Rehabilitation and maintenance

of buildings - 03
Karel Mike

Contents

Properties of material
Failures of steel structures
Types of refurbishment
Methods of reliability verification
Basis of members design of steel structures
Basis of joint design
Assessment of steel structures
Strengthening of members
Strengthening and refurbishment of structures
Refurbishment of masonry structures using steelwork
Seismic upgrading using steel structure
2

Connections

Bolted
Welded
Riveted (history)

Realised:
In shop
On site
Calculation:
on resistance
on calculated internal forces
3

Connections
Bolted connections

Types:
According to static behaviour:

Normal (no preloading)

Slipresistant (controlled tightening)

According to loading:

Shear
Tension

Bolted connections
Shear loading

Common bolts:

shear
bearing

Slipresistant bolts:

slip
bearing

Bolted connections
Shear resistance

Fv .Rd

0,5 As fub
i
M2

Fv .Rd i

for bolt grades 4.8, 5.8, 10.9

0,6 As fub
for
other
M
2

bolt grades

As

Core area of cross section of bolt

fub

Ultimate strength of bolt

Number of shear planes

M2 =1,25

Bolted connections
Bearing resistance

Fb.Rd

d0
d

k1 b d t fu
M2

e1
;
3 d0

b min

p1
1
;
3 d0 4

fub
;
fu

Effect of bolt pitches

e1

p1

k1 2,5
t
d
d0
fub
fu

Fb.Sd

Minimum thickness in one direction

Diameter of bolt
Diameter of hole
Strength of bolt
Strength of material

Bolted connections
Resistance of slip-resistant bolts

Slip resistance
Fs .Rd

prestressing force

ks n
Fp.C
M3

Fp.C 0,7 As fub

As

Core area of cross section of bolt

fub

Ultimate strength of bolt

Number of friction planes

friction coefficient ... 0,2 to 0,5

M 3 1,25

Bolted connections
Bolts loaded in tension

Resistance in tension
Ft .Rd 0,9 fub As M 2

The same resistance for common and

preloaded bolts
9

10

Welded connections

Fillet welds

Butt welds
fully supply basic material

Welds = rigid connections (no slip)

Welded connections
Fillet welds
a

effective throat thickness of the fillet weld

direct stresses perpendicular to the throat
shear stresses perpendicular to the axis of weld
shear stresses parallel to the axis of weld
direct stresses parallel to the axis of weld (neglected)

11

Welded connections
Check of fillet weld

3 2

0,9

II2

fu

fu

w M 2

M2

M 2 1,25
w correlation factor
depends of steel grade

12

Welded connections
Two fillet welds in parallel shear

0
ll

F
2a

fu
ll
w Mw

13

Welded connections
Connection of cantilever

V transferred by web:

F
ll
2a

M transferred by whole weld cross-section:

M
R
Wwe

M

2 Wwe

Wwe

Point 1: II, ,
Point 2: ,
14

Iwe

Welded connections
Flange-to-web weld
V

VSd

Longitudinal shear flow V:

VS
V
[ kN / m ]
I

ll

V
fu
VS

2 a I 2 a w M 2

15

Riveting

Assembly
Heated to white heat
Pneumatic hammer
(clamping rivets length max. s=4,5 d)

Function (after cooling)

Fully filled hole

Before riveting diameter is by 1 mm less then hole diameter

Prestressing connected sheets

Material
Rivet from steel with lower strength than basic material (when
they are exchanged can be cut off)
Head
Half spherical
(Countersink)
16

Riveting

Supply at the refurbishment:

Additional rivets or bigger diameter

Bolts slip resistant connection, retro heads of
bolts
Bolts injected by epoxy

Riveting is history

Exhibition on 3rd floor of Eiffel's tower

17

Riveted connections - Resistance

Shear

Shear

0,6 fur A0
M2
Bearing ... as for bolts

Tension

Fv,Rd

Ft,Rd

0,6 fur A0
M2

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