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Experiment No. 2
Measurement of Densities
and Specific Gravities
HYDRAULICS DEPARTMENT
Name: ____Bautista, Derwin Daniel C._________________
Subject & Section:__CE140-0P/B2_______ Date Performed:_October 15, 2010_
Instructor:___Engr. Fibor J. Tan________
Date Submitted: _October 28, 2010_
EXPERIMENT NO.2
MEASUREMENT OF DENSITIES AND SPECIFIC GRAVITIES
EXPERIMENT A: Determining Specific Gravity Using a Hydrometer
OBJECTIVE:
To determine densities and specific gravities using a hydrometer
APPARATUS:
Universal Hydrometer
4 off Hydrometer Jars
LABORATORY PROCEDURE:
METHOD:
a
Fill one hydrometer jar with sufficient water to float the hydrometer
and check that the scale marking corresponding to depth of immersion
reads 1.00
Fill three hydrometer jars with the liquids to be tested with sufficient of
the liquids to float the hydrometer and note for each liquid scale
reading.
NOTE:
2
RESULTS:
Barometric Pressure _____ mm of Hg
Temperature _20_ C
Liquid
Water
Kerosene
Diesel
Cooking Oil
Since s
L=S
And
density of liquid
density of water
(Eqn 1)
w =
gm
1
kg
= 3 106=103 3
m1 10
m
Density,
Liquid
gm/ml
Water
1.00
3
kg/ m
1000
Kerosene
Diesel
Cooking Oil
0.79
0.85
0.93
790
850
930
REPORT:
GROUP NO.
LIQUID
Kerosene
Diesel
Cooking Oil
GROUP NO.
5
LIQUID
Kerosene
Diesel
Cooking Oil
(kN/m3)
9.81
9.81
9.81
True Value Sk
0.79
0.85
0.93
hw
(cm)
hk
(cm)
Sw
SK
18.6
19.8
26.7
23.5
23.4
28.8
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.791
0.846
0.927
Average Sk
0.791
0.846
0.927
Finding Sk
Given:
Derivation:
P A + L h L W hW =PB
L hL = L hW
L=
W hW
hL
L =S L W
S L W =
W hW
hL
Formula:
h
SL= w
hL
SL=
18.6
23.5
S L =0.791
II.
Percent Error
Given:
TV =0.79 ; EV =0.791
Formula:
%Error=
(EV TV )
100
TV
%Error=
(0.7910.79)
100
0.79
%Error=0.1266
ANSWERS TO REPORT
1. Manometer is a device employed to measure pressure of fluids. Manometers
are those pressure measuring devices which are based on the principle of
balancing the column of liquid by the same or another column of liquid. The
advantages of using manometers are it is simple to use and no calibration is
required.
2. Three types of Manometers:
a. Simple Manometer - is one which consists of a glass tube, whose one
end is connected to a point where pressure is to be measured and the
other end is open to atmosphere.
b. Differential Manometer is a device that measures the difference in
pressure between two places. Differential manometers can range from
devices simple enough to be built at home to complex digital equipment.
c. Inclined Manometer is used to measure very small pressures,
vacuums, or differentials. The slanted scale enables reading 0.01WC
variations, which is impossible with conventional manometers or gauges.
3. Given:
h=20 m
=5 kg/m
=g
P=gh
P= 5
P=981 Pa
CONCLUSION
Going further, the group had been able to generalize that the specific gravity
of a certain liquid can be measured using a hydrometer and a manometer; any
kinds may be used but in this experiment, the U-tube manometer. It can be said
that the results gained from the manometer be the approximated experimental
value and the values gained from the hydrometer be the approximated true value
of the specific gravity of a certain liquid in which in this experiment: kerosene,
diesel, and cooking oil. It is also conclusive that theres only one corresponding
value of mass density (), unit weight (), and specific gravity (S) for all types of
fluids; with the exception that these values vary with temperature. Through some
theories learned theoretically, it can be concluded that decrease in the elevation
means an increase with pressure and with a certain reference point, if the height of
the liquid is greater than that of the reference fluid which is water, it will yield a
specific gravity lesser than 1 which also means a less dense fluid and otherwise, it
will be a fluid denser than water at 4 degree centigrade.
REFERENCES
Specific
October
22,
2010
from
http://www.answers.com/topic/specific-gravity
Specific
Gravity
(n.d.)
Retrieved
October
22,
2010
from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_gravity
Hydrometer
(n.d.)
Retrieved
October
22,
2010
from
http://www.answers.com/topic/hydrometer
Hydrometer
(n.d.)
Retrieved
October
22,
2010
from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrometer
Manometer
(n.d.)
Retrieved
October
21,
2010
from
http://www.answers.com/topic/manometer
Manometer
(n.d.)
Retrieved
October
21,
2010
from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manometer
Blogger. Mechanics of Fluids. Retrieved
Gravity
(n.d.)
Retrieved
from:
October
25,
2010
http://mechanicsoffluids.blogspot.com/2009/01/simple-manometers
piezometer.html
Answers.com. What are the types of manometer? Retrieved from: October
from:
October
25,
http://www.ehow.com/facts_5964765_differential-manometer_.html
2010