Nutrition Final Exam

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1.

3 Examples acid residue are?

1. Chloride
2. Sulfure
3. Phosphate

2.

4 Examples of cation/basic residue are?

1. Calcium
2. Magnesium
3. Potassium
4. Sodium

3.

4.

90% of Tryptophan gets converted to

____________?

Niacin
Board Question

According to research, what mineral

and organic compound combined
provides the best relief from
Fibromyalgia symptoms?

Magnesium and
Malate (Malic Acid)
Other
recommendations:
1. Improve sleep
2. Topical
Capsaisin (active
component in chili
peppers used to
relieve pain of
peripheral
neuropathy)

5.

According to the book by Francis

Moore Lappe, "Diet for a Small Planet.
What 5 factors did she say must have in
a good diet?

1. Healthy
2. Low Cost
3. Taste Good
4. Convenient
5. Available

6.

Albumin is the most abundant plasma

protein in mammals. It's main purpose
is to maintain __________
________________in order to distribute the
body fluids. It is also a transport
protein for _______ _______?

Osmotic pressure
Fatty acids

7.

Alkaline foods results in more ________ in

the blood (such as vegetable, fruits, and
some nuts) as apposed to Acidic foods
result in more ___________ in the blood
(Meats, eggs, fish and seafood)

Alkaline food
result in more
CATIONS in the
blood
Acidi foods result
in more ANIONS
in the blood

8.

Amino acids are digested by the

stomach, pancreas and small intestine
and are transported as amino acids and
small peptides across the gut lining and
utilized and stored in the liver for 24
hours therefore all EAAs _____ ______ have
to eaten in the same meal.

DO NOT

_________,__________, and _________ contain

an organic acid that the body can not
metabolize. These are often
recommended as part of the treatment
for urinary infections.

Cranberry, Plums
and Prunes

9.

10.

_________,___________, and ___________

contain no residue and do not form
excess cations or anions to affect
the acid-base balance of the body.

Fat, Sugar and

Starches

11.

The body mass index is a better

predictor of disease associated with
obesity than the Metropolitan
charts? True/False?

True

12.

The branched chain AA are the most

absorbable which are they?

VALINE, LEUCINE,
ISOLEUCINE
commonly sold in
"functional foods" for
those with GI tract
diseases or for body
building

13.

Brown Fat (BAT) can be identified

by______________?

FDG,(18) FfluorodeoxyglucosePositron Emission

Tomoghraphy (PET)

14.

Brown fat has mitochondria so can

actually burn its stored fat but
requires _____________ temperature.

Cold at <=60 degrees

F

15.

The CATECHOLAMINE Pathway

1. PHENYLALANINE (EAA)
(Tetrahydrobiopterin---B vitamin)
2._______________ (Non EAA except for
infants)
(iron required)
3. L-3,4 DIHYDROXYPHENYLALINE
(L-DOPA)
(B6 required) (pathway can go 3
ways form here)
4. _________________(4hydroxitrypthamine)
(copper required)
5. _________________ (sets you diurnal
time)

6. _________________ (fight/fight
sympathetic)

2. TYROSINE
iron required LDopa
B6 required
4. DOPAMINE
Copper required
5. NOREPINEPHRINE
6. EPINEPHRINE

16.

CHO are broken down by a process

called ___________ and require what 4
B vitamins?

Glycolysis,
Thiamine B1,Niacin
B3, Pyridoxine B6,
Biotin B7

17.

Corticosteroids are _____________

hormone it increases protein
breakdown in muscle and bone.

CATABOLIC

18.

19.

During the kreb cycle, fat is broken down

by a process called _______________ which
requires many B vitamins, and produces
___________________ as the end product which
goes into the electron transport chain

Beta
Oxidation,
Acetly-CoA

Estrogen increases several risks in women

and men. What are they?

Women:
Infertility,
ovarian
failure, mood
swings,
diseases of
the liver,
heart & gall
bladder and
cancers of
the uterus &
breast.
Men: risk of
heart attacks
and
gynecomastia
(larger
boobs)

20.

Estrogen is an anabolic hormone that

increases protein synthesis especially in the
growing _______ and during female ________

Fetus,
Puberty

21.

Fat based/Lipid based fat replacers have

been modified by one of two ways. 1. By
changing the ______ _________ attachment to
the glycerol backbone. 2. By by changing
the backbone itself. Three FDA approved
products are
___________,_______________,_________________.
These products are NOT considered
HEALTHY and can cause severe GI
absorption dysfunctions due to the
prevention of essential fat soluble vitamins
and carotenoids absorption.

Fatty Acid
attachment
CAPRENIN
(made from
canola,
coconut,
palm kernel
oil)
SALATRIM
(sold under
brand name
BENEFAT)
OLESTRA
(sold under
name OLEAN
- sucrose
polyester)

Gelatin has many amino acids but they are

not complete or in sufficient amounts.
Gelatin is given a score of ZERO because it
has no ___________ and Lysine, and no
Tryptophan

Methionine

Growth Hormone
(Somatotropin/Somatropin) is a ____________
hormone because it helps stimulate
growth, cell reproduction and generation.
However it's side affects include
_______________,______________.

Anabolic
Acromegally
Gigantism

22.

23.

24.

A high protein diet is defined as

consuming more than ________%
protein and _______g/kg or more
protein per kg.

Consuming more
than 20% protein
1.5g/kg or more of
protein

25.

A high quality protein is define as one

that supplies adequate amounts of 8/9
EAAs. The rating is from 1-100. The
standard proteins used
are______/___________from eggs or dairy
or ___________ the main cow's milk
protein?

Whey/Lactalbumin
from eggs or dairy
Casein from cow's
milk

26.

The hip measurement for the

hip/waist ratio for both men and
women is measured at the _________
part to the hips?

Widest

27.

In clinical nutrition what year from

the Metropolitan Life Insurance
weight data is used to evaluate ideal
weight?

1959

28.

In racial subgroups between 1986-1998

which 2 groups increased in obesity
the fastest?

African americans
and Hispanics

29.

Insulin is an ___________ hormone, it

increases _________ ______ transport into
muscle.

Anabolic
Amino Acid

30.

In the nutritional disfunction called

KWASHIORKOR, _____________ intake is
adequate but __________ intake is not.
The diet is usually deficient in ZINC,
IRON and other nutrients. The result is
failure to re-synthesize body proteins,
especially __________ __________ and
muscle proteins.

Calorie intake is
adequate
Protein intake is
not
Especially Plasma
Albumin

31.

In the nutritional disfunction called

MARASMUS (PEM), there is in
inadequate intake of ____________ and
inadequate intake of ____________. This
is a state of starvation in which after a
few days, all physiological processes
slow down ( metabolism, heart rate,
body temp). Glycogen stores are used
first, then body proteins then fat.
There is a gradual wasting away with
emaciation.

Inadequate intake
of Calories
Inadequate intake
of Protein

32.

_____________ is a PROTEIN based fat

substitute which has 4 kcals/g and was
approved by the FDA in 1990. Its one
gram with 4 kcals can replace 3 grams
of fat with 27 kcals. No known side
effects. Usually used for __________
foods because not good with heat.

SIMPLESSE,
FROZEN

___________is needed to form Melanin

and with out it the hair and skin is
pale.

TYROSINE

Kwashiorkor the child becomes

____________ due to the decrease in
plasma ____________. Infection is
common such as intestinal infections
resulting in the loss of re-absorptive
functions. Fat accumulates in
the_______ and intestinal mucosa due
to failure to synthesize lipoprotein
carriers. Muscle mass waste away.

Edematous,
Albumin, Liver

35.

L-DOPA is used to treat _____________?

Parkinsons

36.

List the 4 food groups from the highest

to the lowest Chemical score.

1. Legumes (all
beans - Board
Question)
2. Flesh of animals
(eggs, milk, meat)
3. Grains
(NOTE:QUINOA
AS
LEGUMES)(refined
wheat )
4,
Collagen/GelatinWORST

33.

34.

37.

List the 4 food groups from the highest

to the lowest Digestibility scores.

41.

Low calorie diet is < ________kcals

but > _________kcals. A very low
calorie diet is ______ kcals.
Fasting or "ketosis or ketotic"
diet is < ______kcals?

Low Calorie< 1200 kcals

> 800 kcals
Very low calorie 800
kcals
Fasting < 1200 kcals

42.

Marasmus is also known as

___________ -____________
Malnutrition (PEM)

Protein Energy
Malnutrition

43.

Metabolic syndrome has recently

been added as an eating disorder.
What are the 5 characteristics?

1. Men waist 40"+,

Women waist 35"+
2. BP of at least 130
systolic or at least 85
diastolic
3. Fasting blood sugar of
110 or more
4. Triglycerides at 150 or
more
5. HDL of less than 40 for
men and 50 for women

44.

Methyl and sulfur donors like

MSM ________ ________ ________
provides substrates to rebuild
tissue, reduces pain by inhibiting
transmission of pain impulses
along C nerve fibers, blood
flow, muscle spasm,
inflammation.

METHYL SULFONYL
METHANE

45.

Metropolitan Life Insurance

Tables
Overweight = ?
Obese = ?
Morbidity obese = ?
Underweight = ?

Overweight = 10-20%
over the IBW
Obese = > 20% over IBW
Morbid Obese = 100 lb.
or more over IBW
Underweight = more
than 10% under IBW

46.

Name 2 animal proteases (breaks

PRO) and 2 plant proteases?

Animal = TRYPSIN &

CHYMOTRYPSIN
Plant =
BROMELAIN/BROMELIN
(pineapple stem+core) &
PAPAINE (papaya)

Board Question

1. Flesh of animals
(egg, egg whites,
milk)
2. Legumes - all
beans soluble
fiber
3. Grains -
insoluble fiber
4. Leaves -
insoluble fiber

38.

List the ANABOLIC hormones?

Growth Hormone
Testosterone
Estrogen
Insulin
ERYTHROPOETIN

39.

List the CATABOLIC hormones

Corticosteroids
Thyroid hormone
(in most cases)

40.

Long term high protein diets can cause

kidney stones and disease, gout and
osteoporosis due to the acidity caused
by the nitrogen and the calcium and
potassium depletion & other minerals,
but this can be buffered with
___________ foods with increased water
intake.

Alkaline Foods

can be used orally or

topically

take with each meal to

digest dietary proteins
take between meals to
digest inflammatory
proteins (cytokines)
47.

Name 2 natural ways to increase

growth hormone
(Somatotropin/Somatropin)?

1. Deep Sleep -Delta

Wave sleep only
2. Exercise - weight
training is better

48.

Name 2 things that move fat out

of blood and into muscle?

1. Albumin
2. Chromium

49.

Name 5 dysfunctions that a

high protein diet increases
the risk of?

1. Hypoglycemia
2. Fatigue (heart
arrhythmia and failure)
3. Dehydration
4. Kidney stones (calcium
oxalate) & disease (animal
PRO)
5. Osteoporosi (animal PRO)
- excess loss calcium in urine

50.

Name 6 steps of a desirable

weight loss program?

1. Caloric intake no < than

1200 kcals
2. Includes foods acceptable
to dieter
3. Mild kcal restriction (500 1000/kcals/day/2 lb./wk)
4. Includes behavior
modification techniques
5. Includes endurance
exercise program
6. Lifetime commitment

Name 7 stimulants that moves

fat out of fat cell and into
blood?

1. Caffeine
2. Calcium
3. Sudden stress
4. Certain enzymes (lipase
under influence of
glucagon)
5. Glucagon
6. Ephedrines ( Ma Huang,
pseudophredrines,
synphedrines)
7. Guarana root

52.

Name 7 things that increase

BMR

1. Increase lean muscle

mass (mitochondria)
2. Growth phase age 1-5,
puberty
3. Pregnancy & Lactation
4. Fever and some diseases
5. Cold climate
6. Thyroid Hormone
7. Exercise

53.

Name 8 Functions of Protein?

1. Build body tissue

2. Repair injured body
tissue
3. Produce essential
compounds
4. Regulate fluid balance
(Albumin)
5. Regulate Acid-Base
balance
6. Provide resistance to
disease
7. Provide transport
mechanisms
8. Provide energy (4 kcals/g)

51.

54.

Name 8 ways to use

fat as fuel?

1. Exercise for long period of time

2. Exercise frequently
3. Exercise in low-moderate intensity
(25-65% VO2 MAX)
4. Maintain level of physical activity
5. Maintain lean muscle mass
6. Exercise in fasting/starvation state
kcals/carbs <50%
7. Extreme stress response fight/flight hypoglycemia
epinephrine and cortisol released
8. Glycogen depleting exercise

55.

Name 10 classification
of proteins?

1. Structural
2. Antibodies
3. Enzymes
4. Contractile
5. Blood proteins
6. Nucleoproteins
7. Nutrient proteins
8. Hormones
9. Viruses
10. Bacteria

56.

Name 11 factors that

determine the source
of fuel in an
individual?

1. Most recent meal - fasting = burn

more fat
2. Hormones present-Testosterone =
protein spearing
3. Enzymes present - Lipase =
release fat from storage
4. Cofactors present - all vit b, vit c,
chromium nergie
5. Level of activity - high lever more
glucose
6. Length of activity - longer more fat
7. Amount of lean muscle mass -
muscle more fat
8. Training level = level more fat
9. Quantity of storage fuel = stores
more fat
10. Overall Health = better health,
hydration fat, energy
11. The age, gender, and genetics of
individual

57.

Name a few diseases

associated with
obesity?

Diabetes, Hypertension, DJD, CHD,

Infertility, Intestinal Disorders,
Cancer, Sleep apnea, Reflux
Syndrome.....etc

58.

59.

Name the 4 metabolic factors that

Visceral Fat influences.

Name the different types of eating

disorders

1. Leptin - Decrease
hunger and Apetite
2. Ghrelin Produced by
stomach, Increase
hunger when
stomach is stretched
3. Inflammatory
Markers: Creates
Interleukin-6,
Tumor Necrosis
Factor-Alpha --cause low level
inflammation leads
to plaque formation,
rupture, strokes
and heart attacks
4. Adiponectin "The Good Guy
Protein" - helps
insulin bring sugar
from blood to cell decreases with
increased visceral
fat
1. Anorexia Nervosa
2. Bulimia Nervosa
3. Anorexia-Bulimic
Behaviors
4. Excessive
Unhealthy Dieting
5. Uncontrolled
Eating
6. Obesity
7. Metabolic Obese
(new)

60.

Name two foods high in Methionine?

1. Garlic
2. Egg Yolk

61.

Nutritionally unbalanced diets such

as Low CHO, hi FAT or hi PRO diets
will often get fast weight loss due to
loss of _______ weight and possibly
______ weight loss. Will experience
extreme fatigue, cardiac
arrhythmias, ______________ and gout,
constipation, nausea, syncope, and
calcium depletion.

water and muscle

hyperuricemia
(Uric acid in blood)
(this diet induces
ketosis but will not
decrease appetite)

Plant breeders are working on

genetic manipulation of existing
plant oils (corn, sunflower, canola,
safflower) to provide a "healthier"
fatty acid profile by increasing the
________-___ PUFAs?

Omega-3

62.

63.

A positive N balance is when the N

intake is > N excretion, a Negative N
balance is when N intake < than N
excretion. A positive N balance is
expected during anabolic (build up)
phase, and a negative N balance is
expected during a catabolic (break
down) phase. Name conditions that
would create a positive N balance
and a negative N balance/

Positive N balance =
growth, pregnancy,
convalescent periods
(recover from illness),
athletic training
Negative N balance =
too protein, Kcals,
illnesses,
injury/immobilization,
EAAs, accelerated
PRO lost
(albuminuria,
protein-losing
gastroenteropathy),
burns, thyroxine
and glucocorticoids

64.

Pregnancy and Lactation requires a

higher RDA of protein
consumption. Which groups have
the highest recommended protein
intake above the normal RDA? Place
in the correct order from most lot
least

1. Lactation 1st 6
months = 14.7 g/day
above RDA
2. Lactation 2nd 6
months = 11.8 g/day
above RDA
3. Pregnancy 3rd
trimester = 10.7 g/day
above RDA
4. Pregnancy 2nd
trimester = 6.1 g/day
above RDA
5. Pregnancy 1st
trimester = 1.3 g/day
above RDA

Pregnancy 1st trimester

Pregnancy 2nd trimester
Pregnancy 3rd trimester
Lactation 1st 6 months
Lactation 2nd 6 months

65.

Protein are broken down by a

process called __________ and
requires what 4 vitamins

Deamination, Niacin
B3, Pyridoxine B6, Vit
C, Cobalamin B12,

66.

Protein is broken down into amino

acids making nitrogen which the
body uses to make it's own protein.
Normally protein ingested should
equal the protein equivalence in
Nitrogen excreted. _______% of
Nitrogen is excreted through Feces,
________ % through Urinary and
_________% lost through the skin,
mucus membrane, semen,
menstrual blood ....etc>

10% Feces
80% Urinary
10% Others

67.

The quality of proteins is also

determined by its __________ scoring
(quantity of specific AA) and
____________scoring (ease of
breakdown).

Chemical Scoring
Digestibility Scoring

68.

The racial subgroup with the least

increase in obesity nationally are?

Caucasians

69.

The RDA for grams of protein/kg of

body weight is _____g/kg?

.8g/kg

70.

The RDA for protein is about _______

g/day and the typical US consumption
is about _______ g/day?

60 g/day, and 100

g/day

76.

There are a total of ____ amino acids

and ___ to ___ of them are considered
essential amino acids?

22
8 to 9

71.

Some amino acids are know as

conditionally essential.
1. _____________ is needed for infants,
2. _________ and _________ for liver
disease,
3. __________ for prematurity, PKU
(recessive genetic metabolism disorder
cant break down Phenylalanine),
4. ______________ needed for genetic
defects or specific pathologies
5. _______________ for cancer or waisting
diseases
6. ______________ for GI tract diseases

1. HISTIDINE is
needed for
infants,
2. CYSTEINE and
CYSTINE for liver
disease,
3. TYROSINE for
prematurity, PKU
(recessive genetic
metabolism
disorder cant
break down
Phenylalanine
causes mental
retardation),
4. CARNITINE
needed for
genetic defects or
specific
pathologies
5. ARGININE for
cancer or waisting
diseases
6. GLUTAMINE for
GI tract diseases

77.

Thermic effect of food is due

macronutrient's self use of energy to 1.
breakdown, distribute, absorb and
store the nutrients from food 2.
Dietary thermogenesis (in animals,
unclear in humans), stimulation of
brown fat adipose tissue producing
heat. List in order from the most to
the least energy expensive
macronutrients.

1. Protein (30%),
2. Carbohydrates,
3. fat (4%),
4. Alcohol (appears
to slow metabolic
process)

78.

Thyroid hormone is a _____________

hormone?

CATABOLIC (in
most cases)

79.

Tryptophan Pathway (10%)

1. TRYPTOPHAN
2. (B6)
3 . _______________?
4. Crosses blood brain barrier
5.________________?
6. _______________?

3. 5HTP (5Hydrotryptophan)
SEROTONIN
(mood)
MELATONIN
(sleep)

80.

The waist measurement for the

waist/hip ratio in men is measured at
the ________________ and for women
______inches above the __________?

Navel, 2", Navel

81.

What 2 food ingredients have the

potential to recruit BAT via activity of
specific receptors thereby energy
expenditure and body fat modestly
and consistently

Capsaicin &
Capsinoids

82.

What AA is a methyl donor?

METHIONINE

72.

73.

74.

75.

Studies show that body fat distribution

in the midsection (apple shape) has a
greater risk factor for morbidity and
mortality than storing fat in the lower
body (pear shape). Name the waist to
hip ratios associated with Mild apple
shape, Very Apple shape and Pear shape

Mild Apple .75-.80

Very Apple >.80
Pear Shape <.75

Studies show that waist circumference

is a good predictor of CVD. What is the
cut off measure consider associated
with obesity for Men and Women?

Men = 40"
Women = 35"

________ _____? Syndrome is known as a

dysfunction of the gap junctions of the
GI tract that allow large proteins
molecules to pass through

Leaky Gut
large protein
molecules like
viruses pass
through s risks
of disease

Testosterone is an anabolic hormone

that increases protein synthesis
however In Males Or Females it has
many side affects. What are they?

Male: risk of
infertility,
testicular atrophy,
acne, premature
balding, mood
swings, liver &
prostate disease
Female:
masculinization

Board Question
83.

What AA is a vasodilator (Nitric

Oxide), used for erectile dysfunction,
Raynaud's disease (narrow blood
vessels, cold), used for hypertension?

ARGININE

84.

What amino acid is used to fight

against Herpes Virus?

LYSINE
(must be done
really early)

85.

What are 2 plant and 2 animal sources

of PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES?

Plant = Bromelain
(pineapples core),
Papain (unripe
papaya)
Animal = Trypsin,
Chymotrypsin
Must take away
from meals

86.

What are 2
recommendations for pain
relief?

1. dl-phenylalanine
influences enkephalin (both
opiates)
2. 5-Hydroxytryptophan
(5HTP)
TryptophanSerotonin
Note: SEROTONIN=mood,
apetite & pain, orgasm

87.

What are 3 conditions that

require a protein diet
approaching the 20%
maximum recommended ?

1. Growing stage (infancy,

children, pregnancy, athletes)
2. Extreme weight loss diet
(very kcals must spare
muscle)
3. Healing after severe Burn,
disease, surgery, infections

88.

What are 4
recommendations for
reducing inflammation for
soft tissue injuries?

1. essential amino acid

(Omega 3, Omega 6)
2. Prostacyclin = Garlic,
Onions, Turmeric,mg,
curcumin, hot chilies,
bromelain,
3. Magnesium & Zinc +B6
converts Linoleic Acid to Glinolenic Acid
4. Proteolytic enzymes =
inflammation
5. Boswellia = 5-lipoxygenase
(OSTEO FLEX in stores)

89.

What are 4
recommendations for
sleep?

1 Calcium (PUTS US TO SLEEP),

Magnesium (KEEPS US
ASLEEP)
2. Herbs like Passiflora (GABA
= MOST RELAXING NEURO
TRANSMITTER anxiety) and
Valerian
3. 5-Hydroxytryptophan
(5HTP)
TryptophanSerotonin
4. Melatonin - (Bioactive
hormone, can have side
effects, CONTRAINDICATED
for puberty and lactating
women)

90.

What are 4
recommendations to
reduce muscle spasm?

1. Magnesium, Calcium and

maybe Potassium
2. Herbs like Passiflora and
Valerian
3. Proteolytic enzymes and
flavenoids = inflammation
4. 5HTP 5-Hydroxytryptophan
= pain
5. Vitamin E

91.

What are 5 common

treatments for inadequate
protein digestion?

1. Supplement with Betaine

Hydrochloride (HCL)
2. Supplement w/pancreatic
enzyme trypsin+chymotrypsin
3. Chew foods till liquid
4. Cook until tender
5. Avoid large amounts of
beverages while eating

92.

What are 10 general

nutritional
recommendations to
optimize the healing
process after an soft tissue
injury?

1. Protein intake 20%

2. Water intake = wound
healing,detox toxins,
Lubric.
3. Take in Essential Fatty Acids
=wound healing, inflam.
4. Electrolytes = muscle
spasm, co-factor for PG1, sleep
5. All B vitamins = nerve
conduction
6. Anti Oxidants = oxygen
species, cell death,apoptosis
7. Vit A, C, Zinc (PRO
deposition), cu, boron,
bioflavenoids
8. Glucosaminoglycans (GAGs)
wound healing + JT health
9. Methyl & Sulfur donors =
rebuild tissue,pain,inflam.
10. Vitamin D - for bed ridding
people

93.

What are five criteria

required to have the best
method to evaluate body
composition?

1. The method must be

inexpensive
2. Must require minimal
training
3. The equipment/method
should be maintenance free
4. Should be able repeat the
values with accuracy, Intraexaminer reliability
5. Should measure body fat
and muscle weight

94.

What are
recommendations to
reduce Osteoarthritis
symptoms?

1. Eliminate tomatoes,
potatoes, green pepper and
egg plant (from book by
Norman Childers "Night
Shades and Arthritis")
2. Chondroitin Sulfate (shark
cartilage)
3. Glucosamine Sulfate (GAGs)
+ MSM (Methyl Sulfonyl
Methane) = sulfur donor

95.

96.

97.

What are some of the effects

of eating a Fasting/ketotic
diet ( <1200 calories)?
1. Rapid loss of weight due to
loss in ________ muscle mass?
2. Gaining weight ________ and
loosing weight _______ in the
future
3. Leads to " _______- Coaster"
effect of _______ eating?
4. Body goes into fasting state
within _______ hrs?
5. During the fasting stage,
body mobilizes fats plus
_____________?
6. Must do a bowel ________
program as part of fast.

Loss in Lean muscle mass

Gain weight faster, loose
weight slower in future
Leads to "Roller-Coaster"
effect of binge eating
Goes into fasting state
within 24 hrs
Mobilizes fats and
carcinogens
Must do a bowel detox

What are the 2 major

inflammatory markers
created by visceral fat?

Interleukin-6, Tumor
Necrosis factor-Alpha

What are the 2 most common

side effects of Estrogen in
women?

1. Strokes - CVD
2. Breast Cancer

101.

What are the requirements for a

balanced nutrient program which
restricts calories?
1. ______% protein max, to minimize
muscle loss
2. _______% min. CHO to prevent
ketosis & free T3
3 ____ to ____ % fat to prevent EFA
deficiency
4. ________/___________ Supplement

20% protein
maximum
50% CHO minimum
20 -30% Fat essential fatty acids
Vitamin/Mineral
supplement

102.

What are the top 2 allergies in kids?

1. Peanuts - Most
Common
2. Nuts - various
3. Cow's Milk

103.

What are the top 2 groups that

suffer from Leaky Gut Syndrome?

1. Infants
2. Anyone with
unhealthy GI tract

104.

What disease is most correlated

with a high BMI?

Diabetes type II

105.

What do the following have in

common
1. Drinking sweet drinks b4 a meal
2. Drinking alcohol b4 a meal
3. Skipping a meal

They all make you

eat more (skipping =
eat more next meal)

106.

What enzyme release fat from

adipose tissue?

Lipase

107.

What food additive is high in

glutamate?

MSG (Monosodium
Glutamate)
neurotransmitter
disrupts nerve
conduction

108.

What food is the most abundant

source of Albumin?

Egg White

109.

What foods are high in Leucine?

Soy & Milk (Whey)

also Corn but not
used in research

110.

What foods have the highest

Leucine content/200 kcal serving?
Place in the order of most to least
Moose, Free raised
Elk, Free raised
Soy
Egg Whites
Spirulina (seaweed)
Beef

1. Egg Whites
2. Soy
3. Spirulina
(seaweed)
4. Moose Free Raised
5. Elk, Free Raised
6. Beef

111.

What foods have the highest level of

Tryptophan?

1. Beans (Legumes)
2. Milk
(Turkey is way down
on the list only 10%
tryptophan)
Board Question

Test Question
98.

99.

100.

What are the 3 major

dysfunctions that results in
the lost of the most proteins
equivalence of nitrogen?

1. Wounds that wont heal

2. Burn victims
3. Waisting diseases
(cancer)

What are the 4 categories of

the Body Mass Index?
Weight in kg/Height in
Meters Squared

A. 19-24.5 Normal, this

group lives the longest
B. 25-30 Overweight, Risk
- Htn, blood
cholesterol...glucose...insulin
C. > 30 Obese, risk
diabetes, CHD, Cancer, GI
tract diseases
D. < 19 Underweight, ok as
long as in good shape + no
waisting disease

What are the essential amino

acids?

1. Lysine
2. Leucine
3. Isoleucine
4. Valine
5. Theonine
6. Methionine
7. Phenylalanine
8. Tryptophan
9. Cysteine (some text)
10. Arginine (some text)

What group requires the highest

grams of protein/kg of body weight
to optimize function? Place in the
correct order
New borns (age 0-0.5yr)
Males (age 11-51+)
Females (age 11-51+)
Infants (age 0.5-1yr)
Toddlers (age 1-3yr)

1. New borns (age 00.5yr) = 2.2 g/kg

2. Infants (age 0.51yr) = 1.6 g/kg
3.Toddlers (age 13yr) = 1.2 g/kg
4. Males (age 11-51+)
= .86 g/kg
5. Females (age 1151+) = .84 g/kg

What helps move long chain amino

acids into the mitochondria?

CARNITINE

What is considered morbidly obese

according to the 1959 Metropolitan
Life Insurance data

100 lb. + Ideal Body

Weight

115.

What is more predictive of CVD

high BMI or high Waist/Ratio?

High Waist/Hip Ratio

116.

What is the #1 food allergen in

infants, children and adults?

Cow's Milk

117.

What is the #1 nutritional problem

in the world and is common in
parts of Asia, Africa, Central and
South America?

Inadequate Protein
Intake

118.

What is the #1 regulator of fluid in

the body?

ALBUMIN

119.

What is the cofactor required to

convert Tyrosine to L-Dopa?

Iron

120.

What is the current ratio of obese

adults and children in the US?

1/3

112.

113.

114.

1. 1/5
2. 1/4
3. 1/3
4. 1/2
121.

What is the current ratio of

overweight adults and children in
the US?

123.

What is the Methionine pathway

CYSTEINE, SAME,
HOMOCYSTEINE

Methionine ____________ Cystine

(cysteine x 2) _________ (used for mild
depression) _______________ (toxic to
heart causes CVD, need B6,B12+Folic
Acid to metabolize)
125.

What is the most limiting AA in our

diet?

METHIONINE

126.

What is the RDA for protein?

12-15%

127.

What mineral and vitamin has been

shown to help decrease abdominal
visceral adipose tissue?

Calcium, Vitamin
D

128.

What mineral has been shown in

studies to decrease the perception of
hunger?

Calcium
supplemented
with
micronutrients

129.

What moves fat into mitochondria?

Carnitine with
Vitamin C and B's

130.

What Non-EAA is the #1 AA that makes

up the muscle mucosal & submucosal
layer of the GI tract and is great to
help treat bowel dysfunction diseases
such as irritable bowel syndrome,
celiac disease and crohn's disease

GLUTAMINE

131.

What two macronutrient

combination triggers the dopamine
pathway of addiction?

Sugar and Fat

combination

132.

What type of tissue acts as our biggest

endocrine gland by secreting many
inflammatory markers?

Visceral Fat

133.

What vitamin can help decrease the

symptoms of carpal tunnel?

B6 appears to
reduce symptoms
by reducing
edema,
eliminating a
deficiency, or by
enhancing nerve
function

2/3

1. 1/3
2. 2/3
3. 1/2
4. 1/4
122.

124.

Board Question
134.

What is the element in Brown Fat

causes it to actually burn more
calories?

Brown fat has

Mitochondria

What is the limiting AA in the

Legume and Milk powder group?
1. Lysine
2. Sulfur Amino Acids
3. Threonine
4. Tryptophan

Sulfur Amino Acids

(Methionine and its
derivatives Cysteine
and Cystine)

What vitamin is a methyl donor?

Folic Acid
Board Question

135.

Which 2 essential amino acids have a

ring structure?

PHENYLALANINE,
TRYPTOPHAN
Board Question

136.

Which 3 amino acids are

most used by the
skeletal muscles?

LEUCINE, ISOLEUCINE, &

VALINE
these are the Branched chain
AAs

145.

Which food group or combination

has the highest protein chemical
score and what is the limiting AA?
1. Cereal
2. Legume
3. Milk powder
4. Mixture: cereal-legume-milk

Mixture: cereallegume-milk has the

highest chemical score
=88, the limiting AA is
THREONINE

146.

Which group of people

participating in these activities
require the most grams of
protein/kg of body weight/day
according to research?

1. Endurance athlete optimal = 1.6 g/kg/day

2. Body builders optimal = 1.2 g/kg/day
3. Sedentary = .73
g/kg/day

Leucine is the most

researched/most important
137.

Which AA is Acidic?

GLUTAMIC (Glutamate is the salt

form)

138.

Which AAs are

neurotransmitters?

ASPARTIC & GLUTAMIC ACID

Neurological problems can arise
when ingesting too much of the
neurotransmitters in food. The
two most common are
Nutrasweet (Aspartame) & MSG
(Monosodium Glutamate)

Which amino acid helps

most with skeletal
muscle health?

LEUCINE

140.

Which are the sulfur

AAs?

METHIONINE and its derivative

CYSTEINE (Cystine is a peptide of
2 Cysteines)

141.

Which body shape is

known to have Visceral
Adipose Tissue (VAT) and
which is known to have
Subcutaneous Adipose
Tissue (SAT)?

Apple Shape = VAT

Pear Shape = SAT

142.

Which EAA is basic

(alkaline forming)?

LYSINE

143.

Which food group has

the lowest Protein
Digestibility Score and
which ones have the
highest?
1. Maize
2. Oatmeal
3. Wheat, refined
4. Beans
5. Mixed U.S. diet

Lowest = Beans (82)

Highest = Mixed U.S. Diet &
Wheat refined (101)
Also High is Peanut Butter (100)

Which food group has

the most Tryptophan?
1. Cereal
2. Legume
3. Milk powder

Legume
Board Question

139.

144.

Board Question

Standard of 100 is based on

(Eggs, Milk & Cheese, Meat &
Fish)

1. Sedentary
2. Body builders
3. Endurance athletes