< t'
< -c
-:>I:
F 71 7'' t
7 -IJ"ff ~
-1'.i'-k
(1)-J-""(''-t
;f 7 -
~U
LdGt'
I)
i!'J'i.
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L J: 1:/</
~-~~1J
i-l/v-lJ'o -ttl
L '' J'i.
I'![,,
"'~~
(If L rp -5)
-9; ( }; ,.(, 1.J_' )
77
F7
~ (t?t=)
(18~/k)
161
looking for , . ,
1~-k (f.l'O)LJ:)
girlfriend
woman
B}j ~ \'
cheerful
outdoor activities
~'*
man
/\/
(L rp/,<)
hobby
band
) :s Iv
) :s Iv
) :s Iv
) ~Iv
) :s Iv
fB.-J:S Iv !i t''!v-t.J-'
oj)-j ::
2.
fB.-J:S /v(l)~:r5(tiMT-t-lJ'o
oj)-j ::
-ttlv::-3
:A~ - ''/ ~
Li -t-lJ'o
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1)
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= *"- fJ' G \ \ .; \ \ .; fJ_'
-::>
tlvl>e
B*-AO)ftf:'-t;ff:
t: f~i5
:ilii'lf
neighborhood
)C 1t
culture
: t'.
things; matters
reply
from now on
N12J
Tanabata Festival
132
-M
1f (fr il' L)
l>tJh'L
(ancient times)
133
134
~'
Jf-
.:!..
.:!..
.:!..
A
;flf p
(God)
(9) '
~.z
.!f-\ \ Oi-?v>)
shrine
Kobe City
;f
;fl
;fn
ffl
*3 *
early
[>(;;!:~
(early)
I> 7 L
(cow)
~L
[>-J
l>h'h.
~ ~-- rp
~k
:7
1~
fh
( C: ~ C:' ~ ) sometimes
138
mr k
~t,.<_,
~~
w C: cf' u people
(3) I
I>})
137
A.k
(symbol of repetition of a kanji)
136
139
+r
+-
(8) -
k
135
* {}
old times
h'
(10) -
;:!:
4(-7 L) cow
4~L( ~--~")~=~"))milk
-3-4 ( .:. ") L) calf; veal
~
(4) /
!::=-.
4
~. 7 (0il'j) to use
*1:>1!\1! (
-t
jl=
1- 1'
1n
1a 1!Y
~~7
(to work)
7Jfh (0
(13) I
"Occupied"
r r r
1!
errand
(8)
l>lif: G
!if: G
(to use)
%:
t: v' L) ambassador
\(;1307,)'v')
1f
J f7 fh
140
1!
141
$1J
142
oc
143
$
144
145
-t
~;ft,.{,
[> "J
J:it(.::.
< h!v)
:itf;f..(h!v ~ ~
United Nations
Fl
w.
1!
(to link)
(10)
~......;::--:)
r>hn'
$1J ;It 6 ( ;b ii' h J.i ) to separate $1] I::: (,..Z-::::>v:) not in particular
$1J -f,f ( c < ,..,Z-:::> 7J:) special ft $1J ( 2' ,..Z-::::>) discrimination
$1Jh I::: (,..z0,..,z0v:) separately
(to separate)
(7)
~~--
t~
r7
)Jfil.Jt. (;13
$1
$1J
.:::. +z (~Iv
!v c') temperature
t. ~ -J c') 30 degrees
(time; degrees)
~lt_(t.::v'c'')
_,_
(9)
~-tt~
l>Sn'
i/t--T*
(7)
(red)
t"
.:l=-
[>;.f)j:?
-'ff ~(-t!"V>tl.!v)
-ft 1 ~
(8)
(blue)
[>\ \..;
L .t
<
(color)
re=
It.
the equator
T- 1t w-- -$
-ft\\ (;f;y;Sv>) blue
youth
blue sky
=F
.=E-
-r-
11 11 -ft
~(v>0) color
~h
-f,f
t~ ~ ( c <
J#=
attitude
~{t\ \
~L~
:it
(6) /
L J:
~ ~ ( ~t
L ~) scenery
< ) characteristic
a,
Lf,
LJ,
A.
i:Jn'
Example:
1. Ii~(\')
2.
t?(~ 6)
3.
-:) n'
4.
hn'(*1-6)
5.
ctn'
-$
c-n
6. (tj?
\..;
7.
8.
-J
to use
~~it .
cow
11-~togetup
4
early
color
ancient times
to separate
$1J
blue
1!.
red
B. Which new kanji from this lesson include the katakana below?
1.
C.
2.
-+
;z,
-+
3.
7J
-+
4. ~
-+
Which new kanji from this lesson shares the same component as each pair of
kanji below?
Example:
1.
ti 1
lW
-+
1t
.:-
2. ~
3.
7j
m12~349
G!l Yl 2
B. -G:$70)~31(!:~~(}j* U J: "50
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it
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(t;-f"&'))
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daughter
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(if.: ~ ~ 6 ( j:; 6)
to weave
-.5f- I: - ;t".
once a year
;f,i 6"-'
one ...
'""i Tl:
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wish
<
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to get angry
to bring (a person) back
<)
to cry
pitiful
adult
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to find
~' -f.J:
:f(L.J.:
foJ= 7 (t;= 7)
'"" -rJ.
cow
t: 1v~ <
farm
A.k
people
t: It)
1111 (Ii
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t -J L T # ~ i L:t ~ 'J i L
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s.
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t: h'
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to be realized
we
and so forth
I ::: f: ,.{., ~-
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l,
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a:;-:J
tJ1fu
Appendix
c2" ( l., Vu l
(2" <, l., )/,,;
Japanese-English
352
2 English-Japanese
365
B'-tfu~
IO IJ/,, '5
Map of Japan
378
9-
Numbers
380
b'O-
~'j!i,Efj~
1Jl:J~5t)J:j
Conjugation
Chart
382
s h
Japanese-Eng
~- .... ~jedj~~ri
(e)
ro~~m~
7 -{ :::Z? 1) SL \tc M
5 it 7
7r:J t---i-:7
L;
BJl ~ \
*}(
::> "(
~ L6
~L3
~ L4(e), ~LS
~L6
*JT L 1
~L7
~L5
new
t.::S L,L\
::>L\ AA\1
hot(thing)
~L5
::>L\ ~11
hot(weather)
~L5
(-O))c
{ft after(anevent) ~LS-II,~L11
7H-
I'--
toshow(someone)around
(over there)
~ L2
~L1
apartment
L7
~L7
111-J-
~G
~L9
good child
l,\l,\(:c
gooddeed
~L10-II
L\5 '-) tosay[u]
~LS
L \x
home; house ~ L3
*-
-L \~
~it~
bound for. . .
~ L 1 O(e)
-{~l):::Z
Britain ~L1, ~L2
L \ <, :ft < to go [ u] ~ L3
l,\( 5 how much ~L2
l,\l_,f.> ~-1f doctor ~L1, ~L10
l,\l.;;bQ (1(/:) ;t:l:i!l,~ mean-spirited ~L9
l,\g chair ~L2(e), ~L4
L \t1JI l_,l, \ l't L \ 1 busy (people/days) ~ L5
l,\t('
~< . tohurry[u] ~L6
L\t.::L\
L \ tt: tt: ~
cc
0) that
SO) um
~~LS-II
questionnaire
~H9-II
[irr.]
~ Jf,IJ morning ~ L3
~c:ld:fu Jf,IJ :~ breakfast
~L4
~ L2
~G
~ L 10
fall
!lfl It~
l:t Q
~~ L 11-II
cheerful
~LS
~ LS
part-time job
fu1CJ;l,\gQ ~P'l-t~
~L9, ~L9(e)
red
~ L3
not much
~LS
7/7-1'--
~L9, ~L9(e)
blue
1
sn
~ L4
~~L11-II
outdoor activities
1J'Q l, \
7)vl\-{ !'--
1f1
1J'L\ i/f.1
([)!,\
~ L3
~ L4
between
~ftl12-II
o 1J'c 5 C:~'L\*9
Thank you. (polite)
SQ there is
[u] ~L4
SQone
~~L12-II
QL\"C ~11-r
onfoot ~L10
SQ(
~ < to walk [u] ~L12
ice cream
rain
5 5 5JG 7 to wash [ u]
fJ 1)\ C 5 Thank you. ~
negative
f,fu
useful Expressions
I Il Ill ......
(~~#~~ii)
[u] u-verb
*
* fJ +
L \ tr I 1 sweet ~ L 12
*0)1)\b
J::.(l)Jlj
theMilkyWay
'Jiti1
*9
1
-{ 9 1) 7
Italy
L Y!)1)\::>
- fl
1.,\'!5c:5 L,t->
L \'!) t.;; -1*
hurt;painful
~L12
January
--'5-.if-
CarNo. l
one o'clock
l,\'!)l.;;1J'fu -1*M
~L10(e)
~ L 1, ~ L 1 (e)
onehour
~L4
~<lNvl
it~
L \dj.
l,\t,5c
meaning
~ L 11 (e), ~ L12
(C:.fu) ~(~Iv)
younger sister
~L1, ~L7
<
~ L 11
)iii:
1[:6
sea
uh-huh; yes
~L10-II
~L8
~L9
xl,\fJ\
X l, \ C
ll;l(@J
~
t!
movie
xfufY::>
~F9
...
f,l-jjf
~)'i;L6-I, ~L10
yen
~L2
pencil
~L2, ~L2(e)
Sl, \ L l, \ delicious ~ L2
S5131<. ft.1l roundtrip ~L10(e)
SSl, \ 'ffe \ ' there are many. . . ~ L 12
SS~L\
:k ~ \ 1 large ~L5
:::f-::::Z i"-51)7 Australia ~L1, ~L11
SfJ'c!fu })~~Iv
mother ~L1, ~L2
SfJ'xl) (tJ:C:.L\) Welcome home. ~G
Sb'!_, }) ~ -T snack; sweets ~ L 11
SfJ'G t?
money ~ L6
S~Gti'!5
t?*#~
ri~p~oo
~L10
S~:Q ~~ 6 to getup [ru] ~L3
S<::Q ~6
togetangry[u]
~L12-II
Sc! l:t t? 5@ sake; alcohol ~ L3
S l)l, \(!Iv grandfather; old man ~ L7
S !_, X Q ~ ;:(. 6 to teach; to instruct [ ru] ~ L6
S lJ i:" 5 C:. Iv guardian deity of children ~ L 1 0-II
SL,~5fJ\:)
t?.iE.!1 New Year's ~)'i;L10-II, ~L11
Sl_,I)
buttocks
SGo
}):I}#.
~L7(e)
castle
~L5-II
~L1, ~L7
~ L 11
~L5
tosell[u]
-xiv
* (~
~L7
~L1
!I\ station
*-
5#
yes
XX
X~
.. ~353
to drive [irr.J
~ L8
to do physical exercises
~L3
English language
~ L1
Stl1J'l,'G*9
(~~)
... , please. ~L2
SlcfC: fu grandmother; old woman ~L7
S"-fu L:;
S"-fuC.
;!:;~:$"-
reply
;!:;-#-~
~ L11-II
boxed lunch
~L9
-1)1-1)\
or
~L10
... , but
~L5-II,
theatrical art
~L7
1Jl13\tt.7a>
~ L9
~L7-II
care
~ fu "5 J:; 3 g Q
tifufJ'
~L12
L6
<, fJ\:)
~re.
}t. north
(I:,
~ L 12
'.?E'A
~~Q
~=!:JO)
*&':>6
~*1
L3
(:)
~ L9
dress
,;: 1)
(Q3;
JI!
~ L 12
cloudy weather
green
'*-6
~ L7
~ L7(e)
neck
~ L4
~ L9(e)
tocome[irr.]
car
measurement)
~L3
~L7
~L12
L5
t;J6
tocut[u]
~ 6
~LS
~L7
~H-:e:
~L7, ~L7(e)
~L2
shoes
~;f I) - ::.;
~L10
L9
~ L2
mouth
11:
(tit)
~l'GL9-II
~Q
~Q
~ L4(e)
~L1(e)
~ L 11 (e)
( ~~)
(I<: 00
<, "{j
~L8
medicine
expression
<, tc'5.L,'
( "5 o
~ L4, ~ L4(e)
todecide[ru]
~L4, ~L4(e)
~L6(e)
yesterday
~ L9(e)
< 9 o ~ 0) iD
~L10(e)
3 a'f 8
air
1L .F.l September
::h..~ nineo'clock
(gt)
:f :9- guitar ~ L9
~'? 15.7:. fu ~~r,5
cafe ~L2
~ -:J 7:. t;] :f- postal stamps ~ L5, ~ L5(e)
~ -:J 131 t;Jf<f ticket ~ L5
~ -:J 13i 3 t) l<f t;J 1<f .JC I) ~ ticket vending area
~O)
<, 3~
~7ffe:i"" 6
~ L 1 O(e)
That
~ L6
11-:JL.fugQ
~~l}-t"6
togetmarried[irr.J
~L7
If:),. 3 U: .F.l Bi 8 Monday ~ L4, ~ L4(e)
11 fufJ'g Q to have a fight; to quarrel [irr.] ~ L 11
lffu~ (tel:) :it'A healthy; energetic ~ L5
l:ffu~fJ\1Ci:L,' :it'Al.l<'fJ.\' don'tlookwell
~L12
I::: :f-J[J r:
:J -
coffee
gold
c"5 -t 3
eating)
c* Cc 1.., rd
1--
concert
..
~L1,~L1(e)
yearsold
~L1
cfJ'ts.
,(!!,
c < 13\A,
c If
c-::>1J1
~L2
fish
f'FX
5@
essay; composition
sake; alcohol
11*-
~L11
writer
soccer
~ L1 0
tt~
ij"iftQ
-c*
cul,\
magazine
~ L \'
~**
*\
c J: 3 ts S
~ L3
~L9
lonely
~ L 11
~L5-II
Mr./Ms ....
~L5
cold (weather)
~ L9
~ L3
(!"-::> L.,
cr.JL.,l.,\
Good-bye.
~ G
cSl.,\t.}A,
-cfu
Mr./Ms ....
theyearafternext
~ L9
~ L4(e)
~ L4(e)
~L4(e)
~L1
cfufJ\::>
.:=.,F1 March ~L4(e)
(!'A,7!' ,I:. 3 ~~ overtime work ~re LS-II
A, cl,\ .:=.W;. three years old ~ L 1 (e)
thirty
~ L 1 (e)
(!'A,t.)A, (c9t.))
~~ (T-9 ;t:J.)
&-kW A.#
~ L 12(e)
gynecologist
c A,13\A,
cful3:'9Q
obstetrician and
.:=. 7;'-
three minutes
l&~-9 6
~ L 1 (e)
~L3
~WJ.
c 1;:
~L7
~ L5
surfing
cl, \131
~G
at about...
club activity
:::;
international relations
-co
i:t-? )[.,
~ L9-II
excellent food
~ L7
~ L 1, ~ L2
computer
=============!@~!===========
cl.,\
~ L4(e)
oo~r;!Jt~
convenience store
-cl,\
~L9(e)
<:::"St 3
:J:::; i:::=
ij"- 7
~ L3
cfJ>::> 1i f1 May
c:: <cl, \1J1ful:tl., \
-LJ
~L 12
~L10-II
~L9
[_,
CD (Y-7-1-)
:J-:J"X.
VI 7
CD
jeans
chef
GD' i'!t#
':&L6
:&L2
+*
~~ L6- III
dentist
:& L 12(e)
~*M ...
G tt:
under
to die [u]
71'.,N';i
month
':&L6
l.Ji3\fv
G#fv'(JJ;
7]-
oneself
3\,'/v
~L10-II
$~#Bt
municipal hospital
':&L6
':&L6
l.J ~ 5 \, '!)1J\::>
l.J~3\,,!;L,
l.J ~ 5 \,'!>Ii:!>
month
+-fl November
+-* eleveno'clock
+- 8
:& L4(e)
':&L1(e)
:& L4(e)
l.J ~ 5 \,' ::> {!\,' +-Pl&: eleven years old ':& L 1 (e)
l.J ~ 5\,'::>131/v +-7t eleven minutes :& L 1 (e)
l.J ~ 51JI::>
October ':& L4(e)
-G~51J1/v
~~M for ... weeks ':&L10
lJ ~ 5~ ~ 3131/v +7L71" nineteen minutes ':&L 1 (e)
+fl
eighteen minutes
':& L 1 (e)
:& L4
day of a
:& L4(e)
juice
':&L12
:1'*
V)[;J\silver :&L9{e)
G 0 3JlJ., castle ~ L5-II
Ga\,' 81' white :&L9, :&L9(e)
G 0 <, 0
B~
LJ~LJ~#:Q
L:>SL.;Jl6
-I.Jiu ~A. ... people
G/v1J1/vttfv
~JT~~
':& L9(e)
tostare(at)[ru]
':&L8
:&L 1
Shinkansen; "Bullet Train"
':&L10
GfvC:5
1-%
trafficlight
':&L6(e)
ttfulcl'.::>
7\:;e
departing first
J':i'L 10(e)
to clean [irr.]
J':i' L8
J':i'L1
-=f 5 (:g1J'
=======================1@1===1========================
9l, \~:HJ
7.]<.Bi B
:::Z?I-7::.t
Sweden
Wednesday
J':i'L1
J':i'L4
:A-/\.supermarket
9rr (tJ:) ff~ fond of; to like J':i' L5
:A:fski J':i'L9
9 <: right away J':i' L6
9 C < extremely J':i' L5
9L: L., '.'.}' L a little ~7GL7-II
9 L., sushi J':i' L 1 0
99" L., l, \ j)j\ L \ ' cool (weather) J':i' L 10
9-Crr (tJ) -$"~ nice J':i'L12
9-C;Q :f~T6 tothrowaway[ru]
J':i'L8
:A 1-- Lt:A stress ~ L8-II
:A ift- ~ sports J':i' L3
9#a::ttfu
Excuse me.; I'm sorry. J':i'G
gt) 1.it' tolive[u]
J':i'L7
9;Q to do [irr.J J':i'L3
gp;Q It 6 to sit down [u] J':i'L6
:13t
1--9:@ togoonadiet[irr.]
J':i'L11
tel,\;J=JA.,l:Tl,\ 1;!;.5.iWitt thermometer J':i'L12(e)
tel,\ 1)\ <, *-. !'' college; university :ft L 1
tcL\1)\ ( l,\A,ttL \ *-. !'f'Bt:i. graduate student J':i' L 1
tel,\1)\ <, ttt, \ *-. !'f':i. college student J':i' L 1, J':i' L8
$7'-{Iy
**\'
tel,\rrSl,\ (tcJ:)
tel,\ L:; J; 5131 *-.}:;/<;.
to hate J':i'L5
It's okay.; Not to worry.,
~Lhi:::-V-6
~7GL7-II
t~if.:~%1..-)
tolook
telct'L:1ct95
te13\A., ?}fl
probably;maybe
tosmoke[u]
J':i'L12
J':i'L6
~(l,\fvl
4'-#~
"'[fJ\"Jj
c 'i!' Q tc l:t
!5L,~L' 1J,::1' small ~LS
!5 tr < l1i < near; nearby ~ L4
!51J'"'L-:> :ti3r~ subway ~ L 10
!5 t: < 9 Q :ilf$;JJ-t6 to be late (for an
)(
(my) father
~ L4
letter
~ L 12
as much as possible
:lo
~L10(e)
exit
L:-:>tc 3
:r=:::z
~ L 11
appointment) [irr.]
!)!)
c(!)
4'-17i -J
~ L 12
~ L6
to help [u]
~L3
tennis
clcl:, Sl:ffu'i!'c
~L?
!5 ti
green tea ~ L3
!lt>L'~L'
brown ~L9(e)
!51i1>3C(
t:f:'OO China ~L1, ~L2
!5 til> 3 !J t> 5.ih<t injection ~ L 12(e)
!5 J:; -::> C: a little ~ L3
H359
;J:;:Jt'A T
Tli,
Take care.
~HS-II
*~\'
7-'J \- 1--
department store
gloves
but
~L3
4f
temple
:l 6
~ L4
~ L 10
~ L4
~H6-I; ~L9
~ L 12
:i!n T <
LA,
... points
L A,'Q'
~'A
'!['A
weather
c A,'Q'
T "'../ i7 'Y
T-shirt
"LLV~l:tfu Jt:)tlj~
"'LL':tdL,tJ:L'L'fJ'tc.
7- I-cfJ'l:tQ
DVD
~L7
commuter'spass
T
1 't.11
d,i:-1
~L10(e)
'1J
~ L 11 (e)
~ L1 O
~ L2
DVD (5""-1-::i"-171'-)
expression
with (a tool)
togoout[ru)
~ L3
~LS
polite
electricity
~ L 12-Il
~ L 11
~LS
~ L2(e); ~ L6
CA,
~L6
j-.-( [.;
~ L 12
~L2(e)
door
~ L2
c
"'L 4'- hand; arm ~L?(e)
~ C by (means of transportation);
~ L3
~LA,
1'7
~L12-II
TV
call [ru]
7 [.; I:::'
*H
360~*
C *:@
c ti ti: "!:>
"ff_ Ct;
friend
C:J:5lJ
818
Saturday
t-: 5
drive
-{"::;I"
c:Q
c:Q
ft L 1
~L3; ftL4(e)
ft L 11
ftL4
:Jll6
totake(apicture)[u]
:l[X.6
~ L4(e)
a month
ft L 10
============~@)==! ============
l*Jf+
tJ;l,\'/)1
physician
;fd'/)\l,\
ft L 12(e)
;fdL:
ts::
-;fdfv
-tJ:c
summer
andsoforth
~l'i:L12-II
wish
11il cat ft L4
;fd--::>tJ':Q $7)<;f, 6
ljj1'
;fdct)l,\
;fd:@
ft L8
~ \ '
~ 6
-;fdfvttl,
~l'i:L12-Il
-C~ sevenyearsold
ftL1(e)
tsu:: -C-:> seven ft L9
t;J.tJ:131fv -C)J- seven minutes ft L 1 (e)
fif.ll:'/J' M7i' something ftL8
fiJ.l<:ti + negative Mt not ... anything ftL7
f(J.(J)'/J' -C 8 the seventh day of a month ft L4(e)
~;p
..
~Jf.:i-
ftL 12
ft L 10
sleepy
years
...
ft L3
ft L 10
year student
ft L 1
t;J.tJ;~l,\
ll:'/J'11"--::>*x
l<:tJ\--::> .::.~
.::.7),~ilfr
February
twomonthsago
ftL4(e)
.) - 1--
notebook
-(})""C
because . . .
c throat
(J)ctJ'tJ'b
<
ft L2
ft L 12
ft L 12
(!)
r"1Vi~
<
Ii:@
ftL4(e)
it6
toclimb[u]
ftL11
L 1 O(e)
(}):@
ft L5
to ride; to board [ u]
~<LVvl
-li'fv
bread
~:flf.
ft L4
number ...
ftL11(e)
~7 .,/
piano
t:::'-J[;
beer
01)\ (_,
0 <.
.lit
5!\! <
H>361
ftL10(e)
ftL3
ft L9
ftL11
ft L6(e)
east
ftL 11
ore.
Oc
A.
Oc:)
0 C: :)/1)
ftL4
person
one
--:>
--:>
Ocrfc A.k
ftL9
first
people
ft L6(e)
~L12-II
OC:fJ
01311J1
011; (tJ)
Bi:./l#
B~
dermatologist
ftl12(e)
ft LS
================!@~1=============
131 <. Ril clothes ft L 12
131r.::) .::::.-:> two ftL9
131r.::)/1) .::::.-:> second ft L6(e)
131r.: o z.): two people ft L7
131r.: fJ 9-':) z.); -f'-:> two people each
130 5 ~ii local (train) ft L 10(e)
131:)1J' .::::. 8 the second day of a month
ft L 11 (e)
ft L4(e)
362
~*
131:J1J1J:;l,) .::..a~\'
hangover
131(: :J -Cl, '*9
:k-, Z \ 't -t
ftl12
to be on the heavy
ftL7
side
ftL6
[u]
==============16)~1=========~
<t: (ts.) T 4- clumsy; poor at..
"':Jli: + negative .31] I:: nothing
ft LS
in particular
ftL7
"'-:;}
-"'-:;}
~~
ftL6
page
'liBJ.i
pagenumber.
room
ftL11(e)
ftL5
'':::;
ftL2, ftL2(e)
''"'~ ~ 39Q ~5$-t ~
pen
to study [irr.]
ftL3
''"' (: 3
"'fu
I'.) (t;J.)
-#- 113
1~5f1J
boxed lunch
convenient
ft L9
ft L7
=====================!(@!:=1======================
la: 3 If A, 7)- dialect ft L 11 (e)
1a; 3 L., '11~ -T hat; cap ft L2
-la:3~fu ~7Joo serving ... areas ftL10(e)
Jt\-.li. platform ft L 1 O(e)
it\- .Li. :V 'Y? homesickness ft L 12
m-.li.7... 7-1' homestay; living with a local family
ft LS
**
okay; so-so ftL 11
-a;l,\ ~;j'5( [counterforflatobjects]
ftL5
a;l,)L.,~3 4it~ everyweek ftLS
'7?-1'77... minus ftL12
a;l, )Ii:!) 4it 8 every day ft L3
a;l, )ld'.fu 4it!J)E every night ft L3
a;~ WT front ftL4
a;t.)'iQ ff!ltl" ~ to turn (right/left) [u] ft L6(e)
a; t; ~ ( tJ:) serious; sober; diligent ~re L 12-II
a; g. first of all ~re LS- II
a; ti: again ~re L5- II
a; iC. + negative not ... yet ft LS
a;!) my town; city ftL4
a;:J f~-:i to wait [u] ft L4
a;:J9(' straight ftL6(e), ~reL6-I
a;:) I'.) ~ I) festival ft L 11
~3;c
ft L5
-a;cli:
by (time/date)
~ L 12-Il
a;C: ~ window ftL2(e), ftL6
a;C:<.:'!5 ~o counter ftL5(e)
a; Q 0 (correct) ft L 11 (e)
a; A, 1J'i1J1 51: @J
cartoonist ft L 11
a; A, t; ~ 3 sweet bun ~re L4-III
#~ ;:{; right ft L4
#75:'1.)'ib
;{;{llij right side ft L6(e)
dj t; 1.)ll,) 9& \ ' short (length) ft L7
dj 9" 1.}( water ft L3
di- 9"l, )0 7.}( ~ light blue ft L9(e)
di- 9" 5 di- );l;fJ lake ft L 11
di- tt J;S shop; store ~re L4-III
dj :J 1)1 :=_ 8 the third day of a month ft L4(e)
#:Jl:lQ Jl-:ilt~
tofind[ru]
~H12-II
dj :J :J :=_ -:i three ft L9
di- C I'.) *tR green ft L9( e)
djtJ:C:. A, 1& ~Iv everyone ~reL6-Ill
#tJ:# iil'i south ft L6(e)
djdj !f ear ft L?(e)
#~If
it souvenir ftL4
di- Q Yl ~ to see; to look at; to watch [ ru] ft L3
#futJ: all ~L7-II, ftL9
djfutJ:c all(ofthepeople)together
ftLS
('c
f.)Q
QJ\, )'/JI
7' 8
6b
El
)<-)[;
~ L?(e)
breast
Jji1i)
VS~~
'%:
purple
~L9(e)
~b1::>tc.S
ti 3 already ~ L9
ti 3g ( very soon; in a few moments/days ~ L 12
ti <, ~ 3 7.J :t.Bi 8 Thursday ~ L4, ~ L4(e)
ti Lti L Hello? (used on the phone) ~L7
ti '5 rice cake ~ L 1 0-II
ti'50fu ofcourse ~L7
ti :J tf-:> to carry; to hold [ u J ~ L6
totake(athing)[u]
tf .-, -Z < ~
to bring (a thing) [irr.]
ti:::> C: more ~ L 11
ti(]) if~ thing (concrete object) ~ L 12
ti S 3 to get (from somebody) [u] ~ L9
ti::>""[< 7al
~a'f
~
to quit [ru]
~L 11
four o'clock
8
Mt t'
~Q
four
~ L4(e)
~L9
to read (u]
f" ff8
~
~ L 1 (e)
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~L7
~ L3
~ L3
~ L 10
reservation
~H5-II, ~L6
night
l: .i, L O?m.J!1 Li -t
~0 L(iJ)~1Jll,\L*9
Nice to meet you.
~ G
~A,~\,\
~ftlit
fouryearsold
~L1(e)
~fu13\fu
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four minutes
~ L 1 (e)
~ L6
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L 11
WI Of=-t ~
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~ L.:;
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1136bl,\l5fu 1i"~A. celebrity ~L10
11~ ~ snow ~L10-II, ~L12
11 :::> <, b slowly; leisurely; unhurriedly ~ L6
117.} ~l'f finger ~ L?(e)
116b /ij. dream ~ L 11
~ 3 tr ;\. 8
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b J:; <::: 3 :!<At travel
bJ:i::39Q
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b fuL:: apple ~ L 10
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roommate
tocook[irr.]
~LS
~ L5
totravel[irr.]
~L11
~L10
364~*
[.;::.; !--?"/
X-ray
~ L 12(e)
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June
~ L4(e)
~ L 1 (e)
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tobreakup;toseparate[ru]
~L12
bg:tlQ ~ft..6 to forget; to leave behind [ru] ~L6
btc L ;fL. I ~L 1
on: L,tc"!J
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~L9
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~H12-II
btc:Q
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to cross [u]
~ L6(e)
b:@ L \
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;fL.f= t;
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(Reading and Writing section)
l,)~-:) (Greetings)
(e) Useful Expressions
I II IIIFo~JH!Wf'i'5" (~O;.~~*i)
G
[ru] ru-verb
===============:====():=! ===============
about (approximate measurement) ~<:St,) ftL4
about.. . ~1:-::>t,)"L ftLS
absence ti9#
J::f.J, ftL5
absent (from) ti9<G J:tt' [ul ftL6
actor i;:J;t,Hgi3 1Mf ftL11
actress l;:l;l,)~3/ l.JJ;~3 ~H~I :9:"1f ftL11
adult Seta:: *-.A. ~L12-n
after ...
~c ~:i~ ftL10
after(anevent)
(~O))C: (~q)):/~
~LS-II,
ftL11
================:::=(@)=1 ===============
back 3 uo :i~;; ftL4
back (body) ttta::1J1 '!f.P ft L7(e)
bad b.Ql,) ~\' ftL 12
bag b'l"J.fv ftL2, ftL2(e)
baggage 1:ti-::i f.lJ~w ftL6
bamboo hat 1J1~
~J'G L1 o-n
band JI./ r: ~L11-II
bank 'f'"fvL. 3 ~it ftl2
barbecue J \--"'::\=- .:::i. - ft LS
barber's C: L. ti 1*.~ ft L 10
baseball ti~ Ill> 3 ff:f>i<. ft L 1 o
baseball player ti~lll>3ttfvL.,l\I> ffl'5Jl.ilH ftL11
bath (S) 1310 CJ?) )il.g ftL6
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beauty parlor (JJ::3t,)fv ~'.\S'.Pff. ftL10
because . . . ~1J1S ftL6
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become ta::.Q[u] ftL10
beer ~--Jl.i ftL11
begin l;:l;l.J/;l).Q :Mllt:>6 [ru] ftLS
(something) begins l;:l;l.Ja':.Q kH 6 [ul ftL9
best t, )!Jld'."fv -#- ft L 1 o
between t, )tc iVl ft L4
bicycle LJ"Lfvu'P ~.if. ftL2
birthday tc.fv LJ Jo; 3 a ~:i. a ft Ls
black (ol,) "!!!,\' ftL9,ftL9(e)
black and white uo<o
a"!!!. ftL9(e)
blackboard L. < lcJ:"fv "!!!.i~ ft L2(e), ft LS
blonde hair ~fvld'.'-::> ~~ ftL9(e)
366
~*
8
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concerning...
-lt:::Jl,\-C
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concert
::::i ::J-lf- l- ~ L9
convenience store ::::i::;t::= ~L7
convenient
"'-fv tJ (tJ:) f~;f1J ~ L7
cook fJ J; 5 fJ 9 0 #J!:t 6 [irr.J ~ L8
cooking
tJ J; 5 tJ
~Ti: L6-III
cool (weather)
99" l_,L, \ 5Ji( L \' ~ L1 o
mt
tt~
~L12
cough
tt~1J'C'0
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counter
a::c:<:-s ;1Eo ~L5(e)
(counter for flat objects) -3:;L,\ ~it ~L5
(counter for people)
country
coupons
-lt:fv
<it: 00 ~ L7
1J1L, \g 5 l:t fv
~A.
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L 1 O(e)
die
Ll>G
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diligent
YE&':l [u]
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diningcommons
LJ;<c5
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dinner
ld'.'fvcicJ;fv
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dish
tJ J; 5 tJ
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~L5
do 9 0 [irr.] ~ L3
do "f->0 [u]
do laundry
~L5
ttfv/c <, 9 0
do physical exercises
[irr.] ~L9
doctor
L, \ L-r-i ~:{;'dog L, \l>G ft.. ~ L4
57t:.5'/t-t 6 [irr.J
~ L 1, ~ L 1
lffv~1J't;J.L,\
don'tlookwell
door
C: -P ~H
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t.::7' ~ L2(e)
dormitory
tJ J; 5 ~
cross b/c:Q
5/t 6 [u] ~ L6(e)
cry t;J.< i:ft< [u] ~T.:L12-II
cut
cut (classes)
-lflt(:Q [uJ
cute
1J1bL,\L,\ ~L7
~ L 11
==================!@l==1 ===============
dance
SC:0
date (romantic)
~6 [uJ ~L9
:;-- t-- ~ L3
t->9 d7-
day off
-{;!;.;,
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deadline
L<lb~t"J ~<1":>-l:J7'J
~L11(e)
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LJ/9> 51t:1J'::i -t.::.Jl ~L4(e)
decide
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... degrees (temperature)
~Jt.. ~L12
delicious
ct.)L,\L,L,\
~L2
-c.
dentist
L 1J' 1\N# ~ L 12(e)
departing first
ttfvld'.::i
7\';#; ~ L 10(e)
departing second
lJ ld;::J ;t_fe ~ L 10(e)
department store
l-
7-'H-
~L4
dermatologist
\.H"511J' .Bt~#
~ L 12(e)
desk ::i <, ~ ~JL ~ L2(e), ~ L4
dialect
la: 511'fv -;?
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diary
it:-::i~
dictionary
ase
LJ L J;
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drive
DVD
t.::5-1-:: :i"
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7''4-"j'-{7-'4-
===============~@~1 ===============
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lf
early ld;"f->L,\
~ L7(e)
.!f-\' ~L3
7tmn'-1",f\'
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4 ~H12-II
cram school
LJl9><
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credit card
?L/:Y'.Y t--J:J- r: ~L10
culture
curtain
~ L8
iUh-t 6
5 fvc 5 9 0
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easy
D1J' L Jlt
1J1fv/cfv(t;J.)
easy(problem)
ld;"f->
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L6(e)
M.lil- ~L10
t->2"LL,\
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eighteen minutes
LJl9>51d;-::i13\fv/
fv --j-J\."- ~ L 1 (e)
eighth day of a month, the
J::. 51J'
~ L 1 (e)
L 1 (e)
LJl9>51d;'.5131
1\.
~L4(e)
electricity
C'fv~ \itm ~L2(e), ~L6
eleven minutes
LJ/9>5L,\-::i13\fv
+--- ~L1(e)
eleven o'clock
LJ/9>5L,\'.JLJ
~L1(e)
eleven years old LJ/9>5L,\-::i~L,\
eleventh day of a month, the
+-a
~L4(e)
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LJ 19> 5 L, \'.Jlt:-S
e-mail .)(-J[;
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energetic lf'fvi! (ta;) ft.~ ~ L5
English (language) ~l, \L': ~?a ~ L 1
ENTdoctor Glf1J' It-*-# ~L12(e)
enter ld:l\0 A.6 [u] ~L6
entrance l, \ fJ <:-s A. o ~ L 10(e)
erase 119 il!J-t [u] ~L6
eraser 11u::::lb 5l!JL:::it..
~L2(e)
essay t:: < 13\fv 1t::Z ~ L9
everyday a';l,\IL:'.5 .;9fa ~L3
every night a';l, \lcl'.'fv 4ifaJt ~ L3
every week a';l, \ t_, ~ 3 4if~ ~LS
everyone #tJ.t:: fv 11'-:: ,{, ~ L6-III
Everything is under control. n:l \ c; J; 313\
~ ~L5
exam t_, 11 fv $\~ ~ L9
example ru. \ ~u ~ L 11 (e)
excellent food L:'.5.Z-3 ~l\;L9-II
Excuse me. 9#a';ifv ~G
exercise nfv t_, ~ 3 **'11 ~ L 11 (e)
exit c <:-s t:l:l o ~ L 10(e)
exit c:Q t:l:l 6 [ru] ~H6-I, ~L9
expensive tcb'l \ iWi \ ' ~ L2
~pra~ 1!~3L:3
Aft ~L1~~
extremely 9 L: < ~ L5
eye lsb 13 ~L7, ~L7(e)
:f\.-}::_
=====::::=====::::=====:::::::::=()==::!=====::::=====::::=====::::
face b'iD llJl ~L7(e),~L10
fall 1! *k ~L10
family b1f:(
~L7
famous ~31sbl\ (ta;) :;Jf;t:; ~LS
farm ld:tcl1 ~ ~H12-II
fast lcl:t>l,\ l!\' ~L7
(do something) fast lcl:t>< .!f- < 1 l! < ~L 10
father <DC: 3 t:: fv -.h5U ,{, ~ L 1, ~ L2
(my) father '.5'.5 :'>( ~L7
February 1<=1J'-:::> .=.JJ ~ L4(e)
festival (iD) ;:l';-:::>fJ (-.h) fk '! ~L11
fifteen minutes L:;~3L:131fv -tll7J'- ~L1(e)
fifth day of a month, the l, Db' 1l a ~ L4(e)
find #-:::>110 Jt.,--JIH
~H12-II
finger ~LJ t~ ~L7(e)
firefighter uJ;31~'3L,
il!J~
~L11
first U-C::-:::>lsb -"J El ~L6(e)
first car l,\Slcl'.'fva';.::t -tl}.ilfi ~L10(e)
first day of a month, the '.::>l\tc'.5 -a
~L4(e)
*~
+zs a
~ L4(e)
*~
***
=====::::=====::::=====::::==={@)=:1 ====================
gain weight 131C::0 :k6 [ul ~L7
game lf-L ~L7
game L,l,\ $\ii" ~L12
gate b'l \t::-:::> &.~L ~ L 1 O(e)
general admission seat LJ~3ii!
re-It
~L10(e)
guitar
=F5'-
~L9
===========~~' ==========
hair b'# ~ ~ L7, ~ L7(e)
half ld:fv 1- ~ L 1
halfpasttwo
1;:::LJ!d:fv =-~# ~L1
hamburger J \Y /\-15~ L3
hand -C 'f- ~ L7(e)
~L12
~* ~
*~
hurry l,\-E<: ,~
hurt t,\tcl,\ ffii11
<
L
juice :J::i.-::Z ftL12
July G !lb'::> -C fl ft L4(e)
June 0(b'::> :t>fl ftL4(e)
just...
~rcl:t ftL11
ftL6
ftL12
[u]
'*
====================(Q))=:::1====================
January l, \!lb'::> - fl ft L4(e)
Japan IL:l3fu B
ft L 1
Japanese language IL:l3fu2 B;4'.?o
Japanese people IL:l3fu lJfu B ;4'.A.
Japanese traditional dress ~i:JO)
jeans :)-:;-:;:._ ftL2
job Gee 1:!J ftL1, ftLS
journalist :/'17-:T'J::Z l- ftL11
~*
ftL1
ft L 1
~~L9-II
==================~~'====================
Kabuki b113\~ llfk.n-rt ft L9
kanji b1fulJ
ftL6
karaoke :1J"5 ;;t7 ft LS
kimono ~i:JO)
~~L9-II
kind Gfutt::> (tf.) ttt;J ftL7
kind (person) t->~Gl,\ ftL5
(get to) know G.Q ~06 [uJ ftL7
Korea b1fu<::< ~00 ftL1,ftL2
)l*
~*
==================~~'====================
lake O:t9'3G:t i#l ft L 11
... language ~c ~?a ft L 1
large <D<D~t, \
1 1 ft L5
lastcar l,\!Jld'."fu3G0 -i!t-ik.l, ftL10(e)
last month ttMf"::> 7t;fl ftL4(e), ftL9
lasttrain
Gl'Jl3cfu
~'it ftL10(e)
last week ttfu G l'Jl 3 7t;~ ft L4, ft L4(e)
last year ~ J; tdfu *_;p ft L4(e), ft L9
lastly ~l,\CIL: ~{Ji.I:
~HS-II
late <5-Et,\ :i/!11 ftl10
{do something) late <D-E< :ii!< ~~L4-III, ftL6
late {for) <D-E<trJ..Q :ii!< -r.i:6 [u] ft LS
late (for an appointment) !l <:: <, 9 .Q :ii!~J-t 6
*~
[irr.J
ft L 11
later on C:: c ik T ft L6
lawyer -"fucG #"Aft ftL1
learn tJ.53 517 [u] ftL11
leave behind b9;f'1.Q ~*1..6 [ruJ ftL6
left o-rcfJ tr_ ftL4
left side trt: fJ b'b tr._jJliJ ft L6(e)
leg G A:.. ftL7(e), ftL12
leisurely ~ ::i <, fJ ft L6
Let me see. -E3c9td
ftL3
letter C::b'Oi of-~$; ft L4
library C:: G c1; b1fu !]Jiftg ft L2
life ttt, vtr:: 1:.5i5- ft L1 o
light blue Oi9"t, \0 ,j( ~ ft L9(e)
like 9~ (trJ.) JiJ-~ ftL5
line number ...
~~c1;3/:/J ~11' ftL11(e)
listen ~< r:i!l < [u] ftL3
literature 13\fub'<
ftL1, ~L7-II
little, a 9<:: G jr L ~H7-II
-X.*
=====================1~)==1 =====:=:=====:=:==::::::::::::=
magazine 2'.'::> L., tt~ ~L3
major ttfvt:: 3 -t.1x ~LI
make "J(0 f'f6 [u] ~L8
make a phone call C'fvb~f.Jll:J-0 '1t~H''1'1t6
[ru]
~L6
=====:=:=====:=:=====:=:==()==I =====:=:=====:=:=====:=:
name t.:1:a;:~ ;gwr ~LI
narrow ttao:l\ ~1'
~Ll2
near '.5t.J1 < if[< ~ L4
near future t::fvc .J:J-m:. ~ L9
nearby '.5 t.J1 < ifl < ~ L4
neck < LJ -' ~ L7(e)
need L,\0 [u] ~L8
neighborhood
Efvl.JJ; ifli'IT ~LI HI
(get) nervous E fv '.5 J; 3 9 0 ~*.-t 6 [irr.J
new tc.SL.,L,\ ~lfL1' ~L5
NewYear's (S)L.,J;31:J'"J
(;J:J).iE!'l
~LI 2
~H10-II, ~Lii
newspaper L.,fv1:llfv ~flil ~L2
next "J'i!'' ;jz ~ L6
next C: t.:1: ti ~Jllc ~ L4
next (stop), . . . "J'i!''lct~ ;x1i ~ ~ L 10(e)
next month Sl\lf"J *-tl ~L4(e), ~L8
next semester Sl\t.Jl::>E *-!'M ~LIO
next week Sl\L.,~ 3
~L4(e), ~L6
next year SL,\tlfv
~L4(e), ~L6
nice 9'LE (tJ:) ~~ ~Ll2
Nice to meet you. J::-CJL.,<Stlt.J'L,\L.,a;:g- .l: ~
L < J:Jb/Jl1' L i-t
~G
night J::0 ~ ~H5-II, ~L6
nine t::t::O)"J 1l..-J ~L9
nine minutes E~31:l1fv 1l..- ~Ll(e)
nine o'clock
< l.J 1L~ ~Ll(e)
nine years old E~3C:L,\ 1l..f!i;. ~Ll(e)
nineteen minutes LJ~3E~31:l1fv -J-1L- ~Ll(e)
ninth day of a month, the t:: t:: O)f.J' 1L B ~ L4(e)
*~
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no 55fv ftL8
No. l,\l,\;t ftG
nonsmoking car i'!' fv:::tfv L.,"' ~:tf-*" ft L 1 O(e)
noon U-7a:> ~ ~7'GL9-II
north i'!'rc :lt ft L6(e)
nose ld:tcl: .P}. ft L?(e)
not ... anything tJ:IL:ti +negative fort ftL?
not at all iffviffv +negative '.@:-ft ftL3
Not at all. l,\l,\;t ftG
not busy Oil:: (tJ:) e~ ft L5
not much i!Bil::IJ +negative ftL3
notspacious ttil::l\ ~\' ftL12
Not to worry. rel' LJ c1:: 5 ,3;
ft L5
not ... yet a::rc +negative ftL8
notebook ./ - 1-- ft L2
nothing in particular A;-:JIL: + negative z1J 1:
ftL?
November lJ 1gJ 5 l Y51J'-:J -t- J1 ft L4(e)
now l\il:: ~ ftL1
number lcffvc 5 tlf-'5- ft L 1
number . . . -ld'.'fv ~tlf. ft L 11 (e)
nurse 1J1fvc t_, ~~lf.tifi ft L 11
=========~@~1 =========
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page ""-':) ft L6
page number . . . -""-':} ft L 11 (e)
painful l\tcl\ 'llfi1'
ftL12
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parcel
L.-:5-:J# 1M!. ft L5(e)
parenthesis 1J' :J;: ft L 11 (e)
park ;: 5 :::tfv ~Ill ft L4
part-time job 'PJ'1J\-{ 1-- ftL4
party J\-7--rftL8
pay ld:55 ;fld [u] ftL10
pen ""::.; ftL2, ftL2(e)
pencil :::tfvU'-:J ,HJ ft L2, ft L2(e)
people OcU'c J..k ~L12-rr
... people -LJfv ~A. ftL1
perform ~0 [u] ftL5
person 0 c A. ft L4
personal computer J\'f~::.; ftL6
photograph L.,"' t_,fv ~$ ftL4
physician tcl:l \1J' i*J# ft L 12(e)
piano 1::7' ./ ftL9
picture l.,-\" L.,fv ~$ ftL4
pink !::::.;? ft L9(e)
pitiful 1J'bl \-'f5 (tcl:) ~H12-II
pizza C:-t:f ~n L6- III, ft L9
place cL.0 i'Jf ftL8
place of origin (IL: 00 ft L?
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CC
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[ru]
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put on (glasses)
(litl1.J'tl~) 1J'l10 [ruJ ftL7
put on (items below your waist) Id:( [ul ftL7
put (a hat) on a person's head 1.J113\tt0 [ruJ
~L10-II
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s
seven minutes tf.tf.131fv -!::',,'" ~ L 1 (e)
seven o'clock L!JIJ -cat ~L1(e)
sevenyearsold tcJ:tJZl\ -!::~ ~L1(e)
seventeen minutes t_:; ~ 51Cl:tJ131fv +-c--B- ~L 1 (e)
seventh day of a month, the 1;f.O)fJ1 -!:: B ~L4(e)
Shinkansen LfvfJ1fvtfv ~~~ ~ L 1 o
ship 131tl !IY.i ~ L 10
shirt :/i7'Y ~L10
shoes < "J It ~L2
shop lcl'.'l \-C fv ?tr.5 ~ L 1 O(e)
shop #t r.5 ~L4-III
shopping fJ1l \t,O) 1l'. 1 'qw ft L4
short (length) # lJ 1J1l \ ~ 1 ' ft L?
short (stature) ttJ't)(l\
1f'-&<16;1'
ftL?
shoulder
1J1tc ~ ~L?(e)
show (someone) around fvtJl,\90
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6 [irr.] ~li:L9-II
shower Yi7':7- ftL6
shrine lJfvlJ~ #of. ftL11
sickness rJ J: 5 i! ~~ ft L9, ft L 12(e)
silver i'!'fvl\0 R~ ftL9(e)
silver :/Jl;J\ftL9(e)
simple
1J1fvtcfv (tJ) flll.lji. ft L 10
sing 5tc5 ~ 7 [u] ftL?
singer 1J1L~
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sit down 9b0
li6 [u] ftL6
six <G ::i "J 7'-:> ft L9
six minutes o::i13\fv 7'-B' ftL1(e)
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sixo'clock
o<IJ
ftL1(e)
six years old 0 < Zl \ 7"~ ft L 1 (e)
sixteen minutes
IJ~50::i13\fv
+7'-B- ftL1(e)
sixth day of a month, the <Gl\1J1 7'8 ~L4(e)
ski A.=\=-- ftL9
skillful
lJJ:59"(tJ) .l.-'f- ftL8
sky, the -Cfv 'ft.. ~L12-II
sleep tl0 .'llt6 [ru] ftL3
sleepy tl<Gl \ H~' ' ft L 1 o
slow <Df:l\ 1!1' ftL10
slowly ~::i < t) ~L6
small !Jl\Zl\
1J".:'' ftL5
smart il5tca::1J'l'l' iiJi:-&<1 'I' ftL?
smoke tclcl'.'<::~95 f:lf:: ~'3,ll 7 [u] ftL6
snack Ceo) tJ1 L (;J:;) :Jit-T ft L 11
snow ~i! ~ ~L10-II, ftL12
so tC.1J1 5 ft L4
sober a::IJIV(tf.)
~L12-II
soccer -t:t 'Y 1J- ft L 1 o
something tJl<::1J1 Mn' ftL8
sometimes
C::i!C'i! atk ftL3
song 5tc ~ ftL?
so-so a::a::il5 ftL11
south #tf.# i*'i ft L6(e)
souvenir (CO) #t>l1' CJ?)&
ftL4
spa <Dfvtfv ;R ~L11
speak lcl:tJ9 ~-t [u] ftL3
special delivery
f: < tr '!ii
ft L5(e)
spend time pleasantly il5f:131 Jtt.;: [ul ft L6
sports A.;t{-'Y ft L3
spring lcl::Q {!;. ft L 1 o
stairs 1J1l\tcfv
fl\'~ ftL10(e)
stand ld'.l\-Cfv ?tr.5 ftL10(e)
stand up tr: iL-:> [u] ft L6
standard Japanese 0 J: 5 lJ ~fvc
~i:J!'Eftl11 (e)
stare(at) IJ01J0#0
L:..Z,L:..Z,JB[ru]
ftL8
station xi! AA ~ L6-I, ft L 1 o
stay(atahotel,etc.)
e:a::0 58i6[u] ftL10
stays at...
l,\:Q [ru] ftL4
stomach <DtJ1J1 ft L?(e), ft L 12
store di tt r.5
L4-m
straight a::::i9<: ftL6(e), ~H6-I
stress A. I' L/ A.
L8-II
strip of fancy paper tcfvei.'( ~H 12-II
student tJ'<il\
#:i. ftL1
student discount tJ' < b t) #~J ft L 1 O(e)
study A:fvi! J: 5 9 0 )fa 71-t 6 [irr.] ft L3
study abroad t) ~ 51J'< 90 Wff#-t 6 [irr.J
~n
~n
ftL 11
==================l(!))=:::1~~~
tailend
l.,Y~!d:'fv5L.,0 -iJH~.; ~L10(e)
take(aclass)
C.0 JfX.6[uJ
~L7-II,~L11
take (a picture) C.0 :!l6 [uJ ~L4
take(athing) ti:>L."l\<
#...,-z11< [u] ~LB
take (amount of time/money) tJ1tJ10 [uJ ~L 1 o
take a bath (cB) 1310!<::lcl:l\0
(t?) Jil.g 1:A.6 [ul
~L6
take a shower
6 [ul
Sli7'J-%Cl5U'0
:/-1-
'7-f%U
~L6
[ru]
1J15/cl<::'1!%-:::Jl10
~L5-II
1*1:)n.
~L7-II
That's right. T 5 c9 ~ L 1
That's right. T5c9td ~L3
That's too bad. 2''fvtdfv (c9td)
~$ (T-t t:i)
~LB
then...
I.Jr.> ~L2
there TL. ~L2
therearemany ...
SSL,\ y\'
~L12
there is . . . 0 [u] ~ L4
therefore /ctJ15 ~ L4
thermometer
/cl \Sfvl1l \ -l*i,\i\tt ~ L 12(e)
these days L.0)20 ~L10
thin t>ttcl\3;9
~L7
thing (concrete object) t,O) tw ~ L 12
things L.c ~H1HI
think Sti5
,w, 7 [uJ ~LB
third day of a month, the #:>D' .:::. B ~L4(e)
(become) thirsty O)ctJ'tJ'b < (!) t:'n'~ < [uJ
~L12
.:::.+'J:I'"
~L1(e)
**~ ~
~L10(e)
tomato r- -x l- ft LS
tomorrow l_., re B}l B ft L3, ft L4(e)
tonight L.fvl"J.'fv ~s)E ftL3
tooth Id: 1\l!i" ftL7(e), ftl12
tough (situation) rc.1, '"-Iv (tJ.) *-~ ~)'G L5-II, ft L6
town *-S lllJ ft L4
toy <Dti-St-> ftL11
track number . . . ~l"J.'fvttfv ~'!lf#JR. ft L 1 O(e)
traditional Japanese theatrical art tJ'i'S\'t: liX.
n*-
ftL9
ftL4(e)
twenty minutes
-'n'"
1:LJ1W:i13\fv/l:LJ:i13\fv
=--t-
ftL1(e)
tJ1 =--t-e9
ft L4(e)
1:~1,,' =-tl
ft L1 (e)
*'*
university rc.1,,'tJ'<
ftL1
U.S.A. 7'.)('J/J ftL1, ftl2
use -:::>1J15 ~ 7 [u] ftL6
usually tci,,YL"i,,\ ftL3
~~~===1(J)E=1~~=========
various i,,\ol,,\o (tJ.) ~L9-II
vegetable t'~i,,' Jf~ ft L2
very C:L'ti ftL5
very fond of rc.1,,,97' (ta:) *-lif~ ftL5
very soon ti39(' ftL12
vocabulary tcfvc Jl!w ftL9
voice L. ;{ 1J ~)'G L 1 0- II
~~~===1@E=1==================~
wait *-:::> ffl--:i [u] ftL4
walk 0< ~ < [u] ftL12
wallet ~ 1,, ,,3, Jtt:iil ft L2
warm tctc1J11,,' B!f.l'\' ft L 1 o
wash 55 57\';-j [u] ftLS
watch C:l:Ti,,\ *tt ftL2
watch #0 JL6 [ru] ftL3
water #9' 7.)<. ftL3
we bkl_.,k"S ~~~ ~L12~
weather L' fv't: ~YI. ft L5
weather forecast L' fv't:J::.la; 5 ~YI. -f'* ft LS
weave ld:t.:%<50 llto ~~6 [u] ~7'GL12-II
Wednesday 91,, \J::. 3 lJ 7.)<.81 B ft L4, ft L4(e)
week after next, the ~ 51,,' t_, !W 5 .Jlt:JR~ ftL4(e)
weekend t_, !W 5 *-:::>
ft L3
Welcome (to our store). 1,,' 5:it_,t->1,,
ft L2
Welcome home. <51J1;{fJ (tJ.~i,,\) ftG
west 1: t_, iffi ft L6(e)
what tJfv/tJI: M ftL1
what kind of . . . C.fvtJ. ft L5
when 1,,0 ftL3
when . . . C: 't:
ft L4
where C. L. ft L2
which C.-S 5 I C. :i 5 ft L 1 o
which . . . eo: ft L2
which one c.n ft L2
white t_,C,i,,\ 81' ftL9, ftL9(e)
who rc.n ft L2
why C.51_., L' ftL4
window * C. %S ft L2(e), ft L6
wine '7-1::; ~)'G L6-III
winter 1311W ~ ft LS
wish td1J'i,,' Ill\,
~7'GL12-II
~*
'*ii
w
with (a tool) ~c :l?i:L10
woman Sfvt;J. -k ~l'CL11-II
woman SfvtJ.OX.Yc -!;;(!) J.. 2?i: L7
word tc.fv 2 .lfl."IB 2?i: L9
work
Lc'C f$ :l?i:L1, :l?i:LS
work ld:tc. 5 < 1t& < [u] 2?i: L 11
work for -:::>c<i!.l0 fh//) 6 [ruJ 2?i: L7
world tt1J'l' ilt rf. 2?i: L 1 o
worry
Lfvlcl'.l)90
.-:.:11c.-t6 [irr.J :Z?i:L12
write 1J'( :l: < [u] :l?i:L4
writer C!.--:J 1J' 1'* 2?i: L 11
wrong ( x ) let'-:::> 2?i: L 11 (e)
=========~F' =========
X-ray
LO l--7'Y
2?i: L 12(e)
==========i:(J))=:::1 =========
year
cL
~L 10-II
~*~
*1'
a p a n
ili~@1.J
'f5:fv
5 133
~;~1{1*
L
!J< It,\,
~=-~1*
h. .Z ~t/v
*jt@1.J
81t~1*
t
8*kffl1*
t:
O~-t-1*
0Ji1t~1*
0'8'~1*
);'(' ~ ltk
3;i;
I) It,\,
3; ~
It,\,
V>t::> '"( It Iv
(]
O#fr5~1*
1:,'n'tcltk
fi);f~
.,;~ <
1*
L ;tit A.,
~*itH1.J
D'ivc5
5 135
0~.~1*
@tl.5*-1*
I:
ltk
m~1*
H!G ~
@:J;~ .:E.1*
i.t..: i !t
(' k
j'
t,
It,\,
W*~lff
~d t .;..
~ffi-Jll1*
It
Wio~Ji1*
!&:
I.'.;,
A..
~A1*1*
U-.d t: it
A.,
~!EitH1.J
S~52<.
5 135
~.~JfX.1*
t: t
-:::i
I) It Iv
~~*~1*
LJ' I> ltk
~~Ji1*
i;n~j' It,\,
~ft~1*
U".> L j' It,\,
~Jio1*
~>j' ('t,lt/v
lt/v
Iv
'::!-
ImL !EitH1.J
<:<. 5 135
**~
~wJ1J 1*
m+~1*
#ffi-JI] 1*
~1~~1*
/: ( L ;I It,\,
I:.; !li
I:
t;)
Lf It Iv
"/)
tr 7;t:btt /..,
~~:!111*
~~~01*
::_ !
;_ (}//)It,\,
t, It,\,
11.
#1@1.J
~~3Lt11J "5 13 3
8 J1t (*~~'8')
1:0.:.?
t-JLl:)('-J
~i1tliJ1*
6Htlf1*
~H~:~1*
@:*~'-1*
It
A' (;;!J,lt k
ff~1*
Li'iill'lt ,\,
''Ji1*
I: 'l'iltk
Wk:!
JI] 1*
v~i#1*
.s, (
Li.P1?1t
\,>
Iv
lt/v
!JI ltk
~iJ{~~ltA..
.t:;.t:>vt..:
/v
380
~*
~Numbers
l:J'9'
regular
h- p
h- p/b
\ \ t;
\ \ "? p
\ \ "? p
1:
~ ,.<_,
J:
,.<_,
.; <
fJ_' fJ_'
(it;
~ r)J -)
how
many
J:
J:
(\\-_,)
\ \ "?
-;
10
Lt;
<
yen
,,,
(ti"? p)
(i "? p
( (i "?)
(i "?
"? p
"? p
r)J
p
,-._,fl
month
I:
"'*
o'clock
I: -/)',\,
"'*M
hours
il,\,
.\.,\,
,-._,-
,-._,7t
year
minute
'""""'""
"'-M
years
IC,\,
,-._, ;;jX_
,-..,).._
sheets
people
t"
.; "?
1)t?
,-._, p:j
(.; -..,)
<
fJ_' ,.<_,
;._;,.,
.; "? p
Lt;
r)J -)
"' F it,.
dollars
.; "? p
},,,\,-/)'/"
"'7tM
minutes
"? p
"? p
r)J
"'*
,-._,#
,-._,;-f:,;f
pounds
sticks
tr v-
cups
oe.
,-._, Il1
animals
l}.o;>
;j',(,
r-._,7j
ten
thousand
page
,-._,~'fl
months
,-._,~
"'
lesson
t'\'
r-._,@)
times
<
"'B
ten
"?
"?
r)J
lf-o
"'""'-:)
hundred
19J ~)
(i/v
degrees
t
"?
"?
r)J
,-._, ]jt
"'T
,-._,~
small
items
~ .. 381
This chart shows how sounds in numbers (1-10) and counters change
according to their combination.
1. Hiragana indicate the sound changes in numbers, and alphabets
show the changes in the initial consonant of counters.
2. ( ) means that the change is optional.
3. An empty box means no sound change occurs.
k-+g
\
-:)
s-+z
s
\
-:)
.;
-:)
special vacabulary
for numbers
t
\
-:)
-:)
I ;J: -::i
I ;J: -::i
li-::i
I ;J: -::i
lj'(.-J
"')
l: rp -::i
L-::i
l: rp -::i
l: -::i
I;'\\
"'~~
"'-1: /
floor
cents
It/"
l: rp -::i
L-::i
L~'i 1;/v
1--
""<
"'~
shoes
tl:/v
,),-Ji.I'
h. -::i -J
h.-::i I.I'
J: -:) "')
J: -:) I.I'
\''Ji.I'
\ "')
"')
t; -:) "')
t; \ \I.I'
fJ..' tJ)
-\"'
-:)
"-'ii
letters
td"'
"-'f-
"'T
houses
weeks
thousand
street
address
books
~,,
"'Jk.
years
of age
t};
..':
..':
I.I'
I.I'
small items
years of age
1:LtjJ-)J:...,7J'
(24)
-t.:,.<.,1:t,
(how many)
6
7
10
how
many
~
date
0-j
"'~M
"'1llt
t};
I.I'
.; .; tJ)
lj '(_I)
J: -) I.I'
"')
\\<"')
"-'ff
~-'.)
t: -t;
l: rp -::i
L -::i
\ I
people
l:k
cf. "'A.
(three or more
people)
382
~*
u g a t
verb
types
long forms
te-forms
(masu)
(L.3)
short
past
short
present neg.
short
past neg.
(L.6)
(L.9)
(L.8)
(L.9)
-96
L i-9
-r
L f:
LfJ.,,
< 6
~ i-9
~ -r
~ t.
=fJ.'\\
= fJ. i;'
ru
f:""" -6
'"'-' i-9
'"'-' -r
'"'-' t:
""'fJ.'\ \
iJ' - 7
"'''ii"
'"'-' -:) -r
'"'-' -:) t:
'"'-'hfJ.'\ \
'"'-' ;b fJ.iJ'-:>
;t-:>
'"'-'i;i-9
'"'-' -:>
-r
'"'-' -:>
t:
'"'-' t: fJ. \ \
'"'-' t: fJ.iJ'-:> t:
t:
'"'-' -:>
-r
'"'-' -:>
t:
""'GfJ.,,
""' G fJ.iJ'
-:i
<h6
-
'"'-' -:>
-r
'"'-' -:>
t.
*fJ.'\\
* fJ.iJ'
t:
.J:
'"'-'h-i-9
"'Iv T
'"'-'Iv t:
'"'-'ifJ.'\\
'"'-'rli-9
"'Iv T
'"'-'Iv t:
'"'-'(f'fJ.'\ \
=s;:
'"'-'Iv t:
""'fJ.fJ.'\\
-:>
f:
-:>
t.
irr.
irr.
dictionary
forms
C h a r t
o n
--
--
;t;
t:
-:)
-:>
t:
t:
<h -t -,;:
L -&'J
"'I:
iJ' - <
'"'-'~ii"
'"'-' \ \ -r
'"'-' \ \ t:
'"'-'iJ'fJ.'\ \
\ \-<
'"'-'~ii"
*'"'-'-:i"Z
* '"'-' -:) f:
'"'-'iJ'fJ.'\\
\\-f('
'"'-'~':t-9
'"'-'
""("
'"'-'\ \ t:
'"'-'fJ{fJ.'\\
(;!: fJ.-9
""'Li-9
""'L
-r
""'L t.
'"'-'~fJ.'\\
* are exceptions.
i-9