WWW.VIETMATHS.COM \WWIW.VIETMATHS.COM Chuan bi cho ki thi tot nghigp THPT va thi vao Dai hoc \ Dé thi tuyén sink vio Dai hoc, Cao ding hién nay, theo edu trie cia BG GD&DT, cic bai todn vé toa d6 trong mat phing thong xuyén xual hign. Dé gidi quyét cde bai todn nay cde thi sinh can ném ving mét tink chdt hinh hoc phdng nao dé, diéu a3 lam cho ede thé sinh cam thay hing ning. Bai vit nay mong mudn ghip mt chiit kién thite nhé cho cde thi sink sip burée vao ki thi tuyén sinh Dat hoc, Cao dang. I. KIEN THUC CAN NHG Cho tam gide ABC ngi tiép dung tron (1), 71a truc tim cia tam gide. Goi £, F lan lugt la chin duéng cao ha ar B, C. M1a trung diém ctta eanh BC (h.1). Nhén xét 1. AH = 21M =2AJ (trong db J 1a trung diém cua doan AH) Hink | Nhdn xét2. IAL EF. Co mhiéu cach chimg minh nhin xét nay, od thé sir dyng nh§n xét 1. Sau day 1a mét cach kha: Ta c6 CFB =CEB=90" nén tit giée BCEF nOi tiép dudng tron, do d6 ACB = AFE. GV THPT Chuyén Lirong MOT SO BAI TOAN LIEN QUAN TH TRUCTAMTARIGIAC = NGUYEN TRUONG SON Van Tuy, Ninh Binh) Dung 4¢ la tiép tuyén ca duing tron (). Khi a6 ACB = BAt. Tit dé AFE = Bai nén At Il EF. Suy ra JA | EF NhGn xét 3, Goi P la giao diém thir hai cua dudng thing BH véi during tron (/). Khi dé, P la diém déi xing cia H qua dudng thang AC. Nhgn xét 4. Goi Q li chan dutng cao he tir dinh 4 cia AABC. Khi dé H/ 1A tam noi tiép cia AEFO. Chitng minh cde nhan xét 1, 3, 4 1a kha d8 ding, Il. THI DY AP DUNG OThi dy 2. Trong mat phang vai hé true wa dé Ox ngoai tiép tam gide nhon ABC cd chén ede cheéng cao ha tir B, C lin heot lé: M(-1; -3), N(Q; -3). Tim toa dé cde dinh cia tam gide ABC biét rang diém A cé ung dé dim, Loi giai (h.2) o CAech 1. Duong tron (C) 6 tam (0,0), ban kinh_p cho dong tron (Cy: + y MN =(3;0) Theo whdn xét2, # tacé OA | MN. Khi dé dudng thing OA qua O, nhan MN =(3;0) lam vecto phép tuyén c6 phuong trinh: x=0. Toa dg diém 4 14 nghiém ciia hé phuong trinh #=0 reyes Hinh 2 gg) Wi 06 tung dm nén A(0;-5)WWW.VIETMATHS.COM \WWIW.VIETMATHS.COM Ta thiy AM =(-1;2),AN = (2;2) lin Inot 1a vecto chi phuong cia dudng thing AC, AB. Phuong trinh dudng thing AC: 2x+y+5=0. Phuong trinh dudng thing 4B: x-y-5=0. Toa dd diém C 1a nghiém cia hé phutong trinh: 2x+y+5=0 . 2 xy? =25 Toa dg diém B 1a nghiém cia hg phuong trinh: -y-5=0 =Oy=— aay=Se0,, [se 0,75 x+y? =25 B(S;0). x=S5;y=0 SEEM Do AB.AC >0,BC.BA>0,CB.CA>0, nén tam gidc ABC nhon. Vay A(0;—5), B(5;0), c(-4;3).0 Cach 2, Gia sir H(a;b) 1a true tim AABC. Goi P, Q Vin luot 1a giao diém thir hai cia duong thing CH, BH véi duéng tron (C). Theo nhdn xét 3, P, Q Van luot 1a diém déi ximg cia H qua AB, AC. Vay P(4-a;-6-b), O(-2 - a,;-6—)) . Ta cd hé: (4-4)? +(6+by =25 ol 1,6 (2+a)'+(6+b) =25 |a=1b= V6i H(1;-2) thi HM =(-2;-1), HN =(1;-1) > HM.HN =-1<0. Voi H(;-10) thi HM =(-2;7), HN =(1;7)=> HM.HN =47>0. Suy ra BAC 1a géc th (mau thufin). Do dé (13-2) Taco AC: Ixty+5= 3AB: x-y-5=0. Goi / 14 trung diém cia BC. Tir AH = 207 suy ra { 3), PT BCla: x+3y-5=0, L. 3 Tir do suy ra cae diém 4(0;-5), C(-4;3) théa man yéu cau bai toan. 0 B(5;0), Loi binh: ing khi lim theo céch 2 thi digu kign tung d@ diém 4 am 1a khéng cn thiét. OThi dy 2. Trong mat phéing voi hé true toa § Oxy, cho tam gide ABC cb A(-2; -1), tree tam H(2;\), BC = 25. Ge in uot [a chén cheéng cao ké tie B, C cita tam gitic ABC. Lép phuong trink dieing thing BC, diém M cia BC nam trén dong thang d:x—2y-1 = 0 va Mcé tung dé dong, Loi giai, Do M thugc dudng thing d nén M(Q2a+l;a)(a>0). Goi / 1a tim duréng tron ngoai tiép tam giée ABC. Ta od AH =(4;2),AH =2VS va AH =27M, suy ra I(2a—1;a-1),7M = V5. Vi M 1a trung diém BC nén IM 1 BC. Do dé: 4 7 -(£) +IM? =10 = Qa+lP +a? =10 5a’ +4a-9=0 > a=1 hole a= Doa>Onéna=1 = MQ;l). Dudng thing BC di qua M(3;1), nan AH =(4;2) lam vecto phap tuyén c6 PT: 2x-+y—-7=0. Thi du 3. Trong mat phiing wi hé wruc toa dé Oxy, cho tam gicie ABC cén tai A, tree tam H(-3:2). Goi D, E lan lugt la chin ducing cao ké tr B, C cata tam gide ABC. Biét diém A nam trén duong thing d:3 0, diém F-2;3) thuéc diong thang DE va HD=2. Tim toa dé diém A, Loi giai, Do A nim trén dudng thing =3y-3=0 nén AGt+3;4) voi teR. FA=(31+5;t-3), HA=(31+6;1-2). Do tam giéc ABC cén tai Anén AH 1 DE. Tacé AD? = AH* —HD?*, Khi dé FA — FH? = DA? - DH? => PA - FH? = AH? -2HD” => (31-45)? +(¢-3)? -2 = (314 6)? +(¢- 2)? -8 =1=0. Vay A (3:0). Loi binh: Mot tinh chat thit vi dirge sir dung trong thi dy 3, thurong gip dé la: Cho 4 diém A,B,C, D, néu AB LCD thi AC? — AD? = BC BD*.WWW.VIETMATHS.COM \WWIW.VIETMATHS.COM OThi dy 4. Trong mat phing vei hé truc toa dé Oxy, cho tam gidc ABC cén tai A, i dwéng cao BE, CF cat nhau tai H(2;2), . Tim toa dé dinh A cita tam gide dinh A thuge dheéng thing dix+y+12=0va khodng edch tit A dén cheong théing EF nhé nhdt. Loi gidi. Ta thay ring H khong thuge dudng thing d. Do 4 nim trén dwong thing dix+y+12=0 nén A(y-¢-12) voi teR. HA =(t-2;-1-14). Vitam gic ABC can ti Anén AH L FE. Xt tam gide vudng HAE ta cb: AE? = AH? ~HE? =(t-2) +(1+14)-9 =2f 42474191 2 va d(A, py = 4 20? +241+191 AH 27 +24¢-+ 200 a2? +2474 200 -———9>_—_ N20 +24¢-+200 = (26+ 6 +128 -——— > P+ 6)? #128 5128-9 _ 1192 “wi 16 Diing thite xy ra khi va chi khi ¢= 6. Khoang cach tir 4 dén EF nhé nhat bing ui khi A(-6;-6). ea dy 5. Trong mat phing véi hé true toa 6 Oxy, cho tam gitic ABC cdin tai dinh A. Goi N Ié trang diém ctia doan thing ‘AB. Goi EI), (2 2) in hot la chin dheomg cao ha tit cde dinh B, C ctia tam giée ABC. Tim toa d§ ciia dinh A biét ring phuong trinh dheog thing CN la 2x+y~13=0. Loi gid. Goi G KA trong tim AABC. Do A ABC cin tai A nén AG chinh 1a dudng trang ime cia dogn thing EF, PT AG li -3x+ytl Toa d6 diém G la nghiém eta hg PT: 2x+y-13=0 © -3x+y+12=0 A€ AG = Ala;3a~12),C € CN = C(cs13~ 20). Do G Ia trong tam tam gide ABC nén suy ra B(S-a-c;8-3a+2c), BOS ~a—2c;-5-3a+ 4c) EB(8-a-c;7-3a+2c), Tacé AGL BC;EB 1 EC nén 15-a—2c+3(-5—3a+ de) =0 (8-a-c)(e-7) + (7-3a+ 2c)(12-2e) = 0 azc=7. Khi dd A(7;9),BC1),C(7;-). 712-2) OThi dy 6. Trong mat phiing véi hé truc toa iG Oxy, cho tam gitic ABC néi tigp diedng tron tim 1(1;2), ban kinh R=5. Chan dung cao ha tie B, C ctia tam gidc ABC lén lugt la H(3;3), K(0;-1). Viet phucong trinh duréng trén ngoqi tiép tr gide BCHK, biét ring tung dé diém A diong. Lot gidi. Ta cé KH = (3:4). ta cé /AL HK. Do dé trinh la: Theo nhdn xét 2, duing thing 14 6 phwong xel+4e oer 9a ER)- A thude duong thing J4 yee nén A(1+41;2-32), voi <2. Tacd la=seo16? 097-25! Vay A(-3;5). Dudng thing AB 6 phuong tinh: 2x+y+1=0. Dudng thing AC cd phwrong x+3y-12=0, Dudng thing BH ¢é phuong trinh: 3x- y—6 = 0. Duong thing CK 6 phuong trinh: x-2y-2=0. Khi dé dé dang suy ra B(1;-3),C(6;2). Goi 14 tim dung tron ngogi tigp tir gite BCHK thi J la trung diém etia BC. Khi do (3-4); trinh:WWW.VIETMATHS.COM WWIW.VIETMATHS.COM ' Phuong trinh duéng tron ngoai tigp tir gide 2 > aon: (x-2) +[y+4]) -28. 2 2) 2 Loi bin: C6 rat nhiéu cach xéc dinh toa do tam dudng tron ngoai tip tit giée BCHK. Ta 6 thé xde dinh toa dé tim ¥ dung tron ngoai tiép tam gide AHK. Sau dé suy ra toa d6 tim J bing cach sir dung nhdn xér 1. OThi du 7. Viet plarong trinh ba canh cia tam gide ABC biét E(-ls-2), F(2.2), Q(-1,.2) tan luot la chan ba duéng cao ha tir A, B, C cia tam gidc ABC. Loi gidi. Theo nhdn xét 4, tre tim H cia tam gide ABC chinh la tam dudng tron ndi tiép tam gite FFQ. Do dé, ta tim toa 46 diém H nhw sau: Goi Uli giao diém cia AE véi OF. Khi dé ta HU _FU_1 HO RUE HE FE 3 Phuong trinh dudng thing AB lax +y-3=0. Phuong trinh dudng thing AC la 2x + y—6 = Phuong trinh dudng thang BC lax+ 3y+7=0. I. BAL TAP TU’ LUYEN 1, Trong mat phiing véi hé truc toa dé Oxy, cho tam gic ABC voi C(-3;0), during thang di qua chin duéng cao ha tir A, B c6 phyong trinh 1a Txty+5=0. Viét phuong trinh duéng tron ngogi tip tam gide ABC biét ring M(4:1) thude dudng tron dé. 2. Trong mat phing véi hé truc toa d6 Oxy, cho tam giée ABC efin tai A, goi Mf va a(S 2) i lugt la chan dudng cao he tir A va B cia tam gide ABC. Dikm E(-3;0) la diém di xing eta M qua trung diém N ota canh 4B. Xée dinh toa d6 cae dinh cia A ABC biét M nim trén dudng thing d:ax + y—2=0. 3. Trong mat phing véi hé truc toa dé Oxy, cho tam gidc ABC can tai A, dudng thing BC 6 phuong trinh 2x4-2=0, 6, F lan lugt ka chan dung cao ké tir B, C ciia tam giée ABC. BE 06 phuong trinh xty+1=0, diém M131) thuge duéng thing CF. Tim toa d6 cic dinh cia tam gide ABC. 4. Trong mat phiing vdi hé truc tga dé Oxy, cho tam giée ABC nQi tiép dudng tron cé ban kinh R=i0, o( 3) Ta trong tm tam gide ABC. Cae diém K(4;4), 1 (3;1) lin Ivot la chan dudng cao ha tit A, B cia tam gide ABC. Tim toa d6 dinh cita tam giée ABC. 5. Trong mit phing véi h¢ toa d6 Oxy cho tam gic ABC c6 chin dudng cao ha tir B, C xuéng canh déi ign Hin luot 18 K(-2:2), (2:2) aa of 16 bitn (62) clia £ xudng BC. Tim toa dO cée dinh cia AABC. 6. Cho tam gide nhon ABC voi AK, CD la hai dudng cao va H Wa tre tim A ABC. Bi duéng tron ngoai tiép tam gidc (x2)? +y? =5, teung diém eta AC la P(7;5) Tim toa d6 cdc diém A, B, C biét ring BC di qua Giém Q(1;4) va hoanh d6 diém D lan hon 3 7. Trong mat phing tog dO Oxy, cho AABC 66 A(2 :3), chin hai dudng cao ké tir A va B lan ligt a (32), «(Sh | 23 3). Goi 7 1a tam 13° 1B 10°10 dudng trdn ngoai tip AABC, E 1A mot diém thude cung nhé AB, Ké EMLBC, ENLAC. Tim toa do dim £ dé MN c6 dé dai Ion nhit. la hinh chicu vuéng gdc 8. Trong mit phing véi hé truc toa dB Oxy, cho tam giée ABC. Goi £(7:1), (ts 2 in hot la chan durémg cao ha tir cde dink B, C cita tam gide ABC. Tim toa 46 ca dinh 4 biét ring phuong trinh duong thing BC 1 2x+y-13 = Ova diém B cé tung 9 duong. 9. Cho tam giée ABC c6 truc tim H, duudng tron ngoai tiép tam gite HBC cé phuong trinh: ety -x-Sy+4=0. H thude dudng thing A:3x-y-4=0, M(2;3) la trung d Tim toa d6 cdc dinh ciia tam gide ABC.