12-3 RNA and Protein Synthesis

131 RNA
I CAN:

1.Identify three structural differences between DNA

and RNA.
2.Identify the three forms of RNA and can give a
function for each.
3.I can explain how the cell makes RNA through the
process of transcription.
4.I can identify the function of RNA polymerase.
5.I can explain how mRNA is edited before leaving
the nucleus.
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131 RNA

The Structure of RNA

The Structure of RNA

RNA is a nucleic acid and, like DNA, consists of a
long chain of nucleotides.
Each nucleotide is made up of:

1. Nitrogen Base
2. Phosphate Group
3. 5-carbon sugar
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131 RNA

The Structure of RNA

There are three main differences between RNA and

DNA:

The sugar in RNA is ribose instead of

deoxyribose.

RNA is generally single-stranded.

RNA contains uracil in place of thymine.

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131 RNA

123 RNA and Protein

Synthesis

Why do cells need RNA?

DNA is a chemical code that contains the instructions
for making proteins.
DNA is contained inside the nucleus.
Proteins are produced by the ribosomes in the
cytoplasm.
RNA is responsible for taking the instructions from
the DNA to the cytoplasm so that proteins can be
built.
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131 RNA

The DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is

translated into the polypeptide/protein.
DNA

TRANSCRIPTION

RNA

TRANSLATION
Protein
Figure 10.6A

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131 RNA

Types of RNA

Types of RNA

There are three main types of RNA:

messenger RNA (mRNA)

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
transfer RNA (tRNA)
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131 RNA
Type of RNA

Found in

Messenger RNA
(mRNA)

Nucleus,
ribosomes,
and cytoplasm

Transfer RNA
(tRNA)

Cytoplasm

Provides linkage
between mRNA
and amino acids;
transfers amino
acids to ribosomes

Ribosomal RNA
(rRNA)

Ribosome

Structural
component
of ribosomes

Function
Carries DNA
sequence
information to
ribosomes

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131 RNA

Transcription

Transcription
During transcription, a nucleotide sequence of DNA is
copied into complementary sequence of mRNA.

1. The enzyme RNA polymerase binds to DNA and

separates the DNA strands.
2. RNA polymerase then uses one strand of DNA as a
template to make a complementary strand of mRNA.
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131 RNA

Transcription changes the genetic

message from DNA into mRNA
RNA
polymerase

RNA nucleotide

Direction of
transcription
Template
strand of DNA
Figure 10.9A

Newly made RNA

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131 RNA

RNA Editing

RNA Editing
The DNA of eukaryotic genes are made of introns
and exons.
Introns are nucleotide sequences that are not
involved in coding for proteins.
Exons are the DNA sequences that code for proteins.
When an mRNA molecule is created, the introns and
exons are both copied from the DNA molecule even
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though the introns are not needed.
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131 RNA

The introns are cut out

of RNA molecules.

RNA Editing

Exon Intron

The exons are the

spliced together to
form mRNA.

DNA

Pre-mRNA

mRNA
Cap

Tail
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