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    Pipe Stress Analysis

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    Introduction To Pipe Stress Analysis (Static)

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    ShravanThangallapalli
    Pipe Stress Analysis

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    4a) ImageGrafix | Introduction to Pipe Stress Analysis | STATIC Course Material ImageGrafix | Heavitree, Second Floor, Unit C, No.47, Spur Tank Road, Chetpet, Chennai- 600 031. | Ph: +91-44-43486500 www.imagegrafix.in ear Pipe Strees Analysis Static Software Course Attendee, | would like to thank you for choosing this course as the current and future platform of plant design in the worl. Tam sure you will find how mich user-fendly is Pipe Strees Analysis Stale and ‘comparing to old schoo! of plant design solutions; is very easy and refreshing to werk with ths Software,” At the moment thousands of users are enjoying the ease and superior features of CCADWorx and the way it handles even very complex projects, "The world markets including the Nile East and indian sub-continent require a lot of resources. who know how to work with {cADWorx and as a result, aftr successful completion ofthis course, finding @ suitable job inthis competitive market-place would be very much possible, Established in 1995, ImageGrafx, based in Oubal, United Arab Emirates (UAE) is one of the leading Value-added-distributors, developers and service providers of 2 wide range’ of mechanical engineering software and solutions addressing CAD/CAMICAE systems and Integrated Plant Design solutions and services. ImageGrafh mali focus ison il, das, patrachemical, power, fabriation and ‘manufacturing industries throughout the Middle East and North Arca. There are also’ «wo ImageGrefix subsidiaries: ImageGratix Engineering Services Pvt Ltd (IGES) in Chena, Incla and ImageGrafix Coneda Inc. based in Toronto, canada, ImageGrafix Engineering Software & Solutions Division products ore specifically targeted toward Power and Process industries addressing the areas of plant desigh; pipe stress annisis; pressure vessel design and rating; ol storage tank design and evaluation; 3D plant review and ‘lash detection; fluid flow analysis; shell and tubes heat exchanger design; piping Isometrcs, steel ‘design & detaling; piping fabrcation and erection speol drawing; integrated pipeline management systems; technical document management systems; power engineering and mechanical desigh hd Stating steware (CAD/CAM/CAE) for Tabrcation and manufacturing Industries, ImageGratix Engineering Services & Training Division provides customization and technical ‘services for Plant design and CAD/CAMYCAE systems as well as detailed engineering and hteligent 30 plant modeling and plant data management services. These services are handled by our Jebel ‘A Free Zone operations and by Imagecrafix Engineering Services (IGES) in Chennai, India, Over the last 10 years ImageGrafix has been involved in several hundred small and large projects In Engineering throughout the region. Most of major energy-related government organtations, local private companies and multinationals are among ImageGrafx customers; ‘once agai, thank you for your interest in Pipe Strees Analysis Static Software and I assure you {hat you have made the right choice. Remember that we are always interested In recruiting The best of our students. So, give your best shot and you may be rerutted by one of the companies of ImageGratix Group or we wil support you to join ane of aur Pipe Strees Analysis Static customers Yours sincerely, ‘Amir. Heshmati chaieman Imagecrafh Group of Companies INTRODUCTION TO PIPE STRESS ANALYSIS STATIC ‘CONTENTS: WHAT IS STRESS ANALYSIS PURPOSE OF PIPING STRESS ANALYSIS: WHEN PING AN COMPONENTS FAIL CLASSCIFICATION OF LOMDS [ALOMIARLE STRESSES FOR ASHE 83,1 PIPING CODES ‘STRESS INTENSIFICATION AND\FLEXIBILTY FACTOR case stupy ImageGrafix - Technical & {mayeGratin INTRODUCTION Present day process pant plsng systems use various fds at various condtons of pressure and temperature. The piping engineer has to design the systems to ense realty aed safety trough ‘designed pant fe. Te ppg systems are subjecte to combined fects of Fd ternal pressure, ‘nm weight and esiraned tera exparsion. The elevated temperature alee aes te pipe strength Saversely. Therefor the tsk of he engine ‘To specty an adequate wall ticks to sustain the intra pressre with stey To select 2 piping layout wth an adequate fexblity between points of anchorage to abot ts thermal expansion without exceding lable mater stress levels, ao reacting thrusts and moments 3 the Point of anchorage must be kt below cra Hts oli the adational stresses dve to the dead weight of he piping by providing sutabie supporting syotor fective for cold as wel = hot conditions [Al these objectives ar ahioved by 9) Assuming adequate support to prevent excessive sag and stress in piping system 1) corpratng suictntflxbity to accommeate stress resulting from changes in pipe length due to thermal effects and movement a the connection at the ends othe pipe, ©) Designing the piping syst to prevent is exerting excessive forces and movements on ‘cuipment such 0s pumps and tanks or another cometon and suppor points, ‘he strats engior of ping design department performs the necessary clelatons to ascertain that tie various requirements duet Internal pressure thermal expansion ad extemal weit are steed. Various computer packages are aval in the market, which perform the required goreus analy ‘These analyses are basicaly static analyses. There ae situations where stresses are nroduced into Ne ‘ping systems due to @ynamic loading stustions ike reciprocating compressor vibration, safety valve ‘dscharge ec Homeve ts the state analyse which most Othe pips ‘ares engineers perform adore ‘acqusited with, Now the rosent day computer package that ar being used (CERGAR TI, CACPIPE, PIPEPLUS ec.) ace ute comprehensive and if the piping configuration and pipe data are fed property, ‘comprehensive aaljis ae dane thvough the cemputer packages. This has improved pipe. ste ‘analysis Job predutiuty immentay. PIPING MATERIALS SELECTION ‘The selection of materi f0Fpping apptications Is» process that requires consideration of materia characteristics appropriate for the required service. Matera are sible forte ow mad ae the ‘ven operating cendtions of temerature and pressure sfety sung the intended design ite of the products Mechanical sirngth must be factored in or ong term Service athe resistance to operation Wsigles such a5 thermal o mechonial eye, ImageGrafix ~ Technical & Training Services 12 “fy imageGratix tremes mn the process temperatures ifvence the mater capeiiesrengina from: Brite hace toughness at ow temperatures ‘roepstength at the highr operating temperatures “The operating environment surrounding the pipe or siping components must be factored nt the desion Corrosion and erosion can cause degradation of te properties ofthe material The products tat ae ‘contained in the piping ae als an Important fact. The folowing properties contibute tote atactiveness and economy of given pipe materi ‘Abit t bebe o formed Suitably for welding or other methods of ening Ease of heat treatment Unilormty and tabity ofthe resutant microstructure ‘The png used must be ofthe correct ie in order to provide he required flow and must have sufient lrength to wthstand the pressure and temperatre othe fd being Wansterred. In action to hs, the bing tem most nce pone fr eaposon and conan proper spa, sain ralnage ‘The design, manufacture, testing an inttation of power piping system for steam plats covered ia {te ASME Code 831.1 "Power Piping” and inthe ASME Code Section I Power Soles.” PIPING MATERIALS ‘Stes ore the mast frequently used materials or power piping systams. The general clasiiatons oF Low carn steels Aly stots Ausentie stainless soos Table 1A inthe ASME Code Section I, Part , ts the alowable stress vlues for these materials for vatiou temperatures upto 900°, Low Carbon Stee! Low carbon stoi the lowest priced steel and I is used extensively for steam, water, fuel al ond compressod ar piping for temperatures below 400%. Above 400°C, Kis net recommended. os ‘oraphitization may ocur within the pipe mater at these elevated temperatures. raphisation the {reekng dovn of steel into ion and carbon graphite Fare ofthe material orcs slong lines where there sa concentration of orate Pipe made rom lw carbon steels seamless let resistance welded or Butt welded, Specification umbers of some exames of ow carbon steppe, as sted Tab I, fe: SA-S3 Ef, SA106 Band Seven TmageGrafix Technical & Training Services ry ImaveGrafix Alloy Steels [Ay steels, such asthe chrome-melybdenum types, are used for temperatures dove 400°C. An Applicaton would be for ute in he central Boer ston steam ping ak S4OPC or more. Super Nears {are normally made rom civome malyadenum tes and headers. The wes of some typ, such 381 "hromium Ye molyedenum or 14 chvamium Ys mlybdenum where graphtzation can be problem, are limited to 525°C. 2 cramiom 1 malyadenum {or higher Ne come slays up to 9-H) fs usualy sed ove 460°C ‘oy sce pipe may be Seamless or welded and sme examples, a sted In Table A, are: SA-213 12, SA-335 Pl and SA-295 P22 Austenitic Stainless Steels Austentic stainless stots are special clase of high alloy steels which range fom 19% ‘rome ~ 8 5 nickel to 25% chrome » 20% nikal. They ae also alloyed with chm, motybéerim land Sometimes seth copper, tantum, rodium and nitrogen, Alloying wth nitrogen raises the yield Strength of the steels They are highly resistant to corrsion and mantaln igh strength at Mgt temperatures. This ping if avaiable ax seamless or welded ppe and tubing. Appiations ae High emperature lop tubes i ance trough baer. Some speciation numbers as sted in Table IA of ASME Section I Mater Specifications ae A212 TP304- seamless tbe, 268 weldee pie, S213 10S” seamless pipe ther Matra "tera other than steal which may be used in gower plant ping te cst ron and nonferrous materiale ‘such as copper ard brass. However, these materia are lined by the cade a regord to pressure td Temperature According to the ASME Code Section IPG 8.2.2 cat ran canbe usedor steam pressures upto 1700 KPa providing the star temperature does nt excoed 250°C, but nna case, can be used for Bolle Howat onnectons. Cast ron not used where shock oaing thay Occ. ‘The ASME Code Section 1, PG 8.4 also speci that nonferrous pipe or tabes shall nok be wed for ‘lowoff pping oF for any other serve where the temperalure exceeds 2O88C, PG 84,2 sates thet ‘materiel 58 6, 58.62, and 58 148 may be used only for parts of satey valves or safely reli! valves ‘uojct to the arntans of PG 7.7 at aonable sree values not to exceed those given in Section 1D {able 16 wth a maximum allonabe temperature of 290% for SB 6) and SB {48 and 208°C for 58 62 In eases whor the use of nonfer0us materials (any metal other than iron and ite alloys such as laninum, copper or rapper ice) Ie alloned, tere» possibity of alvaie coroson ccuring when {ese materials are used in conjunction nth steal or other metal The aan crtosion occurs where the assiniar metas come in canck ImageGratix Technical & Fraining Services ImageGrafin ‘COMMERCIAL PIPE SIZES Commer pip is mae in standard sizes nth dterent wall thicknesses or weight. Up to aed ncading 500 mem pipe, the site i expressed ae nominal (approximate) insige ameter, Above 300 mi, the ize 's ivan as the actual outside dameter. For example, Wa pipe wos designated as 152 mn sie tis wouls mean that it has © nominal or approximate inside ameter af 152 mm. The otside ameter e168 nm and this sa constat value No ‘moter what the wal thickness is, The actol ini ameter ofthe pipe wil depand upon Rs na {hicmnes. Fora standard wall thickness (Seedole 40), the octal sie hameter of 152 mm pipe is 14 ‘nm, For an extra tong wal thickness (Schedule BO), eh stun ide ameter fe 146 mm ‘hare aretwo systems used to designate the various wal thicknesses of deren ines of pipe, The oer method ists pipe as standard (S), extra strong (XS) and double extra strong (X85). The newer method, ‘whichis superseding the older method, uses schedle numbers to designate wal theknesses.Thesd humbers are: 10, 2, 30,40, 6,8, 100,120,140 and 160, inno ses of poe Schodule 40 comesponds ta standors Send aD coresonts extra storg TmageGratix Technical & Training Services + imageGratin Tale 1 Ist the dimensions and the mass par meter of diferent sires of steel ple with varying wal thicknesses TABLES Dionisio and asses of Sel Fine SCHEDULE Soe Uppe gt nec qe dense wl eke en ages ges dente as pce alg TmageGratix Technicl & Training Services Te y Image Gratin STRENGTH OF PIPING The strength of pipe depends upon: Wal hckness| Materia trom which is made Temperature to whch is subjected etd ofits manufacture (whether seamiass or welded) REQUIRED THICKNESS To deteenine the maiimam wal thickness nevestany for pipe to watt a cen presse and tempertue, de following foals fiom the B 31.1 Power Piping Code, Puageaph 104 1. (Suaight Pipe ener Intnsal Presse) # weed This os esse the same foamae as gen in the ASME Cade Section 1 Pr 22 PDs Avihore ase+ arp 4" ‘Minus cequted wal thickness m milimewes. (As pipe manataeruine prozesses do not produce aboteiybnform wal tienes, the valde Of (36 detesmived by the fozmla is usuaby increased OF 125% (0 prove a mantactuing tolesace, P= Maximum Allowable Working Bessie (LPs may be eonnded up tothe acest Unit) D, = Ouiitedinmeter of pipe in mitimetes SSE. = Maximum allowable suess value in MPa atthe opeeasingtemperatse as lived an Appends A Tables A-L and A-2 in the Power Pyping Code 31-1 “The stress aloes an these ubles tke ito seeount the ellceney of the longicioal sem of welded pipe 8" Seamlets Pipe has an E of 10 ‘The values found in ASME Cove Section I, Put B. do not conta the weld joint efficiency faetor whic siren nthe fllosing tle Factor E T [PucnceDur weld [Suaightteam Tos 4 [BJ eruoeesstance wait | Suapht or saloon [O85 Sete Foon - 7 [Sage bat without er] Seog ox sual am Single twit ler Sung x opal ear © [Doni st stow les Seaightor pal se Stig ox spal cin ImayeGratix 4% Allowance for ducing a stseteaetbuts, mietes ‘Meade steel oc ene pipe AS dep of esd Foc machined ucices 0: grooves A depth of aching with specified toeancet A= depth of machining pls 04 nanst oo specie tlecancet For pain end pipe a=0 in end pipe i that which does soe Inve its wal thickets seduced ‘shen joining to another pipe. Por exaaple pipe leags welded together ‘ater tha jenn by Mean > Tempeestue coeterat hava clo geen Table 3 ae ea Temperature and men petow 51038 sg 58 Fonte “oa 08 0 a a Stele rustic 0408 kk ‘Stele - Foxy sues berween the tempeates biel Tale 2, aesplaton may be HIGH TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON PIPING ping in poner plants and process pants 15 oten subjected to high operating temperatures. "he operating temperature hac an effet onthe tena strength metal sd may als ease creep, Tensile Strength As the temperature is increased the propartis of te pipe material change. The tensile strength ofthe ‘material apy decreases above a certain temperature This ndeated n Table 1A the ASHE Cade, Section Il Pat 0. For materials ste In ths table, the working sess allomed decreases oe the temperature increases. For example, stel pipe of materal SA-S38/ 1 slowed 9 working stress of 118'000 a 2 325°C. But ta tempersture of 4259 the working sters allowed sony 75-200 FP, The ultimate strength of carbon stel and a numberof oy sees as determined by short te tense strength tests over a temperature range of 38 °c to BIS0C Is shown in fig 6, The ress of these ests ‘nate thatthe strengtn decreases vith an incrase ip temperature. Thee is 9 temperature region for the austere ay sees between 204 and 422% where te strength fail constant The sent of arbon and mony fw alloy sees mereanes betwecn he ranges of 38 to 316° ImageGrafix Technical & Training Services 18 y hmayeBratin FIGURE 6 Fensta Steg ot Vaso Sos CRITICAL LINE PIPING i subject to 3 man parameters, 9} Connected equipment 1) MAXIMUM Temperature Dilerence thatthe pipe can experience. 1 Pipes, CREEP In aditon to immediatly reducing the tense strength ofa material high temperatures cause the pipe material to ceep. Tis a condition where the pie materi graduoy stretches or undergoes paste {etermation. tvs occurs the materials subjected to stress under high temperate and can become 9 long term gradual decrease in tenste strength. Evetuaty the material i fall the stress a the slovated temperature s maintained fr 3 suient length ofthe. For poner plant ping, en elongation for stretching rate 1 percent in 100 000 hours is contered acceptable To determine the rae of ereep ofa materia coep testis conducted. A specimen ofthe materials eld a constant temperate In a farmace and, using a spstem of lovers, 2 deadweight oped. The ‘etermation of te specimen If measured peveceatytraughout the text and cu ve plated sowing the percent ereeptvoughout the tne of the tet Fg. 7 shows the creep curves fora materia tested at aw tess and at high stress, The eae of creep vided to thee stages During the fst stage, the creep rate decreases (the sloe of the carve ‘tecreases), uring the second stage, the rte Is constant (the slope of the cuve does not change) During the third stage, we rateincreases (We carve slope becomes steeper) un thespecinen fuptres Another adverse effect of high temperature on plpe matra stat it promotes oxidation and corteson. ‘Alon carton steel heated i i for certain prio can experience aver 5D nes ax much ovation at 8000 Cas ted when heated forthe some period a 500°. In addon tothe above problems, ite operating temperature the pipes ih, then he pipe expands ‘hon coming up to tat temperature, Mavernent ofthe pipe due to expansion fe sEowed for when ‘nstaling te pe, . ate Vora PIPING SYSTEM LAYOUT ping systoms, used to transfer tude suchas water, tea, as and airfrom one location to anathe, most nce: Proper support Provisions for expansion and contraction ald spring Drainage Insolton Piping Supports ping is supprted so thatthe equizment to which tis attached doesnot carry the eat ofthe piping ‘ne supports used prevent excessive saga ofthe pipe and, atthe same te, alow ree mover the pipe due to expansion snd contraction. However, umike 9 pipe gude, the pe support dacs not antl the dencton ef the pipe lina movement The supporting arangement ls designed to carry the ‘lat ofthe poe, valves, fitinas and insulation ols the weight ofthe fe contained wth te pe Fig. 8 ustrates wo types of adetabl pipe Hangers wien ae suspended from overhead beams. Fi, 8 {) stows an aajstable strap hanger whe Fig 8 (6) sustrates an adjstabe role hanger TmageGratix ~ Technical & Training Services 10 The roter stands in Fig9 may be bed to brackets structural supports and ors. Four aster screws which aie or lower the rol the pipe rests on colo vera Baystmet ofthe ppe potion in the ajutabe ston, ‘Causes vertical movement, hei type Manges or supports in figs. Band 9 ae aot table. In ths stuaion, varable sping hangers ae vse permting the pips to rove up or down wtheuk disturbing the load ditbution Hg 10 shows 3 kype ot ImageGrafix — Technical & Training Services mageGratix 1 he amount ofthe vertical movement of he supported pipe i large, then a constant support hanger Fg.) 8 used. This type of eatures 2 cle ele spring whieh is rranged to move as he pipe moves ‘The constant support hangers factery adjusted and tested to support the speed fad Uroushout 2 dette range of wave. The sping compression can be adjusted inthe eld to give aps or minis 10% ‘aroun in the loo sting, Horizontal: fig. 81-4 TmageGratix - Technical & Training Services imageGratix Expansion of Piping Expansion contol nppalines tht cary ht or colt Mis o are expoced to large vations in ambient temperature can be a major probe. As the metal temperature othe pipe Increases or decreases, ke length also varies due to thera expansion a contractian. Therefore, ness provision = made for these ‘anges in length, excessive stresses are inded inthe piping dn large forces are tranemted though the system to anchors and canected equipment Several aterent meds ae avalabe fo controtog pipeline expansion Two ofthe most common ae: Expansion bends Expansion ante Expansion Bends With this method, the plp is abiated with special bends loops Flexing o springing ofthe bends or leaps takes up te increase do to expansion inthe lent of pp i. 12 shows some typical shapes of ‘expansion ends Length and height mesons ae used to Install the Bend thet wi vathstand the Re fiz vb Ey Advantages of expansion bends ae: aay added t piping systems and ion pip racks and high nes ost rouble fee method 2 teres no maintenance invaved ImageGrafix Technical A Waning Services imayeGratix ‘any temperature, pressure or fd canbe haned wth proer selection of material and thickness Disadvantages of expansion bands are: Regule a larger amount of space Produce a hgher pressure drop and heat lose Produce higher end thrusts which can present problems when cnecting te equpment such as turbines and pumps ImageGrafix ~ Technical & Training Services ria geGratin scone 2 ‘tp Expnsin Join ImageGrafix Technical & Expansion Joints wo npeiawe as Sip apis joi ean espaion Sip Exposin Joint us spe tated Fg 1, fevener «sp pe wh wee co aise pipe The ap pipe ie oc ein nde of te font wh fete teen fe eke airing pe Whe the ppe heen, he ever win te ou bdr. To get sage betwen: th pp the nat he, pig onde entate oi the ppp aad he ‘hp vreau it oe uted pking comis of to etn of pk sept oy a ecb of psi prea Alco plate pcan a be aed wy + pict png be the fit in serie Gree Ges a wed ope Isacton Training Services mayeGratin ne give tet hes pes DISMANTLING JOINTS The Osmantng Joint offers beefs forthe planning, astallaion and maintenance ofl langed ftngs an flange pe work ith nominal ore rom sO uf to 4,000nn The itn s dened to be Used length atustment of up to Sbeim and can accommodate mtd lateral and angry. When ‘used in conjunction with bars the fing can offer oly end Wad resistant connection, TmageGrafix Technical & Training Services rie “ImageGratix — Technical & Training Services ‘ip inagesrane 20 Uniestiined DmantingJont | ® Unensteained Connections co Closure of Hang ape accent rrtenari shi peri a valves A | unvestaned titers contr anand | Frequent «nal movement of p10 Sess ad also angulanty at upto ¥/ 3 # Restrained Connections ‘When a rested connecton ss needed te bars on fange to ange can ne prone PAS 20: Restrained Dsmanting Jont | Yen us ered balitny levee ch 100%, 50%. 33% or 25% Restrant fatality offoredintsurvestiaie orn ana atte becomes comitely et \ LUPE Dismunting oints can be used to: | teteeate asso or ppt a a ony ® Reve ren tina | # Spl apctn manors vant EFFECT OF COLD SPRINGING Cold seringng introduces a predetermined stress in the plpe and reduces the maximum therm lads and stresses n'a system when the pipet cl, Its mai purpose ls to reduce the peak losding on fonnecting equipment. Homater, does hot affect the overal stress range, and therefore canet be used in the sess range equate. in piping sya wel tow the ceeprange, an cold sprig should stay for Me. Pipes in the creep range eventually fly relax ot, 20 they become 100% cad sprang Feurdless of hou mach sped a orignal bul stage Some codes make we of cold epring to eas the maximum hot stress (deodwelaht + pressure sthermal expansion) old sping is usd to: 1. Mimimae the ost ofa piping sytem from the neutral poston (Installed poston without cold sing) tothe operating condition. For exemple, a pipe moves 0mm fram the neutral othe 2 Minimize the forces onan end pent which maybe a a plece a equipment. Because & negative force's put onthe equipment ithe oid positon, the gape passes rough a neutral force hmayeGratix 3. Reduce the stress Inthe hot poston, Because a nagatve stress is placed onthe plpe when trstaled wih cod spring and during heat Up, the pipe reeves lve inal sess and passes ‘trough a noutal sess condton, The fia tess inthe hot postin fe reduced 44. Mnimize nanger movement. For example, ia hanger ss on 2. pe that moves SO mm horizontally, the hanger fe dstoated from ie neutral position 50 nm thot cold sing. The hanger ose and rod ents are such thatthe hange rod isnot fet more than 4 dares 11 251mm of coping is installed and the hangars moved -25 mm from is neutrl poston andi the ‘ot poston itis «251mm ro the neura! poston than ee od can Ns the lenge and il be within the {egree lit lithe hanger sts mors than 4 degrees the upit become 2 factor and induces more load and stress at the hanger point an possibly at equipment connections. Good jidament i necessary when spon ‘od spring. Te cold spring becomes 9 Wal part the design. Extra precautions and ed! verieations ‘fe used men actually instaling the pipe to ensure thatthe cld sping = neal! 3s designed Piping Anchors Anchors are important in any piping systom but there are come special considerations necestary when "expansion jms ar used. No expansion jt opetes propery unless the ppaine securely anchored. |W ado, the ppetine nas enough guides or supports te prevent buckling r bowing ofthe pe. When guides are insted near an expansion jit they hold the pipe in the proper postion or best ‘operation of te Join. wn the sp type Jom, this prevents misalignment ofthe sleeve nthe Jon. With te belows type joint, the guides prevent excessive sttess.on the elon which resus tom Imaligment ofthe ope Api allonment guide is form of sleeve o tamenerk, fastened to rd pat othe installation, which Dermis the pie to move feey in one direction ony, along the axis of the pipe, I aon suclent ‘Searance between the fed and moving pats to give proper guidonce without excessive fron. Stabize the piping at crtaln pols, such a valves or other equlment Support juecions of wo oF more pes ‘eeminal pints th expansion joints, anchors serve to aide the ystem Into secon, so that each expansion joht absorbs ony the expansion of sewn Seton Toni one expansion jit i use it is paced in themida of the pipetine, I sno ted wth an anchor, theline\s anchored at ech end I the single art ited with an schor en ts laced a the nen several expansion joints are used i pp line, te pipe maybe anchored midway between te Jomts ora the juts themselves hey ee tet th anor bese. TmageGrafix ~ Technical & Training Services re y timayeGratix Drainage Alpin systems that have possiblity of forming ude ned to have provisions for the Hau to dain too spots. From the fw sos the iui is removed using taps and lw point ran. Piping Insulation nslation is materi or combinations 0 materia that retard the flow of heat eneray. Substances nth a lage number of microscopic ar pockets dispersed throughout the material make the most eficent Insulators. Tese extremely salar spaces restric the fermation of convection currents andthe ae 3 ping is covered with incuation to Redice heat oss and condensation Prevent uncomtortsiy high ambient temperatures within the powerplant Prevent ur to personnel rom contact with hot surfaces Prevent sweating of coo! pipe surtaces [A material stale fr use as insulation has the followin characterises: Hoh insuating valve ong tie Vermin poot _Abty to retains spe ond insulating valve when wet ace of application and instalation ‘Thermal conductivity oF K vale. of materi is a way of measuring the quant of heat that passes ltvaugh & meter thickness por square moter pr time unt with one degre difeence in temperature between the faces. The units of measure are Wats er Squore meter per temperature erence (win. _,_ Enevey Ries ATER) Time « ive (mk) ‘ermal conduct (k vse) is important i determining a materia’ aby to resist the low of het The lower tek fctr, the higher the materials sulting power and ths lower overal et toner and operating ost, The value a thermal conduit ese | 2 benchmark of» materia’ pertormance sing operation + Toetermine» uty’ savings in the cansumption of steam or fel + Tomeasure the return on investint ImageGratix ~ Techaicol& Training Services rs 9 imageGratin PIPE INSULATION MATERIALS ‘The folowing are types of pipe insulation materials used in commercial and industria stalin Diotmaceous sien Cals siete Pberlass cetntse nora ier (rock and sg wo!) Expand sea, oF pete estore Foamed plastic Retactory fibor Insulating cament Retective metal auton Applications ‘The following nates the genes apocation of various ping Insulation: for diferent temperatire ges ‘Above 1040%C-retactry bers are generally Used om some cass reflective metal insulation {650 °c - 1040 °C - double layer construction 1s use with the ane ayer aatomaceous sia andthe ‘ute layer also sete 150 °C - 650 °C -cacum seat & generally used with doubo layer constuction for pe tempertures over 316°C (0- 260°C - glass fibers are mast commonly, used a5 ts generaly the most economia and has good ‘esisance to normal abuse, ImageGrafix — Technical & Troining Services imageGratin he cutee ofa parr na espe aoe E wit p= Heats oo ae pape bel ss a ait at so pipe Te eat loses ae epee We eee pg sion ce ser cn ot tng oe hi, Te ce 5, 6 apphed. Specal shape: and areangements of aarsinor are wed foe ng oh as bas hes. ad ae ca oe a Fie WATER HAMMER \Woter hammer sa sees of hammer blow-ke shockspreducedby a sudden change of vlacty of water ‘or ther Hau ong within appelne. these shocks may have uficent magnitude to rupture the pe ' pine tings or to damage connaced equipment. The sudden change of velacky necessary fo produce Water hammer may be eased byte flowing + Rapid operation ofa valve + Suan stoppage inflow due toa pump rp TmageGratix - Technical & Training Services ra 9 imageGratix Resulting force due to Mass flow and Flow Velocity during water hammer The resulting force on a thrust block or anchor depends on the faid mass flow and fow velocity and the pressure inthe bend ‘he resulting force in recien de to mass flow ard flow velocity can be expressed 98 Rommv (cose) “ S paw (1 -cost) 0) Bas WOU cost) ed A, = resufting force in x-lrection (0) n= moss Howe (Ra/5). = flow velocty (m/s) B= bend angie = Mid demsty (kaye?) = inlerel pipe ameter (my ‘The resulting force in y-direction due to mass flow and flow velocity can be expressed as ay =my sing 2) DAV ng (2) bn(a/ 2) v' sin (2c) 1, Feauling Fores in eration () ‘The resulting force on the bend due to force in x: and y-direction can be expressed Bo (RRP on = resulting force on the bend (N) TImageGratix Technical & Waning Services imageGrafix INTRODUCTION TO STRESS - STRAIN RELATIONSHIP: STRESS: ‘stress of material ie Ue itera ecetance per unit area to the deformation caused by ape or STRAIN: Stains unt deformation under apple lad ‘The Stress-Strain Curve The stress-strain cuve characterizes the Behavior of the mater tested. es mest oe potted using engineering tere and tain measures, becuse the referencs length and cross seiool oes are cosy measured. Stes strain curves generated (om tense test reals hip engineers gain sont into the ‘onsite retationship between stress and stralo or 9 particular meter, The constve relationship ‘an be thaugit tas providing an answer tthe flowing queston: Given asta history for specimen, hots the stator stress? As we shal see even forte simplest f materi he rtonsp can Be In ada to proving quanttative Information that usu forthe cinsutve relationship, the stress-strain cuve can ao be ured to qualitatively describe and caesity tha material Typical regions that canbe observed in stress-strain curve ore 1. taste region 2. velaing 3. Stren Hardening 44 Necking an Fate stress-strain cirve wth exch raion denied is shown lo in Figure 5, The curve has ben sketched sing the assumption thatthe strani the specimen monotonically fnrearing ro unloading acts Itshould also be emphasized thot ao of vation fram vnts shows pesible with al mates, and each of the above regions wit not slays be so clearly delineated, It should be emphesized that Ie fvtent ofeach ein nstessstras space material dependent, and that not al materi earl ot the above regions Technical & Training Services re 9 nage Gratin “4( ee on i viking Gh | Propomonasy iat ¢ ai bataior ayn WHAT IS STRESS ANALYSIS? Ping Stress analysis i 8 erm api to caelatons, which adress the static and dynamic ooing Fesiting tem the ees of roy, temperature ange, inter an externa preset anges im tan Sec acy arn tana nan hm egress es PURPOSE OF PIPING STRESS ANALYSIS Purpose of pong stress analysis sto ensure: + Safety 6 ping and ping components + Safety of ennectedeoupment and sporting struct + Poing teins are win the its HOW PIPING AND COMPONENTS FAIL (MODES OF FAILURES) protection apainst some of thes are modes by performayg stress analysis searing topping codes, TmageGrafix~ Technical &Tvaining Services aa 4 ‘mageGratix FAILURE BY GERNRAL YIELDING: Fetes duo to excessive plastic deformation. ‘+ Yielding at Sub Elovated temporature: Body undergoes psi defommation under stp ction organs + Yielding at Elevated temperature: Ate sippoge, material r-rystalizes and hence ying basic allowable matenal stress atthe hot (operating) teager Sppmndis A of BBLS Code, Sy is defined as the minimum of aes pe Isnate unsilestrangth ofthe rateral operating taper: vere Vouftheultimace tensile strength ofthe eaten at roam en ‘2B ef the veld strength ofthe material we operating vom paratre 90 fe jel stress oe sustensie stainless tah 41) 2isofhe yield ateength ofthe material a cos osaparanicn (90% ofthe ‘nels eres for austanstiesainlant steel, 5) 1008 of the avorage stress for 2 0.01% creep rate por 1000 hours: 5) G7Scfthe average etree for rupture ftw 100,000 hours; and 11) 809 f the minum stress for rupture after 190,000 hous, Expansion: 1M eg ME 6 esp <9 Sq (11.255, + 12585 5) Where My = range of in-plane hosing moments dus to expansion (secondary) lands inlb My = cange of outaf plane bending moment due te expansion seevadary) lads, we » My = range of trstonal moment dur tw expansion (4econdary) tod, in-b Sc. = basic alownbla mataral eee a the cold installation) tomperatice, as poe Appendis A of B3L3 Code, ImageGrafix — Technical & Traning Services 730 y imageGratix Occasional ‘The equation er eseuating occasional stresses is undefined by 821.2, Which spl states tat the sum ‘ofthe longitudinal stresses due to sustained and oceasona bad shall ot exceed 1,335H The dou Interpretation of tes requirement f to calculate the sustained and occasenal esses indopendenty (aos per the equation ven fr sustained stesses ove a then to 324 them ably, ‘Note the diserencesSetwee these te codes 1 Butt anes trsien, whe BIL does, 2 Bat dealculadeamethods re undefinersustunedandoconsiallond ose, whi they re explitoe B3L 3 ~ Tattsmestcomme intaratten, Snape toruooin he sustained case eile 1 sel 4+ Bt meget lfc, while the default interpreta, BR) Aches Ena sn thoruensed eae, 5 Atlowsbl ster are dient fr each code 8 + Suara "otha eth ces aisonall ete acouservative value ofS, (1255s + 0-259) which ‘mayb used astead the mareiboral aloweble of 1288e 1 2655-1. Ths ‘ver irom pee erp aye, when sutaiedstesscaleulations meee doa ‘otkaownexpbetly, and canearvaivel estimatad tate atta marsmim alowable lov o Sh STRESS INTENSIFICATION AND FLEXIBILITY FACTOR STRESS INTENSIFICATION FACTORS. Piping auxiliaries lke bends (e.g. elbows, miter bem) and branch con nections (ef, welding tee, fabricated tees) have flentnlty chamcterisbe Ienibaity factor ky and siress intensification factors (SIE), tn thes ten moet odes sacluding British standacd S335" yee the work clone by, Markl Uctesence 6) Table 43a (repredoced trom Apes D.ANST HATA. TH tevinon) gives equations for ealculating values fot h. kz splane SHE fad ‘outplane SIF &. Hote that other codes do not allow the uve uf hywe! tata: for ‘utplane SIF (0.75/02) compared wth higher valve cl 0 Ph Yor apt ImageGrafix Technical & Training Services ren iy imageGratin B+ Bewlaiay eharacenstie Ls pipe wat bina Rw bene cadas tbo y lvageGratin ImageGrafix — Technical & Training Services rs Py mayeGratix INFORMATION REQUIRED FOR PERFORMING STRESS ANALYSIS FOR PRESSURE PIPING 1, Project a lent nome. 2. Stress phlosophy &spedfeation ofthe system for the projec 3. Material grade an name, 4. Recommended code for nati 5. Schedule wale thickness for pipe 6 Design temperature. 7. Operating temperature 8. Design presure, 9. Operating pressure. 10, Hydro tet pressure (NodmallyL.S tines decon presse. 11. Hydro tes temperature e the ambient Temperature, 12. Caresion allowance, 15. Friction coatcent for suppor. 14. Fad dest. 15, Insulation thickness 16. Insulation density 17. Support ype and deals of support 18. Detaled Isometric for te project up to next ten point 19, _Detalso specie instrument tke pume, Reo exchanger, rie vaves, 1 Uke end to end mension wh. 2 Ine to out eimension (elevation) 3 Reaction force at reli valve, 20. Sai density 21, Buried dep 0 top of ip. 22. Friction, Angle (sand=27-45; 23. Un-drained shear stenath (cay) 24. Overburden compaction multiple (1). 25. Ye displacement factor (> 0), 26, Thermal expansion coetcent x05 (Weg 0 27, Temperature change, instal-operating (469). 28. vate pt deta, 1 Supeort type n wall penetration 2 Support type at values. 3 Opening eye deta, 4 Slope det 29, lonable nal load forthe equipment 35; day=0) (O29) TmageGratix Technical & Training Services ra y imag eGratix 30, Expansion ent deta 31 Wind a Seismic dota 32. The movement of cca equipment connections. ‘case STUDY System Overvie. Reviewing the Static Rests. Consens. ‘This chapter provides: step-by stop tutorial describiog the ping system input lok at various output ‘System Overview ‘Tis toil presents the fb and stress analy fo piping system using CAESAR I, This process Indes the creation and entry ofthe ppe stress Model, the analysand evasion ofthe reels and {2 re-design of the system, The system chosen for ths purpose, though smal, exereses common modeling station, a5 strate inthe flloning Figure. Ae noted on the raving, ts system moves ude tamer totems from the bottoms pump to a steam stngper un, whch = itlaed ina shiing process. The end sete, top dstharge pup has lai sucton note sna an ln decharpe noes "he Bie tne trough a check valve with 2 6-n. bypass, upto a spring Manger supper and Over 3 hata suppot betore entering the verte! ves imageGratin iping System Layout ‘The boundaries of ts system are the pun cacharge nozzle andthe vessel nozzle, Other aceptable neces could have Been the pump support for base) point and the vessl foundation. The pump noszle 's a satisfactory soundary because the movement ofthat poi! (ae the pump Mest up opeaton) father certain and eas escuated fram te thermal strain between the pump nozale andthe base pot, ‘The vessel aze an adequate boundary because of te known thermal growth ofthe vessel ad the greater snes of the vessel wth respect tothe in. pipe. An opponte apprach may be taken By ‘ing the mode! a tre way fo an immovabe point =the vesel foundation The check valve its sight ontop ofthe welding te forthe 6, bypass pong. The Gn. ne uns though 4 gate valve before re-entering the Bin ine through» seca welding tee above the check valve. The {ota weight and length ofthis valving is unknown a this time, therefore the valve lengths and weights ‘wee pulled in from the CAESAR I generic eatabase. Note tha the sping Manger above the valving il Deut sensitive tothe weights used here. Te difference between the actual stalled valve weights and modeled weights should be used to adjust the pring pre-load es best to mae sue tat the ho oad ‘on the spins toward the conta ofthe manuforturers recommended sing working range to allow ‘rors nica estimation If there f any apresabe change in those weights pevhaps Ue system soul be we analyze. The hanger included atthe top of the vertical run to cary the deadweight and absorb is thermal ‘rowth. The hanger is altached tothe elbow and inline withthe verteal pipe atthe “acer” end ofthe ‘tbo aris aterm associated with the path used te deine Ue elbow Her, by coding up the verted eg ad then the noizntat fg, the weld pont on the vertical un of the bow i the near end ad te horizontal un weld point isthe far end) The other end ofthe hanger is afached to some availabe structure sbove tis polt. Because o the vertical thermal growth af the hanger attacument pol 2 Simple od hngerf not acceptable here. The analysis wl be set to frce CAESAR Ito soect 9 varible ‘or constant support nanger a this peat. The program wl probaly elects variable, spring supper and for that reason the Anvil tale spaced for Re section. ‘The horontat piping rests on an unspecied support atthe far end of the ext elbow. This support, ‘modeled a gt, nonlinear restraint acting an the pipe entering, allows he piping to grow upward but Prevents dounatd maton In some cases a more aecrate mode for supporting structures may Fequed, in whic case the structural steel may be include in the model snd analy, Preparing the Drawing The following inure shows the Worked up droning used to construct the mode. Inmedately apparent are the node numbers. These labels are assigned where anynere we have a change in geometry ope ‘meter, wall thickness, change in cretion), a change in mate, operating condtons(eroparturs ot pressire), or the appcation of boundary conden {restraints pn loads, dlsplacementy et). ‘Aditonal node numbers should be assigned at any eter locaton for whch tpt e dsr. For the tutorial the progression Is by 5 sarung eth node 8 atthe pump nate. These nodes are the Cass tough wn the piping tess nometrc Is tabulated forthe anata The bypass piping also has thes brogresson but they are incremented by 00. la reviewing the rst the S00 series wi indents TmageGratix Technical & Training Serves 136 “Upinagetrate ‘Tutor Example with Node Numbers and Other Technical Information Note how inthe pot the elbons are shown square with the node assigned to the itereection. The ‘ows wil be defined so that output saab forte near, mk and far pons ofthe ben (at 0 5, ‘90 ogress. The hanger willbe sized a he fst elbow's near pont (nade 28), ‘other information reuietfr the models cllected on this draning beloe the program is started. Most ‘ofthe data should be ready avaiave bt some resoorch may be required esl > pump nozzle ‘eectons ana valve data details can slow down the put soelon not nated on the damn. The ne figure shows the dimensions for ths system TmageGrafix Technical ® Training Services 137 imayeGratix Tutor Example with Dimensions Generating CAESAR II Input Before Benning the input session wl be Useful forts tutorial to se the nei intent btext nodes. In provous discussion R was Hated that nade numbers would ise an increment of fortis ‘Model, The default nodal increment i 10 so ths must be changed. From the Main Men select ‘OOLS-CONFIGURE SETUP and the window shown below wil appear. Next choose the ceomtry Directives ab, Select the number 5 from th drop It nthe Aiko Node Murder Increment Rem a= shown Inthe folowing igure. text eck Ext w/ Save to save tis change and return tothe Main Mens TmageGratix — Technical & Training Services ay image Gratin tit ceil yi ewe wis Fence REGE EEE Pmnpnstottt toscue Vosetarenatiegtiance ie SSetetetiseaastathtt (eas) aaa “changing the Avo Node Number Increment in Configuration Setup ‘ek the CAESAR it cn to str the prosram, CRESAR 1 wil conti the External Software Lack ESL) onmnecion. Next, Go te i NEW ment selection an enter anew filename of Tatar inthe eatin alo, be sure to note the data dvectary path that you wil rete and toe the fen. You may wank 0 us= the browse buton to choose another decry fr storage of our CAESAR I dat ls, Neve 3b Name Speciation Dialog Start the input sesion by selecting INPUT-PIPING from the Main Man I the Jobs nw, CAESAR 1 ei present tts of nputunts that al te used. Other, #90 by the name Titer aiesd exist the ‘mache, the fst piping element spreadsheet vil appear. ths the case, ex out of ths Input By ‘icing the nthe top-haht othe window ey selecting FILE EX rom te men Rete tothe Main 139 TmageGrafix Technical & Training Services a inageGratix Menu to repeat the above process to lek an unused job name. The folowing window wl be spayed if the eis new LS Se ee Seen See eee ae es eas Feeowy eeun * lai ee The Review Current Units window dlplays nly the eis new and dno previously ist the ata directory. 1 the Unis Fle Label fe bottom let ofthe Review Curent Unt aoa) doesnot show Engtish Units ‘en click Cane Select TOOLS- CONFIGURE SETUP, cick the Ostobace Directives tab and slat English inthe nts drop st there 1 the nal units are shown, lek OK to contin with the input. An empty ping slement input spreadsheet wl appear as shown athe foning figure. TmageGrafix ~ Technical & Training Services 140 imageGratin ne me Blank Input Spreadsheet st toe: ana tee 19927 — Pe i eter TmageGratix Technical 8 Training Services ‘Al te Input spreadsheets for ths tutorial are provided on the flowing pages. Invoval spreadsheets may be repeated more than ane aeloy Feld oF oman Used. Tex wil appear wth the spreadsheets where explanations fe required. Use the Tab key, the arrow keys, or the meuse to navigate the input spreadsheet, As, Nberay we the Pot comeand to review the werk completed. To fx any erors made navigate tothe opproprate spreadsheet {PaUp) and change te ety. [CAESAR It automaticaly generates the From and To Hodes when you start a ew spreadsheet. The cursors postoned in the From fed The From Nedeyfeld should read 5 (assuming the node increment is set to. 5 in ‘CONFIGURE /SETUP = net, ean be reset using Edinger’), But ino, smo ‘sec the ne number inthe white put box and type’ 5 ver Now use the Tab, Enter or Down Arrow key to move tothe next put (he To Mode in ts case). Entra 10in the Told ane ent areay there. the remaning data tetera on this Serean il now be assocted wit the fst element ram node $ {anode 19 or these two end pots, Move down tothe DY cll and enter the element lenge of? by entering the neat fet Node 10 marks the centre tesecion of the Bin min line wth the on. bypass hehe next block enter the namin ppe size Note that upan leaing thecal the actual OD replaces hs nominal Aisa th the standard wal thekness, the entered § fs replaced by the acl wall thekness. The sulotion tekness and coreson allowance sre entered next Note tht factions are alowed in these clo imageGrafix Next enter the Operating Conditions of Temperature (500°) and Pressure (30s). We omit he nts in fur enties as CAESAR Il aeady hos oor uns formation The competed fst column of datas siven Inthe igure to the at AL the top ofthe second calurn of tis st spreadsheet duble cee the Oicplacemerts check box to lacthate the Displacements Aullary Oata area to the lght where we wal enter our deplacement Information For nade 5 ener the ¥ and Z anchor placements of 0.077 i, and 0.046 in, respectvely. Those two numbers are caluated asthe thermal gronth ofthe pump dechargenozale fom the bese support point Nate thatthe eter four degrees of reed mut be entered a8 wthout the entry of 42 (or any ster defintion of these boundries), rade Soul bere to move in tese fur diretons. ‘The igure bow shows the displacements entered property. 4 Geometry and Operating Conditions for First Tutor Element Displacement Boundary Condtion at Node 5 of Tutor del Net we enter the pige material by cng the drop ist other ofthe Material label and chease number 1 Low Caron Stee. Material properties ‘wil iow be read in automaticly rom CAESAR I's material databace. Ambent lestic Modulus, Passos ate, and Pipe Danity wl be filed In. The material number wil alsa be reference to puck up the ‘caofcent of expansion forthe specfed temperature, Now double ck the Atmable Steves chock box to activate the Allmable Stress Aur data area to the night. The fest 21 moterios are Generc and do not have Alowable Stress values sssocated wih themin the. database. However the oer materiasin the wil az il nthe Alona Stress vles ‘5 foundin the database. Tha cold and ht allowabie stresses (Se and Sn) a8 dined by te piping code "re enere for the tye of piping material to ue anatyze. Here the col llowable srs of 2,000 pt {Gori use commas) sna the het afowable sre f 17,300 pst ore at extracted fom the database so You mus type these values. Exponential foemat may be used in these Hes to snp data entry 3 Feduce mistakes. Ck the drop lit an ssect 8213s nt aleady thee by dela (The defo cove IS define inthe ConigurefSetup). The material property and allowable stress eves ae showin te following fours TmageGrafix ~ Technical & Training Services aa imageGratin Node 10 the mtersection ofthe &-n. apd Gin nes. This Intersection is constructed using an 8x6 ‘wedge. Pping codes recognize the reduced strength of this piping companent by increasing the culated stress af this pont n te system. For CAESAR If cae ths ses intents fate 0 the stress cali, the node must be Wentieg ae olin toe. Fret double cick the fs and Tees ‘ec boxto activate thesis and Tees hunary da sen, Speefy node 109: intersection ned ad Select Weng Tee from the Type crop st. CAESAB I willeseuate the SF at tisnereston according to the ping code seected (831.3 in thls ease) sono mare np Is needed here. ‘With an insolation thickness spected, CAESAR It wil assume a density fr calcium sete, For the purposes ofthis husrtion ths values entered manuaty as 1158/3. The Input i accepted a Dt {ase the FL function key to confirm) so te entered value i dvded By 1723 Ini to make PME Conversion. To cay: type 11.5/1728 in the Insulation Dent eld apd CAESAR Tvl convert nother conversion capatity shown withthe Fd Densty co the comity speed as BOM the ease of water so me ener 0.85G inthe sd dd CAESAR I wl conver tt the proper un, TmageGrafix— Teainical & Training Services ras (nvayeGratix ‘To move on to define the next piece f pipe, press ALT, select EDIT-CONTINU, or cick the Continue button onthe ar ight Nand side of the Toor. ote on this new spreadsheet thatthe To Node ofthe previous spreadsheet now appears as the From Noe. As, athe dsrbuted data values (the information tat cates sn rom one pipe to the nes) ‘emain on this new screen, The usar only needs oad element nth and ay new boundary conditions ‘changes frm he previous element. The dstbuted dito need onl be re-entered when they change ‘ale. Alonable tress data caries forward eventhough the check box on subsequent spreadsneets Lnchecked Be nt enable this tox unless yoy nave a change in mater, cde, or emperature. Unt Loads and Wind aso carry forward without enabling the check box None o the ater check boxes In te Input cary toar ‘This second element rns rom the intersection pinto the beginning ofthe chck valve. Tis short ran finishes out the wating tee and s bounded by nodes 10 and 15a ented by CAESAR I. The tena of ths element 7h. nthe Y avection so 7 fx entered Inthe DY fil, This dat shes the ces of ‘the second element, The entire Spreads for hs second element Flows mF S wee Be po —acee ee a eo > F 4 f teeta oar * cme em oo dare oe pid re So . meet bear a er om ‘Second Element Spreadsheet for Tutor ‘he next element (15-20) 15 the fanged check valve, This CAESAR I element woul include the anges ‘ave ane the mating flanges 3s these piping cormponents ae much more st than the aac pipe. If the length and weight ofthis" etement were know, the dats could entered vty by entering {he lenath nthe DY fed, enabling the Rid bex and then entering the Rid Westin te Avniny Daa ‘ace, Hee, for ack of beter data aed for convenience, the CAFSAR I CADMore Valve/Flange database tw be accessed to ganerale thi input automaticaly. This aato fs made avalole trough the oe vaive menu option or by cicking the Vave/lange atabaue button onthe tot bt. Tiscommand tmageGratix ~ Technical & Training Services imageGratin bing up te window shonn Belo. he folowing window doesnot appear, refer to Chapter 2 ofthe ‘CAESAR Technical Reference Nana (Cnfguration and Enviranment ERR yea Valve/Flange Database Selection Window ‘To solect tho valve type and clas use the mous to highght the Check Valve section as shaw above isteod othe default of Gat). A150 ps clas langed check ve wile entered between nodes 5 and 20 when the OK buttons checked or the Enter Key spessed. CAESAR I wl make tree entries on te input spreadsheet: The element lenath, the Rigi Cheek box activated, andthe weight simpli the Fld Aalry Data cea. Here the rid element rns 2 5.75 nin the +Y direction and weighs 470 pounds. When FUG nd Type selected, this iid eement Inches the added tngth and weight ofthe matiog anges. ‘The bypass pina rejoin the maln ine trough a second welding te siting ontop ofthe check va. ‘The un of pipe tothe intersection ofthe mam ne and bypass centerines sn (ha fetta tngth of the #6 welding tee), The next gure showsthe denon of ths element 2025 andthe speciation ‘of te welding tee 325. oe [ot 7 bens Pedi Sees asi [om ie FS a = ef a rol r wef ‘snot f ‘ee Specification on Fourth Element of Tutor Tre nest node entered ocated atthe intersection ofthe vertical pipe centetine and the horizontal pipe cern above This “constuction pont” a node 30 nok actualy 3 node onthe png system. ay ‘tonal input speed at 30 ond al output fr node 30 wil bencated ot the far weld pont othe bo Which connects the vertical and hesicntl ras, The danension of 102m une fom node 25 0 node 53D. Enabling the Bend chock box species the chow. The Bend specication automaticaly generates ‘atonal odes around this elbow locating the near weld point aa the werd dpa aessated bythe iter Node 26 sted in the sunaary data fed ak ange O andthe sbow midpoint sted ot node ImageGratix - Technical & Training Serves as “Jp imayeGratix 29, thes alded nates wi appear as outat points an they may alza be used to locate restraints. By “eta a ong rads etow (15 nominal ppe size) wi beaded a he change in pipe diction, Users may ao change the bend rads. 1 rei Bend Soecfistion a Ee of Element From 25 to 30 in Tutor ‘he hanger tobe sized ati elbow i placed at node 28 nine with the vertical rn of ppe To enter the hanger sing information, double-click the Manger chock box. The Hanger Ary ata a9 Te that shown in the nex igure shouldbe fled outa flows: nade 28s entered a the Hones Neve, Fer Es fst pass tvough the anasis, the defaut settings wil be used with no addtional anger design data pected. Press Fon any of these Input calf more information, Here, the hanger wl be chosen fom Table 1 the Ant hanger eaaog.Adatonaly, shor ange spring wll nc be parted a ths pots ‘te mid range spring wil probaby be cheaper roe fm os soo ti mi ete i wt aan 505 | neste cee ononnttooatc] = ae nd Coen even Opn a) poe tence trate teaeoe{ retetnrerb ented af anger Aviary Data SpecfeatiOn in Tutor Services 146 ay fmageGratix ‘The piping system continues onto the elbow at ede 35, Again, the stance entered a= CAESAR It nput 's te dance between the itetsections a he pipe centerline; not the physical ength of he straight piece afppe between te elbows Here, 12 Min the rection, Ts run of pel is off the elbow 3120 by creating 4 30-degree turn Doubleclick the Bend check box to generat he lng radi bo 3k 35 with the tno extra nodes. There is alo a supper atthe fer wea pant af this bend This far end of te ‘bend is node 35 nthe made othe restraint speed at node 35. Ths suppor wil not alow the pipe to move downward but It cangat prevent he pipe fom moving Upward. This nan lnear restraint (restraint nhosestfess, rater than remaining constant, 9 fneton of fod or eepacement) ontered za ¥ typo. The + Inlsted tat the restraint supplies a postive Y (apm ood tothe be: Inost users interpret the +¥ a indeatng the pipe is festa move nthe + dcton, Wah no sifness ‘eniered wt this restraint, CAESAR TL wl eho 3 very SU (gl) estra; meaning hat under ny practical oad, the pipe wl not“push the restrain down, Note that up to our esrat hy be speed nth aury data eld. Except forthe anchor designation, restraint a vectr. If hare was guide estraning lateral motion of rade 35, an X estan woul also be defined here asthe sacond restraint. Press Fl for more information abut these restraint porter | ade fi af rg Naf T af naka Bend Specteation and Restraint Speicatien on lament trom 30 to 35 in Tutor From the second elo, {he pipe runsin the 2 rection for 18M here I trtunates a the bteseclion wth the vessel wal At It tha pump connection at noge 5, nade 40 fe a stitactry boundary for is ede. The thera ‘rowth ofthe vesso tts pont lsat and entered ae epcements of node 4. faa (id i 4 ego Mee sate 1 eae — : Emin ie vce ol Pea oe) Hae i wz: fin F Nese ( a 1 Focslenets oy nent omar” | WWa0 waselea TmageGrafix ~ Technical & Training Sewces rar imaygeGratin The mede now returns tothe 6-n.by-pas piping around the Bi. heck valve above the pump. The welding tee nodes of 10 ona 25 wil be canplety dined ae reducing tees wien these Gn PING ‘lements are modeled. The igure below shows the changes required to start the Gite, whch are ‘pling her "he input procesor automaticaly shits the previous To Nod toe current From Node, Snes the model ts nolonger continuing from nada 4, the From Node must be changed hereto 10 ond the To Node set 'o 605 asthe 600 series of node rurbars wil ndate 6, pipe. The X length of 2 is measured from {he 8m, centetine tothe centerine of the vertical Sm. ie. Diameter fs entered a 6 and Se entered as An elbow i spected at node 605 by coube cling the Bend check bos. ate that CAESAR 1 automaticaly generates» tng radios bon for his 6 ne Ths elbow longed on one end. Tis ange acts ike a stifening ing, which reduces the bending feito the eum, This choactersti of Ranged elbows is addressed bythe piping codes through a modication ofthe felt factor and tess tntensfcaton forthe sbow. To ietude ths effect, sleet Sings Fange fom tne Type dap lt inthe Bend Auxliny data area. As simple by-pass piping, the Incision of Mange sifening Is probably Inspnieant and canbe tgnoeed. ‘The 6, ping continues upto node 610, which marks the beginning of the gate va. The distance between the horizontal enterine (nodes 30 to 605) ona the bottom ofthe valve isin, nthe ection. ‘This 9-n. specication pus ode 610 a the far end te Ben dined onthe prevous seen, THe pot locations of edes 605 ad 610 then are coincident which Would produce a ero length element. CALS oR inserts lenath for this element 605-610 equa! to 8% ofthe end rade - here t9.4Sin This He efat valve, which con be changed in the CAESAR Tl conguratian, prevents the generation ofa ero Tenatnetrment REF T y_e nent elements te In. 180-95 clos, Nanged gate valve runing fom 610 (et FF ge 10615. Use the Vave Flange database (wit te command Vale) forth ig Ge ‘lement. Select the 150 ps flanged gate valve (ast and cick OF. CAESAR. Til retun rom the datas wth rg Y un, 17.525 n tng, weighing 225 xf — pounds. As with the Sn. check valve, the deadweight and lenath othe or Fae bklaches anges shout be ince inthis analy. (Use the NOFLG End Type wef you do not want these included) TSO Flanged Gate Valve Selected Irom the re ‘cADviore Valve Flange Database Resulting CAESAR Il Element Detion for the 1506 Flanges Gate Vale. “ImageGrafix ~ Technical ® Training Services rag ‘he element om 615t0 620s the tenath required to ring the ppeup level wth the intersection at node 25 This stance easy to ind by choosing the Olstance comand fom te olber cfr the ens with EDIT “DISTANCE. the V-dstancein ths care batiwoon 615 and 25 15, so we np thie cctance DY on the spreadsheet for 615 10 620. Also bend must be specfed here snce the next ene wil fonnect the current element tote ersecon at nade 25. The ¥ vale ofthe dstance Between nodes {513 and 25 gives us the cimersion forthe element ram 615 to 62. For the elerert running from 620 to 25 we know fom the previaue Dstnce command that is 2 the x-direction, fut magne for 9 ‘omont that we did aot have this information. Inti case we can use Ihe Clase Loop command EOTF “CLOSE LOOP and CAESAR I! wil calcite tis mention and ener tno the sppreprate DX, DY, and 12 feds, Fist create the spreadsheet and enter 25 for the To Node. Then perform the Close Laop command, O vil ow havea value of 2M TmageGrafix — Technical & Training Services inageGratin LTR Saas a esa) 4] eles) OA. se elaelen (eta fold ton PW fos eay sales) | ah wel zea leaf Algal Ceres *| ee pee | {lose Loop on etement 620 t 25 wi Pin the stances for OX, DY and D2 fk, Input Review ‘wo commands ae aalableon any input screen to review the data - Pot and List, While the Input can be checked by paging trough eath mput screen, these commands ae uel in confirming and/or ‘eating ine entire model The use of hese cartmancs wl be demensrated inthis section, 8y detour a pot o tne mode splayed to the right ofthe piping Input spreadsheet, ® The pot area «an be increased ithe piping input pane dose. To cze the ping np lek the blon in he oes "at comer ofthe spreadsheet. To display the Classe Pping Input spreadsheet and te made side by sie eck the Classic ping Inout tab tht displ Inthe upper lef ome of he speeadshest and y liniageGratix ‘then cick the button twice. The volume ple of the erent piping system is shown; avallabe toner buttons and menu cammands canbe used to perform various function, To depay te nade * numbers press the eter ton th Keboars or cx the button an the tolbar The lleing Aire shows he tor ‘ose! with the node numbers deployed. ‘A few notes about the commands may be useful here: Use the arrow kysto rotate the pat. Users may alo se the arom kes to panthe plot after le elected ‘rom the Operators menu. Scan the mouse wil 00m the model and pressing the cener mouse tutton wil pan the ple. Cicking the ight mouse button on the dpley snd ccking OPERATORS: PAN fromthe pop-up menu powder an alternative method of panning the plot The med vl then flow the mouse cursor win the cspay. The ps sign (-) zooms n and the minus ign) sam ot. Toe 36 toolbar buttons and menu tems to ter the pan view and to dspay element ard restrain ntormation on the plot. Users are encouraged to use these diferent items to become familar th then, Foret the ‘otto the default us the bulton or UEWRESET, To print a copy ofthe play choose FILE: PRINT of ck te rit bon Node Numbors spayed onthe Pot in Tutor ‘he ¥ key togpes deren views. The Volume Pot shows below is especialy ut for larger modal ses fess ofthe computers resources, ImageGratlx - Technical & Training Services rs Volume Pot Showing Spring Hanger and Support Locations in Tutor + ‘+ The tustration below shows a view down the 2 axls witha zoom and pan to show the poe valving. Ths velume pet shows he nodes and identifies the tes, TmageGrafix = Technical 8 Tranng Services rs Upinayetrate i Volume Pot view Along 2-Axls Showing Nodes ess, and Depacements Tutor ‘he button or EDIT-LIST used to quick reven and et lieent categories f dat inthe fb, Ceking con the row numer to the lt of ane of data wil Neha the efire row. Holding the Sf key daw hie ceking ona second rv of data wi hgh all ows inbetween these two, Daferent types ata Element Oata in the List Etor Ending the Input Sesion ImageGrafix ~ Technical & Tramning Serviews rs y snageGratin ne input session fs itorupted befor al the dota f collected save the made! input before exiting the Input processor. To save the curfent input use the FLE-SAVE from any element input spreadsheet. CAESAR Twi ieterrupe the input session and proms tor ths update 90 minutes after the lst save. Input data can alo be saved trough the input ext processor, whi is acosred trough the FILE-QUIT command, The aput processor can be re-entered ler to continue the radel creation ‘After exiting an saving the input or eunning the Error Checker = “caesni 1wlst save binary data fr this mode under th lena Tuto. (A inp ee are ‘composed of the jobnare wth the sufi "a" added) CAESAR I hen checks the jb for errors an ts 8 variety of notes and warnings. This tutorial shuld generate 2 notes ding the erer checking, Bath hots from the ertor check are notes tothe usr rogrding the hanger inthe mode! the program mist size one hanger and certain analyses are required to pererm this hanger sng the ero, warning, {nd notes are prsentedto users no ori format The aalyts may proceed wit te> and wags but fatal errors must be corrected betore continaing. fn fatal errors ar tun, CAESAR Ew tthe Intermediate (crate) es for the static analysis. With the scratch fies createe, te input proces Is omplte and controls returned to the CAESAR I Ppa Input Performing the Static Analysis, ‘ter errr checking the mode, review the lod cases From the Fle meni higight Batch Rum orclck to enter the Load Case Ealtor CAESAR Il wl beg with a standard sete load cases based upon the Piping cde selected andthe leads dried in npt For the job Torte hanger must be sized before the ‘Standard structure! ond stress analyses are pertorned. Tis hanger slang alge reqs (0 ‘analyses before the standard too casas are snalzed. The five recommended load ses ae shown below. From the menu tht appears In the flowing igure select the option Hat recommend he oad Ban en | {tate oncetrn| ane va cers efene | Load Case Editor wh Two Hanger Design Cases andthe Standard Three Load Cases for Tutor ImageGrafix - Technical & Training Services i jmayeGratix The standard tree cases could use a te explanation here, CAESAR I creates lon sts to analyze the ‘operating conations of te png systom and te stale cndtans ete piping system. The operating ondtion for tis analysis cons ofthe deadweight ofthe pz, cantent and insatin, the design femperatre and pressure, and the preload on the jst selsted hanger at ode 28. The fstled ‘ondtion inches the deadweight and hanger preload, In ation to these structural analyses, certain sHress conditions mist be adresse, For the ppng code used here, the sustained and expansion Streses must be cleulated, Sustained stesss include deadweight, prefoads and presse. Sustained Stresses canbe taken fom the stalled condition analy the pressure loads ae nce, CAESAR I ‘line the pressure torn inthe inal eae since pressure in mest eater, has no impset onthe Sructra loads an the ping. With the installed care structural analyse sso serving the sustained ace stress analysis, no addtional load cace must be added to calculate the sustained stesses. Expansion stresses rolect the change i system poston fom is installed poston to ite operating potion. Because of systom non-neanty ths change in positon cannot be determined by ansiyzing {ermal loads lone. By dfaut CAESAR It wll construct ted load case to eae the expansion stress (ange). This ace en, sriiy spain, thie, complete analss ofthe sytem bt ietead 9 Dratuct the operating and installed structural analyses already prfrmes, The ference system ‘splacements between these two cases isthe asplacement stess range (rm which the expansion Stresses are caleulted. The tard class of stress n piping ocasona stresves (a oppored to expansion nd sustained)» isnot Ineludd in the recrmmended analyses an must Be spectied by the use, Ukewise FATque stress eases are provided nly when specially requved by te active Piping cde (00/12, fer example) For most ystms, the recommended load cates are exactly what the user wishes to analyze Here, Case {caealates the deadweight cared by the proposed spring at node 28, Care #2 ago calculates ony ene umber =the verti travel ofthe proposed spring. llte load categories, which compass the operating load case are used or ths anys“ ceadweght, placements, thermal et and preseure set With these two numbers - the ld cried by the Ranger andthe amount ef Wave t must secommodate “CAESAI I wl enter the Arwil catalog and select the appropiate spring, This spring ad ke proper re-load are instal in the mad! forthe rermining onlyse. ‘case #3 fs the operating Hanger Load case. is iSentcal to case #2 but has thesized hange pre-load incited inthe category (H): Ts analysis will produce the operating forces and moments on the support and te deflections ofa pants ate system. Case #39 structural analyse case aNd ot 9 1831.3 stress anatyss ease. The refining piping code does not recognize pipe strezs In the operating onton as atest for system fire and does nat estabish alma forth state of sro, Care #4 oth a stuctural and stress case. By eleinating the (assumed) thermal efets(IeTD, the analy othe ‘old system, By including pressure (P), tus cas also nas: necessary components to be used to report the syste’ sustained stresses. Case'¥5 (L314) Isom algebrate combination of two Basic fad cases. “he placemats of ase #4 ae subtracted fromthe asplacements of cae #3 to praia these suk. ‘his case develops the placement range f the sstem ins gronth from We installed postion co the operating poston. Ths displacement range ir weed forthe cscltion of te systen’s expansion Stresses. ith tne selection of the recommended lad cases CAESAR I wil groosed withthe state analysis. The program contnues wth the data processing by bung, sarin, and storing the austin (matin) dete forthe system and the basic lod cases. This pracess may be terminated a any eme By chang Canc. ‘Once thi is done the CAESAR I Slaton Module entree by. ‘CAESAR 1 wil analyze the our Baila (hanger design, operating, sd installed) befor leaving tht ‘scren. At this pein the Sotution sereen fe replaced with messages concerning the postprocessing af hs fata The displacement results ofcases Sanda are used withthe element saffnese matrcestocacuate ImageGrafix ~ Technical & Train Services 135 9 imageGratix the forces, moments, and stresses throughout the system. The dfference between these two sts of slsplacemens is used to estanish the spacementrenge ofthe piping systam as defined i oat cose 45. this new dapiacement set fs sanlaly used to caleulte forces, moment, and stesees, AC the armpeton ofthis step all the results are loaded into the inary data fe Tutor spond the CESAR TT output processor window is asplayed so that cutout fortis Job maybe reviewed The fle ean only be examined through the output processor. Te analysis need nat be rerun to review thee ests at 2 lotr tine intend, the option OUTPUT.STATICS from the Han Menu may be used toring up the ouout from the TUTOR. Pie, Reviewing the Static Results nether entering the output processor directly from the static analyse or thvough the Main Mrs the ‘Output Window vl appear, sia) 20a) oli! ois) Re Static Output Processor LUsuaty the st bok at output i to ery thatthe piping modell responding as expected. checking ‘elections and restraint toads i the eperating and stated cases should quch uncover any major probems with the system layout or apt If there re unusual ests, the mput shoul be re exomined fos correctness. I the eutut vers the model, the rests can beset collet ppe stesso, spre and equipment loads, and any olter useful data found in the autput. This information 1 seh ‘locumenting 8 geod piping design er Uoublesbooting an inadequate on. ImageGrafix ~ Technical & Training Services y ImayeGratix goo view ofthe operating displacement this piping system is ovale trough Dslay Graphic! Results button o trough OPTIONS-GRAPHICAL OUTPUT. Be sure to select & load case (nots hanger case) roe t suing the command, The image show nthe fain ture wil epee onthe screen. Tutor Output Plot ‘sn or CAESA I windows beth the oo bor buons and men tems may be ueed to sect aeplay ‘options. From the menu selec SHOW-DISPACEMENT-OEFLECTED SHAPE. The plot wil show the Eenorine plot along with 2 normalized deicted shape of the system in the operating condton, Th seen shown inthe nest owe, ImageGrafix - Technical & Training Services Displaced Shape Plot nen rsh wening the ploted output forthe operating ease, change te case to Sustained inthe drop lat on tho fet of the second tooltor, Select SHOM STRESS OVERSTRESS and note tht tte Is no verstressed points exit Inthe system. Reset the lot and select SHOW SIRESSSYHBOL-CODE to “dspay the code defined stresses threughout the system. The stress sybels wil appear onthe screen ‘20d locate the highest stress pens in the system, Now elect SHOWSTRESS MAXIMUM tt the stress ‘oes on the pot use the Ener Key tolst the stresses one ota time starting with the highest, The node umber is shown in parenthesis following the stress valve poced on the scten aod te element

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