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OBJECTIVES
1)

HEAT AS A SOURCE OF
ENERGY

2)

3)

Recognize the heat nature, heat content and heat

transfer.
Explain the heat transfer in the Shell and Tube Heat
Exchanger
Describe the safety considerations dealing with heat
as a source of energy

HEAT NATURE

TEMPERATURE AND HEAT CONTENT

Atoms and molecules are in continuous motion.

If heat energy is added, the motion increases.
While if heat energy is removed, the motion decreases.
Example:

The use of temperature as a tool to measure and control the

heat content of process streams.
A change in T of a material indicates a change in heat content.

SITUATION 1
The change in heat content for a substance with an increase
in temperature, but no phase change.
Equation:

The separation of components in a mixture carried out in distillation

needs heat to do the work.
A refrigerant first absorbs heat from a process and then discharges
that same heat to the atmosphere.

2 important principles:
1.
2.

Must be a donor or receiver of heat

Heat moves only from a higher temperature to a lower
temperature.

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SITUATION 2
The change in heat content with a decrease in temperature and no
phase change.
Equation:

HEAT TRANSFER
Several

SITUATION 3
The change in the total heat content of one pound of a substance
when heat is added can be expressed as:

Heat moves from a higher to a lower temperature.

2) There must be both a recipient to absorb heat and donor
to provide the same quantity of heat.
3) Sensible heat is absorbed and accompanied by an
increase in T. Sensible heat is given off accompanied by a
decrease in T.
4) Latent heat is absorbed or given off during a phase
change with no change in T.
1)

H = CpT + HF + Hv

SITUATION 3
When heat is being removed from a system, the change in heat
content can be expressed as:
-H = (Cp)(-T) - HF - Hv

principles are involved in the movement of

heat.

1) RADIATION

1) Radiation

Definition: The heat

transferred from a hot to a
cold body through waves.

3 ways to
transfer
heat

3) Conduction

2) Convection
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CONTINUE

2) CONVECTION

Characteristics of Radiant Heat

Radiant heat occurs at high temperatures.

Radiant heat does not need matter (solid, liquid, or gas) to
transfer from one body to another. Example: The sun heating a
car.
Can be described as waves of energy.
Absorbed by objects in its path.
One of the controlling mechanisms in furnaces, radiators and
fireboxes.

Definition: A term used to

describe the mechanism
that transfers heat in fluids
(liquids and gases).

CONTINUE

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3) CONDUCTION

Characteristics of Convection
Convection occurs at all temperatures, but is most useful to

Definition: The method of

transferring heat energy
through a solid.

transfer heat at moderate to low temperatures.

Heat transfer occurs when the molecules of warm and cool
materials collide, so effective mixing to optimize contact is
desirable.
The primary heat transfer mechanism in fluids.
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HEAT TRANSFER IN THE SHELL & TUBE

HEAT EXCHANGER

CONTINUE

Definition: Heat transfer is the transition of thermal energy from

one physical system to another.
Important factor to heat transfer across the wall;

Characteristics of Conduction
The mechanism of heat transfer through a solid.

1.

Occurs when there is a temperature difference (T) across

2.
3.

the solid, which is the driving force that moves all heat.

4.

Conduction is quantified by a physical property of solid

called thermal conductivity.

The Wall Thickness

The Transfer Area
Temperature Difference
The Films

2 important principles of heat transfer across a wall:

1.
2.

Heat energy only moves from a high T to a low T.

The driving force is the temperature difference across the wall.

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Shell and Tube HE

The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient

Where

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U = the overall heat transfer coefficient, Btu/hr/ft2

Q = The amount of heat being transferred, Btu/hr

Purpose: designed to transfer amount of heat that is calculated from the flow
rates and the temperature difference between the inlet and outlet flows.

The wall keeps the source of heat or the coolant separated from the process
stream.

The physical conditions that affect the performance of a shell and tube HE
can be expressed as:

A = The area across which the heat is transferred, ft2

T = The temperature driving force

Q = UATm

Where

A = (D2)(L) / 4

T = mean average temperature difference between the process and the

heat source or coolant

(pi) = constant, 3.146

A = Total surface area, ft2

D = Tube diameter, ft
L = length of tube, ft

Q = heat load, Btu/hr

U = overall heat transfer coefficient, Btu/hr/ft2

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Shell and Tube HE

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Shell and Tube HE

Several important process requirements:

1) The flow through the tubes is isolated from the flow through the shell.
2) The material used to construct the shell is compatible with the chemical
in the shell and tube.
3) The tubes can be operated at a much higher pressure than the shell for
the same thickness.
4) Tubes are an efficient way to install a large amount of heat transfer area
into a relatively small amount of shell space.
5) Baffles can be installed along the tube bundle. The purpose is to
lengthen the flow path on the shell side in order to increase velocity,
which improves mixing.
6) The heads are usually flanged to the shell.
7) The heater/cooler exchanger usually performs well when installed either
horizontally or vertically.

Important

uses of the Shell and Tubes HE

Cooler use to remove the heat put into the process which
is usually taken out in cooling water
Heater use steam as the source of energy.
- require heat input
- pre-heat of feed streams to temperature-dependent
units.

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HEAT EXCHANGER CONTROL DIAGRAM

Purpose: to control the exit process temperature
(see Figure 2.11) pg 39 & 40.
Refer to :

Sketch A
Cooler

1.
2.
3.
4.

Sketch A - cooler
Sketch B heater
Sketch C condenser with system pressure control
Sketch D - reboiler

Process

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SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS
A high-pressure steam leak can be invisible, and the noise
should be approached cautiously.
In a liquid-filled system with no vent, the expansion is
completely control, and the pressure can build up with small
changes in T.
The volume is not allowed to increase with an increase in
temperature change can generate a damaging pressure in
equipment.
In liquid-filled systems, some type of pressure relief is usually
provided.

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