Special Relativity 244 flény invariant under Galj ean Tranb matte Newtin» ——Lr—CSC~—EF_—— under loceate Franghirmat ler, We kee whieh te ty crorident mild cxpecinenty | Proper time votervl dt = rad AR * Fatrdace Yoveetr x" 2 (xe x ee) ley xtey xieZ Rozet a. Cinventim oc = / deddal ae ~} if «=f 0 4a ) if 220743? dt” = - ue Oh cla nonsing wlar Wht iv The ras To general AT nee ices tae geanstrcmetion Tred leaves (wach eased 10 form)? ax 2x? pel oby ae a "Row wats = 94g Ie IRE 2 = 40 GRE oat ny’ axl? =a dxtdn® => 2 x" is yp 2 P40 Gah 96k Dtberetiate ment Xx q ate | ee ae 9x" _ x 0* 740 [ are on? oat GRTntercherse Y XE and add. Tater change 6 +8 ond subtract; oy/4 1g 7 hk Qa'h 0 of 22 2X + SA Dab ax® Ox gebgn® Oat a ont Boake Zax? On? aban’ “One n° OA Ox 2 ox gt ant _ax'® x | ~ Feat Ox Fax 9K airy , , 2 ote Oe Ew a Lg Ox" Ix ax xt ox & = L___J ee 6 A : xts A gx oa] Ge dak —— F gx'% oxi" constant Nyse Nd “Det Ox | ® 3 relia _ prawn | Consteansd, | Avg hae 16 components — 10 costramts = 6 Oversil » 10 Pacamelip thhomog ta tous Lore te group oe Porneafe | 70 sup, tr rotetian, 4 tee Trans lat) ony Cees eoana GRAConstesint fee y= S29 -(As)"+ A)” « [ore ) =| a fl tye 2 OD tee Ag 96 4 ATA A mote nstobien dita = det dety -detA = -1 = > (etd) —— as (deta) =1 ’ a Ay 2rd and detf =-] ip Pome reversal For "proper" gtraps we impose The tral Tone N°, 2) ard det a=], Rotations Relaticrdy ply om rely tame a7 cleanser! phyr'e AX; = Rey N= AsO, A", =] piatinn mates Ris ie waiensdiler and oe ths yoral dt R =| RTR =1 Euler angles 6R3Baosts Observes (% sees particle +t reed. Observer CY See parttele with veloety y dx'* = Ap dx® de =0 dx'* = fA", dt ete Vez ae > A‘, ev A’, [ ver ath emptant dt A Oo 2 V —4 1 I_/ . slp et se pe) ot Wy po Other com pinenty of A“o are hot anvguely determined because st porn dle pabatione ay A*y RY, t acl, bry rotation with on ritatioas A (-) A 57 554 _ a Ay : yy fay proper Licnte transtiemation Can te wrth ar ACHR ee ORYa Line Observer Oat rest weet. olek di=o Jt= at Dee tek toe intended y manutechurin at [ae dae = dbo oF Of ve pe clock move Erle. yrde® = [[-o™ At’ O byerver nh velues ty ei dole Length. Cantenctio Ofer at ferro Oo. > (att vide) ails Ao, dts AM ae _ Ni, de A, de = y(vat + dn) Measure tne Re elie ole wee time At’ 0 Thea dt<- -vdex A axis C (de -Vede) * ya-v)de > | , pis ef b= ripe lenght GRSA ppearmucé of Rapid Mo ving. ob feck How dow an obet app cae tr a humen eye or bt a phates cap hic Camera’ Yo shviou Fascinating problem _ app licatl an ) eo ——> No apparent Jeng HA if contea etl on. Argle \ g fublended une thecteA ° by relatwity, 30D object appeats However, potated, distorted, and of uneven bei ght nex. ORGForte cle Dy namres Gos th frame where fhe particle v7 wnvtanton courtly ab Cet, New te! baw ashy Calealate new velocity Os ee Che Gs hb new frome of reference, aad Cdnwe. Ihe fo prneed § Pat de tesjechy x 4(p) Defi rela birte “de it the pute tv mimentars hy af rut then [Urde od so fies, fe FA arb tiewte freee Tr any other Foamy dil 2 A%g bP amd db cde! sy thet [Pie =A" 4 ae Ary thoy phar Teancborny Thi way 7 cae a Ye vecbor, _Supprre tht The particle hig velvaty y at sacatied time by, Pohick ob Poof ww frame CO, Ta brane Geoth whe PR mew with veloaty Vv xt A* g Cex! a fi 2A car ern firce (rp BP y | ys 2 = F 2 yd - G icen F telu. fe x0) then el mtacte ie ty oct 20), But we mut impo 2 ae det df A ase dx AX ce -) = 4 GX x dt 28 9 740 KF Te thy combteg, v7 vepeted at sume into! 0, phen ak hytd, fe all TC becaure S e 0= 2 4 dy A 26 a Te ee = N. energy and Mymentam Define the en ery - rts a Saxe te : des | A Pr a that g-F all 7 [FE | particle se Km etic energy Emm = (r-)m Th fhe nt of Y-momenta are conserved nh a peat lon tn one frame Phen thy ate conserved A any frame, / po = Ape ; , ‘4 Epel = lz me Er] = MLE fs -=n] 0 pm ne Remarks Fe ptm S| [YPv%m on™ [x _ = mptey] 2 tm oe hia (2 ae ;- eo somVectors ad Teosar, botent=< scalar - her fame. value in aay frame mast charge 2.49, Yy - vecte trasshem, from one Frame ty another ay vite arg ‘contra vacant” @ SC ee Nae aay, ae. (-l if 42-0 : we) spas pea Same 90 hag dD rf A#€A Ss e OC, if @=8@ re aie = Soa = o if a#@ : 2 the cdew 0 covariant 4~ vecbr Trane from 4_ 4ey The Find rote i Ve fn , p @ yt), ae ry) Va = pV "= nap (A V7 = apa? %) , § 5 ew o Vy tan % where Ny = yA 77 Nhe weg Paving ted joe uw, tr The teffoc aglatente rmvars ant. LY Poon 2 fon AWo= “a ’ 2. ov’, B.S Diverpence? IV = ort v ; ae 5 A aya BAH Z di Alem bertian [J * a= G RijThe rank gt 2 1 : ee eg ee ee of mwodicen., Scalars tencor of canko Yovedter foul } ia prank > ote. Tranphomation Gore be ae abvyouy mays pike AM ANY T we lbw pb make Peesore gut ot other Peacatee 4 A 3) Linew _ Tip erie 4 Ea a pealaty x) Product T3447 ye BY a } +A are thes (ut) Contraction re = g y 7 ays @ A ) Differentiation thn > Rie 3 Rp Note thet The yeder pt Phe ondier, met bere! GRI22 tone, wh } Oe eco aii whase Con ponents cre The Same maf lovente Pramer _ at as lee eal 4p Thie cane fron teguiting The form nvarjante of The proper Time 7. At Sreailarly be i ar vdlep end ent. Aln 5% = % Mey 1% Frame by Lev, - (Choe wewoe | it RATS iy om even fecme » gdd ” / tation of Ola? apys | é =) it +? ( 56 othewire pans - a’, A Ay A, ie (whied i dd wader aap cragle perm abate oe evs) og eenes Determme ob as lal . 2 peea deb A =] fie 2 perigee Than fir met ior, cola. } = a detdA . a] PABEE ioe fencer at ayy pan k. v 7) The Zers Thestem A tensir equati On ny Lorcent= verfent, [ f ane Pet: Te tense 8 egal ia 49 bon all Framer frace TAY we egue in ; oRCur ren te, and Dens tle charge denstty GO ea 5 t= , X- XY frm pont poctrele (Ort ¥) currat density Pag: Et s(R- 5 z, a) Bt w 3 yovedr aa zie é 2° (2-5, ty) a 1 it pbytew ly a Ye vecte ? (de £1, SC oH) on = ye Eton) LA Sav Zt y) ae STlremto) v4 sealer Shace det h =/ Veg ! = 4 = Cm early Shaw thet rv ed Conserved Charge @ = Sa?x TQ == 4, assue ing oe an wy ae Sa oF =o GRISMaywell Equation iim eile a) ~>zp_ Vé -P Wao ae > 9 Ee 2 2 2 ok ve b= 2897 Re -- Tense Anti ty mm et tie a - v teen gh 2 2. ee ace a F ;, aw Ge foe =e Fes E, os “prs 5 tin Jo, Fe TO me ON a) re e(0,D- OD eh de wae pe ya fernr hecauye a bave e¢ uatley ty doe pee Ale | 92 Fay 7 Ip Fy 7 %y Fag > 0 pt vat cyche ors rt tbe tom ge" by ly 72, eg, Tf gey. ith am ideatity, GRIEForee gn & Paeticle i ences fie mde des er lam / 7 an 7a at Q Th, cartel ww Frame whee Veo, f' se ao bs = ene we =6 a . : 7 Coan Ber te oF ( Tt deamptioms 4s 4 Y-vertn L Vecie Potential Fup = 22 Ag 7 2p Ax i Fag > Fup the Landan gA49 gmye nvari ance Wo Ae 2d Th we chiie 9, “ “<0 Then TI Ag= - vA aA Ehergy - Maen mp tam Tener Tlegs = 67 (2-% to) ASO ag ae 2 578K (0) pity oe ae GRINCrm bine: T#6)2 = SR-RO) A" ds) ” dt Vee) og B 6 Aw B = n oe > 2 a, & Ps & 5 G2, a pes | Pence + eS +h Y Sy ram etree, Corser ya tion Law Consen yn tion Ene : 2 «ny dui 578-2, &) art = BEKO LL SC ) . M5 2 6 py gels 2, FRC) _ gt 2 a grt aro . 2 2 ply S05, U)r 28 Sx wy) at QC LS GAY - fiece devaty ao T A ya eg GRIGCotile a gar of charged partieler, ee aoe cx dx," 2 -_ da Tat 2G 25, F lag § 8 3,4) ar et es geoerel, There must LL prin atin th The The lar. é 4 CY 4 =i befm Tea Pe, FO dn re FETED Tee = (PB: im v0 On Tea 2 oe Es Fa Py hy art = My BPs Gin 8 gers Fee rd bl +9" pie at) = - Pye” wo Tan 2 7 Popo” z 2h al op 2 Tip = Tuer Tem LA phy yi [% Te =] 4° = T Syenm aie _ x _ 2 wy Pre = Cd's Tr Gy < coutat,Angular Momentum and Sph Suppose Theft AT "= 0 le ee eae Defme Meth a xX per xf pat = - mvee ran a BY 4 er Pky fat Soy TiS +X aT - 8 pT Wee AT Ce o 0 “ek 0 ee al =O Tot «l angular Pat eee rh. Samet. 7 Tr iv a tensap und ¢ ho mo pon cous torent & . . fraS frcmatl ons, Tele a iT] rt —- J - maementom de nity L . (77, We, 7 ae eel oes Goce not a CEs eae lenstiy Con choose origin ot Coo Popehee © cen (hele at t=O) SPx i TY =O, Then O°* +0 fr all t. GaoTtP ie mat tnvar ant vader tran: latlear, rity 7 fs SA orra Te. ete ab yee] - gh y (a% pale) becawe fF Be EEE ei Rete gs ceed es Taplete the mnterne/ poet reterre/ b ar Spin. fl & S, FF Eunys Te) where y= oa / Conservat(m of En ergy and Mo mentum! eit gees go 2 @ oa : ne + Z(t) The spatlel pari give Wive th dv. 204 (PBT = - Cow perry 20 at > at B+ ae 1 Reduce bD Euler's equeTl an eae: Pe wh en ve ge = 0 cuarerved eUen Entropy per baryen mn the prevence of aot = particles, GRASOe cqucion = = Col | | ke ae LPL ye - Vv, D Need am tyysT/ Ir af she E- bee p- CC _ Sound waver mo stetig Flurd. Un perturbed ; £, L no, 720 all x-mdtpeg Link Pestucbatione? SE AP bn, ar, Pall xd eee Jo Lmeerj ce equal ons wih a = Cony tant A seund weave ey ee Cre igen peed ie, 24> + n viv =o ot a Pee Zoek ot Pie L _-£ dn+ 42-042 = cae = LACK) AG) GR ad > 4¢% £2 an = 7 Dn Az. av. 7) => _-+ BE On wes ap VSP » oP an ") ae 1 (42 V 4 (Or = VP (QE) a ace Vv: oer I) r VD An 1 - oe 2 t ais 2 2 mn +H v dn =O Ivevs uel GL GR26,!