111Equation Chapter 1 Section 1Allowable Strength Design Checks

Specification for Structural Steel Buildings (AISC - 2010)

(For doubly Symmetric I-Sections in 2D structures)
List of symbols
Ae
Ag
Aw
Cw
d
E
Fcr
Fe
ft
fw
Fu
Fy
G
h
h0
Ix
Iy

effective net area

gross cross-sectional area of member
area of web
lateral-torsional buckling
modification factor
warping constant
overall depth of the section
Youngs modulus
critical stress
elastic buckling stress
flange thickness
flange width
specified minimum tensile strength
yield stress of steel
shear modulus of steel
web height less the fillets
distance between flange centroids
moment of inertia @ x-axis
moment of inertia @ y-axis

torsional constant

K1
K2
Kv
Kz
L

effective length factor at start node

effective length factor at end node
web plate shear buckling coefficient
length factor for torsional buckling
length of the element
available flexural strength in major
axis
available flexural strength in minor
axis
maximum bending moment
plastic moment capacity
bending moment in major axis
bending moment in minor axis
yield moment in compression flange
maximum axial force
available axial strength
allowable axial strength
required axial strength

Cb

Mcx
Mcy
Mmax
Mp
Mrx
Mry
Myc
Nmax
Pc / Pn
Pn
Pr / Pa

Q
Qa
Qs
Rpc
Rpg
rt
rxx
ryy
Sx
Sxc
Sy
U
Vmax
Vn
wh
wt
Xd
Zx
pw
rw

net reduction factor for slender

elements
net reduction factor for web
net reduction factor for flange
web plastification factor
bending strength reduction factor
effective radius of gyration for
lateral-torsional buckling
radius of gyration @ x-axis
radius of gyration @ y-axis
elastic section modulus @ x-axis
elastic section modulus referred to
compression flange
elastic section modulus @ y-axis
shear lag factor
maximum shear force
allowable flexural strength
web height
web thickness
input vector
plastic section modulus @ x-axis
limiting slenderness for a compact
web
limiting slenderness for a noncompact web

1. Design checks for element axial force and bending moment

1.1 Members subjected to flexure and compression.
The interaction of flexure and compression shall be limited by:

(a) When

Pr
0.2
Pc

,
Pr 8 M rx M ry

1.0
Pc 9 M cx M cy

(b) When

Pr
0.2
Pc

(H1-1a AISC 2010)

,
Pr 8 M rx M ry

1.0
2 Pc 9 M cx M cy

(H1-1b AISC 2010)

Where,
Pr = required axial strength using ASD load combinations,
Pc = Available axial strength, = Pn / c
Mr = Required flexural strength,
Mc = Available flexural strength, = Mn / b
x: subscript relating symbol to strong axis bending
y: subscript relating symbol to weak axis bending
1.2 Members subjected to flexure and tension
The interaction of tension and flexure, constrained to bend about a geometric axis (x
and/or y) shall be limited by equations H1-1a and H1-1b.
Where,
Pc = Available axial strength, = Pn / t
Allowable tensile strength Pn / t shall be the lower value obtained according to the limit
states of tensile yielding in the gross section and tensile rupture in the net section.
(i) For tensile yielding in the gross section
Pn = Fy Ag and t = 1.67
(ii) For tensile rupture in the net section
Pn = Fu Ae and t = 2.00

Where,
Ae = effective net area,
Ag = gross area of the member,
Fy = specified minimum yield stress,
Fu = specified minimum tensile strength.
1

Pr
Pey

Cb in equation F1-1 may be multiplied by

for axial tension that acts

EI y
Lb 2
2

Pey

concurrently with flexure. Where

and = 1.6

1.3 Algorithm for design checks flexure and axial force

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

7.

8.

Pr = axial force acting on the element.

Mrx = bending moment acting about x-axis.
Mry = bending moment acting about y-axis.
Depending on the nature of Pr, implement algorithm 2.2 for tension or algorithm
2.4 for compression, to get the axial strength capacity Pc
Implement algorithm 3.3.1 to get moment capacity of the beam about x-axis, Mnx
Mcx = Mnx
Implement algorithm 3.3.2 to get moment capacity of the beam about y-axis, Mny
Mcy = Mny (this step to be implemented in 3D case)
Pr 8 M rx M ry
Pr

1.0
0.2
Pc 9 M cx M cy
Pc

If
: If
: check (1) = OK,
else: check (1) = Fails in combined action
M ry
M
Pr
Pr
rx
1.0
0.2
2 Pc M cx M cy
Pc
If
: If
: check (1) = OK,
else: check (1) = Fails in combined action

2. Design of members for axial force

2.1 Design of members for tension
1. Slenderness limitations
The slenderness ratio L/r preferably should not exceed 300. Where r is minimum of
rxx and ryy.
2. Tensile strength
The allowable tensile strength, Pn/t, of tension members shall be the lower value
obtained according to the limit states of tensile yielding in the gross section and
tensile rupture in the net section.
a. For tensile yielding in the gross section
Pn = Fy Ag
t = 1.67 and Ag = gross area of the section
b. For tensile rupture in the net section
Pn = Fu Ae
t = 2.0 and Ae = effective net area = 0.8 Ag U
Note: Assuming 20% of area for bolt holes.
U = shear lag factor (maximum of U1 and U2)
U1 = 2 fw ft / Ag,
If fw 2/3 d: U2 = 0.9, else U2 = 0.85
2.2 Algorithm for design checks tensile force
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Get the length, rxx and ryy of the member.

r = minimum of rxx and ryy
If L/ r < 300: check (3) = OK, else: check (3) = slender element.
Get the axial force Pa, Fy and Ag of the member.
Tensile strength in yielding: Pn1 = Fy Ag / 1.67
Xd
6. Get the element properties vector
7. Total depth of section, d = wh + 2 ft
8. Shear lag factor:
U1 = 2 fw ft / Ag
If fw 2/3 d: U2 = 0.85, else U2 = 0.9
9. U = maximum of U1 and U2
10. Effective net area Ae = 0.8Ag U
11. Tensile strength in rupture: Pn2 = Fu Ae / 2
12. Pn = minimum of Pn1 and Pn2
13. If Pn > Pa: check (4) = OK, else: check (4) = fails in tension.
14. Return Pn

(D2-1 AISC 2010)

(D2-2 AISC 2010)

(D-3 AISC 2010)

(Table D3.1 Case 7)

2.3 Design of members for compression

1. Effective length
The effective length factor, K, shall be used depending on the end conditions of the
element for calculation of slenderness ratio, KL/r. The slenderness ratio preferably
should not exceed 200. Where r is minimum of rxx and ryy.
2. Compressive strength
The nominal compressive strength, Pn, shall be the lowest value obtained based on the
applicable limit states of flexural buckling, torsional buckling, and flexural-torsional
buckling.
The allowable compressive strength = Pn / c
Where, c = 1.67 (Allowable strength design) and Pn is the nominal compressive
strength.
a. Limit state of flexural buckling for members without slender elements
Pn = Fcr Ag
(E3-1 AISC 2010)
Fcr is determined as follows:
Fy

KL
E F 0.658 Fe F
4.71
cr
y

r
Fy
i. When
:
(E3-2 AISC 2010)
KL
E
4.71
r
Fy Fcr 0.877 Fe
ii. When
:
(E3-3 AISC 2010)
Fe = Elastic buckling stress determined by

2E
2
KL

Fe

(E3-4 AISC 2010)

L = laterally unbraced length of the member

E = modulus of elasticity of steel
Fy = specified minimum yield stress of the type of steel being used
b. Limit state of torsional and flexural torsional buckling without slender
elements
Torsional or flexural torsional buckling stress, Fe, is determined as
2 EC
w

Fe

Kz L

1
GJ
Ix I y

(E4-4 AISC 2010)

G = Shear modulus of steel

J = Torsional constant
5

Kz = Effective length factor for torsional buckling

Note: Assuming Kz = 1.0
Cw

I y h0

(AISC pg. 16.1-296)

4
Cw = Warping constant:
h0 = distance between flange centroids
Pn and Fcr shall be calculated as per section a above.

c. Members with slender elements

The critical stress Fcr shall be determined as follows:
Fy

KL
E
Fcr Q 0.658 Fe Fy
4.71

r
QFy
i. When
:
KL
E
4.71
r
QFy Fcr 0.877 Fe
ii. When
:

(E7-2 AISC 2010)

(E7-3 AISC 2010)

Where,
Fe = elastic buckling stress calculated using equations E3-4 and E4-4
Q = net reduction factor accounting for all slender compression elements
= QsQa
For sections composed of only slender flange elements, Qa = 1.
For sections composed of only slender web, Qs = 1.
Net reduction factor calculations
1. Slender flange elements, Qs
fw
E
0.56
2 ft
Fy
a. When
: Qs = 1.0
f
E
E
f
0.56
w 1.03
Qs 1.415 0.74 w
Fy 2 ft
Fy
2 f t
b. When
:
0.69 E
Qs
2
fw
E
fw
1.03
Fy

2 ft
Fy
2 f t
c. When
:
2. Slender web elements, Qa
A
Qa e
Ag
where,
Ae = summation of effective areas of the cross section based on the
6

Fy
E

reduced effective width be

be is determined as follows

fw
E
1.49
2 ft
Fy

be 1.92 f t

E
Fcr

when
,
with Fcr is calculated based on Q = 1.0

0.34
f w / 2 ft

fw
E

Fcr
2

2.4 Algorithm for design checks compression members

1. Get the length, K and ryy of the member.

2. If KL/ ryy < 200: check (3) = OK, else: check (3) = slender element.
3. Classify the flange
fw
E
0.56
2 ft
Fy

a. If
: section has non-slender flanges (fl = NS)
b. else: section has slender flanges (fl = S)
4. Classify the web
h
E
1.49
wt
Fy

a. If
: section has non-slender web (web = NS, Qa = 1.0)
b. else: section has slender web (web = S)
5. If fl = NS and web = NS
a. Calculate Fcr1 (limit state of flexural buckling):
Fe1

i.

ii. If

2E
2
KL

KL
E
4.71
r
Fy

Fcr1 0.658 Fy

Fy

Fe1

Fcr1 0.877 Fe1

:
, else:
b. Calculate Fcr2 (limit state of flexural-torsional buckling):
2

I y h0 2 F ECw GJ 1
e
2
Cw
K L 2
Ix I y
z

4
i. h0 = Wh + ft,
,
Fy

KL
E F 0.658 Fe 2 F
4.71
cr 2
y

r
Fy
Fcr 2 0.877 Fe 2
ii. If
:
, else:
c. Fcr = minimum of Fcr1 and Fcr2. Pn = Fcr Ag / 1.67

d. Check nominal compressive strength:

If Pn > Pa: check (4) = OK, else: check (4) = Fails in compression
e. Return Pn
6. If fl = S or web = S
Net reduction factor calculations:
a. If fl = NS: Qs = 1.0
f
E
E
Fy
f
0.56
w 1.03
Qs 1.415 0.74 w
Fy 2 f t
Fy
E
2 f t
b. If
:
0.69 E
Qs
2
fw
E
fw
1.03
Fy

2 ft
Fy
2 f t
c. else if
:
fw
E
1.49
2 ft
Fy
d. If
:
2
E
Fe1
2
KL

i.

ii. If

KL
E
4.71
r
Fy

:
Cw

iii. h0 = Wh + ft,
KL
E
4.71
r
Fy

Fcr1 0.658 Fy

, else:

2 EC
w

I y h0 2
4

Fy

Fe1

Fe 2

Kz L

Fcr 2 0.658 Fy

Fcr1 0.877 Fe1

1
GJ
Ix I y

Fy

Fe 2

Fcr 2 0.877 Fe 2
:
, else:
e. Fcr = minimum of Fcr1 and Fcr2.
E
0.34
E
be 1.92 f t
1
b
Fcr
f w / 2 f t Fcr
Ae (WhWt ) (4be ft )
f.
,
A
Qa e
Ag Q Qs Qa
g.
,
h. check:

iv. If

Fe1

i.

ii. If

2E
2
KL

:
Cw

iii. h0 = Wh + ft,

iv. If

KL
E
4.71
r
QFy

KL
E
4.71
r
Fy

Fcr1 Q 0.658 Fe1 Fy

I y h0 2
4

QFy

, else:

ECw
1
GJ
2
Ix I y
Kz L

Fe 2
,

Fcr1 0.877 Fe1

Fcr 2 0.658 Fy

Fy

Fe 2

Fcr 2 0.877 Fe 2

:
, else:
i. Fcr = minimum of Fcr1 and Fcr2. Pn = Fcr Ag / 1.67
j. Check nominal compressive strength:
If Pn > Pa: check (4) = OK, else: check (4) = Fails in compression.
k. Return Pn

3. Design of members for flexure

The allowable flexural strength = Mn / b
Where b = 1.67
(Allowable strength design)
and Mn is the nominal flexural strength.
Cb, The lateral-torsional buckling modification factor for non-uniform moment diagrams
when both ends of segments are braced is given by:
12.5M max
Cb
2.5M max 3M A 4 M B 3M C
(F1-1 AISC 2010)
Where,
Mmax = absolute value of maximum moment in the unbraced segment
MA
= absolute value of moment at quarter point of the unbraced segment
MB
= absolute value of moment at center-line of the unbraced segment
MC
= absolute value of moment at three-quarter point of the unbraced segment
For cantilevers or overhangs, where the free end is unbraced, Cb = 1.0
For equal end moments, Cb = 1.0
Note: Cb needs to be revised in the program due to unavailability of quarter point
moments. Momentarily assuming 1.0
1. Major axis bending
a. Compact I-shaped members
Mn shall be lower value obtained according to the limit states of yielding (plastic
moment) and lateral-torsional buckling.
i. Limit state of yielding
Mn = Mp = FyZx
(F2-1 AISC 2010)
Where,
Fy = specified minimum yield stress of the type of steel being used
Zx = plastic section modulus about the x-axis.
ii. Limit state of lateral-torsional buckling
1. When Lb Lp, the limit state of lateral torsional buckling does not apply.
2. When Lp < Lb Lr

L L p
M n Cb M p ( M p 0.7 Fy S x ) b
Mp
Lr Lp

(F2-2 AISC 2010)

3. When Lb > Lr, Mn = Fcr Sx Mp
(F2-3 AISC
2010)
Where,
Lb = length between points that are either braced against lateral
displacement of the compression flange or braced against twist of the
cross section.

10

Fcr

Cb 2 E
Lb

rts

Jc Lb
1 0.078

S x h0 rts

(F2-4 AISC 2010)

Where,
E = modulus of elasticity of steel,
J = torsional constant,
Sx = elastic section modulus taken about the x-axis,
h0 = distance between the flange centroids,
c = 1 for doubly symmetric I-sections.
The limiting lengths Lp and Lr are determined as follows:
L p 1.76ry

E
Fy

(F2-5 AISC 2010)

E
Lr 1.95rts
0.7 Fy
rts 2

Where,

Jc
0.7 Fy
Jc

6.76

S x h0
E
S x h0

(F2-6 AISC 2010)

I y Cw
Sx

(F2-7 AISC 2010)

b. I-shaped members with compact webs and non-compact or slender flanges

Mn shall be lower value obtained according to the limit states of lateral-torsional
buckling and compression flange local buckling.
i. For limit state of lateral-torsional buckling, same provisions as compact I
sections shall apply.
ii. Limit state of compression flange local buckling
1. For sections with non-compact flanges
pf

M n M p ( M p 0.7 Fy S x )

rf pf

2. For sections with slender flanges

0.9 EK c S x
Mn
2
where,
= fw / 2ft,

11

Mp

E
Fy

pf 0.38

(limiting slenderness for compact flange)

rf

E
Fy

(limiting slenderness for non-compact flange)

4
0.35 K c
0.76
h / wt
where, h = web height less the fillet radii
c. I-shaped members with non-compact webs
Mn shall be lowest value obtained according to the limit states of compression
flange yielding, lateral-torsional buckling and compression flange local buckling.
i. Compression flange yielding
Mn = Rpc Myc = Rpc Fy Sxc
where, Myc = yield moment in compression flange
ii. Lateral-torsional buckling
1. When Lb Lp, the limit state of lateral-torsional buckling does not apply.
2. When Lp < Lb Lr,

L L p
M n Cb R pc M yc R pc M yc 0.7 Fy S xc b
R pc M yc

L
p
r

3. When Lb > Lr, Mn = Fcr Sxc Rpc Myc

where, Myc = Fy Sxc
Fcr

Cb 2 E
Lb

rt

J Lb
1 0.078

S xc h0 rt

For Iyc / Iy 0.23: J = 0

Where,
Iyc = moment of inertia of the compression flange about the y-axis
The limiting laterally unbraced length for the limit state of yielding is given

Lp 1.1rt

E
Fy

by:

12

The limiting unbraced length for the limit state of inelastic lateral-torsional
buckling is given by:

E
Lr 1.95rt
0.7 Fy

J
0.7 Fy
J

6.76

S xc h0
E
S xc h0

The web plastification factor, Rpc is given by

a. When Iyc / Iy > 0.23
pw
i. When
: Rpc = Mp / Myc
M p M p

pw
M
R pc

1
p

M yc
pw
M yc M yc
rw pw
ii. When
:
b. When Iyc / Iy 0.23: Rpc = 1.0
Where,
Mp = Fy Zx 1.6 Fy Sxc
Sxc = elastic section modulus referred to compression flange (AISC 2010
pg. 16.1-311)
h
c
Wt
pw = the limiting slenderness for a compact web
rw = the limiting slenderness for a non-compact web
hc = twice the distance from the centroid to the inside face of the
compression flange less the fillet or corner radius.
The effective radius of gyration for lateral-torsional buckling, rt, is given by

fw

rt

h0 awWh 2

d
6h0 d

12

aw

, where

hcWt
f w ft

iii. Compression flange local buckling

1. For sections with compact flanges, the limit state of local buckling does not
apply.
2. Sections with non-compact flanges,
pf

M n R pc M yc R pc M yc 0.7 Fy S xc

rf pf

13

3. For sections with slender flanges,

0.9 Ekc S xc
Mn
2
Where all parameters are as defined earlier.
d. I-shaped members with slender webs
Mn shall be lowest value obtained according to the limit states of compression
flange yielding, lateral-torsional buckling and compression flange local buckling.
i. Compression flange yielding
M n Rpg Fy S xc
ii. Lateral torsional buckling
Mn = Rpg Fcr Sxc
1. When Lb Lp, the limit state of lateral-torsional buckling does not apply.

L Lp
Fcr Cb Fy (0.3Fy ) b
Fy
L L

p
r

2. When Lp < Lb Lr,

C 2E
Fcr b 2 Fy
Lb

rt
3. When Lb > Lr,
Where,

Lp 1.1rt

E
Fy
,

E
0.7 Fy

Lr rt

,
Rpg = bending strength reduction factor:
R pg 1

aw

h
aw
E
c 5.7
1.0
1200 300aw Wt
Fy

hcWt
10
f w ft

fw

rt

h0 awWh 2

d 6h0 d

12

14

iii. Compression flange local buckling

Mn = Rpg Fcr Sxc
1. for sections with compact flanges, the limit state of compression flange local
buckling does not apply.
2. For sections with non-compact flanges
pf

Fcr Fy (0.3Fy )

rf pf

3. For sections with slender flanges

0.9 Ekc
Fcr
2
Where,
0.35 K c

4
0.76
h / wt

fw
2 ft

2. Minor axis bending

Mn shall be lower value obtained according to the limit states of yielding (plastic
moment) and flange local buckling.
a. Yielding
Mn = Mp = Fy Zy 1.6 Fy Sy
b. Flange local buckling
i. For sections with compact flanges, the limit state of flange local buckling does
not apply.
ii. For sections with non-compact flanges
pf

M n M p (M p 0.7 Fy S y )

rf pf

iii. For sections with slender flanges

M n Fcr S y
Where,

Fcr

0.69 E
2

= fw / 2ft
Sy = elastic section modulus taken about the y-axis.
3. Algorithm for design checks flexural members
15

3.1 Major axis bending

1. Classify the flange
fw
E
0.38
2 ft
Fy
a. If
: section has compact flanges (fl = C)
f
E
E
0.38
w
Fy 2 ft
Fy
b. If
: section has non-compact flanges (fl = NC)
fw
E

2 ft
Fy
c. If
: section has slender flanges (fl = S)
2. Classify the web
h
E
3.76
wt
Fy
a. If
: section has compact web (web = C)
E
h
E
3.76
5.7
Fy wt
Fy
b. If
: section has non-compact web (web = NC)
h
E
5.7
wt
Fy
c. If
: section has slender web (web = S)
3. If check is being carried out for flexure and tension:
Cb 1

Cb

1.6Pr L2b
12.5M max

2
EI y 2.5M max 3M A 4M B 3M C

2.5M max

12.5M max
3M A 4M B 3M C

else:
4. If section is compact (web = C and fl = C):
a. Yielding: Mn1 = Mp = Fy Zx
E
Lp 1.76 ry
Fy
b. L-T buckling:
, Lb = L, h0 = Wh + ft
i. If Lb < Lp: Mn2 = Mn1
rts 2

ii.

E
Lr 1.95rts
0.7 Fy

I y Cw
Sx

16

J
0.7 Fy
J

6.76

S x h0
E
S x h0

iii. If Lp < Lb Lr:

Fcr

L Lp
M n 2 Cb M p ( M p 0.7 Fy S x ) b
Mp
L L

p
r

Cb 2 E
Lb

rts

J Lb
1 0.078

S x h0 rts

iv. If Lb > Lr:

,
Mn2 = Fcr Sx
c. Mn = minimum of Mn1 and Mn2
d. If Mn / 1.67 > Ma: check (5) = OK, else: check (5) = fails in major axis
bending
e. Return Mn
5. If fl = NC or fl = S and web = C
a. For lateral torsional buckling, obtain Mn1 from 4.b
b. Compression flange local buckling:
E
E
pf 0.38
rf
Fy
Fy
i. = fw / 2ft,
,
pf
M n 2 M p ( M p 0.7 Fy S x )
Mp
rf pf

ii. If fl = NC:
4
0.35 K c
0.76 M 0.9 EK c S x
n2
h / wt
2
iii. If fl = S:
,
c. Mn = minimum of Mn1 and Mn2
d. If Mn / 1.67 > Ma: check (5) = OK, else: check (5) = fails in major axis
bending
e. Return Mn
6. If web = NC
a. Iyc = Moment of inertia of the compression flange @ y-axis = ft fw3 / 12
b. hc = h, Sxc = Sxt = Ix / (Wh/2 + ft)
E
h
pw 3.76
c
Fy
Wt
c. Mp = Fy Zx 1.6 Fy Sxc, Myc = Fy Sxc,
,
d. If Iyc / Iy > 0.23
pw
i. If
: Rpc = Mp / Myc
M p M p

pw
M
E
R pc

1
p
rw 5.7

M yc
Fy
pw
M yc M yc
rw pw
ii. If
:
,
e. If Iyc / Iy 0.23: Rpc = 1, J = 0
17

f. Compression flange yielding: Mn1 = Rpc Myc

aw

g. L-T buckling: Lb = L,

E
Lp 1.1rt
Fy

hcWt
f w ft

fw

rt

h0 awWh 2

6h0 d
d

12
, h0 = Wh + ft ,
2

J
0.7 Fy
J

6.76

S xc h0
E
S xc h0

E
Lr 1.95rt
0.7 Fy

,
i. If Lb Lp: Mn2 = Mn1
ii. If Lp < Lb Lr:

L L p
M n 2 Cb R pc M yc R pc M yc 0.7 Fy S xc b
R pc M yc
L L

r
p

Fcr

Cb 2 E
Lb

rt

J Lb
1 0.078

S xc h0 rt

iii. If Lb > Lr:

h. Compression flange local buckling
i. If fl = C: Mn3 = Mn2

, Mn2 = Fcr Sxc Rpc Myc

pf

M n3 R pc M yc R pc M yc 0.7 Fy S xc

rf pf

ii. If fl = NC:
kc

4
Wh / Wt

fw
2 ft

M n3

0.9 Ekc S xc
2

iii. If fl = S:
,
,
i. Mn = minimum of Mn1, Mn2 and Mn3
j. If Mn / 1.67 > Ma: check (5) = OK, else: check (5) = fails in major axis
bending
k. Return Mn
7. If web = S
a. hc = Wh, Sxc = Sxt = Ix / (Wh/2 + ft)
h
aw
E
hW
c 5.7
1.0
aw c t 10 R pg 1
1200 300aw Wt
Fy
f w ft

b.
,
M n1 Rpg Fy S xc
c. Compression flange yielding:

18

fw

rt

h0 awWh 2

d
6h0 d

12
d. L-T buckling: Lb = L,

E
Fy

Lp 1.1rt

Lr rt

E
0.7 Fy

,
i. If Lb Lp: Mn2 = Mn1

ii. If Lp < Lb Lr:

Fcr

L Lp
Fcr Cb Fy (0.3Fy ) b
Fy
L L

r
p

Cb 2 E
Lb

rt

Fy

iii. If Lb > Lr:

iv. Mn2 = Rpg Fcr Sxc
e. Compression flange local buckling
i. If fl = C: Mn3 = Mn2

pf 0.38
ii. If fl = NC: = fw / 2ft,

E
Fy

rf

E
Fy

pf

Fcr Fy (0.3Fy )

rf pf

4
0.76 f w F 0.9 Ekc
cr
h / wt
2 ft
2
iii. If fl = S:
,
,
iv. If fl = NC or S: Mn3 = Rpg Fcr Sxc
f. Mn = minimum of Mn1, Mn2 and Mn3
g. If Mn / 1.67 > Ma: check (5) = OK, else: check (5) = fails in major axis
bending
h. Return Mn
0.35 K c

3.2 Minor axis bending

1. Classify the flange
fw
E
0.38
2 ft
Fy
a. If
: section has compact flanges (fl = C)

19

0.38

f
E
E
w
Fy 2 ft
Fy

b. If

: section has non-compact flanges (fl = NC)

fw

2 ft

E
Fy

c. If
: section has slender flanges (fl = S)
2. Sy = elastic section modulus @y-axis
3. Yielding: Mn1 = Mp = Fy Zy 1.6 Fy Sy
4. Flange local buckling: = fw / 2ft
a. If fl = C: Mn2 = Mn1
E
E
pf 0.38
rf
Fy
Fy
b. If fl = NC:
,
pf

M n 2 M p ( M p 0.7 Fy S y )

pf
rf

0.69 E
M n 2 Fcr S y
2
c. If fl = S:
,
5. Mn = minimum of Mn1 and Mn2
6. If Mn / 1.67 > Ma: check (6) = OK, else: check (6) = fails in minor axis bending
7. Return Mn
Fcr

20

4. Design of members for shear

The allowable flexural strength = Vn / v
Where v = 1.67
(Allowable strength design)
and Vn is the nominal shear strength.
4.1 Shear strength
The nominal shear strength Vn, of unstiffened or stiffened webs according to the limit
state of shear yielding and shear buckling is
Vn 0.6 Fy AwCv
(G2-1 AISC 2010)
Where,
Aw = area of web, overall depth times the web thickness, d wt,
h = the clear distance between flanges less the fillet or corner radii,
wt = thickness of web.
For Cv,
h
E
2.24
wt
Fy
a.If
, v = 1.50 and Cv = 1.0.
b.
Else,
h
E
1.10 K v
wt
Fy
i.
When
, Cv = 1.0
E
1.10 K v
Fy
C

v
E
h
E
h
1.10 K v

1.37 K v
Fy wt
Fy
wt
ii.
When
,
(G2-4 AISC 2010)
1.51K v E
Cv
2
h
E
h
1.37 K v
Fy
wt
Fy
wt
iii.
When
,
(G2-5 AISC 2010)
The web plate shear buckling coefficient, Kv, for webs without transverse stiffeners and
h
260
wt
with
, Kv = 5.

21

4.2 Algorithm for design checks shear stress

h
E
2.24
wt
Fy

1. If
2. Kv = 5.0

: v = 1.50 and Cv = 1.0, else: v = 1.67

h
E
1.10 K v
wt
Fy

3. If

: Cv = 1.0
1.10 K v
1.10 K v

Cv

E
h
E

1.37 K v
Fy wt
Fy

3. Else if

:
h
E
1.37 K v
wt
Fy

Cv

E
Fy

h
wt

1.51K v E
2

h
Fy
wt

4. Else if
:
5. If 0.6 Fy Aw Cv / v > Va: check (2) = OK, else: check (2) = fails in shear.

22