Atoll 3.3.0 LTE

LTE Features
Atoll 3.3.0
Forsk 2015
Confidential Do not share without prior permission
Slide 1
Training Programme
1.
LTE Concepts
2.
LTE Planning Overview
3.
Modelling a LTE Network
4.
LTE Predictions
5.
Neighbours Allocation
6.
Automatic Resource Allocation
7.
MIMO Features
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Slide 2
1. LTE Concepts
Overview
OFDM Definition
Advanced OFDM: OFDMA
Benefits of OFDM/OFDMA
Multiple Access Techniques and Duplexing Methods
LTE Radio Interface
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Slide 3
What is 4G?
Evolution of 3GPP standards

Release 99:
UMTS FDD (3G)
Release 4:
UMTS TDD + FDD repeaters (3G)
Release 5:
HSDPA (3.5G)
Release 6:
HSUPA (enhanced uplink) + MBMS (3.5G)
Release 7:
HSPA+ (2x2 MIMO, higher order modulations, etc.) (3.75G)
Release 8:
LTE FDD and TDD (3.9G) + HSPA+ multi-carrier
Release 10:
LTE advanced (4G)
WCDMA
HSDPA/HSUPA
HSPA+
LTE
LTE Adv.
384 kbps downlink

128 kbps uplink
14 Mbps peak downlink

5.7 Mbps peak uplink
42,2 Mbps peak downlink

11 Mbps peak uplink
100 Mbps peak downlink

50 Mbps peak uplink
100 Mbps to 1Gbps

peak downlink
3GPP
Release
5/6
3GPP
Release
7/8
LTE 3GPP
Release 8
LTE Adv.
3GPP
Release 10
OFDMA
SC-FDMA
MIMO
+ Carrier aggregation (DL/UL)

+ HetNets
+ enhanced MIMO (8*8)
3GPP Release 99/4
Technologies
WCDMA
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WCDMA
+ Enhanced architecture
+ Higher order modulations
WCDMA
+ MIMO
+ Dual-carrier
Slide 4
OFDM Frequency and Time Domains
What is OFDM ?
OFDM = Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
Frequency domain organization

Advanced form of Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
Principle:
Wideband channel split into multiple
narrowband radio carriers (subcarriers)
orthogonal
Subcarriers are spaced in a manner that the centre of each

subcarrier corresponds to a zero crossing point of the
neighbouring subcarriers
Good spectral efficiency compared to FDM systems
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Slide 5
OFDM Frequency and Time Domains
Time domain organization

Adjustable guard period referred to as cyclic prefix
Used to fight against multipath effects (delay spread)
Two configurations depending on the environment

Normal cyclic prefix: 4.7 us
Extended cyclic prefix: 16.7 us
Typical values of delay spread:

Open environment: 0.2 us
Suburban: 0.5 us
Urban: 3 us
Hilly area: 3-10 us
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Slide 6
Advanced OFDM: OFDMA
OFDM : Orthogonal Frequency

Division Multiplexing
OFDM allocates users in time domain only
OFDMA allocates users in time and frequency

domains
Several users served at once
Resource Blocks
The entire channel bandwidth is allocated to

one user
OFDMA : Orthogonal Frequency

Division Multiple Access
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Slide 7
Benefits of OFDM/OFDMA
OFDM(A) summary:
Narrowband orthogonal subcarriers

Negligible inter-carrier interference (ICI)
No frequency selective fading
Long symbol durations + cyclic prefix

Negligible inter-symbol interference (ISI)
No ICI and ISI:
No intra-cell interference in theory
Possibility to support less robust modulations like 16QAM, 64QAM for higher throughput !
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Slide 8
Multiple Access Techniques and Duplexing Methods
OFDMA in DL
Each subcarrier carries one specific
data symbol (QPSK, 16QAM...)
SC-FDMA in UL (OFDMA variant)

Single-Carrier Frequency
Multiple Access
Division
Each subcarrier carries information of

all data symbols
Technique well suited to LTE UL
requirements
Lower PAPR*
Power consumption limited
LTE can be deployed in FDD and TDD
*PAPR: Peak to Average Power Ratio

Forsk 2015
Slide 9
LTE Radio Interface
LTE channel structure

A channel is composed of more than 1 frequency block (FB)
Fixed width = 180 kHz (LTE system level constant)
1 frequency block over 1 slot = 1 resource block (RB)
Each FB is composed of many subcarriers
Two subcarrier widths possible: 15 kHz, 7.5 kHz (specified for MBMS/SFN services)
1 FB = 12 SCa of 15 kHz
OR
24 SCa of 7.5 kHz
1 subcarrier over 1 SD (symbol duration) = 1 resource element (RE)
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Slide 10
LTE Channel Structure
LTE PHY layer supports a wide range of bandwidths

Spectrum flexibility
Channel
bandwidth
Subcarrier
spacing
Number
of FBs
Number of
subcarriers
Sampling
frequency
FFT size
72
1.92 MHz
(1/2 x 3.84)
128
15
180
3.84 MHz
(1 x 3.84)
256
25
300
7.68 MHz
(2 x 3.84)
512
50
600
15.36 MHz
(4 x 3.84)
1024
15 MHz
75
900
23.04 MHz
(6 x 3.84)
1536
20 MHz
100
1200
30.72 MHz
(8 x 3.84)
2048
1.4 MHz
3 MHz
15 kHz
5 MHz
10 MHz
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(7.5 kHz for

MBMS)
Slide 11
LTE Frame Structure
Time domain structure (for both UL and DL)

Specific frame structures for TDD and FDD
1 frame
= 10 ms
= 2 half-frames (TDD)
= 10 sub-frames or TTI (each 1 ms)

= 20 slots (each 0.5 ms)
1 slot (0.5 ms) = 6 or 7 symbol durations (depending on the cyclic prefix duration)
1 FB over 1 sub-frame (1ms) = smallest unit that can be allocated by the scheduler (scheduling block)
Control channels transmitted on sub-frames 0 and 5 (always DL)
10 ms
LTE Frame
1 ms
SF 0
SF 1
..
SF 9
..
Slot 18 Slot 19
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OFDM
Symbol 4
OFDM
Symbol 5
CP
OFDM
Symbol 3
CP
OFDM
Symbol 2
CP
OFDM
Symbol 1
CP
OFDM
Symbol 0
CP
CP
Slot 0 Slot 1 Slot 2 Slot 3
CP
0.5 ms
OFDM
Symbol 6
Slide 12
Physical Channels
HARQ feedback,
CQI reporting,
UL scheduling request,
CQI reporting for MIMO
related feedback
Random access
Traffic
Pilot (channel
estimation),
slot/frame
synchronization and
cell identification
Traffic, MBMS,
system information,
paging
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eNode-B
HARQ feedback,
transport format,
UL scheduling grants,
DL resource allocation
Slide 13
OFDMA LTE Frame (DL)
Structure of a resource block

Frame structure of type I (FDD), 1 antenna port, F = 15 kHz
Standard frequency block:
Any frequency block within the centre 6 frequency blocks:
Legend:
Downlink reference signals
PBCH (Physical Broadcast Channel)
PSS (Primary Synchronisation Signal)
SSS (Secondary Synchronisation Signal)
PDCCH / PHICH / PCFICH (Physical - Downlink Control / HARQ Indicator / Control Format Indicator - Channels)
PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Data Channel)
RBs allocated to mobiles are not necessarily adjacent interference coordination
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Slide 14
OFDMA LTE Frame (DL)
OFDM
symbol 5
CP
OFDM
symbol 4
CP
OFDM
symbol 3
CP
CP
OFDM
symbol 2
OFDM
symbol 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Centre 6 RBs
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
OFDM
symbol 1
CP
OFDM
symbol 0
CP
CP
7 OFDM symbols at normal CP per slot (0.5 ms)
1 subframe = 2 slots (1 ms)
Legend:
Downlink reference signals
PBCH
PSS
SSS
PDCCH / PHICH / PCFICH
PDSCH
180 kHz
Channel bandwidth
SF 0
SF 1
SF 2
SF 3
SF 4
SF 5
SF 6
SF 7
SF 8
SF 9
1 frame (10 ms)

= 10 subframes (1 ms)
= 20 slots (0.5 ms)
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Slide 15
SC-FDMA LTE Frame (UL)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
OFDM
symbol 5
CP
OFDM
symbol 4
CP
OFDM
symbol 3
CP
OFDM
symbol 2
CP
OFDM
symbol 1
CP
OFDM
symbol 0
CP
CP
7 OFDM symbols at normal CP per slot (0.5 ms)

OFDM
symbol 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 subframe = 2 slots (1 ms)
Legend:
UL DRS (Uplink Demodulation Reference Signal)
UL SRS (Uplink Sounding Reference Signal)
PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Channel) (incl. HARQ feedback
and CQI reporting)
Demodulation Reference Signal for PUCCH

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Channel)
180 kHz
Channel bandwidth
SF 0
SF 1
SF 2
SF 3
SF 4
SF 5
SF 6
SF 7
SF 8
SF 9
1 frame (10 ms)

= 10 subframes (1 ms)
= 20 slots (0.5 ms)
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Slide 16
Training Programme
1.
LTE Concepts
2.
3.
4.
LTE Predictions
5.
6.
7.
MIMO Features
Forsk 2015
Slide 17
2. LTE Planning Overview
LTE Features Supported in Atoll

LTE Planning Workflow in Atoll
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Slide 18
Atoll fully supports LTE/LTE-A networks

Various E-UTRA frequency bands
Scalable channel bandwidths (from 1,4 MHz to 20 MHz)
Support of TDD and FDD frame structures

Normal and extended cyclic prefixes
Downlink and uplink control channels and overheads
Downlink and uplink reference signals, PSS, SSS, PBCH, PDCCH, PUCCH, etc.
Physical Cell IDs implementation

Network capacity analysis using Monte-Carlo simulations
RSRP, RSSI and RSRQ support in predictions and simulations
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Slide 19

Inter-cell interference coordination (ICIC) support
Hard FFR (Fractional Frequency Reuse),
Time-switched FFR,
Soft FFR,
Partial soft FFR

eICIC (enhanced ICIC)
Support of fractional power control (UL)
Modelling of multi-layer heterogeneous networks (HetNets)

Small Cells, Relay nodes
Layers and eICIC features
Services can be mapped to QoS Class Identifiers (QCI)

Beamforming modelling (smart antennas)
Possibility of fixed subscriber database for fixed applications
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Slide 20

Carrier Aggregation up to 5 carriers of 20 MHz
Dynamic Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) systems
Transmit and receive diversity
Single-user MIMO or spatial multiplexing

Dynamic MIMO switching
Modelling of Multi-User MIMO (MU-MIMO)
AAS (Active Antenna Systems) with beamforming
Tools for automatic resource allocation

Automatic allocation of neighbours
Automatic allocation of Physical Cell IDs (PCI)
Automatic allocation of frequencies
Specific module (AFP)
PRACH RSI (root sequence indexes)
Network verification using drive test data
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Slide 21
LTE Planning Workflow in Atoll
Open an existing project or

create a new one
Network configuration
- Add network elements
- Change parameters
ACP
Basic predictions
(Best server, signal level)
Automatic or manual neighbour allocation
Automatic or manual frequency planning
Automatic or manual Physical Cell ID and PRACH Root Sequence Index planning
Traffic maps
Monte-Carlo
simulations
And/or
Subscriber lists
Frequency plan
analysis
Forsk 2015
User-defined
values
Cell load
conditions
Signal quality and throughput
predictions
Prediction study
reports
Slide 22
Training Programme
1.
LTE Concepts
2.
3.
4.
LTE Predictions
5.
6.
7.
MIMO Features
Forsk 2015
Slide 23
3. Modelling a LTE Network
Global Settings
Frequency bands and channels definition
Global LTE frame definition
Radio Parameters
Sites
Transmitters
Cells
Multi-layer Networks (HetNets)

HetNets Configuration
eICIC
Relay links
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Slide 24
Global Settings (1/2)
Frequency bands and channels definition

Atoll can model multi-band networks within the same document
2 duplexing methods available: FDD and TDD
Bandwidths from 1,4 MHz to 20 MHz supported
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Slide 25
Global Settings (2/2)
Global LTE frame definition
Normal (default) or extended cyclic prefix

at 15 kHz, 7 SD/slot (normal), or 6 SD/slot (extended)
Number of SD for PDCCH

(from 0 to 4) carrying DL
and UL resource allocation
information
Average number of
resource blocks for
PUCCH
TDD option only:

Special subframe
selection
System-level constants (hard-coded)

Width of a resource block (180 kHz)
Frame duration (10 ms)
Other control channel overheads defined by 3GPP
Reference signals, PSS, SSS, PBCH, etc.
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Slide 26
Advanced Settings (1/2)
Downlink Cell-specific Reference Signals

One antenna port
R0
Reference Signal Power Boost

With more than one antenna port
R0
R0
R0
R0
R0
R0
Each antenna uses different resource

elements to transmit reference signals
Two antenna ports
R0
Resource elements of one antenna

port that correspond to reference
signal transmission on another
antenna port are not used (DTX)
Four antenna ports
R0
R0
R0
R0
R0
R1
R0
R0
even-numbered slots
l6
odd-numbered slots
Antenna port 0
l0
even-numbered slots
l0
R1
l6 l0
R3
R2
R3
R2
l6
l0
l6
R3
R2
odd-numbered slots
Antenna port 1
R1
R1
l6
R2
R1
l6 l0
R1
R1
R0
l6 l0
R1
R1
l6 l0
R0
l6
R1
R1
R1
R0
R1
l6 l0
R0
R1
R1
R0
l0
R1
R0
R0
l0
R0
R0
l0
R3
l6 l0
even-numbered slots
l6
odd-numbered slots
Antenna port 2
l0
l6 l0
even-numbered slots
l6
odd-numbered slots
Antenna port 3
Different LTE equipment and vendors may support different methods for reusing the energy
corresponding to the unused resource elements
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Slide 27
Advanced Settings (2/2)
Downlink Transmit power calculation

0-Max Power defined manually in the cell table. The energy of the unused resource elements is
distributed on the downlink channels.
1-RS EPRE defined manually. The Max Power will automatically be calculated
2-Max Power defined manually in the cell table. The energy of the unused resource elements is allotted
to reference signal resource elements only (RS Power Boost = 3dB for 2 antennas and 6dB for 4 antennas)
3-Max Power defined manually in the cell table. The energy of the unused resource elements is lost
4-Max power and RS EPRE defined manually in the cell table.
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Slide 28
Radio Parameters Overview
Sites
Characterized by their X (longitude) and Y (latitude) coordinates
Transmitters
Presented in the
General Features course
Activity
Antenna configuration (model, height, azimuth, mechanical/electrical tilts...)
UL and DL losses / UL noise figure
Propagation (model, radius and resolution)
Cells
Frequency band & channel
Layer
Cell Type
Physical Cell ID
Power definition of DL channels
Specific parameters for

LTE technology
Min. RSRP
DL and UL traffic loads
Diversity support (MIMO)
Neighbours
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Slide 29
Transmitter Parameters
Transmitter parameters
Antenna configuration and losses

parameters
Propagation settings
DL and UL
total losses,
UL noise figure
Antenna
configuration
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Slide 30
Cell Parameters
Main parameters
Cell activity
Only active cells are considered in predictions
Frequency band and channel number

Physical Cell ID
PSS/SSS ID automatically computed
Powers and energy offsets

Computed from RS EPRE*
Min. RSRP
Used as a cell coverage limit
Load conditions
DL traffic load (%)
UL noise rise due to surrounding mobiles (dB)
*RS EPRE: Reference Signal Energy Per Resource Element
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Slide 31
Cell Parameters
Main parameters
Automatic resource allocation parameters
Allocation status
Channels
Physical Cell ID
PRACH RSI
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Slide 32
Cell Parameters
Main parameters
Layer
Similar to HCS layers in 2G networks and layers
in 3G
Used to model HetNets*
Frame configuration (optional)

See next slide
MIMO configuration
Diversity support DL/UL:
Transmit diversity
SU-MIMO
AAS: Advanced Antenna Systems
MU-MIMO
Neighbours-related parameters
*HetNets: Heterogeneous Networks

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Slide 33
Cell Parameters
Specific frame configurations

Each cell can be assigned a specific frame configuration (optional)
PDCCH/PUCCH overheads and cyclic prefix can be set for each frame
Override values defined in global parameters
PRACH preamble format

Defines a max. distance limiting the best server coverage (see 3GPP specs.)
Specific parameters used in case of interference coordination support (ICIC)

Group 0/1/2 frequency blocks, ICIC mode, cell-edge power boost (DL)
TDD parameter: Special Subframe Configuration
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Slide 34
What is HetNets?
HetNets, or Heterogeneous Networks, are comprised of traditional large macrocells and smaller cells like:
Microcells (< 5W)
Picocells (< 1W)
Femtocells (~ 200mW)
HetNets provide two basic benefits to operators:

Increase capacity in hotspots as traffic is not uniformly distributed
Improve coverage in places where macro coverage is not adequate
Forsk 2015
Slide 35
Heterogeneous network deployment

Atoll LTE fully supports multi-layer networks
Different layers with different priorities
Taken into account to determine the best serving cell ( they are not used in simulation)
The definition of layers can be based on the operating frequencies
Each cell has to be mapped to a layer

You can also assign supported layers to different services and terminals
Layers management
You can define network layers with corresponding:
Priorities
Supported mobile speeds
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Slide 36
Layers management
Principle of the cell selection margins
Due to the wide difference of power levels between macro and pico/femtocells, most of the UEs will get
associated to the macrocells resulting in a load imbalance throughout the network
To counterbalance this effect, and thus enhance the system performance, an offset is to be added to the
actual RSRP value from the pico/femtocells (range expansion) during the cell selection process
Cell range expansion concept modelled by cell selection margins in Atoll
Area where the picocell is

received with a higher power
than the macrocell
Forsk 2015
Slide 37
Can be defined in the transmitter properties dialogue

Cell Layer parameter [Cells tab]
Cell Selection Threshold (CST) is used to adjust

the Min RSRP threshold of cells belonging to
different priority layers
The CIO is used in order to rank the potential

servers for best serving cell selection in
connected mode
The Handover Margin is used for selecting the

best server and for avoiding the ping-pong
effect* between cells.
Handover ping-pong*: base stations bounce the link with the mobile back and forth between cells.
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Slide 38
Compatibility between services, terminals and network layers

Managed in the services and terminals properties
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Slide 39
Best Server Identification
Best Server determination

(1) Filter the potentials serving cells based on
Cell, service and terminal compatibility with the selected layer
Layers maximum speed Mobility Types speed (Layers table and Mobility Type table)
UECell distance PRACH maximum cell range
RSRP > min RSRP (Cell table)
(2) Identify the initial serving cell

On each pixel, Atoll selects the serving cells corresponding to the highest priority layer
Atoll verifies if these servers respect a RSRP level > min RSRP + Cell Selection threshold
If they do, the server with the maximum RSRP level will be considered as initial serving cell
(3) Atoll calculates the best server criterion (BSc) for the initial serving cell and the other potential serving
cells
Initial serving cell: BSc = RSRP + Handover Margin + CIO
Other serving cells: BSc = RSRP + CIO
(4) The server with the highest best server criterion (BSc) will be considered as best server (for all potential
serving cells from all layers)
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Slide 40
Use case : 1 Macro site 800 MHz + 2 Micro sites 1800 MHz + 6 Small Cells 2600 MHz
Cell Table
Mobility Types
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Slide 41
Step 1 : Atoll filters potential serving cells

Use case inputs:
In Cells Table, minimum RSRP = -120 dBm
For Pedestrian Mobility Type, average speed 3 km/h
High Speed Internet Service: All layers allowed
MIMO Terminal: All layers allowed

Default configuration for frame configuration => PRACH format 0 (max distance 14521 m)
Cell Type
Small 3
Macro 2
Micro 2_3
Micro 2_2
Small 4
Micro 2_1
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RSRP Level
(dBm)
-114
-106
-108
-110
-118,5
-122
Distance (m)
Layer
88
1860
744
744
118
744
Small Cell 2600

Macro 800
Micro 1800
Micro 1800
Small Cell 2600
Micro 1800
Layer Max
Speed
50
120
50
50
50
50
Potential serving cells

respecting conditions
Slide 42
Step 2 : Identify the initial serving cell

Atoll selects the serving cells corresponding to the highest priority layer from the potential serving cells
and verifies if these servers respect a RSRP level > min RSRP + Cell Selection threshold
If the servers respect this minimum condition, Atoll selects the server with the highest RSRP level and
consider it as the initial serving cell
The Small Cell 3 is the initial serving cell in this use case
Cell Type
Small 3
Macro 2
Micro 2_3
Micro 2_2
Small 4
RSRP Level
(dBm)
-114
-106
-108
-110
-118,5
Cell Selection
Minimum
Threshold level targeted
2
-118
0
-120
0
-120
0
-120
2
-118
Layer Priority
(Lowest 0)
Small Cell 2600
2
Macro 800
0
Micro 1800
1
Micro 1800
1
Small Cell 2600
2
Layer
Highest priority layer selection
Forsk 2015
Slide 43
Step 3 : Atoll calculates the best server criterion (BSC) for the initial serving cell and the other
potential serving cells
Best serving cell candidate: BSC = RSRP + Handover Margin + CIO
Other serving cells: BSC = RSRP + CIO
Cell Type
Small 3
Macro 2
Micro 2_3
Micro 2_2
Small 4
RSRP Level
(dBm)
-114
-106
-108
-110
-118,5
Handover Margin applied for the

cell candidate only
Forsk 2015
Handover
Margin (dB)
4
0
2
2
4
Cell Individual
offset (dB)
4
0
1
1
4
BSc
(dB)
-106
-106
-107
-109
-114,5
CIO applied for all serving
cells.
Slide 44
Step 4: Atoll considers the cell with the highest BSc as the best server: Small Cell 3
MACRO 900
MICRO 2100
MACRO 900
The serving cell with the highest RSRP level is not necessarily
the best server. The selection is based on the BSc calculation.
Forsk 2015
Small cell range expansion: The Small

cell maintains connection with the UE
outside its best server area.
The expansion is impacted by the CIO
and the Handover Margin.
Slide 45
Range expansion analysis: LTE specific predictions are impacted by the new best server algorithm
Impact on a Effective Signal Analysis displaying the RSRP level per best server area
RSRP level without considering layers
RSRP level considering layers
The handover margin and the CIO impact the RSRP level shown per pixel. The best server area is changed
so the RSRP level is automatically changed
Forsk 2015
Slide 46
Best server selection new algorithm
Potential serving
cells based on
Service/Terminal
compatibility
Minimum RSRP level
Mobility type vs layer
max speed
PRACH max cell
range
Rank the
different servers
based on
Layers priority
Maximum level
considering CST*
Atoll analyses
the Cell
Individual Offset
and Handover
Margin
Best Server
identified
CTS*: Cell Selection Threshold

Forsk 2015
Slide 47
Carrier Aggregation (LTE-A)
Definition
Carrier Aggregation (CA) increases the
channel bandwidth by combining
multiple RF carriers
Each individual RF carrier is known as
a Component Carrier (CC)
All CCs belong to the same eNodeB
5 CCs may be aggregated to reach a

maximum of 100 MHz
However, initial LTE-A deployments
will likely be limited to 2 CCs
Carrier Aggregation is applicable to both

DL and UL, and both FDD and TDD
3 general types of Carrier Aggregation

scenario have been defined by 3GPP
Intra-band contiguous
Intra-band non-contiguous
Inter-band
Forsk 2015
Slide 48
Carrier Aggregation categorises cells as:

Primary Cell
The cell upon which the UE performs initial connection establishment
Each connection has a single primary cell
The primary cell can be changed during the handover procedure
Used to generate inputs during security procedures

Used to define NAS mobility information (e.g. Tracking Area Identity)
Secondary Cell
A cell which has been configured to provide additional radio resources after connection establishment
Each connection can have multiple secondary cells
Serving Cell
Both primary and secondary cells
are categorised as serving cells
There is one HARQ entity per
serving cell at the UE
The different serving cells may
have different coverage
Forsk 2015
Slide 49
Primary and Secondary cells are modelled in

Atoll via the parameter Cell Type
Defines whether the cell supports LTE (3GPP
Rel-8/9) and/or LTEA (3GPP Rel-10 and later)
A cell can be configured to be a LTE cell, a
LTEA P-Cell (Primary Cell), and a LTEA S-Cell
(Secondary Cell)
If the cell type is left empty, Atoll considers it
as LTEonly
Both LTE and LTEA users can connect to

LTEonly cells without the possibility to
perform Carrier Aggregation
Cells that only support LTEA, and not LTE, can
only serve LTEA users
The process of only allowing LTEA users to
connect to a cell and excluding all LTE users
is called Cell Barring
Forsk 2015
Slide 50
UE Categories in Atoll
LTE-A to LTE Downgrade Category:

Used to define the UE category to
consider when a LTE-A mobile is
connected to a LTE Rel-8/9 cell
Specific UE
Categories
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Slide 51
LTE-A terminals in Atoll

Carrier Aggregation support is
defined at the terminal level
You have to define the
maximum number of Secondary
Cells supported in DL and UL
The number of UL Secondary
Cells must be less than or equal
to the number of DL Secondary
Cells
Setting the maximum number
of Secondary Cells to 0 means
that the terminal does not
support Carrier Aggregation
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Slide 52
Services in Atoll
Define whether a service can
manage carrier aggregation or not
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Slide 53
Improvements in predictions for Carrier Aggregation

You can carry out coverage predictions for different serving cells
Main (P-Cell or LTE Rel-8/9 cells)
Nth S-Cell
You can also perform aggregated throughput predictions including all serving cells, or even some of them
Throughput prediction
Forsk 2015
Coverage prediction
Slide 54
Example: Coverage by throughput

Intra-band contiguous Carrier Aggregation
Co-located cells with similar coverage
Channel width = 20 + 20 MHz
MIMO 2 X 2 (TX DIV+SU-MIMO)
With a LTE Rel-8/9 terminal
Forsk 2015
With a LTE-A terminal
Slide 55
Improvements in the Point Analysis Tool for Carrier Aggregation
Serving Cells (P-Cell and S-Cell)
Aggregated throughput
Forsk 2015
Slide 56
Training Programme
1.
LTE Concepts
2.
3.
4.
LTE Predictions
5.
6.
7.
MIMO Features
Forsk 2015
Slide 57
4. LTE Predictions
Introduction
Parameters used in Predictions
Prediction Settings
Fast Link Adaptation Modelling
Coverage Prediction Examples
Point Analysis Studies
Forsk 2015
Slide 58
Introduction
Coverage predictions
RSRP level: Receive Signal Receive Power calculated for one RE
RS level: Reference Signal level calculated on the whole bandwidth
Quality predictions
RSRQ: Reference Signal receive Quality
PDSCH C/I+N: Signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio based on the PDSCH
channel
RS C/I+N: Signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio based on the Reference Signal
channel
Throughput predictions
Based on the RLC or Application layers
Peak, Effective or Average throughput
Carried out for one or several users
Forsk 2015
Slide 59
Introduction
Principle of LTE studies based on traffic

Study calculated for:
UL
noise
rise
Given load conditions:

UL noise rise (dB)
DL traffic load (%)
A non-interfering user with:
A service
DL
traffic
load
Terminal
VoIP,
LTE
prediction
Web browsing,
FTP download...
A mobility
Fixed,
Pedestrian,
50 Km/h...
Mobility
Service
A terminal type
Smartphone,
Rooftop terminal...
Forsk 2015
Slide 60
Load Conditions
Load conditions, defined in the cells properties

Traffic load (DL) (%)
UL noise rise (dB)
Values taken into consideration in

predictions for each cell
Forsk 2015
Slide 61
Service Properties
Service: parameters used in predictions

Highest/lowest bearers in UL and DL
Body loss
Application throughput parameters
Forsk 2015
Slide 62
Mobility Properties
Mobility: parameters used in predictions

Mapping between mobility and thresholds in bearer and quality indicator determination (as radio
conditions depend on user speed)
Mapping
Reception equipment properties

Forsk 2015
Slide 63
Terminal Properties
Terminal: parameters used in predictions
Min/max terminal power + noise figure + losses
Min/max terminal power

Gain and losses
Noise figure
Antenna settings (incl. MIMO support)
Carrier aggregation settings
Carrier aggregation parameters
Support of
MIMO
Number of antenna ports in UL and DL in case of MIMO support

Forsk 2015
Slide 64
Fast Link Adaptation Modelling
Atoll determines, on each pixel, the highest bearer that each user can obtain
After the layer determination, connection to the best server in terms of RS level or RSRP
Bearer chosen according to the radio conditions (PDSCH and PUSCH CINR levels)
Process: prediction done via look-up tables
RS level (C) or
RSRP evaluation
Forsk 2015
Best server area

determination
(limited by min.
RSRP)
Radio conditions
estimation
(PDSCH and
PUSCH CINR
calculation)
Bearer selection
Throughput &
quality indicator
predictions (BER
and BLER)
Slide 65
Interference Estimation
Atoll calculates PDSCH and PUSCH CINR according to:

The victim traffic (PUSCH or PDSCH) power [C]
The sum of interfering signals [I], affected by:
The interfering signals EIRP (power + gains - losses) weighted by traffic loads (in DL)
The path loss from the interferers to the victim
The shadowing effect and the indoor losses (optional)
The interference reduction factor applied to interfering base stations transmitting on adjacent channels
(adjacent channel suppression factor)
The interference reduction due to static ICIC (optional)
Forsk 2015
Slide 66
Prediction Examples (General Studies)
Cell dominance (overlapping zones)

(based on RSRP levels)
Coverage by transmitter
(based on RSRP levels)
Forsk 2015
Slide 67
Prediction Examples (Dedicated Studies)
Coverage by RSRP level

(with power boost)
Coverage by RSRP level
Forsk 2015
Slide 68
Prediction Examples (Dedicated Studies)
Application Channel
Throughput (UL)
Coverage by PUSCH CINR
Forsk 2015
Slide 69
Point Analysis Tool: Reception
Radio reception diagnosis at a given point

Selection of the value to be
displayed (RS, SS, PDSCH, RSRP)
Choice of UL/DL load conditions:

if (cells table) is selected analysis based on DL load and UL
noise rise from cells table
Definition of the user (layer

or channel, terminal, service,
mobility)
Reference
signals,
PDSCH and
PUSCH
availability
(or not)
Cell bar graphs (best server on top)
Analysis details on
reference signals,
PDSCH and PUSCH
Forsk 2015
Slide 70
Point Analysis Tool: Interference
Radio interference diagnosis at a given point
Choice of UL/DL load conditions:

if (cells table) is selected analysis based on DL load and UL
noise rise from cells table
Selection of the value to be displayed

(RS, SS, PDSCH, RSRP)
Serving cell
(C)
Total level of
interference
(I + N)
Definition of the user (layer or
channel, terminal, service,
mobility)
Forsk 2015
List of interfering cells
Slide 71
Training Programme
1.
LTE Concepts
2.
3.
4.
LTE Predictions
5.
6.
7.
MIMO Features
Forsk 2015
Slide 72
5. Neighbour Allocation
Detailed information about neighbours allocation is available in Atoll_3.3.0_Neighbours.pdf
Forsk 2015
Slide 73
Training Programme
1.
LTE Concepts
2.
3.
4.
LTE Predictions
5.
6.
7.
MIMO Features
Forsk 2015
Slide 74
6. Automatic Resource Allocation
Automatic Physical Cell ID planning

AFP overview
Automatic resource allocation process
Interference matrix calculation
Physical Cell ID overview
PCI allocation process

Running the automatic resource allocation
PCI allocation examples
Automatic frequency planning

Running the automatic resource allocation
Frequency allocation examples
Automatic PRACH Root Sequences

PRACH channel
PRACH RSI Planning Theory
Automatic PRACH RSI Planning
Forsk 2015
Slide 75
AFP Overview (1/2)
Prerequisite: AFP license

Goal: Optimize resource allocation (channels, PCI or PRACH RSIs) following the user-defined
constraints
To minimize interference (channels)
To avoid collisions (PCI)

To avoid PRACH root sequence index collisions (PRACH RSIs)
Tool based on an iterative cost-based algorithm

The algorithm starts with the current frequency plan (used as initial state)
Different frequency plans are then evaluated and a cost is calculated for each of them
The best frequency allocation plan is the one with the lowest global cost
Forsk 2015
Slide 76
AFP Overview (2/2)
The cost is calculated thanks to:

Interference matrices
Probabilities of interference in co- and adjacent channel cases
A probability is calculated for each case and for each interfered-interfering cell pair
Distance relation
Avoid frequency reuse between cells for which the inter-site distance is lower than a min. reuse distance
Taking into account distance and cells azimuth
Neighbours
Taking into account neighbours importance (can be calculated by Atoll)
Forsk 2015
Slide 77
Automatic Resource Allocation Process
Define radio parameters at cells level

Frequency band allocation
Allocation status: not allocated or locked
Minimum reuse distance (optional)
Import / calculate a neighbour plan
Import / calculate an interference matrix
Run the automatic resource allocation tool
Commit and analyse results
Forsk 2015
Slide 78
Interference Matrix Calculation (1/2)
Interference matrix definition

For each cell pair, interference probability for co and adjacent channel cases
Probabilities of interference are stated as the ratio between:
The interfered area within the best server area of the victim
Best server area of the victim

Serving Area
TX_B
TX_A
Interfering
Transmitter
Victim Transmitter
Area where TX_B is interfering TX_A
Interference probability = 50%

In other words, 50% of TX_As serving area is interfered by TX_B
Co-channel interference occurs when:
Forsk 2015
C
C
Min Reference Signal
I MQ N
N
Slide 79
Interference Matrix Calculation (2/2)
Forsk 2015
Slide 80
Physical Cell ID Overview
Physical Cell ID definition

Cell search and identification is based on Physical Cell IDs
Optimised allocation needed to avoid unnecessary problems
in cell recognition and selection
504 Physical Cell IDs defined by 3GPP

Physical Cell ID grouped into:
(Cell search procedure)
168 unique Cell ID groups (SSS IDs in Atoll, from 0 to 167)

Each group containing 3 unique identities (PSS IDs in Atoll, from 0 to 2)
Each cells reference signal transmits a pseudo random sequence corresponding to the Physical Cell ID of
the cell
When Physical Cell ID + pseudo-random sequence is known, cell is recognized by mobile based on the
received reference signal
Channel estimation performed on reference signals
Forsk 2015
Slide 81
Physical Cell ID Allocation Process
PCI allocation to cells

Main requirement
Avoid PCI collision and confusion
Not allocate the same PCI to nearby cells
To avoid problems in cell search and selection
PCI A
PCI A
PCI B
PCI A
PCI B
PCI collision
PCI confusion
Secondary requirements
Different PSS ID at nearby cells
Avoid RS-RS collisions
Preferably the same SSS ID at co-site cells (especially in the case of 3-sector sites)
May facilitate neighbour cell identification
May help in measurements and handover procedures
Forsk 2015
Slide 82
Running the Automatic Resource Allocation (1/6)
Forsk 2015
Slide 83

Possibility to allocate channels or Physical Cell IDs
Allocation constraints
Run the calculation
Forsk 2015
Slide 84

Possibility to allocate channels or Physical Cell IDs
Run the calculation
Forsk 2015
Slide 85
During the optimisation, you can monitor the reduction of the total cost
Forsk 2015
Slide 86
You can compare the distribution histograms of the initial and current allocation plans
Forsk 2015
Slide 87
Once Atoll has finished allocating Physical Cell IDs, the proposed allocation plan is available on
the Results tab
The proposed PCI plan can be assigned automatically to the cells of the network if you click Commit
Forsk 2015
Slide 88
Physical Cell ID Allocation Results (1/2)
Automatic Physical Cell ID allocation in Atoll (example)

Same PCI all over - RS coverage C/(I+N) with DL traffic load = 0%
Forsk 2015
Slide 89
Physical Cell ID Allocation Results (2/2)
Automatic Physical Cell ID allocation in Atoll (example)

Automatic PCI allocation with AFP - RS coverage C/(I+N) with DL traffic load = 0%
Forsk 2015
Slide 90
Automatic Frequency Planning (1/2)
Philosophy of the channels automatic allocation is really similar to PCI allocation

Automatic channels allocation prerequisites
Define radio parameters at cells level
Frequency band
Channel allocation status
Minimum reuse distance
Neighbour plan
Interference matrix (as explained previously)
Forsk 2015
Slide 91
Automatic Frequency Planning (2/2)
Philosophy of the channels automatic allocation is really similar to PCI allocation
Forsk 2015
Slide 92
Frequency Allocation Examples (1/2)
Basic frequency allocation (Single Frequency Network)

Same channel all over (15 MHz) - RS coverage C/(I+N):
Forsk 2015
Slide 93
Frequency Allocation Examples (2/2)
Optimised frequency allocation with AFP

3 channels (5 MHz) - RS coverage C/(I+N):
Forsk 2015
Slide 94
Find on Map Tool Overview
You can visualise channels and PSS ID reuse on the map

Possibility to find cells which are assigned a given:
Frequency band + channel
Physical Cell ID
PSS ID
SSS ID
Way to use this tool

Create and calculate a coverage by transmitter with a colour
display by transmitter
Open the Find on map tool available in the tools menu
or use [Ctrl+F],
or directly in the toolbar
Forsk 2015
Slide 95
Channel Search
Channel reuse on the map
Colours given to transmitters:

Red: co-channel transmitters
Yellow: multi-adjacent channel (-1 and +1) transmitters
Green: adjacent channel (-1) transmitters
Blue: adjacent channel (+1) transmitters
Grey thin line: other transmitters
Forsk 2015
Slide 96
Physical Cell ID Search
Physical Cell ID, PSS ID or SSS ID reuse on the map
Colours given to transmitters:

Red or grey thin line: if the transmitters carries or not the
specified resource value (Physical Cell ID, PSS ID or SSS ID)
Forsk 2015
Slide 97
PCI Allocation Audit (1/2)
You can check if your constraints are satisfied by the current allocation by performing an audit
Respect of a minimum reuse distance
Respect of neighbourhood constraints (two neighbour cells must have a different PCI)
Respect of PSS/SSS ID allocation strategy
Forsk 2015
Slide 98
PCI Allocation Audit (2/2)
Audit results
The exclamation mark icon ( ) means that the collision may or may not be a problem depending on your
network design rules and selected strategies.
On the other hand, the cross icon ( ) implies an error.
Forsk 2015
Slide 99
Automatic PRACH RSI
PRACH channel
Automatic PRACH RSI Planning
Forsk 2015
Slide 100
PRACH Channel
The Physical Random Access CHannel (PRACH) is used to transmit the random access preamble
used to initiate the random access procedure. This channel allows UEs to achieve uplink time
synchronisation
Duration depends on the preamble format
839 subcarriers for preamble format 0 to 3 => 6 RB

139 subcarriers for preamble format 4
CYCLIC
PREFIX
SEQUENCE
GUARD
TIME
1.25 kHz wide Subcarriers for formats 0 to 3

7.5 KHz wide Subcarriers for format 4
PRACH resources are multiplexed with PUSCH and PUCCH
Forsk 2015
Contention-free random Access Procedure
Slide 101
PRACH Channel
Different sections of the network can be planned with different preamble formats if the cell
range varies from one area to another
The format 0 is the default format as it generates a small overhead and allows reaching a maximum cell
range of 15 km which the most common situation
Preamble
Format
0
1
2
3
4
Forsk 2015
Duplex Cyclic Prefix Sequence Guard

Total Typical Max.
Mode
Duration Duration
Time Length Cell Range
FDD/TDD 103,13 us
800 us 96,88 us 1 ms
14,5 km
FDD/TDD 648,38 us
800 us 515,63 us 2 ms
77,3 km
FDD/TDD 203,13 us
800 us 196,88 us 2 ms
29,5 km
FDD/TDD 684,38 us
800 us 715,63 us 3 ms
100,2 km
TDD
14,58 us
133 us
9,38 us 0,16 ms
1,4 km
Slide 102
Purpose: Determine different preamble sequences to allow multiple UE using the same
frequency and time domain resources to simultaneously connect to an eNB. Each sequence is
generated by cyclic shifting one or several root sequence index (RSI).
Preamble sequences are CAZAC* codes generated using the Zadoff-Chu method
Each cell has 64 preamble sequences (16 were available for UMTS/HSPA)
838 RSI are available for FDD (format 0 to 3) and 138 for TDD (format 4).
Depending on the PRACH format (or cell size), a different quantity of RSI is required per cell.
15 km
RSI 10-19
4 km
RSI 0-2
Suburban-Rural Cell
10 RSI required per cell
Urban Cell
* CAZAC: Constant Amplitude Zero Autocorrelation

Forsk 2015
Slide 103
The root sequence index values allocated to each cell should ensure that neighbouring cells have
different sets of root sequences
A maximum RSI re-use can be implemented when a minimum number of RSI is used
For the urban case, 3 RSI are necessary per cell. 838 different RSI are available, so 838/3 279 cells can
be allocated before reuse
For the rural case, 10 RSI are used per cell 838/10 83 cells can be allocated before reuse
Suburban-Rural Cell
Forsk 2015
Urban Cell
Slide 104
Atoll will allow the user to directly enter the number of required root sequence per cell.
This approach provides the most flexibility in case of different equipment and propagation environments
imply additional delays and margins which impact the calculation of the quantity of required root
sequence per cell.
The mapping tables show values calculated for ideal conditions, i.e., no delay spread and perfect
equipment. There are shown for information only .
3GPP parameters used for the PRACH RSI allocation are described in the following table
Parameter
Range
PRACH Configuration Index
0 to 63
Determines the preamble format, version and density
0 to 15
Determines the size of the cyclic shift and the number

of preamble sequence that can be generated from each
root sequence
Zero Correlation Zone

High Speed Flag
Forsk 2015
Description
True/False Reduce Doppler effect at very high speed (> 200 km/h)
Root Sequence Index
0 to 837
PRACH Frequency Offset
0 to 94
Preamble sequence generated form root sequence

index
Determines the PRACH preambles position in the
frequency domain
Slide 105
Automatic PRACH RSI Planning (2/8)
Forsk 2015
Slide 106

Resource selection
Initial cost calculation before planning
Cell parameters
Run the calculation
Forsk 2015
Slide 107

Specify PRACH RSI resources to be used for the allocation
Forsk 2015
Slide 108
Once Atoll has finished allocating PRACH RSIs, the proposed allocation plan is available on the
Results tab
The proposed PRACH RSI plan can be assigned automatically to the cells of the network if you click Commit
Forsk 2015
Slide 109
A quantity of 10 PRACH RSIs has been automatically allocated per cell because of the cell table
configuration
Forsk 2015
Slide 110
The LTE prediction, Cell Identifier collision zones, allows verifying if any collisions occur between
cells with one or several identical PRACH RSIs
Forsk 2015
Slide 111
You can check if your constraints are satisfied by the current allocation by performing an audit
Respect of a minimum reuse distance
Respect of neighbourhood constraints (two neighbour cells must have different PRACH RSIs)
Interference matrix consideration
Forsk 2015
Slide 112
Training Programme
1.
LTE Concepts
2.
3.
4.
LTE Predictions
5.
6.
7.
MIMO Features
Forsk 2015
Slide 113
8. MIMO Features
Introduction
MIMO Techniques Overview
MIMO Settings in Atoll
Dynamic MIMO Switching
Diversity and Throughput Gains
Calculation Details
Use Case: 4x2 MIMO (TX DIV+SU-MIMO)
Forsk 2015
Slide 114
Introduction (1/2)
Shannons formula
Theoretical limit to transmit without error: = . 2 (1 + SNR) , (bits/s)
How to increase the channel capacity ?

Increase the bandwidth (W )
Improve the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR )
Limitation of SISO* systems to reach very high data rates
Why MIMO ?
The usage of multiple antennas improves dramatically the channel capacity without additional bandwidth
or transmit power
Expected benefits with MIMO
Higher throughput
Better coverage
*SISO: Single Input Single Output

Forsk 2015
Slide 115
Introduction (2/2)
General concept of MIMO

Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) configurations benefit from multiple antenna elements at the
transmitter and multiple antenna elements at the receiver
Terminology
Similar terminology is used for Single Input Multiple Output (SIMO), Multiple Input Single Output (MISO),
and Single Input Single Output (SISO)
4x2 MIMO
Propagation
channel
Forsk 2015
1x4 SIMO
Propagation
channel
4x1 MISO
SISO
Propagation
channel
Propagation
channel
Slide 116
MIMO Techniques Overview
Four different MIMO techniques can be listed

Transmit diversity
Aims to improve the signal quality by sending several times the same data stream
Usually used in areas with bad CINR conditions
Single-User MIMO (or SU-MIMO, also referred to as Spatial Multiplexing)

Aims to improve the signal throughput by transmitting simultaneously (i.e. using the same
set of time/frequency resources) multiple data streams to a single user
Usually used in areas with good CINR conditions
Beamforming
Aims to improve both signal quality and throughput by focusing the signal energy towards
the receiver
Multi-User MIMO (or MU-MIMO)

Aims to improve the system capacity by sending simultaneously different data streams to
different users
Forsk 2015
Slide 117
Transmitters Settings
You have to set the appropriate number of antenna ports at the Transmitters level
In this example, 4 ports are defined for the
transmission (used for DL calculations), and
2 ports for the reception (used for UL
calculations)
4x? MIMO (DL)
Propagation
channel
Depends on the number of reception

antenna ports defined in the terminal
properties (see slide 49)
?x2 MIMO (UL)
Propagation
channel
Depends on the number of transmission

antenna ports defined in the terminal
properties (see slide 49)
Forsk 2015
Slide 118
Cells Settings
MIMO techniques support

You can define the MIMO techniques
supported by your equipment in UL/DL in
the Cells properties
AAS = Active Array System (beamforming)
For more information see the training
course LTE Features Advanced
MU-MIMO
For more information see the training
course LTE Features Advanced
Tx/Rx
diversity
SU-MIMO
AAS
MU-MIMO
UL/DL
DL only
UL/DL
UL/DL
Forsk 2015
Slide 119
Terminal Settings
You have to configure a terminal that supports MIMO
LTE equipment defining SU-MIMO

and diversity gains
MIMO
support
Number of antenna ports in UL and DL in case of MIMO support

(1Tx/2Rx is the most common configuration at the moment)
Forsk 2015
Slide 120
Dynamic MIMO mode (1/3)
Definition
Atoll can dynamically switch between different MIMO techniques depending on the radio condition
Different option can be implemented:
TX DIV SU-MIMO, TX DIV MU-MIMO, TX DIV MU-MIMO SU-MIMO
Good radio conditions

-> Use of SU-MIMO
-> Better throughput
Bad radio conditions

-> Use of Tx/Rx diversity
-> Better CINR
Transition area between SU-MIMO and Tx/Rx diversity

-> Determined by the SU-MIMO threshold (see next slide)
In this example, Atoll can automatically switch from SU-MIMO to Tx/Rx diversity as the radio conditions
deteriorate
Advantages
Improves the throughput for users situated near the transmitter
Increases the signal quality for cell edge users
Forsk 2015
Slide 121
Dynamic MIMO mode (2/3)
The SU-MIMO threshold is the parameter used to switch from SU-MIMO to Tx/Rx diversity
It can be defined in the reception equipment properties
Default Cell Equipment (for UL calculations)
Default UE Equipment (for DL calculations)
It is expressed in dB and refers to the Reference Signal or the PDSCH/PUSCH quality
The SU-MIMO threshold depends on the user

mobility
Forsk 2015
Slide 122
Dynamic MIMO mode(3/3)
You can choose the criterion the SU-MIMO threshold will be based upon in the LTE global
settings
Reference Signal C/N or C/(I+N)
PDSCH or PUSCH C/(I+N)
Forsk 2015
Slide 123
Diversity and Throughput Gains (1/2)
Diversity and/or throughput gains can be applied when using certain MIMO techniques
They depend on the MIMO configuration used (2x1 MIMO, 2x2 MIMO, 4x4 MIMO)
Besides PDSCH and PUSCH, PBCH and PDCCH can also benefit from diversity gains
All values set here should be in line with your vendor specific equipment
Forsk 2015
Slide 124
Diversity and Throughput Gains (2/2)
Additional diversity and throughput gains are defined in the clutter classes properties
Diversity and throughput gains can be tuned according to the environment
Forsk 2015
Slide 125
Calculation Details (1/2)
CINR improvement with the transmit diversity technique

Lets consider for instance the CINRPDSCH
CINRPDSCH (With MIMO) = CINRPDSCH (Without MIMO) + Diversity Gain + Additional Diversity Gain (DL)
Forsk 2015
Slide 126
Calculation Details (2/2)
Throughput improvement with the SU-MIMO technique

Lets consider for instance the DL peak RLC channel throughput
Peak Th. (With MIMO) = Peak Th. (Without MIMO) x [ 1 + (Max MIMO Gain 1) x LTE SU-MIMO Gain Factor ]
Forsk 2015
Slide 127
Use Case: 4x2 MIMO DL (TX DIV+SU-MIMO) (1/5)
Atoll configuration
4 transmission antenna ports
Transmitters properties
2 reception antenna ports

Terminal properties
Diversity support (DL)

TX DIV + SU-MIMO
Note: Traffic load (DL) = 75%

Forsk 2015
Slide 128
Peak RLC Channel Throughput Analysis (DL)

Conditions:
Traffic load (DL) = 75%
Channel width = 10 MHz
Normal CP, PDCCH overhead = 2
SU-MIMO threshold = 12 dB (RS CINR)

Service = High Speed Internet
Mobility = Pedestrian
Without MIMO
SU-MIMO
SU-MIMO
threshold
Tx/Rx
diversity
4x2 MIMO (TX DIV+SU-MIMO)

Forsk 2015
Slide 129
Peak RLC Channel Throughput Analysis (DL) near the transmitter

Results based on pixels where the SU-MIMO technique is used (RS CINR > 12 dB)
100
90
80
70
60
50
Without MIMO
40
AMS 4x2
30
20
10
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
Peak RLC Throughput (Mbps)

* AMS: Adaptive MIMO Switching between TX Div and SU-MIMO
Forsk 2015
Slide 130
Quality analysis - PDSCH C/(I+N)

Conditions:
Traffic load (DL) = 75%
Channel width = 10 MHz
Normal CP, PDCCH overhead = 2
SU-MIMO threshold = 12 dB (RS CINR)

Service = High Speed Internet
Mobility = Pedestrian
No service
Tx/Rx
diversity
Without MIMO
SU-MIMO
SU-MIMO threshold
4x2 MIMO (TX DIV+SU-MIMO)

Forsk 2015
Slide 131
Quality analysis - PDSCH C/(I+N)

The overall quality (near transmitter and at cell edge) is considered on the chart below
100
90
80
70
60
50
Without MIMO
40
AMS 4x2
30
20
10
0
-20
-15
-10
-5
10
15
20
25
30
PDSCH C/(I+N) (dB)

* AMS: Adaptive MIMO Switching between TX Div and SU-MIMO
Forsk 2015
Slide 132
Appendix
Forsk 2015
Slide 133
LTE throughput formulas
Downlink Peak RLC channel Throughput

=
Number of Ressource Elements available for PDSCH

Bearer Efficiency : Number of bits per symbol * Coding rate
Frame duration : 10 ms
Downlink Effective RLC channel throughput

= ( )
BLER: Downlink block error rate read from the graphs available in LTE Network Settings / Reception
Equipment
Forsk 2015
Slide 134
Downlink Application channel throughput

=
Throughput scaling factor defined in the properties of the service used by the pixel (Traffic parameters /
Services)
Throughput offset defined in the properties of the service used by the pixel (Traffic parameters / Services)
Downlink peak RLC cell capacity

= . .
T.L.: Maximum Downlink Traffic Load
Downlink effective RLC cell capacity

= ( )
BLER: Downlink block error rate read from the graphs available in LTE Network Settings / Reception
Equipment
Peak Cell Capacity: Downlink Peak RLC Cell capacity (kbps)
Forsk 2015
Slide 135
Downlink Application cell capacity

() = ( )/
Throughput scaling factor defined in the properties of the service used by the pixel (Traffic parameters /
Services)
Throughput offset defined in the properties of the service used by the pixel (Traffic parameters / Services)
Downlink peak RLC throughput per user

=
N DL users: Number of users connected to the cell in downlink
Downlink effective RLC throughput per user

=
N DL users: Number of users connected to the cell in downlink
Forsk 2015
Slide 136
Downlink application throughput per user

=
NDL users: Number of users connected to the cell in downlink
Forsk 2015
Slide 137
RSRQ formula
RSRQ is the ratio over the entire channel bandwidth of the wanted RS signal / All signal
=
RSRP: Received Signal Received Power: Received Power at the UE per Reference signal channel resource
element from its serving cell
RSSI: Received Signal Strength Indicator: Total power received at the UE from its serving and adjacent cells
NRB : Number of resource blocks over which the RSSI is measured
Forsk 2015
Slide 138
Thank you
Forsk 2015
Slide 139

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LTE Features

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LTE Planning Overview

Modelling a LTE Network

Automatic Resource Allocation

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LTE Radio Interface

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Evolution of 3GPP standards

UMTS FDD (3G)

UMTS TDD + FDD repeaters (3G)

HSUPA (enhanced uplink) + MBMS (3.5G)

HSPA+ (2x2 MIMO, higher order modulations, etc.) (3.75G)

LTE FDD and TDD (3.9G) + HSPA+ multi-carrier

LTE advanced (4G)

384 kbps downlink

14 Mbps peak downlink

42,2 Mbps peak downlink

100 Mbps peak downlink

100 Mbps to 1Gbps

+ Carrier aggregation (DL/UL)

3GPP Release 99/4

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OFDM Frequency and Time Domains

Frequency domain organization

Subcarriers are spaced in a manner that the centre of each

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OFDM Frequency and Time Domains

Time domain organization

Two configurations depending on the environment

Typical values of delay spread:

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Advanced OFDM: OFDMA

OFDM : Orthogonal Frequency

OFDMA allocates users in time and frequency

The entire channel bandwidth is allocated to

OFDMA : Orthogonal Frequency

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Narrowband orthogonal subcarriers

Long symbol durations + cyclic prefix

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Multiple Access Techniques and Duplexing Methods

SC-FDMA in UL (OFDMA variant)

Each subcarrier carries information of

LTE can be deployed in FDD and TDD

*PAPR: Peak to Average Power Ratio

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LTE Radio Interface

LTE channel structure

24 SCa of 7.5 kHz

1 subcarrier over 1 SD (symbol duration) = 1 resource element (RE)

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LTE Channel Structure

LTE PHY layer supports a wide range of bandwidths

(7.5 kHz for

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LTE Frame Structure

Time domain structure (for both UL and DL)

= 10 sub-frames or TTI (each 1 ms)

Slot 0 Slot 1 Slot 2 Slot 3

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OFDMA LTE Frame (DL)

Structure of a resource block