Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
,QWURGXFWLRQ
&\FOLF9ROWDPPHWU\&9LVLQDUJXDEO\WKHPRVWSRSXODUHOHFWURFKHPLFDOWHFKQLTXH,WRZHVLWVZHOOGHVHUYHGUHSXWDWLRQWRLWVDELOLW\WRGHGXFHUHDFWLRQPHFKDQLVPVZLWKUHODWLYHO\ORZ
FRVWHTXLSPHQWDQGTXLFNH[SHULPHQWDWLRQ6LQFHWKHRIWHQFLWHGSDSHUE\1LFKROVRQDQG6KDLQ WKHWHFKQLTXHKDVEHHQWKHFHQWHUSLHFHRIDQ\HOHFWURFKHPLFDOVWXG\
&9LQYROYHVVZHHSLQJWKHSRWHQWLDOOLQHDUO\EHWZHHQWZROLPLWVDWDJLYHQVZHHSUDWHZKLOHPHDVXULQJFXUUHQW7KHVZHHSUDWHFKRVHQFDQEHYDULHGIURPIHZPLFURYROWVSHUVHFRQGWR
PLOOLRQVRIYROWVSHUVHFRQG
(OHFWURFKHPLFDOLQVWUXPHQWDWLRQKDVHYROYHGIDUVLQFHWKHGD\VRI1LFKROVRQDQG6KDLQ&XUUHQWO\PRVWPDQXIDFWXUHUVLQFOXGLQJ*DPU\PDNHGLJLWDOLQVWUXPHQWVZLWKGLJLWDOVLJQDO
JHQHUDWRUV7KHVHVLJQDOJHQHUDWRUVDSSUR[LPDWHWKHOLQHDUVZHHSZLWKDVWDLUFDVHRIYDULDEOHVWHSVL]HVDQGGXUDWLRQV
)LJXUH6WDLUFDVHYHUVXVDQDORJUDPS
(DUO\LQWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIGLJLWDOLQVWUXPHQWVHDUO\VWKHUHZHUHUHSRUWVDQDO\]LQJWKHHIIHFWVRIXVLQJVWDLUFDVHVLQVWHDGRIWUXHUDPSV,QVWDLUFDVHYROWDPPHWU\FXUUHQW
FDQEHVDPSOHGDWYDULRXVSRLQWVGXULQJWKHVWHS7ZRRIWKHUHSRUWVLQYHVWLJDWHGDQGWDEXODWHGWKHHIIHFWVRIWKLVFKRLFHRIVDPSOLQJWLPH$QRWKHUUHSRUWVXJJHVWHGWKHXVHRIKHDY\
DQDORJILOWHULQJHLWKHURQWKHDSSOLHGRURQWKHUHFRUGHGVLJQDODVDZD\RIHOLPLQDWLQJWKHGLIIHUHQFH7KHDXWKRUGHPRQVWUDWHGWKDWWKURXJKDSSURSULDWHO\FKRVHQDQDORJILOWHUVDUDPS
FDQEHDSSUR[LPDWHGE\DVWDLUFDVHDQGWKHPHDVXUHGUHVSRQVHLVQRWDGYHUVHO\DIIHFWHG
$ODWHUVWXG\HPSOR\HGVLPXODWLRQVWRVKRZWKDWSURYLGHGWKHSRWHQWLDOVWHSVDUHVPDOOHQRXJKDVWDLUFDVHVLJQDOJHQHUDWHGVLPLODUUHVXOWVWRWKHOLQHDUUDPS7KHDXWKRULQYHVWLJDWHG
GLIIHUHQWFRXSOHGFKHPLFDOUHDFWLRQPHFKDQLVPVLQFOXGLQJ(&&((&(HWFLQDGGLWLRQWRVXUIDFHERXQGUHDFWLRQVOLNHDPDOJDPDWLRQDQGDGVRUSWLRQ
,QWKLVQRWHZHLQYHVWLJDWHWKHGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQGDWDWDNHQXVLQJDWUXHDQDORJUDPSDQGDVWDLUFDVHXVLQJVHOHFWHGV\VWHPV:HVKRZWKDWIRUH[SHULPHQWVZKHUHIDUDGDLF
UHDFWLRQVRIVROXWLRQVSHFLHVDUHVWXGLHGDSSUR[LPDWLQJDUDPSZLWKDVWDLUFDVHLVDGHTXDWH+RZHYHULQH[SHULPHQWVZKHUHIDUDGDLFUHDFWLRQVRIVXUIDFHVSHFLHVDUHLQYROYHGRUZKHQ
FDSDFLWDQFHLVPHDVXUHGFDUHKDVWREHWDNHQDVWKHUHFDQEHUHPDUNDEOHGLIIHUHQFHVLQWKHUHVXOWV:HIXUWKHULQWURGXFHRYHUVDPSOLQJDVDQDOWHUQDWLYHDQVZHUDQGVKRZWKDWWKH
RYHUVDPSOHGDQGDYHUDJHGGDWDGRQRWGLIIHUIURPWKRVHPHDVXUHGXVLQJWKHDQDORJUDPS
([SHULPHQWDO
*HQHUDOO\LQDGLJLWDOVZHHSWKHVWDQGDUGFRQYHQWLRQLVWRDFTXLUHRQHGDWDSRLQWDWWKHYHU\HQGRIWKHVWHS*DPU\FDOOVWKLVPHWKRG)DVWPRGH)LJXUH7KLVPHWKRGRI
VDPSOLQJGLVFULPLQDWHVDJDLQVWDQ\FDSDFLWLYHRUVXUIDFHERXQGUHDFWLRQV7KHFXUUHQWFDXVHGE\DQ\FDSDFLWLYHFKDUJLQJRUIDUDGDLFFXUUHQWFRQILQHGWRWKHVXUIDFHGHFD\VLQWKHLQLWLDO
SDUWRIWKHVWHSDQGGRHVQRWFRQWULEXWHWRWKHPHDVXUHGFXUUHQW
:LWK6XUIDFHPRGH*DPU\HQDEOHVDXQLTXHVDPSOLQJPHWKRGWRHOLPLQDWHWKHGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQDVWDLUFDVHDQGDWUXHUDPS,QVXUIDFHPRGHWKHGDWDDUHVDPSOHGWKURXJKRXW
WKHGXUDWLRQRIWKHVWHSDQGDYHUDJHG7KLVDOORZVFDSWXULQJERWKFDSDFLWLYHHIIHFWVDQGDQ\IDUDGDLFHIIHFWVFRQILQHGWRWKHVXUIDFH
)RUWKHH[SHULPHQWVXVHGLQWKLVDSSOLFDWLRQQRWHD*DPU\5HIHUHQFHZDVXVHGZLWKWKH3+(DQGWKH9)3VRIWZDUHSDFNDJHV7KH&9H[SHULPHQWVZHUHSHUIRUPHGXVLQJ
WKHLQWHUQDOGLJLWDOVLJQDOJHQHUDWRUDVZHOODVDWUXHDQDORJVLJQDOJHQHUDWRU0RGHOIURP3ULQFHWRQ$SSOLHG5HVHDUFK
)LJXUH7ZRGLIIHUHQWVDPSOLQJPRGHVIDVWPRGHVDPSOHVDWWKHYHU\
HQGRIDJLYHQVWHSDQGVXUIDFHPRGHVDPSOHVWKURXJKRXWWKHVWHS
$OOGDWDZHUHDFTXLUHGZLWKDP9VVZHHSUDWHZLWKP9VWHSVZKHQXVLQJWKH*DPU\)UDPHZRUNVRIWZDUH:KHQWKHDQDORJVLJQDOJHQHUDWRUZDVXVHG*DPU\V9LUWXDO)URQW
3DQHO6RIWZDUH9)3ZDVHPSOR\HGZLWKDVDPSOLQJUDWHRI+]
7KH)FDSDFLWRUXVHGZDV3DQDVRQLF(&$+0%DQGWKH)FDSDFLWRUZDV1HVV&DS(6+65&5
)RUWKHWKUHHHOHFWURGHH[SHULPHQWV'U%REVFHOOZDVXVHGDORQJZLWKDPP3WZRUNLQJHOHFWURGHDVDWXUDWHGFDORPHOUHIHUHQFHHOHFWURGHDQGJUDSKLWHFRXQWHUHOHFWURGH
)RUWKH+62H[SHULPHQWVWKH3WZRUNLQJHOHFWURGHZDVSROLVKHGSULRUWRLPPHUVLRQLQ0+62
)RUSRWDVVLXPKH[DF\DQRIHUUDWHH[SHULPHQWVDQDTXHRXVVROXWLRQRIP0SRWDVVLXPIHUULF\DQLGHDQG0SRWDVVLXPFKORULGHZDVXVHG
3RO\FU\VWDOOLQH3ODWLQXPLQ6XOIXULF$FLG
)LJXUH7\SLFDOYROWDPPRJUDPRISRO\FU\VWDOOLQH3WLQ+62XVLQJDQDQDORJVLJQDOJHQHUDWRU
&9RISRO\FU\VWDOOLQHSODWLQXPLQGLOXWHVXOIXULFDFLGSURGXFHVVWULNLQJO\GLIIHUHQWUHVXOWVGHSHQGLQJRQKRZWKHFXUUHQWLVVDPSOHG$W\SLFDOYROWDPPRJUDPRISRO\FU\VWDOOLQHSODWLQXPLQ
VXOIXULFDFLGXVLQJDWUXHDQDORJUDPSLVVKRZQLQ)LJXUH
)LJXUH3RO\FU\VWDOOLQH3WLQ+62XVLQJVWDLUFDVHYROWDPPHWU\ZLWKFXUUHQWVDPSOHGLPPHGLDWHO\SULRUWRWKHVWHSFRPSDUHGWRWKHDQDORJVZHHS
7KHUHDUHVHYHUDOGLVWLQFWUHJLRQVLQWKH&9SURILOH6WDUWLQJIURPWKHQHJDWLYHHQGRIWKHYROWDPPRJUDPWKHILUVWUHJLRQRIXSWRa9LVWKHDGVRUSWLRQUHGXFWLYHSHDNVDQG
GHVRUSWLRQRIK\GURJHQ)URP9WRDERXW9QRIDUDGDLFUHDFWLRQVRFFXU7KHWKLUGUHJLRQLVWKHR[LGHIRUPDWLRQUHJLRQVWDUWLQJDWa97KHUHGXFWLRQRISODWLQXPR[LGH
QHJDWLYHFXUUHQWVRFFXUVDWa97KLVYROWDPPHWU\KDVEHHQZHOOVWXGLHGDQGXQGHUVWRRG7KH+DGVRUSWLRQUHJLRQLQSDUWLFXODULVRIWHQXVHGDVDWRROWRGHGXFHWKH
HOHFWURFKHPLFDOO\DFWLYHDUHDRIWKH3WHOHFWURGH
7\SLFDOO\LQVWDLUFDVHYROWDPPHWU\DFXUUHQWUHDGLQJLVDFTXLUHGLPPHGLDWHO\SULRUWRWKHQH[WVWHS7KLVPHWKRGRIVDPSOLQJGLVFULPLQDWHVDJDLQVWDQ\FDSDFLWLYHRUVXUIDFHERXQG
UHDFWLRQV7KHFXUUHQWFDXVHGE\DQ\FDSDFLWLYHFKDUJLQJRUIDUDGDLFFXUUHQWFRQILQHGWRWKHVXUIDFHGHFD\VLQWKHLQLWLDOSDUWRIWKHVWHSDQGGRHVQRWFRQWULEXWHWRWKHPHDVXUHG
FXUUHQW7KHUHIRUHWKHK\GURJHQDGVRUSWLRQUHJLRQLVQRWZHOOGHILQHGZLWKWKHVWDLUFDVHYROWDPPHWU\DVVKRZQLQ)LJXUH
*DPU\HPSOR\VDXQLTXHVDPSOLQJPRGHWRHOLPLQDWHWKLVGLIIHUHQFH,QVWHDGRIVDPSOLQJWKHFXUUHQWDWWKHHQGRIWKHVWHSZKHUHDOOWKHFDSDFLWLYHDQGVXUIDFHUHODWHGFXUUHQWKDV
GHFD\HG\RXFDQVDPSOHWKHFXUUHQWWKURXJKRXWWKHVWHSDQGDYHUDJH7KLVZD\WKHFXUUHQWIURPFDSDFLWLYHDQGVXUIDFHUHODWHGHIIHFWVDUHPHDVXUHGDVZHOODVDQ\SHUVLVWHQWHIIHFWV
WKURXJKRXWWKHVWHS7KLVVDPSOLQJPRGHLVJLYHQWKHQDPH6XUIDFH0RGHLQ*DPU\V)UDPHZRUNVRIWZDUH:KHQVXUIDFHPRGHVDPSOLQJLVXVHGVWUXFWXUHLQWKHGDWDLVUHFDSWXUHG
DVVKRZQLQ)LJXUH
)LJXUH3RO\FU\VWDOOLQH3WLQ+62XVLQJVXUIDFHPRGHVDPSOLQJDQGIDVWPRGHVDPSOLQJ
'RXEOHOD\HUFDSDFLWDQFH
$QRWKHUH[DPSOHZKHUHVWDLUFDVHYROWDPPHWU\KDVWREHVFUXWLQL]HGLVWKHVWXG\RIGRXEOHOD\HUFDSDFLWDQFHRUFDSDFLWRUVLQJHQHUDO
:LWKDQLGHDOFDSDFLWRUWKHFXUUHQWUHVSRQVHWRDQDSSOLHGUDPSLV&ZKHUHLVWKHVZHHSUDWHDQG&LVWKHFDSDFLWDQFH7KHHIIHFWRIUHVLVWRUVLQVHULHVHLWKHUVWUD\RU
LQWHQWLRQDOO\DGGHGFDQDOVREHVKRZQWREHFRQILQHGWRWKHLQLWLDOULVHWLPH7KHVWHDG\VWDWHFXUUHQWHYHQZKHQWKHUHVLVWDQFHLVFRQVLGHUHGLVDJRRGPHDVXUHRIWKHFDSDFLWDQFH
)URPWKHUHDVRQVPHQWLRQHGLQWKHSUHYLRXVVHFWLRQZKHQFDOFXODWLQJDFDSDFLWDQFHIURPDVWDLUFDVHYROWDPPRJUDP\RXPXVWSD\DWWHQWLRQWRWKHVWHSVL]HDQGOHQJWKFRPSDUHGWR
WKHWLPHFRQVWDQWRIWKHV\VWHP
)LJXUH&9RIDQHOHFWURO\WLFFDSDFLWRU
:HLOOXVWUDWHWKHSUREOHPZLWKD)FDSDFLWRU,WVFDSDFLWDQFHLVWKHFRUUHFWRUGHURIPDJQLWXGHIRUFPVL]HGHOHFWURGHV$WP9VWKHH[SHFWHGVWHDG\VWDWHFXUUHQWIRUWKLV
FDSDFLWRULV$)9V
7KHYROWDPPHWU\ZLWKDQDQDORJVLJQDOJHQHUDWRUDWP9V+]VDPSOLQJLVFRPSDUHGWRWKHGDWDZLWKWKHFODVVLFDOO\VDPSOHGVWDLUFDVHYROWDPPRJUDPP9VP9
VWHSLQ)LJXUH7KHWLPHFRQVWDQWRIWKH)FDSDFLWRULVPDQ\RUGHUVRIPDJQLWXGHVPDOOHUWKDQWKHVWHSGXUDWLRQXVHGLQWKHH[SHULPHQW7KHUHIRUHWKHPHDVXUHGFXUUHQWLQWKH
VWDLUFDVHYROWDPPRJUDPLVPXFKORZHUWKDQWKDWRIWKHDQDORJVZHHS
8VLQJ*DPU\VVXUIDFHPRGHVDPSOLQJUHFRYHUVWKHH[SHFWHG$DVVKRZQRQ)LJXUHZLWKWKHVDPHKDUGZDUHVHWWLQJVXVHGIRU)LJXUH
)LJXUH&9RID)FDSDFLWRU&RPSDULVRQRIIDVWPRGHDQGVXUIDFHPRGH
6XSHUFDSDFLWRUVDQG0RVWO\)DUDGDLF&XUUHQWV
7KHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQVWDLUFDVHYROWDPPHWU\DQGDQDORJVZHHSVLVQWDOZD\VREYLRXV,QWKLVVHFWLRQZHLQYHVWLJDWHWZRVXFKFDVHV
)LJXUH&9RID)HOHFWURFKHPLFDOGRXEOHOD\HUFDSDFLWRU
7KHILUVWFDVHLVHOHFWURFKHPLFDOFDSDFLWRUV%HFDXVHRIWKHLUODUJHFDSDFLWDQFHWKHWLPHFRQVWDQWVIRUWKHFXUUHQWVWRGHFD\DIWHUDVWHSDUHFRPSDUDEOHWRWKHW\SLFDOVWHSGXUDWLRQ
7KHUHIRUHWKHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHDQDORJVZHHSDQGWKHVWDLUFDVHLVQRWDVSURQRXQFHGDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUH
$VDVHFRQGH[DPSOHZHZLOOXVHWKH)HUHGR[FRXSOH,QWKHW\SLFDO&9H[SHULPHQWZKHUHWKHIDUDGDLFFXUUHQWLVGRPLQDQWWKHHIIHFWLVLQVLJQLILFDQW$VVKRZQLQ)LJXUHWKH
SHDNFXUUHQWGRHVQRWGHSHQGRQWKHPRGHRIVDPSOLQJDWDOO7KHRQO\SDUWRIWKHYROWDPPRJUDPWKDWLVGHSHQGHQWRQWKHPRGHRIVDPSOLQJLVWKHUHJLRQZKHUHWKHRQO\FXUUHQW
PHDVXUHGLVWKHFKDUJLQJRIWKHGRXEOHOD\HUFDSDFLWDQFH$WSRWHQWLDOVDURXQGP9YHUVXV6&(\RXFDQVHHWKHGLIIHUHQFHFDXVHGE\VDPSOLQJPRGH
)LJXUH9ROWDPPHWU\RIDQDTXHRXVVROXWLRQRI3RWDVVLXPKH[DF\DQRIHUUDWH
&RQFOXVLRQ
6WDLUFDVHYROWDPPHWU\FDQEHXVHGLQVWHDGRIDQDQDORJVZHHSIRUDQXPEHURIGLIIHUHQWHOHFWURFKHPLFDOPHDVXUHPHQWV,QFDVHVZKHUHVXUIDFHFRQILQHGHIIHFWVDUHLPSRUWDQWOLNH+
DGVRUSWLRQRUGRXEOHOD\HUFDSDFLWDQFH\RXPXVWWDNHFDUHUHJDUGLQJWKHFKRLFHRIVWHSKHLJKWDQGGXUDWLRQ,QWKRVHPHDVXUHPHQWVHPSOR\RYHUVDPSOLQJDQGDYHUDJLQJLQRUGHUWR
HOLPLQDWHWKHGLIIHUHQFHVFDXVHGE\WKHXVHRIDVWDLUFDVHVLJQDO
5HIHUHQFHV
1LFKROVRQ56DQG6KDLQ,$QDO&KHP
0XUSK\002'HD--$UQ'2VWHU\RXQJ-*$QDO&KHP
0XUSK\002'HD--$UQ'2VWHU\RXQJ-*$QDO&KHP
+H3$QDO&KHP
%RWW$&XUUHQW6HSDUDWLRQV
3ULQFHWRQ$SSOLHG5HVHDUFK6,OOLQRLV$YH2DN5LGJH71
3DQDVRQLF,QGXVWULDO'HYLFHV6DOHV&RPSDQ\RI$PHULFD5LYHUIURQW3OD]D1HZDUN1-
1HVVFDS(QHUJ\,QF&DPLQR'HO$YLRQ$0RQDUFK%HDFK&$
:LOO)*.QRUU.$=(OHNWURFKHP
.LVVLQJHU37LQ/DERUDWRU\7HFKQLTXHVLQ(OHFWURDQDO\WLFDO&KHPLVWU\HGLWHGE\.LVVLQJHU37+HLQHPDQ:50DUFHO 'HNNHU1<
%DUG$-DQG)DXONQHU/5(OHFWURFKHPLFDO0HWKRGV)XQGDPHQWDOVDQG$SSOLFDWLRQV:LOH\1<
7KHFDSDFLWRULVODEHOHG)E\WKHPDQXIDFWXUHU7KHDFWXDOFDSDFLWDQFHZDVPHDVXUHGE\LPSHGDQFHVSHFWURVFRS\