Paragon Hotel, Jakarta - Day One 4 January 2014

Training Material

4G RF Planning & Optimization

Our Product and Service

Learning Center
Research and Development

Industrial Product
www.floatway.com

4G RF Planning &
Optimization
Training
Day 1
Trainer: Jonny Giffly
Radio Cellular Technology
Network Architecture
Cellular Frequency Allocation
Multiple Access
OFDMA & OFDMA
SC-FDMA
RF Planning
Coverage Planning
Capacity Planning
Feature based on 3GPP Release
Deployment Issue

1G to 4G
1G
2G

3G

4G

Wireline and Wireless: Milestones

FTTH 100 Mbps

100 Mbps

3.9G

ADSL2+ 25 Mbps

10 Mbps
ADSL 3 to 5 Mbps

1 Mbps

100 Kbps

LTE 10 Mbps

3.5G
3.5G

ADSL 1 Mbps
ISDN
128 Kbps

3G
2.5G

2G

HSPA+ 5 Mbps

HSDPA 1 Mbps

UMTS 350 Kbps

EDGE 100 Kbps

GPRS 40 Kbps

10 Kbps
2000

2005

2010

Mobile throughput follows landline throughput by approx. factor 10

Wireline and Wireless: Milestones (Update)

Participant Introduction

Name
Current Job Profile
Previous Experience
Expectations, etc.

Alfin Hikmaturokhman.,MT

RADIO CELLULAR
TECHNOLOGY

2G & 3G Radio Technology (Need Update)

from GSM to UMTS Evolution: Data rates
EDGE
Enhanced Data rates for the GSM Evolution
8PSK instead of GMSK (Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying)
Bundling 1-8 channels

GPRS General Packet Radio Services

Packet-switched
New infrastructure
(new protocol architecture: prerequisite for UMTS!)
Bundling 1-8 channels

HSCSD High Speed Circuit Switched Data

Circuit-switched
No new network elements: SW modifications
Bundling 1-8 channels

UMTS (WCDMA)
Terrestrial Radio Access

2G & 3G Radio Technology (Update)

from GSM to UMTS Evolution: Data rates

10

Wireless Broadband Technology Evolution

WCDMA
3G R99

HSDPA
Rel 4

HSDPA
Rel 5

DL up to 384
Kbps

DL up to 3.6
Mbps

DL up to 7.2
Mbps

HSPA
Rel 6

HSPA+
Rel 7

HSPA+
Rel 8

4G
(WiMAX
and LTE)

DL up to 14
Mbps,
UL up to 5.8
Mbps

DL up to 21
Mbps,
UL up to 8.3
Mbps

DL up to 35
Mbps,
UL up to 8.3
Mbps

DL up to 48
Mbps,
UL up to 24
Mbps

Wireless Broadband Technology Evolution (Update)

12

Towards to 4G (Adding Slide)

13

Towards to 4G (Cont-1)

14

Towards to 4G (Cont-2)

15

NETWORK
ARCHITECTURE

16

3GPP architecture evolution towards flat architecture

Release 6

Release 7
Direct Tunnel

GGSN
SGSN

Release 7
Direct Tunnel and
RNC in NB

GGSN
SGSN

RNC
NB

Control Plane

GGSN
SGSN

Release 8
SAE and LTE
SAE GW
MME

RNC

RNC
NB

NB

User Plane

eNB

3GPP architecture evolution

towards flat architecture (Update1)

18

3GPP architecture evolution

towards flat architecture (Update2)

19

LTE Network Architecture

UMTS 3G: UTRAN

GGSN

EPC

MME
S-GW / P-GW

MME
S-GW / P-GW

SGSN

RNC

RNC
eNB

eNB

eNB
NB

NB

NB

NB

UMTS : Universal Mobile Telecommunications System

UTRAN : Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network
GGSN : Gateway GPRS Support Node
GPRS: General Packet Radio Service
SGSN : Serving GPRS Support Node
RNC: Radio Network Controller
NB: Node B

eNB
E-UTRAN

EPC ; Evolved Packet Core

MME : Mobility Management Entity
S-GC : Serving Gateway
P-GW : PDN Gateway
PDN : Packet Data Network
eNB : E-UTRAN Node B / Evolved Node B
E-UTRAN ; Evolved-UTRAN

Simplified LTE network elements and interfaces

3GPP TS 36.300 Figure 4: Overall Architecture
EPC

MME
S-GW / P-GW

MME
S-GW / P-GW

S1

eNB

eNB

X2
eNB

eNB
E-UTRAN

EPC ; Evolved Packet Core

MME : Mobility Management Entity
S-GC : Serving Gateway
P-GW : PDN Gateway
PDN : Packet Data Network
eNB : E-UTRAN Node B / Evolved Node B
E-UTRAN ; Evolved-UTRAN

eNB = All radio interface-related functions

MME = Manages mobility, UE identity, and
security parameters.
S-GW = Node that terminates the interface
towards E-UTRAN.
P-GW = Node that terminates the interface
towards PDN
Simple Architecture
Flat IP-Based Architecture
Reduction in latency and cost
Split between EPC and E-UTRAN
Compatibility with 3GPP and non-3GPP
technologies

System architecture for E-UTRAN only network

System architecture for 3GPP access networks

CELLULAR
FREQUENCY
ALLOCATION

24

2G Frequency Allocation in Indonesia

GSM 900

DCS 1800

3G Frequency Allocation in Indonesia

Frequency Spectrum Update March 2013

3G Frequency Allocation in Indonesia

Frequency Spectrum Plan September 2013

900 (CDMA & GSM) and 2100 Mhz Frequency

(3G WCDMA) Allocation in Indonesia (Update)
Uplink Frequency per operator
890

895

900

907.5

ISAT

915

TSEL

825

XL

ESIA

830

835

FLEXI

840

Fren

845

Star1

Downlink Frequency per Operator

935

940

945

952.5

ISAT
TSEL
Before bidding in 2100 Mhz Frequency
Block 2100 Mhz
Operator

HCPT Axis

960

870

XL

875

ESIA

FLEXI

Axis

Tsel

Tsel HCPT Isat

4
Tsel

5
Tsel

880

885

Fren

Star1

10

11

12

Isat

XL

XL

New
(Tsel)

New
(XL)

8
XL

9
XL

10
XL

11
Axis

12
Axis

After bidding in 2100 Mhz Frequency

Block 2100 Mhz 1
2
3
Operator
HCPT HCPT Tsel

6
Isat

7
Isat

Note: The winner for bidding are PT Telkomsel and PT XL Axiata

1800 and 2100 Mhz Frequency (3G WCDMA)

Allocation in Indonesia (Update)
Uplink Frequency per operator
1710

1717.5

XL

1722.5

ISAT

1730

TSEL

1735

1740

NTS

1745

1750

TSEL

1755

1760

1765

1770

ISAT

1775

TSEL

1780

1785

HCPT

Downlink Frequency per Operator

1805

1812.5

XL

1817.5

ISAT

1825

1830

TSEL

1835

NTS

1840

1845

TSEL

1850

1855

1860

1865

ISAT

1870

TSEL

1875

1880

HCPT

Before bidding in 2100 Mhz Frequency

Block 2100 Mhz
Operator

HCPT Axis

Axis

Tsel

Tsel HCPT Isat

4
Tsel

5
Tsel

10

11

12

Isat

XL

XL

New
(Tsel)

New
(XL)

8
XL

9
XL

10
XL

11
Axis

12
Axis

After bidding in 2100 Mhz Frequency

Block 2100 Mhz 1
2
3
Operator
HCPT HCPT Tsel

6
Isat

7
Isat

Note: The winner for bidding are PT Telkomsel and PT XL Axiata

4G RF Planning &
Optimization
Training
Day 1
Trainer: Jonny Giffly
Radio Cellular Technology
Network Architecture
Cellular Frequency Allocation
Multiple Access
OFDMA & OFDMA
SC-FDMA
RF Planning
Coverage Planning
Capacity Planning
Feature based on 3GPP Release
Deployment Issue

30

OFDM

Single Carrier Transmission (e.g. WCDMA)

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

OFDM Concept: Mengapa OFDM

Sinyal OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division

Multiplexing) dapat mendukung kondisi NLOS
(Non Line of Sight) dengan mempertahankan
efisiensi spektral yang tinggi dan memaksimalkan
spektrum yang tersedia.

Mendukung lingkungan propagasi multi-path.

Scalable bandwidth : menyediakan fleksibilitas

dan potensial mengurangi CAPEX (capital
expense).
32

OFDM Concept: NLOS Performance

33

OFDM Concept : Mutipath Propagation

Sinyal-sinyal multipath datang pada waktu yang berbeda dengan amplitudo dan pergeseran
fasa yang berbeda, yang menyebabkan pelemahan dan penguatan daya sinyal yang diterima.

Propagasi multipath berpengaruh terhadap performansi link dan coverage.

Selubung (envelop) sinyal Rx berfluktuasi secara acak.

34

OFDM Concept: FFT

Multi-carrier modulation/multiplexing technique

Available bandwidth is divided into several subchannels

Data is serial-to-parallel converted

Symbols are transmitted on different subcarriers

35

OFDM Concept: IFFT

Basic ideas valid for various multicarrier techniques:

OFDM: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

OFDMA: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access

36

OFDM Concept: Single-Carrier Vs. OFDM

Single-Carrier Mode:

Serial Symbol Stream Used to Modulate a

Single Wideband Carrier

Serial Datastream Converted to Symbols

(Each Symbol Can Represented 1 or More
Data Bits)

OFDM Mode:

Each Symbol Used to Modulate a Separate

Sub-Carrier

37

OFDM Concept: Single-Carrier Vs. OFDM

Single-Carrier Mode

OFDM Mode

Dotted Area Represents Transmitted Spectrum

Solid Area Represents Receiver Input

OFDM mengatasi delay spread, multipath dan ISI (Inter Symbol Interference) secara efisien
sehingga dapat meningkatkan throughput data rate yang lebih tinggi.

Memudahkan ekualisasi kanal terhadap sub-carrier OFDM individual, dibandingkan terhadap

sinyal single-carrier yang memerlukan teknik ekualisasi adaptif lebih kompleks.

38

OFDM Concept: Motivation for Multi-carrier Approaches

Multi-carrier transmission offers various

advantages over traditional single carrier
approaches:
Highly scalable
Simplified equalizer design in the frequency domain,
also in cases of large delay spread
High spectrum density
Simplified the usage of MIMO

Weakness of multi-carrier systems:

Increased peak to average power ratio (PAPR)

39

OFDM Concept: Peak to Average Power Ratio

(PAPR)

Tipe Sub-Carrier OFDM

Data Sub-carriers

Membawa simbol BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM

Pilot Sub-carriers

Untuk memudahkan estimasi kanal dan demodulasi koheren pada receiver.

Null Subcarrier

Guard Sub-carriers

DC Sub-carrier
41

Guard Interval (Cyclic Prefix)

Untuk mengatasi multipath delay spread

Contoh pada WiMAX Guard Interval (cyclic prefix) : 1/4, 1/8, 1/16 or 1/32

42

OFDM Transceiver

43

OFDM & OFDMA

OFDM

OFDMA

Semua subcarrier dialokasikan untuk satu

user

Misal : 802.16-2004

Subcarrier dialokasikan secara fleksibel

untuk banyak user tergantung pada kondisi
radio.

Misal : 802.16e-2005 dan 802.16m

44

Difference between OFDM and OFDMA

OFDM allocates users in time

domain only

OFDMA allocates users in

time and frequency domain

OFDMA time-frequency multiplexing

LTE Downlink Physical Layer Design: Physical

Resource
The physical resource can be seen as
a time-frequency grid

LTE uses OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) as its radio technology in
downlink

In the uplink LTE uses a pre=coded version of OFDM, SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency
Division Multiple Access) to reduced power consumption

47

LTE Downlink Resource Grid

Suatu RB (resource block) terdiri dari 12 subcarrier pada

suatu durasi slot 0.5 ms.

Satu subcarrier mempunyai BW 15 kHz, sehingga menjadi 180

kHz per RB.

48

Parameters for DL generic frame structure

Bandwidth (MHz)

1.25

2.5

5.0

Subcarrier bandwidth (kHz)

15

Physical resource block (PRB)

bandwidth (kHz)

180

Number of available PRBs

12

25

10.0

15.0

20.0

50

75

100

49

Parameters for DL generic frame structure

Transmission BW

1.25 MHz

2.5 MHz

5 MHz

Sub-frame duration

0.5 ms

Sub-carrier spacing

15 kHz

10 MHz

15 MHz

20 MHz

Sampling frequency

192 MHz
(1/2x3.84
MHz)

3.84 MHz

7.68 MHz
(2x3.84
MHz)

15.36 MHz
(4x3.84
MHz)

23.04 MHz
(6x3.84
MHz)

30.72 MHz
(8x3.84
MHz)

FFT size

128

256

512

1024

1536

2048

(4.69/72) x 6,
(5.21/80) x 1

(4.69/108) x 6,
(5.21/120) x 1

(4.69/144) x 6,
(5.21/160) x 1

OFDM sym per slot

(short/long CP)

CP length
(usec/
samples)

7/6

Short

(4.69/9) x 6,
(5.21/10) x 1

Long

(16.67/32)

(4.69/18) x 6,
(5.21/20) x 1

(16.67/64)

(4.69/36) x 6,
(5.21/40) x 1

(16.67/128)

(16.67/256)

(16.67/384)

(16.67/512)

50

LTE Spectrum Flexibility

LTE physical layer supports any bandwidth from 1.4

MHz to 20 MHz in steps of 180 kHz (resource block).
Current LTE specification supports a subset of 6
different system bandwidths.
All UEs must support the maximum bandwidth of 20
MHz.

E-UTRA channel bandwidth

Case Study
LTE Signal Spectrum (20 MHz case)

The LTE standard uses an over-sized LTE. The actual used bandwidth is controlled by the
number of used subcarriers. 15 kHz subcarrier spacing is the constant factor!

18 MHz out of 20 MHz is used for data, 1 MHz on each side is used as guard band.

LTE used spectrum radio = 90%

WiMAX used spectrum radio = 82%

53

TDD & FDD

Time Division Duplex (TDD)

Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)

Durasi Frame : 2.5 - 20ms

54

Generic LTE Frame Structure type 1 (FDD)

Tf = 307200 x Ts = 10 ms
Tslot = 15360 x Ts = 0.5 ms

Untuk struktur generik, frame radio 10 ms dibagi dalam 20 slot yang sama berukuran 0.5 ms.

Suatu sub-frame terdiri dari 2 slot berturut-turut, sehingga satu frame radio berisi 10 subframe.

Ts menunjukkan unit waktu dasar yang sesuai dengan 30.72 MHz.

Struktur frame tipe-1 dapat digunakan untuk transmisi FDD dan TDD.

55

LTE Frame Structure type 1 (FDD)

2 slots form one subframe = 1 ms

For FDD, in each 10 ms interval, all 10 subframes are available for downlink transmission and uplink
transmissions.
For TDD, a subframe is either located to downlink or uplink transmission.The 0th and 5th subframe in a
radio frame is always allocated for downlink transmission.
56

Downlink LTE Frame Structure type 1 (FDD)

Generic LTE Frame Structure type 2 (TDD)

Struktur frame tipe-2 hanya digunakan untuk transmisi TDD.

Slot 0 dan DwPTSdisediakan untuk transmisi DL, sedangkan slot 1 dan UpPTS disediakan
untuk transmisi UL.
58

LTE Frame Structure type 2 (TDD)

59

Mobile WiMAX Frame Structure

60

LTE Frame Structure type 2 (TDD)

DL Peak rates for E-UTRA FDD/TDD

frame structure type 1

Assumptions
Unit
Requirement
2x2 MIMO
4x4 MIMO

Downlink
64 QAM
Signal overhead for reference signals and
control channel occupying one OFDM symbol
Mbps in 20 MHz
b/s/Hz
100
5.0
172.8
8.6
326.4
16.3

UL Peak rates for E-UTRA FDD/TDD

frame structure type 1
Assumptions

Unit
Requirement
16QAM
64QAM

Uplink
Single TX UE
Signal overhead for reference signals and control
channel occupying 2RB
Mbps in 20 MHz
b/s/Hz
50
2.5
57.6
2.9
86.4
4.3

Peak rates for E-UTRA TDD

frame structure type 2
Downlink
Assumptions

64 QAM, R=1

Uplink
Single TX UE,
64 QAM, R=1

Mbps
Mbps
b/s/Hz
in 20 MHz
in 20 MHz
50
Requirement
100
5.0
2x2 MIMO in DL
142
7.1
62.7
4x4 MIMO in DL
270
13.5

Unit

b/s/Hz
2.5
3.1

SC-FDMA

65

LTE Uplink Transmission Scheme: SC-FDMA

Pemilihan OFDMA dianggap optimum untuk memenuhi persyaratan

LTE pada arah downlink, tetapi OFDMA memiliki properti yang
kurang menguntungkan pada arah Uplink.
Hal tsb terutama disebabkan oleh lemahnya peak-to-average power
ratio (PAPR) dari sinyal OFDMA, yang mengakibatkan buruknya
coverage uplink.
Oleh karena itu, skema transmisi Uplink LTE untuk mode FDD
maupun TDD didasarkan pada SC-FDMA, yang mempunyai properti
PAPR lebih baik.
Pemrosesan sinyal SC-FDMA memiliki beberapa kesamaan dengan
pemrosesan sinyal OFDMA, sehingga parameter-parameter DL dan
UL dapat diharmonisasi.
Untuk membangkitkan sinyal SC-FDMA, E-UTRA telah memilih
DFT-spread-OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM).

66

OFDMA and SC-FDMA

The symbol mapping

in OFDM happens in
the frequency
domain.

In SC-FDMA, the
symbol mapping is
done in the time
domain.

Appropriate
subscriber mapping in
the frequency domain
allows to control the
PAPR.

SC-FDMA enable
frequency domain
equalizer approaches
like OFDMA
67

How does a SC-FDMA signal look like?

Similar to OFDM signal, but

in OFDMA, each sub-carrier only carries
information related to one specific symbol,
in SC-FDMA, each sub-carrier contains information
of ALL transmitted symbols.

SC-FDMA parameterization (FDD and

TDD)
LTE FDD
Same as in downlink

TD-LTE
Usage of UL depends on the selected UL-DL configuration (1 to 8), each
configuration offers a different number of subframes (1ms) for uplink
transmission,
Parameterization for those subframes, means number of SC-FDMA symbols
same as for FDD and depending on CP,
69

Improved UL Performance
SC-FDMA compared to ordinary OFDM

Single-carrier transmission in uplink enables low PAPR that gives more 4 dB

better link budget and reduced power consumption compared to OFDM

70

LTE Uplink SC-FDMA Physical Layer

Parameters

71

4G RF Planning &
Optimization
Training
Day 1
Trainer: Jonny Giffly
Radio Cellular Technology
Network Architecture
Cellular Frequency Allocation
Multiple Access
OFDMA & OFDMA
SC-FDMA
RF Planning
Coverage Planning
Capacity Planning
Feature based on 3GPP Release
Deployment Issue

72

A Game of Avoiding Extremes

Pendimensian Jaringan dalam Analisis Techno-Economics

Cakupan
sel

Dimensi suatu
jaringan
Kapasitas
sel

Memaksimalkan Coverage dan Capacity

Memaksimalkan coverage

Pilih teknologi akses

Gunakan band frekuensi yang
rendah
Tingkatkan tinggi antena
Naikan daya pancar

Kurangi persyaratan kualitas

Memaksimalkan kapasitas
Pilih teknologi akses
Perbesar band frekuensi
Gunakan re-use frequency

Kurangi persyaratan C/I

Rendahkan tinggi antena
Gunakan fitur software
Gunakan antena adaptif

LTE Dimensioning Definition

LTE Spectrum Usage
Parameters
LTE Duplex
Frequency
Frequency DL
Frequency UL
Bandwidth
Modulation &Coding
Schemes
Scheduling

Value
FDD
2100 MHz (BAND 1)
2110-2170 MHz
1920-1980 MHz
10 MHz (50 Resource Block)
AMC (QPSK,16QAM,64QAM)
& ,
Proportional Fair

LTE Dimensioning Definition

LTE eNodeB Configuration

Parameters

Value

PTx (dbm)

46 dbm

Gain Antena Tx

18 dbi

Jumper Cable

0.2 db/m

Feeder Cable

0,4db/km

Rx Sensitivity (dbm)

-100 dbm

Gain Antena Rx

18 dbi

TMA / MHA

13 db

Sector

Sistem Antena Base Station (BTS)

Gain antenna,
Beam antenna

Feeder
Loss

Tx Power
Receiver
Sensitivity
Noise Figure, dll

LTE Nominal Planning

COVERAGE PLANNING

80

Link Budget
path loss

TXer
Txer
component

RXer
Rxer
component

link budget component

LINK BUDGET
Gain
Sistem

Margin
Sistem

Radius
Sel

Daya Pancar

Fading Margin

Model Propagasi

Gain Antena

Interference
Margin

Frekuensi Operasi

Sensitivitas
Penerima

Loss penetrasi
bangunan

Tinggi Antena
pemancar/
penerima

SNR threshold
tiap modulasi

Gain/loss
sistem lainnya

Jarak Referensi

Dasar Pemahaman Link Budget

Link Budget: Up Link

Frequency range, MHz

Mobile parameters
- Tx PA output (max)
- Cable loss
- Antenna gain
-------- (Subsc. ERP max, dB)
Environmental margins
- Fading margin
- Environmental attenuation
- Cell overlap
-------------------- (dB)

Base station parameters

- Rx ant. gain Rx jumper loss
- Rx tower top amp gain (net)
- Rx cable loss
- Rx ligthning arrester loss

- Rx duplexer loss
- Rx diversity gain
- Rx coding gain
- Rx sensitivity
------- Up-link budget, dB

Link Budget: Down Link

Frequency range, MHz
Base station parameters
- Tx PA output power
- Tx combiner loss
- Tx duplexer loss
- Tx ligthning arrester loss
- Tx cable loss
- Tx jumper loss
- Tx tower top amp gain
- Tx antenna gain

(Cell ERP, dB)

Environmental margins
- Tx diversity gain
- Fading margin
- Environmental attenuation
- Cell overlap
(dB)
Mobile parameters
- Antenna gain
- Rx diversity gain
- Antenna cable loss
- Coding gain
- Rx sensitivity
---------- Down-link budget, dB

Maximum Allowed Path Loss

Uplink Budget

MAPL Calculation (Uplink Link)

Maximum Allowed Path Loss
Uplink Link Budget LTE
Unit
Kbps

Value
1024

Info

dBm
dB
dB

23
0
0

a
b
c

d. EIRP

dBm

23

a+b+c

Receiver - eNodeB
e. Noise Figure
f. Thermal Noise
g. SINR
h. Receiver Sensitivity
i. Interference Margin
j. TMA Gain
k. Rx antenna gain
l. Loss System

dB
dBm
dB
dBm
dB
dB
dBi
dB

2.2
-107.13
-1.95
-106.88
1.81
2
18
0.4

e
k*T*B
g
e+f+g
i
j
k
l

MAPL

dB

147.67

d-h-i+j+k-l

Data Rate
Transmitter - UE
a. Tx Power
b. Tx Antenna Gain
c. Body Loss

MAPL = 147.67
Radius = 0.99 Km

MAPL Calculation (Downlink Link)

Maximum Allowed Path Loss

Data Rate
Transmitter - eNodeB
a. Tx Power
b. Tx Antenna Gain
c. Loss System
d. EIRP

Downlink Link Budget LTE

Unit
Value
kbps
1000

Info

dBm
dB
dB
dBm

46
18
3
61

a
b
c
a+b+c

Receiver - UE
e. Ue Noise Figure
f. Thermal Noise
g. SINR
h. Receiver Sensitivity
i. Interference Margin

dB
dBm
dB
dBm
dB

7
-102.7
-5
-100.7
3

e
k*T*B
g
e+f+g
i

j. Control Channel Overhead

k. Rx antenna gain
l. Body Loss

dB
dBi
dB

1
0
0

j
k
l

MAPL

dB

157.7

d-h-i-j+k-l

ENGINEERING MODEL
Example of WCDMA RLB for Voice
Link budget of AMR 12.2 kbps voice service (120 km/h, in-car users,
Vehicular A type channel, with soft handover)

Example of WCDMA RLB for Data

Link budget of 144 kbps real-time data service (3 km/h, indoor user
covered by outdoor BS, Vehicular A type channel, with soft handover)

Link Budget Tipikal

Link Budget Tipikal

Link Budget
UPLINK

DOWNLINK

MA

https://sites.google.com/site/lteencyclopedia/lte-radio-link-budgeting-and-rf-planning/lte-link-budget-comparison

Contoh Perhitungan Link Budget

COVERAGE PLANNING
MODEL PROPAGASI

96

Model Propagasi
Suatu model propagasi menggambarkan
hubungan redaman jarak rata-rata yang
terjadi yang sekaligus dapat digunakan untuk
perhitungan radius/jangkauan sel.
Model propagasi bergantung pada:

Enironment: urban, rural, dense urban, suburban,

open, forest, sea
Jarak
Frequency
Kondisi atmosfer
Indoor/outdoor

Contoh Model Propagasi

Free space
Wakfish-Ikegami
Okumura-Hatta
Longley-Rice
Lee

Propagation Model

LTE 700 MHz

Okumura-Hatta
Lp 69,55 26,16 log f 13,82 log hB - CH [44,9 6,55 log hB] log d

LTE 2100 MHz

Cost 231-Hatta

Lp 46,3 33,9 (logfc ) 13,82 loghT a(hR ) (44,9 6,55loghT )logd CM

LTE 2600 MHz

SUI
Lp 109.78 47.9 log (d/100)

Nominal Planning By Coverage

PROPAGATION MODEL : COST231-Hata

L 46,3 33,9 logfc 13,82 loghT a(hR ) (44,9 6,55loghT )logd CM

Element:
Frequency
150 - 1500 MHz

A
B
69.55 26.16

1500 - 2000 MHz

46.3

33.9

0 dB

For Rural and suburban

3 dB

For Dense Urban and Urban

CM =

Pathloss SUI
Lp = 109.78 + 47.9 log (d/100)

47.9 log( d / 100) Lp 109.78

log( d / 100) ( Lp 109.78) / 47.9
(d / 100) 10( Lp109.78) / 47.9
d 100 x10( Lp109.78) / 47.9
(157.7 109.78) / 47.9
d 100 x10
1.00042
d 100x10
d 1000.966 meters

COVERAGE PLANNING
CELL RADIUS

102

Radius Calculation

L = 2,6 d2

L = 1,3 . 2,6 . d2

For 2-sectoral

L = 1,95 . 2,6 . d2

For 3-sectoral

Radius Calculation
For Omni directional

For trisectoral

L = 2,6 d2

L = 1,95 . 2,6 . d2

L 2.6 x (1)
L 2.6 km2

L 1.95 x 2.6 x (1)

L 5.07 km2

Number of eNodeB

Urban Area (3 sector)

total area 242.928 km2
NeNodeB 242.928 / 5.07
N eNodeB 48

Nominal Planning By Coverage

Balance Site Radius
R = 0.98 km
Coverage Site
= 4.98 KM
Coverage Area = 125 KM

25 Site

L = 2,6 d2

L = 1,3. 2.6 . d2

For 2-sectoral
L = 1,95 . 2.6 . d2

For 3-sectoral

Quiz : LTE Nominal Planning

Sebuah operator seluler berencana untuk menggelar jaringan
Lte di 5 kota besar di Indonesia yaitu : Jakarta, Bandung,
Yogyakarta, Surabaya dan Denpasar. Apabila diketahui
luas daerah kota besar tersebut, hitung berapa
jumlah eNodeB 3 sektor yang dibutuhkan pada
setiap kota? (f = 1800 MHz)
Kota

Luasan*

Jakarta

662,33 km2

Bandung

167,67 km2

Yogyakarta

32,5 km2

Surabaya

374,78 km2

Denpasar

123,98 km2

*Sumber : wikipedia

CAPACITY PLANNING

108

Nominal Planning By Capacity:

Number of user
Un = Uo (1 + gf)n

Uo is Uou or Uosub
Where:

UoN = a x b x d x N

Un
Uo
a
b
d
N
gf
n
u/sub

: num of user on year n

: initial num of user (based on urban/sub-urban)
: percent of cellular user (%)
: penetration of operator A (%)
: Percent of LTE user
: num of civilian in the object area
: num of user growth factor
: planned year
: urban or sub-urban penetration (%)

Uou = u x UoN
Uosub = sub x UoN

Nominal Planning By Capacity:

Number of user
Ex :
Population
Cellular penetration
LTE penetration
LTE provider A penetration
Population

= 1445892 people
= assumption 80%
= assumption 10 %
= assumption 50 %
1445892

people

Customer cellular (80%)

1156713

user

Customer LTE (10%)

115671

user

Customer LTE provider A (50%)

57835

user

User prediction in 5th years

U5 = 57835 ( 1 + 0.05 )5 assumption fp=5%
= 73814 user

Nominal Planning By Capacity:

User Density
Cu = Un/ Lu

Lu = L x u

Lu
L

: urban area wide

: object area wide

Cu : Urban area density

Csub : sub-urban area density

Ex :
urban area penetration

= assumption 40 %

=>
Urban area wide (Lu)

: 242,928 km2

=>
Cu = 44288 / 242,928

= 182,31232 user/km2

Nominal Planning By Capacity:

Traffic user prediction

Nominal Planning By Capacity :

Traffic user prediction
- Avg. Traffic user / BH
= 10 MB
- Avg. Traffic user /
Sub
= 10 MB / 3600 s *8 bit
= 22.75 Kbps
- Total Offered Traffic
= 73814 * 22.75
= 1679268.5 Kbps

= (1680 Mbps)

Nominal Planning By Capacity

Calculate Cell by Capacity

Element
Cell Capacity
Sector
enodeB Capacity
Congestion Control
Total Offered Traffic
No. Of Site

No. Of Site = 25 Site

Value
18
3
54
80
1680
24.88889

Unit
Mbps
sector
Mbps
%
Mbps
Site

Nominal Planning By Capacity

Number of User
Un = Uo (1 + gf)n

Uo is Uou or Uosub

UoN = a x b x d x N
Where:

Un
Uo
a
b
d
N
gf
n
u/sub

: num of user on year n

: initial num of user (based on urban/sub-urban)
: percent of cellular user (%)
: penetration of operator A (%)
: Percent of LTE user
: num of civilian in the object area
: num of user growth factor
: planned year
: urban or sub-urban penetration (%)

Uou = u x UoN
Uosub = sub x UoN

Customer Prediction Parameter

Nominal Planning By Capacity
Ex :
Population
Cellular penetration
LTE penetration
LTE provider A penetration
Population

= 1445892 people
= assumption 80%
= assumption 10 %
= assumption 50 %
1445892

people

Customer cellular (80%)

1156713

user

Customer LTE (10%)

115671

user

Customer LTE provider A (50%)

57835

user

User prediction in 5th years

U5 = 57835 ( 1 + 0.05 )5 assumption fp=5%
= 73814 user

Example User Calculation

Ex :

urban penetration
= assumption 60 %
suburban penetration
= assumption 40 %
Urban user
= 73814 x 60 %
= 44288 user
Suburban user = 73814 x 40 % = 29525 user

User Density
Lu = L x u

Lu : urban area wide

Lsub : sub-urban area wide
L : object area wide

Cu = Un/ Lu

Lsub = L x sub

Cu : Urban area density

Csub : sub-urban area density

Csub = Un/Lsub

Example User Density Calculation

Ex :
urban area penetration
suburban area penetration
Openarea

= assumption 40 %
= assumption 40 %
= assumption 20 %

=>
Urban area wide (Lu)
Sub-urban area wide (Lsub)

: 242,928 km2
: 242,928 km2

=>
Cu

= 44288 / 242,928

= 182,31232 user/km2

Csub = 29525 / 242,928 = 121,54155 user/km2

Services and Type

Services (Rb)
VoIP
: 64 kbps
FTP
: 1000 kbps
Video : 384 kbps

Type (c)
Building : 50 %
Vehicular
: 30 %
Pedestrian
: 20 %

Penetration (p) per type per service

e.g: BUILDING VoIP usage penetration = 0.5
BUILDING FTP usage penetration = 0.4
PEDESTRIAN Video usage penetration = 0.3

BHCA (B) per type per service

e.g: BUILDING VoIP usage penetration = 0.008
BUILDING FTP usage penetration = 0.009
PEDESTRIAN Video usage penetration = 0.008

Call duration (h) per type per service (ms)

e.g: BUILDING VoIP usage penetration = 60
BUILDING FTP usage penetration = 50
PEDESTRIAN Video usage penetration = 50

Penetrasi User (p)

Building
0,5
0,3
0,4

Voip
Video
FTP

type

Vehicula
Pedestrian
r
0,5
0,2
0,3
0,2
0,4
0,3

call duration (h)

voip

video

ftp

building

60

40

50

pedestrian

60

50

70

vehicular

60

40

80

service

net user bit rate

(Rb)

VoIP

64000

FTP

1000000

Video

384000

BHCA (B)
Service

Building

Pedestrian

Vehicular

Voip

0,008

0,008

0,009

Video

0,007

0,008

0,009

FTP

0,009

0,008

0,008

OBQ (Offered Bit Quantity)

VoIP
OBQT = cT x Cu;T x pT x RbVoIP x BT x hT

FTP
OBQT = cT x Cu;T x pT x RbFTP x BT x hT

Video
OBQT = cT x Cu;T x pT x RbVid x BT x hT
Note: if T= pedestrian, then OBQT is
pedestrian OBQ, BT is pedestrian BHCA, etc.
T : Type (Building; Vehicular; Pedestrian)

OBQ contd
OBQ total = OBQVoIP + OBQFTP + OBQVideo
Where:
OBQVoIP

= OBQvehicular + OBQbuilding + OBQ pedestrian

OBQFTP

= OBQvehicular + OBQbuilding + OBQ pedestrian

OBQVideo = OBQvehicular + OBQbuilding + OBQ pedestrian

OBQ contd
OBQ
Service

Building

Pedestrian

Vehicular

Voip

1,400158616

0,5600634

0,252029

Video

2,940333094

5,2505948

1,008114

FTP

16,40810878

8,1675919

7,000793

20,74860049

13,97825

8,260936

OBQtotal= 20,74860049 + 13,97825 + 8,260936 = 42,98779

Site Calculation

Site (L)
L

= (50.4 x 3) / OBQtotal

= (50.4 x 3) / 42,98779 = 3,5172778

km2

50.4 Mbps ---> (asumption: using 64 QAM 1/1, BW = 10 MHz)

Radius (d)
d

= (L / 2.6 / 1.95) ^ 0.5

= (3,5172778 / 2.6 / 1.95) ^ 0.5 = 0,832912489 km

Site Calculation Cont

Number of eNodeB (M)

M = Lu / L
= 242,928 km2 / 3,5172778 km2
= 69,06704366
We use Lu JUST IN
CASE we count urban
capacity only

Perhitungan
Dimensioning Capacity: Traffic volume based approach

Hitung dimensioning capacity

(subscriber/site) dengan pendekatan traffic
volume pada sistem LTE dengan 3 sector/site
dengan performansi minimum (a) dan sistem
LTE dengan performansi maksimum(b);
dengan kondisi:
Busy hour average loading is 50%.
Busy hour is assumed to carry 15% of the daily
traffic
Offering Monthly Package to subscriber: 5 GBps
128

Contoh Perhitungan
Dimensioning Capacity: Traffic volume based approach

Cell capacity (biasanya dalam Mbps)

Rubah cell capacity ke GBps (1k = 1024,
1Byte = 8 bits).
Rubah ke satuan waktu (detik, jam, waktu)
Perhatikan statistic/prediksi/asumsi traffic
volume yang ada, seperti:
Busy hour average loading is 50%.
Busy hour is assumed to carry 15% of the
daily traffic
Hitung kemampuan dalam setiap sector dan
site.

129

Contoh Perhitungan
Dimensioning Capacity: Traffic volume based approach

130

Quiz 1

Hitung dimensioning capacity

(subscriber/site) dengan pendekatan
traffic volume pada sistem LTE pada
kondisi di contoh perhitungan dengan
performansi minimum (a) dan sistem LTE
dengan performansi maksimum(b)

131

Contoh Perhitungan
Dimensioning Capacity Data rate based approach

132

Peak capacity of LTE

LTE cell will provide 100 Mbps of throughput

while in reality can only do 50 Mbps, the operator
will be short by 50% of capacity in the access
network resulting in poor user experience (e.g.
slow download, blocking, etc.) and will be 50%
over the required capacity for backhaul in which
case its investment in capacity thats sitting idle.
This is why it is important to get capacity
expectations right.
Peak capacity of LTE is the maximum possible
capacity which in reality can only be achieved in
lab conditions. To understand the calculations
below, one needs to be familiar with the
technology
133

Review on Data Rate (MIMO 2X2)

25 MHz LTE system.:
Number of resource elements (RE) in a subframe (a
subframe is 1 msec):
12 Subcarriers x 7 OFDMA Symbols x 25 Resource
Blocks x 2 slots = 4,200 REs
Calculate the data rate assuming 64 QAM with no
coding (64QAM is the highest modulation for
downlink LTE):
6 bits per 64QAM symbol x 4,200 Res / 1 msec =
25.2 Mbps
The MIMO data rate is then 2 x 25.2 = 50.4 Mbps.

134

Overhead
Overhead related to control signaling such
as channels, reference & synchronization
signals, and coding.
The channels such as:

PSS (primary synchronization signal)

SSS (secondary synchronization signal)
PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Channel)
PBCH(Physical Broadcast Channel)
PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator
Channel)
PHICH (Physical Hybrid-ARQ Indicator Channel)
135

Overhead Estimation (1/2)

20MHz band, so the number of PRBs in the frequency
domain is: PRB no = 100
1 OFDM symbol for control region (for PHICH,
PCFICH and PDCCH) in each subframe,

number of OFDM symbols per subframe for user plane

data (PDSCH) is: No OFDMSymbols = 13 (for normal CP)

SISO case (one antenna),

number of Cell RS for the PDSCH per 2PRBs is: NoRS = 6

the number of subcarriers per PRB is: NoSubcarriers

= 12
The number of RE (resource elements) available for
carrying PDSCH per 2PRBs is: NoREs =
NoOFDMSymbols * NoSubcarriers NoRS = 13 *
12 6 = 150

136

Overhead Estimation (2/2)

The number of RE (resource elements) : 150

The number of REs for subframe is: NoREPDSCH = NoREs *
PRBno = 150 * 100 = 15000
For peak datarate we use 64QAM, which gives the number of bits
per RE: bitsRE = 6
The number of bits for the whole subframe is: NoBitsPDSCH =
NoREPDSCH * bitsRE = 15000 * 6 = 90 000
The number of subframes in one sec is: NoSFs = 1000 [SFs/Sec]
The max throughput then (raw, ie. without FEC) is: RawThrpt =
NoBitsPDSCH [bits/SF] * NoSFs [SFs/Sec] = 90 000 * 1000 = 90
000 000 bits/sec = 90 Mbits/s
If we add then the typical FEC rate for good channel conditions of:
FECrate = 5/6
We end up at: PHYThrpt = RawThrpt * FECrate = 90 Mbits/s * 5/6
= 75Mbit/s

137

Overhead Estimation in percentage

(MIMO 2X2)

PDCCH channel can take 1 to 3 symbols out of 14 in a

subframe. Assuming that on average it is 2.5 symbols, the
amount of overhead due to PDCCH becomes 2.5/14 = 17.86
%.
Downlink RS signal uses 4 symbols in every third subcarrier
resulting in 16/336 = 4.76% overhead for 22 MIMO
configuration
The other channels (PSS, SSS, PBCH, PCFICH, PHICH) added
together amount to ~2.6% of overhead
The total approximate overhead for the 5 MHz channel is
17.86% + 4.76% + 2.6% = 25.22%.
The peak data rate is then 0.75 x 50.4 Mbps = 37.8 Mbps.
Note that the uplink would have lower throughput because
the modulation scheme for most device classes is 16QAM in
SISO mode only.
138

Overhead Estimation in percentage

(MIMO 4X4)

There is another technique to calculate the peak

capacity which I include here as well for a 220
MHz LTE system with 44 MIMO configuration
and 64QAM code rate 1:
Overhead at Downlink:

Pilot overhead (4 Tx antennas) = 14.29%

Common channel overhead (adequate to serve 1
UE/subframe) = 10%
CP overhead = 6.66%
Guard band overhead = 10%

Downlink data rate = 4 x 6 bps/Hz x 20 MHz x

(1-14.29%) x (1-10%) x (1-6.66%) x (1-10%) =
298 Mbps
139

Sample of Features LTE (Typical)

2015Q2
eRAN8.1 (3GPP Release11/12)

2014Q2
eRAN7.0 (3GPP Release 11)

Radio & Performance

Convergence

Smart DRX

4x4 MIMO

4x4 MIMO (Trial)

Enhanced PDCCH
FeICIC
Soft Split Resource Duplex (for 8T8R)
Coordinated Scheduling (Cloud BB)
15 Mhz (8T8R)
Evolved Wireless Local Loop (eWLL)
Access Solution

Enhanced Intra-LTE Load Balancing

Radio & Performance

VoLTE

Voice & Service

Networking&Transport&
Security
LTE Advanced

eMBMS
Scheduling based on Max Bit Rate
Guaranteed Bit Rate for Internet
Service
Security Level Setting (OSS)
Ipsec redundancy
CA for Downlink 2CC from Multiple
Carriers

Voice&Service

VoLTE Enhancement
O&M

Intra-LTE MLB based on interference

CA (DL 3/4 CC)

LTE Advanced

CA (UL 2CC)
TDD+FDD CA
2CC CA+4x4 MIMO
Inter-eNB DL CoMP (Cloud BB)

140

Feature 4G Smartphone

Requirement

Smartphone

Other

VOLTE

License ID

License Description

LLT1TDDRX01

Dynamic DRX

LLT1TCCIRC01
LLT1TRAOP01

Control Channel IRC

RACH optimization

Remarks
Reduce signalling auto reconnect/idle mode
Interference rejection control
RACH optimization for access control

LLT1TEAC01
LLT1TUMIMO02
LLT1TCPRICP01
LLT1TIEUC01
LLT1TDCEP01
LLT1TILLB02
LLT1TMUBF01

Enhanced Admission Control

UL 2x4 MU-MIMO
CPRI Compression
Intra-eNodeB UL CoMP
Intra-eNodeB DL CoMP in Adaptive Mode(per Cell)(TDD)
Adaptive Inter-Cell Interference Coordination
Intra-LTE Load Balancing(TDD)
MU-Beamforming(per Cell)(TDD)

Admission control for rejection

Increase UL throughput by 2x4 MU MIMO
Dual carrier for 15MHZ
UL Interference combining
DL Interference combining
Adaptive ICIC
Dual carrier
Increase throughput for cell edge

LLT1TVSPS01
LLT1TROHC01
LLT1TTTIB01

VoIP Semi-persistent Scheduling

RObust Header Compression
TTI Bundling

VOLTE scheduling
VOLTE scheduling
VOLTE scheduling

141

Transformation of Mobile Broadband Devices

142

Further Evolution in Mobile Broadband Devices

143

LTE Advanced Brings Different Dimensions of

Improvements Most Gain from HetNets

144

PCI Planning
There are 504 PCI available:
1. For Macro eNodeB we use 0-464 (155 sites)
2. Equipment trial reserve 465-494 for PCI Planning (10 sites)
3. IBS/ Indoor eNodeB will use 495-503 (3 sites)

145

TA (Tracking Area) Planning

146

TA Planning Principle

TAC = Tracking Area Code (1~65533, and 65535) (0 and 65534 are reserved by 3GPP)
TAI = Tracking Area ID = MCC + MNC + TAC

For MCC and MNC below is temporary until get official value from government
MCC = 460
MNC= 10
TAL = Tracking Area List
Mutual agree
on 10 June
2013, with
operator Z

1 TAL = up to 16 TAC

TAL value range: 0~ 65534

Max number of TALs per USN = 20000

One TAL = One TAC

One TAL is same with one TAC, with this design when
the UE in idle condition then move to another TAC it
will be generate TAU to report MME where is last
position for this UE. When there is downlink packet data
need to be deliver for that UE, MME can easily to find
latest position.

S-GW

Internet

MME

TAU

TAC 2
TAU Procedure

The tracking area update (TAU) procedure is triggered if one of the following
conditions is met:

The UE detects that the current TA does not exist in the TA list on the UEregistered network.

It is a periodic TAU.

The TAU procedure is triggered during a handover procedure.

On an EPS network, the basic unit of location management is TA List. A TA

List consists of one or multiple TAs. A TA list prevents a UE from initiating
the TAU procedure frequently. In USN1.1, a TA is regarded as a TA List by
default.

TAC 1

TAC 4
TAC 3

One TAL = Multiple TAC

One TAL contains multiple TAC, with this design when

UE in idle condition move to different TAC under one
TAL there is no TAU. When MME want to deliver
downlink packet data for that UE MME will send to latest
TAC where the UE located. If the UE is unreachable
MME will try to paging another TAC under one TAL
until found. This design will take a time compare with the
previous design.

S-GW

Internet

MME

UE
Under
move
One
to TAL
new
TAL
no need
needTAU
TAU

TAL 1

TAC 2

TAC 1

TAC 4
TAC 3

TAL 2

TAC 6

TAC 5

TAC 8
TAC 7

Last TAC is 8 but

UE move to TAC
7, MME will try
paging another
TAC under
TAL2

TAL Planning
For Jabodetabek area TAL planning, HUAWEI Propose for
First Media that:

eNB Distribution on TAL and TAC

Capacity Per TAL is 46 eNB if using 1 ESU board .

109

HUAWEI assume there are 1200 BBU for 3603 sites

( 1 BBU consist of maximum 3 site)

108

The paging configuration in One TAL consist of

multiple TAC ( FM proposed 1 TAL minimum 3 TAC
based on area type )
Based on geographic consideration we get 9 TAL

3
16
5
41
5

107

32
4

106

TAL

35
4

105

40

104

To define the boundary of TAL, we follow this

consideration:
1.
main road or Highway which is have high Mobility
2.
distribution of user
3.
Capacity on TAC Maximum 46 eNB

41
3

103

41
3

102

45
3

101

37
0

10

Number of TAC per TAL

20

30

40

Avg. number of eNB per TAC

50

TAL & TAC Planning

1 TAL consist of multiple TAC we can use 5 letters of number using this
rule ABC&XY
For example in FM 1 TAL split become 3 TAC

We have define 9 TAL, and 1 TAL minimum

3 TAC. Our suggestion is using 3 letters of
number, range value for TAC name from 101
to 109

TAL Planning Distribution Map

108

105

104
101
103

102

106

TAL

107

109

DEPLOYMENT
PLANNING

153

LTE Deployment Options: Backhaul

Bandwidth Efficiency
700 MHz

LTE

Available Licensed Bandwidth (MHz)

6+6

Usable Bandwidth (MHz)

5+5

Spectral efficiency, downlink (bps/Hz)

1.67

Spectral efficiency, uplink (bps/Hz)

0.89

Average Throughput per 3-sector site, downlink (Mbps)

25.05

Average Throughput per 3-sector site, uplink (Mbps)

13.35

Loading Factor, downlink

70%

Loading Factor, uplink

60%

* Performance data is averaged from various vendors claims as of 2011.

Traffic Forecasting: Subscriber Traffic

Model
700 MHz
Traffic per Subscriber per Month (GB)

LTE
30

Downlink Traffic (%)

70%

Uplink Traffic (%)

30%

Hours in the Busy Period per Day

Percent of Daily Traffic Carried in Busy Period

4
25%

Downlink Busy Hour Traffic per Subscriber

97 kbps

Uplink Busy Hour Traffic per Subscriber

42 kbps

Subscribers Supported per Sector

60

Subscribers Supported per Base Station (3 sectors)

180

* Performance data is averaged from various vendors claims as of 2011.

Estimate of Investment
700 MHz
Access Network
3-Sector Single-5MHz-Carrier Macro Cell
Investment per Subscriber
Core Network
Broadband Data-Only Core Network
Incremental for VoIP Core Network
CPE Terminals
Desktop/Fixed CPE
USB Dongle
* Pricing data is averaged from various vendors proposals as of 2011.

LTE
$55,000
$306

$3,000,000
$1,400,000
$395
$200

Pricing - Example Network #1

700 MHz
Base Stations
Subscribers Supported
Total Investment
Investment per Subscriber

LTE
50
9000
$9,827,500
$1,092

* Pricing data is averaged from various vendors proposals as of 2011.

Pricing - Example Network #2

700 MHz
Base Stations
Subscribers Supported
Total Investment
Investment per Subscriber

LTE
100
18,000
$15,255,000
$848

* Pricing data is averaged from various vendors proposals as of 2011.

Pricing - Example Network #3

700 MHz
Base Stations
Subscribers Supported
Total Investment
Investment per Subscriber

LTE
200
36,000
$26,110,000
$725

* Pricing data is averaged from various vendors proposals as of 2011.

LTE Deployment Business Consideration: When &

How?

Relative Adoption of Technologies

3.9G

3G

2G

Rysavy Research projection based on historical data.

The reuse of existing 2G and 3G sites for NGMN will

keep site cost flat

LTE Deployment Scenario

Femtocell @ LTE

165

Femtocell Motivation

166

Most Mobile Data Use Occurs Indoors

Source: Informas Mobile Access at Home Report

167

End of Training
Day One