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Wop
started
in
the
1940s
and
the
years
around
World
War
II
and
went
through
to
the
50s
and
70s.
It
was
developed
by
African
American
communiBes
and
church
gospel
groups
in
the
40s
before
it
became
popular
and
gained
more
recogniBon
in
the
50s
and
60s.
These
groups
would
be
found
in
places
such
as
New
York,
Philadelphia,
LA,
Chicago
etc.
Doo
Wop
music
was
one
of
the
most
mainstream
pop
oriented,
R&B
styles
at
the
Bme.
Bill
Kenny
(1914-1978)
is
oTen
called
the
Godfather
of
Doo
Wop
as
he
introduced
the
format
Top
and
BoXom
this
format
featured
a
high
tenor,
singing
the
lead
and
a
bass
singer,
reciBng
the
lead
in
the
middle
of
the
song.
CharacterisBcs
found
in
a
Doo
Wop
song
would
be
things
such
as
group
vocal
harmonies,
wordless
onomatopoeia,
light
instrumentaBon
and
beat
and
simple
lyrics
and
music.
When
You
Dance
by
The
Turbans
was
the
rst
record
to
use
the
actual
syllables
Doo-Wop
in
1955
however
in
the
1953
hit
Good
Lovin
by
The
Clovers
you
can
hear
the
term
Doo
Wop
in
the
backing
vocals
with
the
scat
and
the
1954
song
Never
by
Carlyle
Dundee
and
The
Dundees
you
can
too
hear
the
phrase
'Doo
Wop
in
the
chorus.
The
rst
Bme
the
term
appeared
in
print
was
1961
in
the
'Chicago
Defender.
Italian
American
groups
became
notable
in
the
late
1950s
by
joining
the
Doo
Wop
scene.
Soul,
Pop
and
Rock
groups
of
the
1960s
used
techniques
inuenced
from
Doo
Wop
and
the
genre
also
makes
a
comeback
numerous
Bmes
in
the
1970s,
80s
and
the
90s.
Rock
and
Roll
groups
in
the
late
20th
Century
was
also
inuenced
by
the
genre
along
with
Jazz
and
Blues.
Doo
Wop
also
set
up
a
lot
of
genres
such
as
R&B.
The
term
Doo
Wop
slowly
caught
on
and
soon
became
a
category,
deniBon
and
descripBon
for
the
genre
R&B.
Billy
Ward
&
His
Dominoes
song
Sixty
Minute
Man
and
The
Five
Keys
Shouldnt
I
Know
are
only
two
out
of
many
that
placed
on
the
1951
R&B
chart
hits.
The
last
Doo
Wop
song
to
be
in
the
Top
10
U.S.
Pop
Charts
was
a
cover
of
'The
Impressions
hit
Its
Alright
by
Huey
Lewis
and
the
News
in
1963.
In
1939
and
1940
'The
Ink
Spots
became
very
well
known
in
both
Britain
and
the
United
States
with
songs
such
as
My
Prayer,
Bless
You,
Memories
Unknown
and
Whispering
Grass,
following
them
in
1943
and
1944,
Paper
Doll
and
You
Always
Hurt
The
One
You
Love
by
'The
Mills
Brothers.
All
these
songs
use
simple
instrumentaBon,
four
part
harmonies
which
mimic
the
style
of
a
Barbershop
Quartet
and
a
swing
Bme
beat
lead
vocal.
In
the
early
50s
groups
like
The
5
Keys
pushed
vocal
techniques
found
in
RnB
vocal
blending,
such
as
Blow
Harmonies
the
result
of
this
would
be
forcing
air
out
of
the
mouth
with
the
shape
of
'Ha-oo
this
allowed
a
dierent
sound
to
be
available,
this
then
stopped
humming
from
being
the
main
form
of
sound
in
the
background
of
songs.
A
popular
introducBon
in
Doo
Wop
songs
would
be
when
the
bass
begins
and
then
higher
harmonies
add
on
one
at
a
Bme
unBl
a
full
harmony
is
created;
this
is
known
as
a
progressive
entrance.
A
good
example
of
this
would
be
Danny
and
the
Juniors
At
The
Hop
in
this
song
they
use
the
progressive
technique
as
the
main
hook.
The
lead
singers
of
Doo
Wop
groups
were
usually
tenor,
although
could
be
a
high
tenor.
Most
song
arrangements
had
a
idiosyncraBc
bass
role,
which
would
normally
be
the
introducBon
or
would
be
found
in
the
chorus
or
assisBng
a
percussive
beat
within
the
song.
The
soprano
part
(a.k.a
falseXo)
would
be
used
nearer
the
end
of
a
song.
In
Doo
Wop
ballads
the
soprano
vocals
can
be
found
echoing
aTer
the
lead
singer
(Close
Your
Eyes
by
The
Five
Keys),
runs
above
the
main
vocal,
part
of
the
harmonies
heard
in
the
background
etc.
Vocalists
of
the
Doo
Wop
genre
would
sing
acapella
and
use
nonsense
syllables
in
order
to
mimic
instruments.
For
example:
The
bass
would
go
Bom
Bom
Bom
Bom..etc.
The
guitar
would
go
Shang-a-langetc.
The
brass
would
go
'Doo
Wop
Wop,
Doo
Wop
Wopetc
The
Ravens
1950s
song
Count
Every
Star
shows
an
example
of
the
vocals
using
sounds
such
as
'doomph,
doomph"
in
order
to
sound
like
a
double
bass
being
plucked
at.
There
have
been
many
modern
recreaBons
of
Doo
Wop
songs
over
the
years.
It
started
with
Beach
music
which
was
revolved
around
Carolina
(and
surrounding
states)
Britain
soon
contributed
in
the
mid
to
late
1970s,
the
group
'Darts
who
successfully
brought
back
songs
like
Daddy
Cool
and
Come
Back
My
Love
keeping
the
authenBcity
of
the
original
songs.
Robert
Johns
1972
version
of
The
Lion
Sleeps
Tonight
also
showed
hints
of
Doo
Wop
inuences
along
with
other
musicians
belonging
to
genres
such
as
Rock,
Punk
and
New
Wave.
For
example
The
Ramones.
A
new
style
of
Doo
Wop
was
released
when
Soul
and
Funk
bands
like
Zapp
released
songs
such
as
Doo
Wah
DiXy
Nowadays
arBsts
such
as
Bruno
Mars
and
Meghan
Trainer
incorporate
Doo
Wop
characterisBcs
in
their
music.
In
an
interview
with
Bruno
Mars
he
speaks
about
how
he
has
a
special
place
in
his
heart
for
old
school
music
Technology
has
now
allowed
Doo
Wop
themed
arBsts
to
be
soloists
using
things
such
as
Loop
StaBons,
to
gradually
build
sounds
and
layer
them
to
create
a
Doo
Wop
sound.
Heres
an
example
of
a
young
Ariana
Grande
using
a
loop
staBon
to
create
India
Aries
'Theres
Hope:
hXps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_sEjGp2WmDA
Doo
Wop
evolved
many
genres;
for
example
classic
Soul/R&B
songs
show
signs
of
Doo
Wop
characterisBcs,
mainly
in
their
use
of
harmonies
it
is
noBceable.
Slide
6:
hXp://img2-ak.lst.fm/i/u/300x300/8057e65257e947ecb03d330c6e37664c.jpg
Hip
Hop
is
a
cultural
movement
started
by
African
American
youths
in
the
run
down
streets
of
New
York
City,
Bronx.
The
culture
rst
started
to
emerge
in
1953;
two
years
later
a
major
freeway
called
The
Cross
Bronx
Expressway
was
constructed
and
split
through
Bronx.
The
Expressway
had
a
lot
of
controversy
surrounding
it,
as
many
believe
it
is
the
reason
as
to
why
South
Bronx
neighborhoods
went
downhill
so
fast.
Middle
class
ciBzens
began
to
leave
and
by
1970
Bronx
was
leT
secluded,
crime-ridden
and
impoverished.
These
condiBons
aected
the
youth
of
Bronx
and
how
they
spoke,
dressed,
think
and
lived;
soon
enough
they
created
their
own
culture.
There
are
four
key
elements
in
Hip
Hop:
1.
Rap
Music
(oral)
2.
GraB
(visual
3.
DJ-ing
(aural)
4.
Breakdancing
(physical)
During
the
1970s
and
1980s
African
American
youths,
especially,
went
through
hardship,
drugs,
gang-related
violence
and
unemployment
leaving
them
to
live
in
close-to-poverty
condiBons.
Rapping
was
a
way
for
African
Americans
to
tell
their
story
of
hardship
and
to
tell
the
truth
of
their
living
situaBons,
the
passion
and
truth
behind
the
lyrics
were
so
powerful
that
what
started
out
to
be
local
soon
became
global.
In
the
late
1960s
a
gang/music
group,
called
The
GheXo
Brothers,
introduced
Block
ParBes
this
would
happen
in
dierent
neighborhoods
where
a
DJ
would
plug
their
sound
system
into
street
lights
and
people
from
the
neighborhood
would
gather
round
and
party.
Block
Party
music
would
normally
be
percussive
breaks,
which
were
taken
from
popular
soul,
funk
or
disco
songs
and
then
isolated
and
repeated.
Block
ParBes
didnt
gain
popularity
unBl
the
1970s
this
is
when
rappers
started
to
spit
bars
in
sync
with
the
beat.
The
Hip
Hop
era
can
be
idenBed
in
three
secBons.
1970-1984
is
known
as
the
Old
School
Hip
Hop
Era,
this
had
songs
like
1979s
King
Tim
IIIs
hit
The
Fatback,
also
the
very
well
known
Rappers
Delight
(1979)
by
The
Sugarhill
Gang.
Rappers
Delight,
even
though
its
not
the
rst
single
to
have
rap,
it
is
known
to
be
the
rst
rap
song
to
be
popularized
globally,
as
well
as
the
United
States.
The
music
used
in
Rappers
Delight
is
Chics
song
Good
Times.
In
1979
The
Sugarhill
Gang
aXended
a
concert
where
Blondie,
The
Clash
and
Chic
were
playing,
when
Chic
started
playing
Good
Times
The
Sugarhill
Gang
jumped
on
stage
and
started
free
styling.
Chic,
later,
threatened
to
take
legal
acBon
for
copyright
reasons
but
ended
on
a
seXlement,
as
they
would
be
credited
as
co-writers.
In
the
early
80s
you
had
songs
like
1984
song
Step
O
by
Grandmaster
Melle
Mel
&
The
Furious
Five.
In
the
mid
1970s
the
Hip
Hop
genre
was
split
into
two
groups,
one
group
had
the
percussive
beats
repeated
from
Disco,
Funk
etc.
this
was
more
about
the
beats
more
so
than
the
rapping,
it
was
more
focused
on
geyng
the
crowd
up
and
dancing.
Whilst
the
other
group
would
use
a
complex
rhythmic
scheme
and
were
passionate
and
truthful
about
their
living
situaBons.
The
next
era
of
Hip
Hop
was
from
1985-1993
known
as
the
Golden
Age;
this
era
began
with
1986
album
Raising
Hell
by
Run-DMC,
LL
Cool
Js
Rock
The
Bells
(1985)
and
ended
with
Dr.
Dres
album
Chronic
in
1992.
This
era
of
Hip
Hop
was
idenBed
with
a
mix
of
Funk
samples
and
lyrics
that
represented
the
African
culture.
During
this
era
of
Hip
Hop
many
sub
genres
were
introduced
like
poliBcal
rap,
alternaBve
Hip
Hop,
gangsta
rap
etc.
Gangsta
rap
was,
and
sBll
is,
a
very
relevant
subgenre
of
Hip
Hop.
It
was
popularized
in
the
1980s
aTer
arBsts
such
as
Ice-T
and
groups
like
N.W.A.
Many
believe
that
Gangsta
Rap
promotes
things
such
as
crime,
murder,
drug
and
alcohol
abuse,
rape,
street
gangs
etc.
N.W.A
was
targeted
mainly
for
promoBng
such
things
along
with
hatred
for
the
police.
N.W.As
1988
album
Straight
OuXa
Compton
was
known
to
be
the
rst
megahit
gangsta
rap
album,
the
album
provoked
signicant
controversy.
They
even
had
contact
from
the
FBI
regarding
their
song
F**k
The
Police.
The
leXer
expressed
the
law
enforcements
indignaBon
about
the
song.
Ice-Cube
(a
member
from
N.W.A)
leT
the
group
on
the
early
1990s
and
went
solo,
sBll
in
the
gangsta
rap
genre
and
spoke
more
about
poliBcal
topics
and
injusBce.
1991,
N.W.A
was
the
rst
gangsta
rap
group
to
reach
No.1
on
the
Billboard
charts
with
their
second
album
El4zaggin.
The
last
era
is
the
Modern
Hip
Hop
from
1993
to
the
present
day.
Following
the
success
of
Dr.
Dres
album
The
Chronic,
Snoop
Doggy
Dogg
(now
known
as
Snoop
Dogg)
released
his
album
Doggystyle
in
1993.
The
album
received
aXenBon,
from
many
music
criBcs,
as
one
of
the
most
signicant
and
important
album
of
the
1990s.
The
unique
sound
of
the
album
bought
aXenBon
to
the
West
Coast
Hip
Hop
scene
in
the
early
90s.
The
album
was
number
one
on
the
Billboard
charts.
Another
inuenBal
rapper
would
be
Eminem
who
aXained
mainstream
popularity
with
his
LP
The
Slim
Shady
in
1999
aTer
his
1996
debut
album
Innte.
Hip
Hop
arBsts
now
such
as
Jay-Z
and
Kanye
West
not
only
have
rapping
careers
but
branded
o
of
their
own
name
with
clothing
lines
and
shoe
lines.
For
example
Kanye
West
released
trainers
with
Adidas
called
Yeezy
and
Jay-Z
has
a
clothing
line
called
Rocawear
and
recently
released
his
own
streaming
company
called
Tidal
along
with
various
other
arBsts,
mainly
in
the
Hip
Hop
genre.
Hip
Hop
music,
nowadays,
uses
synths,
bass,
guitar,
sampler,
turntables,
sequencers,
drum
machines
and
someBmes
horns
and
strings.
Normally
bass
and
drums
carry
Hip
Hop
songs
with
a
synth
bass
thickening
the
live
one.
The
horns
or
strings
on
songs
are
typically
used
as
treble
to
add
thickness
and
a
higher
pitch
to
the
bass
and
drums.
Its
quite
common
for
an
instrument
to
have
an
obvious
ri
that
helps
the
audience
idenBfy
a
song
for
example
hXps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hOmE6-LU4Hk
An
example
of
a
song
being
used
as
a
sample
is
Ray
Charles
Ive
Got
A
Woman
(Way
Across
Town)
in
Kanye
Wests
song
Gold
Digger.
Another
example
would
be
Jay
Zs
song
Anything
where
they
use
a
sample
from
Oliver!
he
also
did
the
same
on
his
song
Hard
Knock
Life
where
he
sampled
the
chorus
from
Annie.
When
performing
live,
the
atmosphere
is
generally
aggressive
and
at
an
intense
high
level.
Hip
Hop
arBsts
will
rarely
perform
with
a
live
band;
instead
they
will
perform
with
a
DJ
and
maybe
also
a
hype
man.
A
hype
man
is
someone
who
accompanies
the
main
rapper
and
gets
the
audience
hyped,
this
could
be
creaBng
chants
with
the
crowd.
Memphis
Bleek
was
a
hype
man
for
Jay
Z
and
Pu
Daddy
for
Notorious
B.I.G.
Hip
Hop
arBsts
arent
as
limited
to
certain
venues
to
perform
like
some
other
genres,
however
it
is
very
rare
that
youd
nd
a
Hip
Hop
arBst
performing
in
a
Jazz
caf.
They
will
perform
at
fesBvals,
big
open
venues,
nightclubs
etc.
Early
rappers
tend
to
be
African
American
and
their
lyrics
were
inspired
and
driven
by
the
inequality
that
they
were
going
through.
As
MCs
were
generally
from
the
run
down
streets
of
Bronx,
they
did
not
have
enough
money
to
hire
out
a
studio
to
record
in.
They
had
to
perform
live
at
parBes
and
other
venues,
furthermore,
if
someone
came
along
and
heard
it
and
oered
them
a
chance
to
record
for
free
they
would
take
it.
Radio
play
for
Hip
Hop
in
the
early
days
would
be
very
rare
as
the
language
was
explicit
and
was
believed
to
promote
illegal
acBons
such
as
drugs,
guns
etc.
The
demographic
for
rap
music,
when
it
rst
released,
were
African
American
teenagers
sharing
the
same
struggles
and
living
condiBons
as
the
arBsts.
Hip
Hop
musics
demographic
has
now
enlarged
and
ranges
from
mid
teens
to
mid
thirBes
and
enjoyed
by
any
race/skin
color
etc.
and
even
though
the
explicit
language
and
promoBon
sBll
occurs
in
some
songs,
it
can
now
be
heard
on
the
radio.
Hip
Hop
arBsts
will
release
an
explicit
song
and
a
radio
edit
of
the
song.
The
radio
edit
will
have
censors
over
anything
explicit
or
deemed
inappropriate.
Hip
Hop
fans
tend
to
take
acBon
on
Hip
Hop
lyrics,
for
example
N.W.As
F**k
The
Police
fuelled
fans
to
stand
up
against
the
police
and
have
riots.
Rappers
lyrics
also
talk
about
the
hard
life
whether
thats
being
on
the
streets
homeless
or
avoiding
gang
violence,
but
some
rapped
about
dreaming
and
living
the
good
life.
GraB
has
been
around
for
a
long
Bme,
even
before
the
Hip
Hop
scene,
when
ancient
graBsts
would
scratch
their
pieces
into
walls
before
spray
paint.
However
New
York
City
was
the
home
of
modern
day
GraB,
or
as
some
knew
it,
i.e.
police,
expensive
vandalism.
In
the
1960s
Gangs,
MCs,
DJs
etc.
would
tag
their
name
on
public
property
in
order
to
mark
their
territory.
In
1968,
gang
member,
Julio
204
would
tag
his
name
on
buildings
around
his
neighborhood,
because
Julio
kept
his
tags
within
his
neighborhood
it
didnt
spread
around
as
much
as
some
other
arBsts
such
as
Taki
183.
Taki
183s
tags
gained
him
more
popularity
and
recogniBon
as
he
started
tagging
outside
of
his
neighborhood.
The
way
they
come
up
with
their
tag
names
are
their
nickname
and
then
the
street
they
live
on.
For
Example
Taki
is
a
nickname
for
Demetaki
(Demetrius)
and
he
lived
on
183rd
Street
in
Washington
Heights,
therefore
his
tag
name
was
Taki
183.
This
name
would
then
be
presented
in
bubble
wriBng
and
displayed
on
the
side
of
trains/subways.
Their
name
would
then
follow
the
transport
around
the
city
with
their
tag
on
the
side,
this
technique
was
almost
like
self
adverBsement.
In
the
1970s
this
idea
had
caught
on
to
arBsts
like
Kel,
Crash
and
Zephyr
and
the
technique
of
graB
tagging
was
highly
exposed
aTer
famous
1983
documentary
Style
Wars,
which
mainly
focused
on
the
development
of
GraB
art
and
Breakdancing
of
the
Hip
Hop
culture.
GraBsts
started
having
compeBBons
between
each
other,
to
see
who
could
form
the
most
visible
tag
without
geyng
caught
by
the
police
for
illegal
art.
There
are
two
types
of
graB;
theres
graB
art
and
then
there
is
gang
graB.
GraB
art
is
all
about
self-expression,
crypBc
colorful
murals,
creaBvity
etc.
and
this
would
be
found
on
building
walls
and
freight/goods
trains.
These
arBsts
want
to
improve
their
art
and
the
message
that
they
are
sending
through
it
and
therefore
change
it
in
order
for
progress.
On
the
other
hand,
gang
art
was
more
territorial.
Therefore,
their
art
would
stay
within
their
neighborhood
and
would
rarely
leave.
GraB
arBsts
prefer
to
not
be
labeled
under
gang
graB,
as
many
of
them
believe
that
gang
graB
does
not
use
arBsBc
forms.
GraB
has
had
an
aect
on
what
art
is
now
however
it
has
also
had
an
eect
on
the
adverBsing
world.
Just
how
Taki
183
and
Julio
204
adverBsed
their
name
using
graB,
companies
have
started
using
the
font
and
look
of
graB
on
Billboards
in
order
to
appeal
to
the
urban
audience.
This
was
known
as
commercial
graB.
The
2012
London
Olympics
used
a
graB
street
design
as
the
logo,
the
eect
of
doing
this
was
to
aXract
and
interest
a
younger
demographic.
In
2005,
Sony
used
graB
in
order
to
promote
their
product
(PSP)
however
it
ended
up
being
very
controversial
as
many
believed
it
was
encouraging
vandalism
to
children
and
teenagers.
A
popular
graB
arBst
would
be
Banksy,
whose
art
is
more
poliBcal
and
can
be
found
on
walls,
streets,
bridges
etc.
Here
is
are
examples
of
Banksys
work:
A
disk
jockey
(a.k.a,
DJ)
uses
various
techniques,
such
as
scratching
and
needle
drops,
in
order
to
manipulate
music
and
then
performs
it
to
others
in
various
venues
like
nightclubs
or
block
parBes.
Block
ParBes
were
important
to
the
uprising
of
the
Hip
Hop
culture.
The
GheXo
Brothers
were
a
gang/music
group
that
would
host
Block
parBes.
The
music
they
played
had
the
ability
to
shut
the
racial
barriers
by
simply
plugging
their
instruments
into
amps
and
speakers
and
playing
music.
DJ
Kool
Herc,
was
referred
to
as
the
Father
Of
Hip
Hop.
He
was
one
of
the
rst
Hip
Hop
DJs
who
created
the
isolaBon
of
breaks
from
songs.
He
would
mix
samples
of
already
released
music
and
mix
his
own
chants
and
shouts,
which
he
would
call
to
the
dancers
and
the
crowd,
over
it.
These
isolated
breaks
would
popularly
come
from
the
genres
Funk
and
Rock,
although
some
other
genres
such
as
Soul
were
used
too.
Kool
Herc
was
inuenBal
to
the
evoluBon
of
Hip
Hop
as
he
created
the
layout
for
the
genre
and
culture
by
building
on
his
Jamaican
heritage
and
bringing
the
technology,
techniques
etc.
of
reggae
style
music
to
New
York
in
the
1970s
and
the
tradiBon
of
impromptu
toasBng,
boas|ul
poetry
and
speech
over
music.
Contemporary
DJs
imitators
and
Kool
Herc
created
rhythmic
beats
by
looping
the
percussive
breaks
on
songs,
on
two
turntables.
This
is
an
example
of
how
the
Hip
Hop
culture
rst
emerged.
Those
percussive
breaks
in
songs
would
be
accompanied
with
raps
and
beat
boxing.
Just
like
the
GheXo
Brothers
Block
ParBes,
DJ
Kool
Hercs
house
parBes
became
very
popular
and
soon
had
too
many
guests
to
host
house
parBes
and
had
to
move
to
outdoor
venues
in
order
to
allow
a
mass
amount
of
audience
in.
DJ
Kool
Hercs
shouts
and
chants
to
the
dancers
would
go
into
rapping.
He
called
his
dancers
B
boys
and
B
girls
(B
stands
for
break.
E.g.
B
boy
means
break
boys).
Other
inuenBal
DJs
would
include
Afrika
Bambaataa,
Grandmaster
Flowers
and
Grandmaster
Caz.
Scratching
is
an
example
of
a
DJ
trick.
It
started
in
1975
when
DJ,
Grand
Wizard
Theodore
manually
liTed
the
record
up
and
the
needle
was
down,
he
realized
doing
so
distorted
the
sound,
it
soon
caught
on
with
other
contemporary
disc
jockeys.
Another
example
of
a
DJ
trick
is
beat
juggling,
within
this
trick
it
also
relies
on
others
such
as
scratching,
breaks,
pauses
and
delays.
Beat
juggling
is
when
a
DJ
takes
two
dierent
samples
(could
be
vocals
or
drum
beats)
and
manipulates
them
in
order
to
create
an
individual
composiBon.
Before
1978
the
Hip
Hop
scene
was
mainly
centered
on
DJing
and
block
parBes
etc.
but
aTer
arBsts
like
Grandmaster
Flash
and
The
Furious
Five
made
rap
music
the
highlight
DJing
started
to
fade
out.
Although
there
are
sBll
well
known
DJs
such
as
DJ
Jazzy
Je,
Fatboy
Slim,
Mix
Master
Mike
and
many
more.
DJ
Kool
Herc
DJ
Jazzy
Je
In
the
16th
Century,
the
African
slaves
that
were
taken
to
Brazil
would
exercise
the
Brazilian
marBal
art
Capoeria.
Capoeria
combined
acrobaBcs,
music
and
dance
together
and
is
known
for
its
disBnct
mobile
techniques.
In
their
dances
they
would
fuse
ghBng
movements
found
in
Capoeria,
it
would
be
executed
in
a
circle
with
an
audience
on
the
outline.
FighBng
was
not
prohibited;
therefore
whenever
a
guard
made
an
appearance
the
aggressive
ghBng
movements
would
turn
into
dance.
The
Capoeria
soon
became
illegal
however
in
the
20th
century
it
once
again
became
legal.
Capoeria
is
important
to
breakdancing
because
a
lot
of
the
moves,
such
as
punches
and
spins,
were
passed
from
this
marBal
art
into
B-boying.
Breakdancing
uses
a
mix
of
dierent
cultures
such
as
Russian
Folk
Dance
and
Asian
MarBal
Arts.
Along
with
this,
arBsts
such
as
Michael
Jackson
and
James
Brown
also
heavily
inuenced
breakdancing.
In
1972
James
Brown
released
popular
song
Get
On
The
Good
Foot.
This
was
inuenBal,
as
people
would
mimic
how
James
Brown
was
dancing
and
then
perform
it
at
parBes.
DJ
Herc
noBced
that
the
B-boys
and
B-girls
(break
boys/girls)
would
wait
to
dance
to
the
percussive/instrumental
parts
of
the
song
and
therefore
would
isolate
those
secBons
and
repeat
them.
Not
long
aTer
Get
On
The
Good
Foot
was
released
dance
baXles
started
to
take
place
and
there
would
be
compeBBons
and
talent
shows.
awareness
group
iniBally
made
for
youths
in
the
gheXo.
This
is
where
one
of
the
rst
breakdance
crews
were
formed,
The
Zulu
Kings.
The
Zulu
Kings
would
contend
in
compeBBons
and
talent
shows
and
oTen
win
them.
They
would
also
perform
in
clubs
for
recogniBon.
Although
they
were
well
known
for
their
dancing
many
neighborhoods
believed
that
they
were
just
a
gang.
The
Zulu
Kings
were
then
challenged
by
a
rival
street
gang
to
baXle,
but
not
a
dance
baXle.
It
was
only
when
Afrika
Bambaataa
suggested
ghBng
the
baXle
with
dance
moves
and
not
weapons
that
dance
baXles
caught
on.
Gangs
would
dance
baXle
against
each
other
to
either
baXle
over
territory
or
to
gain
respect
for
each
other,
the
winner
would
normally
be
the
group
with
the
fastest
and
most
creaBve,
unique
moves.
However
this
did
not
end
ghBng
in
Bronx,
in
fact
it
caused
some
ghts,
someBmes
the
loser
of
the
dance
baXle
would
try
and
start
a
ght
with
the
winner.
There
were
many
dierent
dance
moves
used
in
breaking,
two
basic
moves
were
the
Top
Rock
and
the
6-step.
The
Top
Rock
is
very
disBnct
and
breakers
enjoy
having
their
own
style
of
Top
Rock.
Here
is
a
video
of
what
a
basic
Top
Rock
looks
like:
hXps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=15CKGnROgFo
The
6-step
is
when
you
keep
one
hand
on
the
oor
at
a
Bme
and
spin;
the
6-step
is
what
normally
sets
up
the
rest
of
the
dance.
Here
is
a
video
of
what
a
basic
6-step
is:
hXps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PD9QPJATvRk
Soon
aTer,
in
the
late
70s,
these
dance
moves
evolved
into
Power
Moves,
like
the
windmill
and
the
head
spin.
Windmill:
hXps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2jYk4xTHeao
Head
spin:
hXps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EMfZVZm3RQQ
ATer
1977,
Michael
Jackson
sang
Dancin
Machine
on
naBonal
TV
and
during
his
performance
he
did
The
Robot.
This
set
a
new
trend
through
the
dancers,
as
The
Robots
popularity
took
over
breaking.
In
1983,
breakdance
crew
The
New
York
City
Breakers
performed
on
live
TV
and
along
with
movies
such
as
Flashdance
it
gave
internaBonal
exposure
to
breaking.
The
media
soon
followed
and
used
breaking
for
adverBsement
(Right
Guard
and
Burger
King),
movies
and
TV
shows.
The
Olympics
in
1984
showcased
over
100
B-boys
and
B-girls
performing
in
the
ending
ceremony.
Nowadays,
Hip
Hop
moves
tend
to
be
incorporated
into
songs
or
the
video
for
the
audience
to
learn.
In
2007
Crank
That
by
Soulja
Boy
was
released,
it
was
known
to
be
the
biggest
dance
craze
since
the
90s.
By
late
2007
the
YouTube
video,
which
taught
you
the
dance
moves,
had
over
27
million
views.
The
dance
moves
were
made
up
of
previous
dance
trends
but
the
main
one
was
made
up
by
Soulja
Boy
and
his
friends,
they
then
named
the
dance
move
Soulja
Boy
Dance.
Here
is
the
music
video:
hXps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8UFIYGkROII
In
2015
new
Hip
Hop
dance
craze
the
Whip/Nae
Nae
came
out
aTer
arBst
Silent
released
his
song
Watch
Me
(Whip/Nae
Nae).
The
dance
moves
are
a
combinaBon
of
other
Hip
Hop
moves
such
as
The
Stanky
Leg,
The
Soulja
Boy,
The
Du
etc.
In
the
video
there
are
dance
crews
performing,
there
are
people
varying
in
age
and
occupaBon.
Here
is
the
music
video:
hXps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vjW8wmF5VWc
Both
of
these
songs
have
been
internaBonal
dance
trends,
along
with
Top
Rock
and
The
Windmill.
Recent
Hip
Hop
dance
trends
are
The
Dab
and
Hit
The
Quan.
Although
fashion
isnt
an
element
that
makes
up
the
Hip
Hop
culture,
it
is
quite
an
important
part.
Hip
Hop
fashion
aected
the
fans
and
businesses.
It
adverBsed
businesses
and
changed
what
those
businesses
were
selling
and
what
fans
were
wearing.
In
the
late
1970s
popular
sports
brands
such
as
Adidas
joined
the
arising
Hip
Hop
scene
and
by
the
early
1980s
Hip
Hop
stars
were
seyng
trends
wearing
leather
bomber
jackets,
sheepskin,
brightly
colored
tracksuits
(Adidas,
Nike
etc.)
and
sneakers
with
oversized
laces
(Adidas
Superstars,
Pumas
and
Chuck
Taylors
All
Star).
Accessories
worn
would
include
bucket
hats
(from
sports
brand
Kangol),
various
amounts
of
rings
and
large
glasses.
In
the
80s
mens
Hip
Hop
jewelry
would
typically
be
big
chunky
gold
chains
and
womens
would
be
big
earrings
(such
as
hoops
or
Gold
Knocker
Earrings).
The
more
jewelry
you
wore
the
more
it
symbolized
wealth,
power
and
honor.
The
early
80s
also
had
hairstyle
trends
starBng
with
Jheri
Curls
and
by
the
early
90s
had
the
Hi-
Top
Fade
hyped
up
by
stars
like
Will
Smith.
Late
1980
fashion
changed
slightly
adding
more
of
the
African
culture
to
the
style,
like
wearing
kente
cloth
hats,
dreadlocks
and
Africa
chains.
Icons
such
as
Queen
LaBfah
wore
a
lot
of
Black
NaBonalist
colors
such
as
red,
black
and
green.
The
late
80s
also
included
loose
baggy
trousers,
worn
famously
by
people
such
as
MC
Hammer.
Slide
6:
hXp://cdn1.theodysseyonline.com/les/
2015/11/21/635836684883797216-1180599259_d8b0ee71-e995-496f-8a93-b239f79bda76.jpg
Slide
8:
hXp://ripitup.com.au/content/uploads/2014/08/Banksy3.jpg
hXps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_Labour_(mural)
Slide
10:
hXps://s3.amazonaws.com/hiphopdx-producBon/2015/09/kool_herc_1_304-300x300.jpg
hXp://thehowardtheatre.com/assets/DJ-Jazzy-Je.jpg
Slide
14:
hXp://souljaboy.seenon.com/img/product/cats/00025362-734715.jpg
hXp://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2007/11_02/souljadance2_468x312.jpg
hXps://s.mxmcdn.net/images-storage/albums/1/9/8/8/2/6/31628891_800_800.jpg
hXp://mommyshorts.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Screen-Shot-2015-04-28-at-10.04.40-
AM.png
Slide
16:
hXp://www.bragvintage.co.uk/blog/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/rundmc.jpg
hXps://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/4b/
b9/31/4bb9316e56853df8e2e3f53ae264257a.jpg
Soul
music
combines
components
of
African
American
music
from
Gospel
and
Jazz
to
R&B
and
Hip
Hop.
The
genre
originated
from
the
United
States
in
the
late
1950s/early
1960s
and
soon
became
popular
around
the
world,
inuencing
other
genres
such
as
rock
music.
In
1865
slavery
in
the
United
States
ended,
however
segregaBon
in
America
was
sBll
ongoing
unBl
1964.
African
Americans
were,
therefore,
not
welcome
to
mix
in
White
American
Churches.
This
resulted
in
African
Americans
building
their
own
churches.
The
aXendees
would
sing
ChrisBan
gospel
songs
and
change
it
up
by
singing
them
upbeat
and
joyfully
whilst
moving,
stomping
and
clapping
to
the
beat.
Soul
songs
were
rst
created
when
lyrics
from
a
gospel
song
would
be
rewriXen
into
non-
religious
(secular)
lyrics.
The
changing
of
the
lyrics
meant
that
upbeat
gospel
songs
became
upbeat
soul
songs
and
that
slow
gospel
songs
became
love
song
ballads.
Ray
Charles
1954
song
Ive
Got
A
Woman
(Way
Across
Town)
is
a
good
example
of
a
song
changed
from
Gospel
into
soul.
The
original
is
called
Ive
Got
A
Saviour
(Way
Across
Jordan).
Ray
Charles
also
uses
gospel
inuence
in
his
song
Whatd
I
Say
where
he
uses
the
popular
call
and
response
technique.
Another
example
of
gospel
lyrics
into
secular
lyrics
is
the
song
Please,
Please,
Please.
The
original
lyrics
were
about
yearning
for
Gods
love;
James
Browns
1956
version
changes
the
lyrics
to
yearning
for
a
girls
love.
In
the
1960s,
soul
music
overtook
the
United
States
R&B
Charts
along
with
songs
crossing
into
the
pop
charts
in
US,
Britain
etc.
However
by
1968
the
genre
had
begun
to
split
leaving
some
arBsts
to
wonder
into
other
genres
such
as
Funk.
By
the
early
70s
soul
music
inuenced
by
genres
such
as
psychedelic
rock
etc.
In
the
early
1960s
the
most
popular
style
of
soul
was
Motown
pop
soul.
Berry
Gordy
in
1959
created
Motown
Records,
originaBng
in
Detroit,
Michigan.
ArBsts
in
this
label
would
play
music
that
created
the
Motown
sound,
and
typically
aimed
to
be
crossover
arBsts,
including
a
collecBon
of
pop-soul
songs,
which
had
a
great
appeal
in
young
Americans.
Between
1960
and
1969
there
had
been
over
50
top
10
hits
that
had
crossed
over.
The
Funk
Brothers
and
Motowns
House
Band
played
on
the
majority
of
these
songs.
The
tambourine
would
drive
the
song
and
following
would
be
rhythmic
guitar
typically
played
on
the
second
and
fourth
beats.
Singers
such
as
The
Supremes
Diana
Ross
and
EXa
James
would
manipulate
their
vocals
to
sound
more
like
pop
rather
than
blues.
These
techniques
appealed
to
their
audience,
as
it
was
easy
to
listen
to
and
fun
to
dance
to.
A
big
inuence
in
this
genre
would
be
the
classic
Jackson
5
song
Ill
Be
There.
Michael
Jacksons
vocals
were
so
strong
at
such
a
young
age
it
allowed
him
to
sing
in
almost
any
style
including
classic
soul
songs
such
as
Whos
Loving
You.
In
1956
CurBs
Mayeld
and
his
band
The
Impressions
started
recording
music
for
Vee
Jay
Records
however
in
the
early
60s
Mayeld
joined
the
Civil
Rights
Movement
and
soon
began
wriBng
songs
about
the
struggles
African
Americans
are
confronted
with
such
as
racism,
poverty
and
overall
injusBce.
The
songs
were
very
powerful
and
his
song
People
Get
Ready
is
considered
to
be
one
of
the
greatest
songs
ever
wriXen.
The
Impressions
performed
this
aTer
its
release
in
1965
and
peaked
at
No.3
on
the
R&B
charts
and
No.14
on
the
Pop
charts.
CurBs
Mayelds
song
unveiled
the
social
and
poliBcal
surroundings
of
that
Bme.
CurBs
Mayeld
created
his
own
record
company
Curtom
Records
in
1970
and
released
classic
soul
albums,
including
his
own
soundtrack
album
for
the
lm
Supery.
Motown
is
only
one
key
sub
genre
of
many.
For
example;
deep
and
southern
soul,
neo
soul,
Memphis
soul,
New
Orleans
soul
etc.
InstrumentaBon
used
in
soul
music
is
normally
electric
sounding,
for
example;
electric
guitars,
electric
pianos,
electric
organ.
As
well
as
using
the
acousBc
versions
of
those
instruments
they
also
will
have
horn
secBons
and
a
string
ensemble
along
with
female
and
male
backing
vocals.
The
instrumentaBon
used
in
soul
music
is:
Drum
Kit,
Percussion,
Bass,
Horn
secBon
(trumpets,
saxophone
etc.),
String
secBon,
female
and
male
backing
vocals
and
Piano.
Soul
music
also
used
a
lot
of
electric
instruments
such
as:
Electric
Guitar,
Electric
Organ,
Keyboard
and
Electric
Piano.
Soul
music
would
oTen
use
large
ensembles
and
doubled
up
instruments,
a
driving
drum
beat
with
percussion
accenBng
the
second
and
fourth
beats,
bass
lines
with
a
heavy
ri,
guitars
and
keys
playing
rhythmically.
Singers
would
be
very
emoBve
on
stage,
showing
a
range
of
passion
for
sad
and
happy
songs.
The
tempo
of
a
typical
soul
song
would
normally
be
120bpm
or
faster
unless
it
is
a
slow
tempo
ballad.
The
songs
would
be
short
and
the
structure
would
be
very
simple
featuring
verses,
choruses,
and
bridges/instrumentals.
They
would
feature
call
and
response
moments
between
the
soloist
and
the
chorus;
the
melodies
of
these
songs
would
typically
be
in
a
pentatonic
scale
with
blues
accidentals.
In
addiBon,
live
recordings
of
soul
music
were
normally
with
the
whole
band/ensemble
in
the
same
room,
using
acousBc
screens
in
order
to
split
the
room
into
secBons.
They
would
record
on
mulB
track
tape
machines
starBng
with
4
track
and
eventually
8
track.
This
helped
provide
the
doubled
up
instrument
sound.
The
songs
would
be
mixed
gently
with
classic
compressors
such
as
Teletronix
LA2A.
The
recordings
would
be
of
high
quality,
they
would
oTen
use
the
panning
eect
on
songs.
For
example;
the
vocals,
piano
and
guitar
would
come
out
of
the
right
speaker
whilst
the
drums,
bass
etc.
would
come
out
of
the
leT
speaker.
Sam
Cooke
was
born
in
1931
in
Mississippi.
Before
becoming
a
household
name
with
hit
songs
such
as
Wonderful
World
and
You
Send
Me
Cooke
started
out
performing
soul
music
with
the
gospel
group
Soul
SBrrers.
Some
refer
to
Sam
Cooke
as
the
Father
of
Soul
he
had
a
unique
take
on
this
style
of
music.
He
had
a
collecBon
of
songs
in
which
he
merged
the
gospel
sound
and
the
pop
sound
together.
This
technique
was
popular
with
both
the
white
and
black
demographic.
In
1957,
Sam
Cooke
released
his
rst
single
Lovable,
although
he
did
not
use
Sam
Cooke
as
the
releasing
arBst,
he
went
under
the
name
Dale
Cooke.
Later
that
year
he
released
his
next
single
You
Send
Me
the
song
was
so
popular
it
even
overtook
an
Elvis
song
at
the
top
of
the
charts.
Sam
Cooke
did
a
variaBon
of
ballad
songs
Wonderful
World
(1960)
and
up-tempo
songs
TwisBn
The
Night
Away
(1962).
Sam
Cooke
however
did
not
limit
himself
to
songwriBng
and
singing.
1959,
Cooke
ocially
owned
his
own
publishing
company
for
his
music
and
proved
he
was
a
real
business
man
in
1960
when
he
negoBated
with
RCA
for
a
beXer
contract
and
not
only
did
he
leave
with
an
advance
but
also
for
30
years
he
would
get
full
ownership
of
his
master
recordings.
Sam
Cooke
soon
owned
his
own
record
label
in
1961
called
SAR
Records,
although
Cooke
himself
wasnt
signed
to
the
label
he
helped
jump-start
the
careers
of
arBsts
such
as
Billy
Preston,
L.C.
Cooke
(Sam
Cookes
younger
brother),
The
ValenBnos
and
many
more
arBsts.
The
ValenBnos
recorded
the
original
song
Its
All
Over
Now,
which
was
released
from
SAR
Records.
The
Rolling
Stones
later
covered
this
song.
Sam
Cooke
created
SAR
Records
intending
it
to
be
a
venue
where
struggling
African
American
arBsts
were
able
to
record
their
music
during
the
1960s
whilst
America
was
sBll
racially
surged.
Sam
Cooke
passed
away
December
11,
1964.
1965
SAR
Records
released
Sam
Cookes
unreleased
song
A
Change
Is
Gonna
Come,
this
was
soon
known
to
be
one
of
Cookes
most
poliBcal
song.
Sam
Cookes
legacy
lives
on
in
the
world
of
Soul
music,
and
in
1986
he
was
introduced
to
the
Rock
and
Roll,
Hall
of
Fame.
Lyrics
would
typically
be
about
hardship
and
the
hope
for
change,
an
example
of
this
would
be
Sam
Cookes
A
Change
Is
Gonna
Come.
This
song
is
one
of
the
most
popularized
links
to
African
American
Civil
Rights
Movement.
Its
been
a
long
Bme
coming,
But
I
know
change
is
gonna
come,
Oh
yes
is
will
These
are
the
lyrics
for
Cookes
song.
It
is
said
that
Bob
Dylans
Blowing
In
The
Wind
inspired
the
song.
The
lyrics
suggest
that
Sam
Cooke
believed
that
there
would
be
a
day
where
change
would
come.
Blacks
had
been
targeted
since
the
17th
century
in
the
United
States
and
were
sBll
under
the
white
race
when
Cooke
wrote
this
song.
Lyrics
would
also
be
about
love;
a
good
example
of
this
song
would
be
1971
hit
Just
My
ImaginaBon
(Running
Away
From
Me)
by
The
TemptaBons.
The
lyrics
talk
about
a
boy
daydreaming
about
a
girl
of
his
dreams
and
dreaming
of
the
future
he
wants
with
her
and
the
chorus
shows
that
its
just
his
imaginaBon.
Famous
female
soul
vocalist
Aretha
Franklin
had
many
hits
including
songs
such
as
(You
Make
Me
Feel
Like
A)
Natural
Woman,
Think,
Respect
and
I
Say
A
LiXle
Prayer.
The
success
of
these
songs,
and
many
more,
meant
that
by
the
end
of
the
1960s
era
Aretha
Franklin
claimed
the
Btle
The
Queen
of
Soul.
Aretha
Franklin,
along
with
Ray
Charles
and
others,
was
cast
in
the
lm
The
Blues
Brothers.
The
Blues
Brothers
is
a
1980
musical,
crime
comedy
lm
that
features
soul
music
with
other
styles
like
R&B
too.
Aretha
Franklin
followed
Sam
Cooke
in
the
way
that
she
added
the
pop
and
bluesy
sounds
to
secular
gospel
songs.
In
1987
Franklin
became
the
rst
female
to
be
introduced
to
the
Rock
and
Roll,
Hall
of
Fame.
There
were
very
few
radio
staBons
that
played
African
American
music
during
this
era,
WGIV,
a
radio
staBon
based
in
North
Carolina
is
an
example
of
a
radio
staBon
that
gave
African
American
music
airplay.
Soul
music
was
able
to
stay
popular
within
the
black
community
by
dividing
into
other
genres
such
as
Funk,
a
popular
soul/funk
arBst
that
did
that
would
be
James
Brown.
Soul
music
along
with
R&B
ended
up
being
an
inuence
on
the
genre
surf
rock.
However
another
big
inuence
would
be
to
Hip
Hop.
Hip
Hop
would
use
secBons
of
soul
music
and
they
would
be
manipulated
for
the
culture.
For
example
Ray
Charles
song
Ive
Got
A
Woman
(Way
Across
Town)
was
used
to
inuence
Kanye
Wests
song
Gold
Digger.
Hip
Hop
DJs
would
also
use
soul
instrumentals
and
speed
them
up
and
play
around
with
DJ
tricks
whilst
dancers
danced
to
the
beat.
Many
instruments
used
in
soul
are
also
used
in
Hip
Hop.
Slide
2:
hXp://www.soulbounce.com/soul/wp-content/uploads/blog_images/motown_logo-
thumb-473x462.jpg
Slide
4:
hXp://assets.rollingstone.com/assets/images/arBsts/sam-cooke.jpg
Slide
5:
hXp://cdn.discogs.com/OmfSRT1LJ6v0at4IwpcKh1yFwjM=/t-in/300x300/
lters:strip_icc():format(jpeg):mode_rgb()/discogs-images/R-1399087-1265510072.jpeg.jpg
Slide
6:
hXp://media4.s-nbcnews.com/j/MSNBC/Components/Slideshows/_producBon/ss-101105-
Aretha-Franklin/ss-101105-Aretha-Franklin-1960-portrait.grid-6x2.jpg
For
learning
objecLve
4.1
I
will
be
evaluaLng
the
development
and
use
of
technology
and
how
technological
advancements
has
aected
music.
magneBc
tape
into
a
commercially
The
Magne)c
Tape:
pracBcal
format.
Soon
enough
the
In
1928,
Fritz
Peumer
designed
the
magneBc
tape
magneBc
tape
for
sound
recording.
It
was
became
the
norm
for
recording
in
the
then
improved
by
German
electronic
music
industry,
whether
itd
be
radio
or
companies
AEG
and
BASF
who
collecBvely
studio
work.
manufactured
the
recording
machine
and
John
T
Mullin
was
an
American
audio
the
tape.
engineer
and
he
is
known
to
be
a
pioneer
By
the
1930s
the
magneBc
tape
had
been
for
magneBc
tape
recording.
Mullins
goal
progressed
however
this
had
to
be
kept
was
to
convince
Hollywood
Studios
to
use
unknown
as
World
War
II
started
in
1939.
magneBc
tape
for
soundtrack
recordings
Following
the
war,
Americans
brought
the
for
their
lms.
technology
from
Germany
and
evolved
the
commercial
tape
recordings.
MulBtrack
recording
was
the
next
development
within
magneBc
tape.
This
required
the
tape
to
be
split
into
mulBple
tracks
that
would
be
parallel
with
each
other.
German
audio
engineers
invented
two-track
recording
in
1943;
it
was
used
for
modern
music
in
the
50s
as
it
allowed
signals
from
more
than
two
dierent
How
is
the
music
industry
coping
with
technological
advancements;
such
as
the
digital
revoluLon?
The
music
industry
is
struggling
with
the
Streaming
music
is
taking
control
and
its
digital
revoluBon
taking
over.
Online
not
in
a
good
way.
The
majority
of
streaming
is
at
an
all
Bme
high
whilst
the
consumers
nowadays
take
advantage
and
tradiBonal
ways
of
purchasing
music
have
have
very
liXle
respect
for
the
music
and
been
put
to
the
back
of
the
shelf.
their
arBst,
they
show
this
by
downloading
As
the
generaBon
is
growing
so
are
the
their
music
illegally.
popularity
of
digital
formats.
The
growth
of
However
the
streaming
companies
are
formats
are
destroying
the
value
of
taking
advantage
too
by
underpaying
the
recording.
Streaming
is
cheaper
than
arBst;
leaving
various
arBsts
such
as
Taylor
downloads
and
downloads
pay
less
than
CDs,
SwiT
and
Rihanna
refusing
to
license
this
is
a
perfect
example
of
how
music
is
companies
like
SpoBfy.
geyng
cheaper
and
cheaper.
For
learning
objecLve
4.3
I
will
be
talking
about
the
posiLves,
negaLves
and
opportuniLes
that
can
be
found
within
the
global
market.
What Is Globalisa)on?
New Culture
Technology:
Advantages
of
GlobalisaBon
in
music
The
music
industry,
at
the
Some
key
advances
in
music
globalisaBon
are
new
moment,
is
trying
to
keep
up
technological
breakthroughs
with
the
technology,
I
feel
like
such
as
the
iPod
and
live
a
good
example
of
this
would
streaming
apps.
iPods
came
out
be
how
its
dealing
with
the
The
negaBves
of
the
digital
age
in
November
2001
and
was
the
digital
revoluBon.
are
the
increase
of
piraBng
songs,
start
of
popular
online
leaking
music
and
listening/
The
music
industry
has
purchasing,
making
music
more
watching
m
usic
o
n
t
heir
developed
increasingly
in
accessible
than
ever
before.
technological
d
evice
(
iPods/
order
to
become
accessible
Streaming
apps
came
on
the
back
iPhones
e
tc.)
r
ather
t
han
g
oing
t
o
of
the
advancement
of
iPods,
and
available
in
the
digital
watch
a
live
performance.
people
could
stream
on
SpoBfy
revoluBon,
however
this
Social
networking
websites,
such
for
a
month
at
the
same
price
of
creates
various
pros
and
cons
as
Facebook
and
TwiXer,
have
an
album.
Streaming
via
YouTube
for
both
the
consumer
and
the
allowed
people
to
upload
free
for
example
has
also
helped
arBst.
music,
to
comment
and/or
arBsts
like
JusBn
Bieber
be
The
posiBves
of
the
digital
age
discuss,
they
also
give
the
opBon
discovered.
would
be
the
aordability,
the
of
following
your
favourite
Disadvantages
of
GlobalisaBon
arBsts.
T
his
a
llows
y
ou,
t
he
f
an,
increase
in
cultural
exchange
A
main
disadvantage
for
these
to
view
any
tweets
posts
and
technological
breakthroughs
is
and
the
increase
in
pictures
that
your
favourite
that
involving
music
online
has
connecBvity;
for
example,
for
musician/arBst
is
posBng.
an
arBst
to
be
in
America
and
Websites
like
Vimeo
and
YouTube
brought
illegal
musical
downloads
from
websites.
This
to
be
able
to
connect
with
the
have
facilitated
a
foundaBon
for
has
damaged
record
sales
as
a
consumer
in
Japan.
arBsts
and
result
of
this.
Nega)ve
As
my
family
is
Turkish,
I
grew
up
listening
to
both
Turkish
and
English-pop
music
mainly.
As
I
grow
older
I
am
hearing
a
lot
more
cultural
mixes
in
songs,
for
example
my
cousin
showed
me
a
French
song
she
heard
called
Dernire
Danse.
Which
fused
French
lyrics
with
western
pop
instrumentaBon.
When
I
was
studying
Spanish
I
tended
to
listen
to
the
music
as
it
helped
me
learn
and
even
now
my
sister
who
studies
French
will
show
me
French
rap
songs
to
compare
to
the
ones
we
hear
by
arBsts
such
as
Jay
Z.
By Gulen Chakarto
Slide
1:
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IR_Club/ags_globe.png
Slide
3:
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Rundown-of-the-Dierent-Types-of-iPhones.jpg
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5:
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tumblr_lai02wRw8G1qdywhso1_500.jpg
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6:
hXps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/96/
One_direcBon_up_all_night_albumcover.jpg
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8:
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013110.jpg
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10:
BoXom
leT:
hXp://cdn2.business2community.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/music-industry.
BoXom
right:
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