Blandford Colour Seriesing and” practically immediate. So item ar he pin of buna ‘prime that twas some time belore ‘Me natons ata whole realised that the war was not progressing in accordance ‘wth "their fs ingens supports, Ind hat they would be called po #0 ‘ay for their days of ardour throughout the yeas of pain aod anu ‘Sch opie at was so clearly manic fest inthe opposing armies inthe Tate fmmer and autumn of 1904. was ‘coincidentally elected in thet colourful ‘wiforms; ut all too soon as the "Doctrine of Atsiden, of" doube inepraton, entrenched the beligerents ‘on the Western Pont the magnifecaly Aecorative mitary dees of the old trold gave way tothe muted, calbured ‘protective doting’ of today. AB an ample, twas not until one whole year ter the commencement of bewliies {at France orawore er bight ‘tlrared, pre-war uniforms and adopted ‘Tis volume covers the peacetime and Seid ‘uniforms of the metropolitan fm and aviation services which fought in Barope at the heat ofthe in World Wert, Thins Andee Mall's welt book o silitary uniform, When not writing books, he works as Natori consultant and hes condrcted two highlynecaimed feature fms Jt Hopped He and Winsaniy. ARMY UNIFORMS oF1 he same ator ARMY UNIFORMS Army Unis o World Wa 1 aliuerate by Mele Meg OF “Tested y Sakon Meg WORLD WAR I European and United States Armies and Aviation Services ANDREW MOLLO. Mlustrated by Pierre Turner BLANDFORD PRESS. Poole Dorsetlandlord Press Lid Link House, West Street, Poole, Dorset BH5 1LL First published 1977 © Blandford Press 1977 reserved. No part ofthis book may be reproduced, of transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording oF by any information storage ‘and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Publisher Set in 10 00 11 point Baskerville Printed and bound by Cox & Wyman Lid, London, Fakenham and Reading ISBN 0 7137 0821 2 CONTENTS Portage Remeria Ruse Seria Unie States of America Notes to plates Bibliography Index to ilustrations rn 0 7 o 105 ts ta 133 a 43 Bt 13 te 164 im 5 ibe 4 aACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The following fiends and enthusiasts have generously given oftheir time and knowledge: A. F- H. Bowden, National Army Museum; P. G. J LLorette, Musée Royal de Armée et d'Histoire Militar, Brussel: 8, [Cacas and L- Milner, Imperial War Museum, London; J. Molo; B Mollo, National Army Muscurn, London; F- Ollenschitger; C. G, Sweeting; Colonel Pal Willing and Count E.G. Vitet "in particular T would like to thank G. Resignoli for his help and ‘advice on the Ttalian setion, Lieutenant Colonel B. Mincer abd K. Barbarski for supplying the information for the complicated Polish section, Major a. D. H.R. von Stein and Dr. F. Herrmann for having practically written the German section, and my Father for his help on the Russian Army, although ofcourse the final responsibility for the Accuracy remains my owe. To all the above my very grateful thanks London 1977 Andre Motte PREFACE. Sioce toa intents and purpones tit companion tothe twe-vohme stork on the uniforms of World War Il, Ihave stuck at lowly as ible tothe system that ha already bee established. However the arety and complexity of the many peacetime uniforms which were gull bing worn 2 the beginning ofthe war has meant tht tables nave rendered give ina compacta form ae possible the many diferent types of eadares, tunic, badges, colours and buttons. Obviously i Ino ben pssbito deal will hese nifrms in detail, but those who wsish to study them in greater depth, will ind a usefal Hist of| publications in the bibliography "Many people have asked ifthe di in my books are produced photographically sine they appears litte The answers that they re not, but the esl of the painstaking skill and paience ofthe artis, All the illustrations are based on photographs which ensure both the Accuracy ofthe uniform and the character af the period, whichis eflen missing from moder drawings of period uniforms. The colours ofthe ‘niforms are carefully checked against surviving examples in private collections an national mascums AM.Dedicated to the memory of| Golonel Don Jose Diez Sanchex Regimento de Infanteria Canarias No. 50 INTRODUCTION Antouth day Wark War len remember fri sence feet eden stuns ante ee aos ty engl fet nls nse ite ial eae ‘etecing a6'sgian han tha saa aed the wee {Soccer in wich etn ray bee rink sven eee canon tnd eta wea okey at Nor Suess aly eo ela shoe easel tot Sisal nd sca ophenal n sucha apse ea ley way asl engl repre hs ay ne wiry pit of ve ke ves the weal eg Balkan courrier wu he neste and ea fase: The et Eurypean powers ated y eeu pres iar seam eaoatey et ie Pon Ae apy Garmin vbich has nee cen epeated sae They were cent {heer slendyonrmed and pair eed men oad tee war tossed concatn ine Chana But hen Sie recpinn oan odd clei rsh agape Tine nated Boop ares die sno ken xeon Soma eartre “Tos bs wars oever bout about one bs an fandamental aearcney ehh want beg edpred nf gh hang noms See ae ot Titel i sit utes bre eng Bete eons Te Ry call Sp nena witha tl emabeechig s treed cb which had ben ened ello aed shot — ‘ec inthe xo the moe ctrprig lc ed om the retains and hide ound come o cho tet Kore "nem nae They adap he se of cating. epment, tad cen rm fie vers aso tak a Petes word imutngca) any wer deeped te coon enact RrweatnLune By aout war non cornet e fe maps kas prt slows cates, tek Sacro bof Baan or the Corman Seg The mole cxcpron wee Auta, France jum: ite France and Belg wh sha ely , anta was noel nea oe Bal eee, 903 3Austria intduced a pkegtey uniform which was 0 practical and vo medetm te elinoete that even oda i Ein ail be recogned However parsimony and conservatism timed to asset ther influence. Ln r85y Assia Emperor Frane Juephis brotce Saxman was made Emperor of Mexico. He demedisccly rorganed the ary, and ordered av enormous quay ‘timer unt clot om bis homeland. Bee tcouldbeshipped tewasdeponed and theca vaso longer required. tera mamiber | Suggestion, it was decided to ue up the material by-giving the [Ausian eavaly adder outers tie ot record how te tea wan Staginally received, but when it wae proposed that they should be ‘plied by grey trousers the Emperor was peione,andasa special Pvilege, the cavalry were allowed to retain thei ed rower un "ars tance, despite her clonal experience, and numerous attempts sundernise her urs went to warn 1914 ibe and ed, Contrary {0 popular belt trousers were neither traiionally French, nor the brainchild ofa satrallymwsiated monarch. The decison to ino- doce them was purely commercial France had invented a Gat red dye tel wanted te break England's rcoopoly inthis coment. What ‘tier way to adhere this ew experite than 0 des the ny fed "Aso fo the fis time acount’ industrial capacity was play a deciteoletn the ware The ay to manufactae, nt only guts, but Sil he other porapheraliaof war orn uniforms fo bandages, meaat ‘hat only the highly developed indus nations could sustain a wat for any lenguh sine Causes Ike France, Germany, and Oreat Britain had to supply not oly ther own needs bu hose ott 2 well France probably took on greater burden than any oher Wun), and samp ut the Adrian steel beet by the milion. She Completely reequpped the Serbian Army in 913, and manufactured tnirms for Rumania well into the miigas Brian’ abit to weave secmingly endless bales of leh, coabled the Poragucse 10 Teplice thir rey uniforms with ones made in England, and the Be fans although wot all that hen om Kaki adopted it 2 colour for SRG sewn imply cae Bln alone col py the enormous quantity of otk equ ‘norms increases the rapidity and accuracy offre during the sccond fale theninetenth century 0% nly brought abou the bloody Stalemate that epiomised World War I, but xercaed a teri ale 4 nce on two very important aspects ofa soldier’ appearance, Repidity ‘offre meant that he catied uch more ammunition, ad so the old ‘houlder-belt equipment was replaced by one based on the waistbelt, fiom vshich one, two, or even three ammunition pouches could be suepended, a well all the other bits and pieces that a soldier had to ‘Accuracy of both small arms and artillery, andthe nature of the war fn which mesily the head was exposed, caused a disproportionate ‘number oflead injuries The French heavy cavalryman with his metal helmet was tobe envied, while his es fortunate brothers inthe infantry found the iti round stel skull eap which they were supposed to wear tunder the kepi, sell for every purpose otber than the one for which was intended. A French Inndene Department officer, August Lo [Adrian designed and had produced arte helmet which was the fire the many that were to follow ‘in April 1915 during the Battle of Ypres, the Germans succesfully ‘wed poisonous chlorine gas forthe ist time, and 30 began chemical ‘warfare. Although a fallareas an offensive weapon, it obliged the Allies to divert vast amounts of time and money into developing and sup: pling gas masks and other decontamination equipment, which could have been more usefully employed.lsewhere. The first gas mask was n0 ‘more than a noseelip and cotton wool mouth pad vehich had been Scaked in sodium carbonate, sodium thiowlphate and water, but by the end ofthe war, when Britain alone bad manulactred $0,000,000 ‘gas masis, they had become quite a sophisticated apparatus Paradoxically although the American Civil War may lay some claim to thet, the frst of the lly scientific wars was also to see the revival ‘of medieval methods of warfare. Afer the initial weeks of movement, both sides dug in'@ short distance apart, and forthe next four years waged a bitter tench warfare in which they threw, catapulted, and fired a whole range of missiles at each other. Then dressed in various {kinds of protective clothing and even body armour, they assaulted and Uilled each other even with clubs, maces and daggers, Flying also came ina its own during World War 1, and even the cynics whoa rst viewed aviators in much the mame way as motorists a8 show-ofs— came to realise that yet another decisive weapon was in the making ‘Since the best mechanies were to be found inthe engineers, it was logical dat military aviation began asa branch of that service [a 1910 the French formed their air ship and aviation services into an 5autonomous corps, and the Brtsh followed in 1912. But nowhere luring World Wer I was thereto be found a completely independent air arm, until Britain amalgamated her naval and army fying corps into the Royal Aie Force in April 1918. Most armics employed semi-offcal volunteer corps who were ‘mainly involved in motor transport (Italy and Austro-lungary) and {he medial services (Red Cross, et.) Far the mort part these organ isations were unformed and used their owa system of rank badges, ‘while the Royal and Imperial Austro-Hungarian Volunteer Aut tmobile Corps, wore army rank badges oa the calla, and corps rank ‘adges onthe culls Unfortunately space will not permit the many and ‘varied uniforms of these and many other Organisations tobe covered in Ue book, 1 2. Colne Ganga Auris 1914.9015 2. Pilot officervia 1916-1098‘Aten & BomniesHercopovinia Bem 1018-1016Bebjom 1916-1918France 19149918 France 914-1915France 19141096Fran 1915-1018 France 19151918ii 5German (varia) 1016-1918 Carmany (Saxony) 1914-1018 85, Hors Guard officer 27. Aites nce. 14, Light Dragoon 5, Ratway Troops oftorGermany 19141918 Germany 1914-1918 89, lela Potion 89, Lanturm ance officer 92, PadreGermany 1016:1018 Germany 19141918Creat Britain 1014-1918 Great Britain 1934-1918 109, Foot Gurs no. 105, Foot Guards subse teu Fees 104, Foot Guards officer(reat Britain 1916-1018 ta A 100. Tree 107. Cavary officerCrest Bitnin 1014-1016 (Great Stain 1014-1018 117. Tank officerGres Btn 1014.1018 Grae Brin 1918-1018rence 19161917 avy 1915-1918 120, Infantryman 123, Linutenant Genera 129. Major General 122, Lieutenant Generaltealy 1015-1078 teaty 1916-918 135. Act officerhaty ors-1018 Monona 1918-1816 141, carbiier 143, Ha he King3 2uma 1914-1917 sie 1914.07 168, The Tsar 161, Liwtenant GeneralPuasa 1016-1017 swbia 19141010 173. Gano sat otc Infantryman 176, tntanteyman| 178 Stat officerUSA. 19171018 UsA.19171918 188. Cavieymanusa. 19171918 Pt and Observer Badan 194, Austro-Hungarian 105, Bulgarian 127, Ruan Observer 189. Plotottcer tick 199, FrenenThe 1015 Adrian’ ble eo, Pot and Obzorec Wings , 200. et 199. rin 207. French Light Infantry 200, French Engineers <—FS 210, Began baie 201. tain 202. United States 211 Fenen M1978 helmet 216. United Stats badge i« 212, Ruin be + 208, French balloon engineer 208. French 0 215. Serbian badgeAld SelM att tte Cot Pers 227, Geman pe oe 220 tain 221, Austrian 223, BelgianPersona Equipment 246, Portuquese 244, Unita States AUSTRO-HUNGARY It's fitting that this book should begin with Austr- Hungary since it ‘washer declaration of war on Serbia that precipitated the coniet The Imperial Austrian and Royal Hungarian armies had been unified since 167. In 1878 the tervitory of Boania-Heraegoviia was also incon [porated in the empire Tn 1909 anew pike-arey (Hecigreu fil uniform began tobe issued toall fot units as well as machine-gun battalions, artillery, and the ‘Mounted Tyrolean and Dalmatian Riles. Due to pressure brought to bear on the Emperor, the cavalry were allowed to retain their coloured ‘uniforms, despite the fac that a uniform for them had already reached the project stage The pikegrey uniform consisted of « kepi with black leather peak and fap which fstened in front with ewo buttons (some units replaced the top bution by a badge). On the font was a circular badge in metal {or other ranks and bullion for officers. In the centre was the eypher of the ‘all highest (efor Franz Joseph, and x or Kar). Horse ardllery ‘retained their shako which was worn with grey cover and black horse- Air plume. In winter a light grey knitted woollen cap was issued, "The tonic in wool for winter and drill for summer wear was single- Dreasted with stand (later stand-and-‘al) collar with collar patches ia the facing or Eyatisiang’ colour, matching shoulder straps witha rll fn the right one Hy-front, patch breast and side pockets with three pointed fap, and slecves tapered to the wrist. “There were four basic Kinds of wousers which were all made of ‘matching material. Dismounted personnel wore long loose fitting trousers with integral cloth gaiter which fastened around the ankle with two buttons. Landscitea and mountain oops wore knee breeches and grey woollen stockings (6). Mounted personnel had breeches, and ismounted artilerymen had pantaloons which were loose Sting above, and tight fitting below the knee. Dismounted personnel wore Ankle boots, mountain troops climbing boots, and mounted personnel Ankle boots with leather gaiters. ‘The greatcoat was similar tothe fld-geey one illustrated in 125 ‘except that atthe beginning of the war it had pointed collar patches (Paral) in the facing (Egelisiangferbn) colour COier's uniform closely resembled the issue pattern, Generals and General Staff officers wore a grey version ofthe peacetime kepi with bullion badge, braid loop, and leather chin strap (t). Oicers wore eobreeches (generals with Lanpaser) with either black riding boots or ‘natural coloured leather guters. Of duty ofcers continued fo ear Tong black alo’ trousers with ther piping or Lampasien. The oficer's fgreatcoat and cloak had a grey velvet collar, while generals had scarlet lapels and piping. "Te peace-time uniform of the cavalry (except Tyrolean and Dal- ‘matian Mounted Riles) consisted ofthe 1905 pattern Dragoon helmet, ‘apka for lancer and shako for hussars. They were either worn with 4 trey or regimental coloured linen caver, or painted grey, Dragoons and Tancers hal light blue tunic with Kraprot facings and hussars had a ‘blue ‘Aula’ with yellow (officers gold) braiding, while trousers forall regiments were in madder or Arghfrt. In addition to the standard ‘oven greatcoa, all ranks had afur fined and trimmed Pal" (8). With ‘undress uniform officers continued to wear the black kepi. On active ‘service all ranks tended to wear the red side cap (7) in preference tothe distinctive head-dress The Royal Hungarian Army wore the same basic uniform with ‘certain distinctive features, For example the cap badge bore the letters tay and later, and the bet buckle bore the Hungarian coat of arms Dismounted other ranks in the infantry had long tight iting trousers with a Hungarian knot on the thighs and braiding down the outside Seam in yellow for line infantry, and slate grey for the Hons. Hi ‘arian hussars had eed (ofiers gold) braiding on their ‘Atl’, Pa land trousers (18). The uiformot the Royal Hungarian Gendarmerie iusrated in 19. Bosnian-Heracgovinian troops wore a red or pike-grey fer, and special pantaloons (20 and 21) Members ofthe Albanian Legion wore a first’ white lamb's wool, and later fieldagrey head-dress with & ‘ockadein the Albanian colours black and red~on the front (20). The Uniforms ofthe Polish Legion are described in dhe Polish section and illustrated in 145-147. ‘Other ranks tn infantry and all ranks in cavalry had a Hungarian Aknotinslate grey and dar red respectively (oficers gold) om the thigh and braking on the seat and down the ouside seam of their trouser Fieldgrey trousers when introduced were standardised on the Austrian patern, Hungarian cavalry were organised as hussars and tani 1gt3 wore a blue Alida’ with red (olices god) braiding, The Hungarian coat of arms alsd appeared am the belt buckle Th 1915 the old pike-grey and coloured peace-time uniforms ofthe cavalry began tobe replaced bya standardised feld-grey fel uniform, 8 which was to be basically the same forall ranks in all arms of both the [ustrian and Hungarian armies The feld-grey uniform illustrated in ‘Nei6 inclusive) cifered ie fom the pike grey one, except thatthe tumie was cut looser and had a stand-and-(ll collar. Following the ‘ample of Kaiser Karl olfcers began to wear the so-called ‘Kalas? nbc ada row of'six composition o clath covered buttons doven the Front. While other ranks had matching eld-grey pantaloons fcers ‘wore breeches and long trousersin ‘nia?’ grey, with scaeletLampasen for generals "The special head-dress for dragoons, hussars lancers, and horse arillery wasabolished as were therestof the coloured uniforms~ and ‘mounted woops wore the fild-grey side cap. In 1915 Austrian assault ‘oops began Ihlmet, while atthe same time am Au designer Berndorfr, was put into production (230). Both the German fand Austrian helmets could be fited vith «front reinforcing plate Rank was indicated on the calla patch or tani collar forall ranks Avfest stars were usually embroidered in silver or gold, but during the ‘war officers increasingly wore metal ones. Stars fr other ranks were ‘made of white bone or celluloid, and the lace ceased to be woven in ‘metallic thread, and instead was produced in yellow or white silk. Rank twas indicated a follows Senior privates One six-pointed white star om the eallar patch (Gefrr) or collar Corporats (Korural) Two sin-pointed white starson the collar patch or collar nt ‘Three sis-pointed white stars on the collar (2agsfibrer) patch or collar Sergeant majors ‘Kaiser yellow silk lace on the front an bottom (Felduebl) celges of the collar patch or callar andl thee ‘Saepointed white stars Sta ergeants One row of 13 mm. and one row of 6 mm. wide (Suabseldwebl) “Kater” yellow sik lace onthe front and bottom from 1917 ceges of the collar patch or ollar, and three ‘Sxepointed white stars Same rank badges as a Feldcha, but with a slightly narrow gold lice sewn om top of the {yellow so tha half ofthe later remained une ‘covered Cader sergeants (Kadenjldveb) ®Deputy officers (Offeror nate) Ensigns (Faarch) (One row of 18 mm. and one row of mm. silver lace and one sx-pointed silver star on the collar patch or collar ine row of gold lace on the front and bottom felges of the collar patch or ollar, and one ‘Sxepointed silver star. thould be noted that rank tes varied according to arm-of service, cg, File! became Wachtmiste in cavalry, and Pewructer in art lery, ete Company olicers One to three siaepointed embroidered or metal strain silver or gold according to the colour of the buttons. Row of $3 cm, gold or silver lace on the font and bottom edges ofthe collar patch or collar, Snel one to three embroidered or metal stars in ‘opposing colour (Le. silver stars on gold lace and vice versa), Gold zigzagpatern lace on front and bottom ‘alge ofthe collar patch or collar, and one to three silver embroidered or metal stars CGenraloberit wore theee stars within a laurel leat wreath. Feldnarcall bad gold embroidery on the front land bottom edges ofthe collar patch oF collar Field cficers Genera oficers Uns 197 arm-otservice and unit was indicated by a combination coffacing colours and the colour (white (sver] or yellow (gold) of tae ‘uniform buttons. Not more than two Austrian and «wo Hungarian regiments ofthe so-alled Common Army wore collar patches of the ‘ame colours of these one Austrian and one Hungarian wore yellow batons, while the other two wore white; thus, while one Austrian and ‘one Hungarian regiment wore the same patches and buttons, no (wo ‘Austrian, and no two Hungarian regiments wore the same. The basic collar patch colours were as allows ‘in No Sic ever Inter rgmens tom'N og” Ll be we Sia tr Sect ee he ‘erin | Geen wine ng Hd al Ln Cry ton 1917 ak) Yer ‘sie Sei Yew Sony ed oar Rela Eagar Dark in ot in Tin Ua bee Woe Mata ep Mater Yalow Shortage of material daring the war meant the reduction ofthe collar patch toa simple strip of cloth which was sewn vertically about wo ches from the from edge of the cll In 1ot7 a new system of identifying unit and arm was introduced th soldier received five pieces of grey American cloth on which were Menclled the unit number, letters, ora badge. Two patches were sewn ‘om both the tunic and greatcoat shoulder straps (s that they could be read from the front), and one on the side of the cap. Officers wore the badge on the cap only. The principal patches were as follows: Deigae Lees Gi ‘Cone Ary Ifary Regine Rd mehr aie ‘eh on 9 wa fed Gergen nme nde sand pt number Gren Toler Rae Regimens x (oa rece Sener ah ie iar edger Baas ormraed Bn number — Gre Grengiger Compaen Sand Cxy monte Gren seek dow Perper Landau Infutry Regiments Regimental umber ink (Grming pat fr reas) {naar Bata anand Be aumber Pink (Grecia hand naam Bae yan Baumer BaeHow andes Regine Rg umber sae wey (ot ‘sn ad tener Ble Clete mune Ble Ft manber Dar int badges in yellow metal were worn on the left breast hein BELGIUM, In 1914 Belgian uniform was in the process of transformation. The Royal Decree of 19 September 1911 modified officers uniforms as well asthe rank badges for subalteras. A ceular of March 191 replaced the stif tunic and elaborate Dolman with a more practical tunic or ‘ara, and changed the facing colour of infantry frm scarlet to grey blue “The basic types of head-dress and colours ofthe principal items of ‘lohing and facings are given inthe table on the fllowing page. ore Avery Bataiee Monti Ary git ees Ailey Reinet eens Airy Baas | | Eee Xp Reine ke "The typical campaign dress worn by officers i llastated in 24. In ‘ik og Oy Be placeol te heifers aio wore cther ter dtnctive head-dressor ‘Tah Toop The side cap, Hoth the double-breasted tunic and M1863 Delman were Serer Baoan a replaced in 1913 bya new pattern tunic, but they continued tobe worn sae eos, be fat The ML tunic was sglesreasted withstand olla, ase, Rens peso ie ‘ine gt metal buts down the fot slanting slash breast pockets edgy Boe unter Be ‘wth rectangular fap and button, and lash side porkets cut on the tnd Costin aed Renamer Re ine with flap, round or pointed culls witha rectngula patch and Tae Ter yeep Be three buttons fn the ouside, and dummy pockets atthe back with wo ares bees | BE dummy fap each with wo buttons. The fot and top ede of the Stops Branch ‘te ume Boe 1 ‘collar, the font, cuffs and pocket laps were piped in facing colour. The road ick an sons Bie fgreatcoat was the peace-ime model which was double-breasted with CSteecien Copan {ia tatoo Ba amen or baton {allcollarand two rows of five gilt metal button, sie pockets with Ma ieee: © Eee falcelt and vent atthe back both fastening wih two butions oar oom Mound cers wore an clbow-length cape. Breccia were ey bloc nia agin ‘vith piping stipe or Lampasen and were worn withing boos ale [ae ocr etnies meh Go Trott and leather gers or putes. ioaery Troe et sinerc rybrchWieo Gry | “Other ane moe the unifrms lsrated in 23 and 25, Gren 102 10g,wn Siac Ping een ‘sscaap Beery Dee 4 i i i i i | i i 3 } : i | i 4 2 3 ge ‘wore a German pattern field cap with scarlet band and piping, while wore the conical fed eap illustrated in 25 with chin strap and peak: Examples of cavalry and arilery uniforms appear in 270. These peacetime uniforms were totally unsuited for modern ‘warfare, and almost immediately more practical uniforms began to be nade available: Twas hnown as the Yar? uniform since twas maialy trorn by the 58,000 men fighting on the River Vser. The distinctive Iead-dres and coloured eld caps were replaced bya soft blue or green epi with piping in arm colour around the crown. The tunic was either dark bluc or grey and was sngle-breasted withstand collar and seven [grey metal buttons down the font. Ithad pleated patch breast and side Pockets with rectangular flap, pointed culls piped in the arm colour, nd dummy pocket flaps at the back each with «wo. butions ‘The bivegrey tousers were replaced by wine-red corduroy (satin) ‘ones which were worn with blue puttes and ankle bots (32). Shor lages ofthe Belgian uniforms were made good from stocks of French uniforms. Between August 194 and spring 1915 rank wasindicated as follows: Privates rst class One white or yellow lace chevron on the left sleeve ofthe tunic and greateat Corporal ‘Two white of yellow lace chevrons on both (Brgatiers in sleeves of the tunic and greatcoat. tavalry) Sergeants (One or two gold o silver lace cheerons on both (Marika des sleeves ofthe tunic and greateaat Logis in cavalry) Warrant officers One white metal or silversembroidered sxe (Ajuda) pointed star on the tunic and greateoat collar, ‘ne row of narrow gold lace onthe hei, and scarct piping on hed cap. One sverstaron the font of he Yer kept Company ofcrs One ot two it, Second Captain two git and ‘one silver and Captain Commandant thre git ical or gok-embroideredsicpointed starson the tunic snd greateat calla. Two horizontal ts ane to thre vertical gold lace stipeson the ep. Gl tassel and brad on these cap. Same number and colour ofstars onthe font of the Veer ep 105Fld lficers Vertical bar* and one to throe git metal or sold-embroideredsicpointed stars on the tunic And greateoatcallar. Three horizontal and one to three vertical gold lace stripes on the kepi. Gold tassel, lace and braid on the side cap, ‘Two verieal braid loop with one wo three stars in between on the font of the Vser kep. Major General: two goldcembroidered vertical bars. fade, and two sin-pointed stars on the tunic and greatcoat collar. Four horizontal and three verial gold lace stripes on the hep and twsisted gold cord around the base of the kep Gold tassel, lace and braid on the side cap. Feud above two sixpointed stars on the font ofthe Yser kei Teutenant Gener ‘as above but with three ‘On the undress Demon rank was indicated by the Hungarian knotson both sleeves. These. were made of one to five rows of gold braid according to rank. Lieutenant Colonels and Second Captaine had the middle row of braid in sive. Tm the spring of 1915 the Belgian Army adopted khaki, not so much because it was the colour of their choice, but because Britain could supply ruficient material. The officer's uniform (33) was closely modelled on the Brith pattern while the uniform of the other ranks resembled that ofthe French, Shortage of the correct Belgian pattern ‘were made good from British and American stocks. The peaked eap was khaki with matching cloth-covered peak, brown, leather (gilt cords for generals) chin strap, and row of piping in arm colour around the crown. Generals had a crimson cap band. On the front was worn the unit or arm badge in ether metal or embroidery, with above it the circular cockade in the Belgian colours red, yellow 2nd black. The side cap had a tassel and piping inthe arm colour for ther ranks, and tassel and trimming according to rank for aficers. Typical officers and other ranks uniforms ae illustrated in 34 and 6. ‘The other ranks greatcoat (36) had two rows of five bronzed buttons, vertical sash breast pockets and side pockets with flap. Shoulder On the raat he bar were cave an plac Rrzmalyrthe tas 108 ppiches were fastened om the shoulder with a button at each end and ‘ere piped inthe arm colour. Oficer’greatcoats came ina variety of ‘cus with many detailed diferences between one and another, but were {Benerally inthe same cut as the peace-time coat Breeches and trousers were piped for ofcers, while non-mounted ‘other ranks had matching khakspantaloons for wear with ankle boots ltd either leather anklet or puttees. Mounted personel and cyclists hhad breeches and leather gaits "Towards the end of 1915 the French Advian helmet with o's head ‘on the font began to bested o Belgian troop (ato) In August 1918 the Italian Farina helmet (2at) and body armour underwent tests but ‘was never adopted. In December 19r8, a Belgian-designed helmet, Known after ite designer Weekers, was pu into limited production. It twas unusual in that it had a visor, and a circular stamped metal ‘ockade in the national colours om the let side (293) "At the beginning of the war infantry equipment consisted ofa black leather waistbelt fom which was suspended a single cartridge pouch in front, and bayonet and Linemann entrenching toolon the left hip. A ‘canvas haversack and cloth-covered aluminium water-bote were sus- pended from the right shoulder. The pack had a cowhide Nap on which tras strapped the black painted aluminiam messtin. In 1915 equip- ‘ment began to be manufactured in brown leather and a new leather Awalstbelt with integral ammunition pouches (34) began tobe issued 10 ‘mounted troops and cyclists. Towards the end of the war new web ‘uipment began tobe manufactured forthe Belgian army in England (3) “The original rank badges introduced in 1915 forthe Khaki uniform were almost immediately modified, but ofcers continued to wear the fame system as on the coloured uniform as follows: Corporal Sergeants ‘Two diagonal red lace bars on both cuff, (One ar twa silver lace chevrons with the only or ‘uppermost having a Hungarian knot, on both ctl One’ sixpointed white metal or silver ‘embroidered star on the tunic and greatcoat ‘collar, Buttons and badges silver. Silver tassel tnd piping on the side cap. ‘One oF two gilt, Second Captain evo gilt and fone silver, and’ Captain Commandant three vor Warrant officers Company oificersriltemetal or gold-embroidered six-pointed Sars on the tunic and greatcoat calla. Gold butions and badges. Gold tasel and piping, and band in facing colour on the side cap. Field oficers Verscal bar (horizontal and semi-circular on the greatcoat) and one to thre sx-poined gi tretal or gold embroidered sats om the tunic fnd greateoat collar. Two vertical bars on the front of the peaked cap (one on each side of the badge). Buttons and badges in gold. Tassel, lace and piping on the side cap in gold General officers Geld-embroidered fond and to of thee six- pointed stars on the tunic and greateoat collar Crimson band and gold chin cords on the peaked cap, and crimson Lampasse on the Trousers Butons and badges gold. Gold tassel Tce and piping on the side cap. Anmotservic, regiment, oF unit was identified by the eolour of the collar patches, and the piping on the peaked and side caps, breeches land trousers of lier, collar patches and shoulder straps, ae wells by the badge, numeral or letter which appeared on the ont af the peaked ‘ap and on the shoulder straps as described on the fllowing page. In addition the following distinctions existed outside the system outlined above: General staff officers 7 em. wide crimson stk brassard. Aviation service From 1913 clicers attached 10 the aviation ser~ vice wore a winged « (King Albert) in silver “ibroidery on the upper et sleeve ofthe tunic (corse), and dimen. With Khaki they wore sky-blue collar patches piped in scarlet and the ‘winged badge on the ron ofthe cap and onthe Teh sleve. Deiutin — alr psd Comsat Gren pet ede) (Speen on he Cp coer Sena Sathya ie Sercary Tenney Searke Lgaeintiaey Green Glade” Ste Gunns Gren Contr” Gren ras Dienst Corp cur Gr Michinegueten Corp cut tne Chm Lancs shite Gener Yeon ‘ary oy tae Hore airy Royal toe Hew howsare Royal ioe Heavy airy Royal oe Dron Blckt Recon mht ramen Corps Ligh oe Driver igh se Decors Row weet Chemis Green eet Vewroarice Ligh oe tendancy — Hoya ie LofC. wep Sark ‘slay nies {emer iar om be eval ue Koya ue Ral be Roya tue Roya tae Royal or Reale Sty ae Reale Di fe Carp badge Whee cadena of ap enh mp nae Om ae arp ae ag mumber* el manber ed amber Dia! sambert Royale an op. Bepment number Special bag torch hy ae Seated amber webice Ertmatached fiver See Cadvrur Shere Cater cry =a * Regime umber were nae, ad dvs amber in oman mera {BIEL che eta td ve others 109THE BELGIAN EXPEDITIONARY CORPS. IN RUSSIA During the war of movement which took place in Galicia during the spring of 1915, Russia found herself desperately short of armoured fighting vehicles (and motor tansport generally). AC the suggestion of the Russians, Belgium sent to Russa the Corp Bxpidiicanare Belge es ‘Ante Conn iets, ‘On its arrival in northern Russa in December t personnel were issued with Russian winter clothing. Thereafter a mixture of Belgian and Russian uniform was worn, The Russian Miltary Department Order No. 26147 af December 1915 prescribed Russian badges of rank (shoulder straps) to be worn by Belgian personnel as Fallows: Belgian rank Russian rank Aspirant Prapochit. Son iewenant odor Lirstnant Porahik (Calin Coneendant Capit Majer Podpoleenk Belgian other ranks were also nied vo wear the Russian volunt cord on their shoulder straps which afforded them certain priv ‘After numerous engagements and an epic journey by road the division (asit was then designated) creased the Russian Frontier into China on 27 March 1918, and on its return to Belgium was disbanded on 15,July 1918. BULGARIA Bulgaria entered the war on Germany's sie in September 1936 In 1908 anew Russianstyle grey-green uniform began tobe into- ‘duced, but during the war shortages had tobe made goed from German cs prt tininmres oi range omar italic cane Tee pe Fe eee Seana teeta og Shape um ect orton be Stee ea Saas ee ieeey ar eninge tt reso tn sige mame oversees ae teen a liye Private (Rednit) ‘Shoulder straps with rounded ends and red Piping, and royal eypher- Senior private Shoulder straps with rounded ends and ced (Efrain) Piping, and royal eypher, and one red lace franseere ba N.C. (Podiffze) Shoulder straps with rounded ends and ced piping, and royal eypher with two or three red lite tranerse bar. Sergeant (Fdfibl). As above but with onewide metallic lace transverse bar. All n.c.o Fhad metallic lace around the collar and cu Ensign Shoulder straps with rounded ends and red (Oficesti Kandidt) piping, with metallic lace around the edge and foyal cypher in metal Company oficer, Mealelace shor strap with bate ancl one et longitudinal stripe in arm colour, and one to three contrasting for pind meal ars Feld oicers Malic lace shuleratrap wth bas ad wo longitudinal stripes in rm colours, and one three contrasting four pointed metal stars, (Gold sgeag-patter aceon el base and one three fourepointed white metal stars General officers Regiment and arm-ofservice was indicated by the colour of the piping, stripes and bas, well a bythe badges om the shoulder straps, the ‘olourcf the collar ofthe fiers greatcoat, and piping or Lampassn on the undrese trousers. The basic arm and unit distinctions were as Fallows: — ee sr Simi er eipecaas. senna = = gee = Eick 2 Ee Bw ERE teeta ae eee Soe es sesh, preemie ETc sia ee Ie = Eee rare Bk he /Scane—Aataon number on sae erase Santen ‘eg is ig eo le Fatboy compe ‘Bach ert Winged el on shale Field Gndemere ——Ceia/Crimn Rat aie od * Veet ma fr ic ny oer ks hd black ch, CZECHOSLOVAKIA During World War 1, Cacchoslovakia was «province ofthe Austro- ‘Hungarian empire, but from the earliest ays of the conilct, Ccchs found ways wo take up arms against the Central Powers in a bid Iiberae their county ‘AvfrstCacchs were tobe found only the ‘Company Nazdar’ ofthe French Foreign Logion, where they served alongside volunteers from ‘many other countries. Gradually Czech Legion emerged, and when in 1915 the horizon blue uniform began to be introduced, its personne! began to wear be collar patches piped in crimson with the regimental number in crimson for other ranks, and gold for oflcers. On both shoulder straps they wore an oval of blue cloth on which was en- byroidered the eters vs (Czechoslovakia) inerimson, They also carried ther own colours ‘On 20 August 1914 the Russian Ministry of War agree toa proposal to establish a Czcch company within the Russian Drushing, and by the Degianing of September three companies had been formed, and by the fend of October 700 Czechs and goo Russian olficers and other ranks hhad been enrolled, On gt December 1913 it was designated 1 Rifle Regiment, and by June 1917 a brigade with a strength of some 7,000 “AC firwt Caech personnel wore standard Russian uniform with no national badges, but immediately after the Revelution they began to caver the Russian cockade with cloth (divided diagonally into tworesqual parts of white and red), or wear a srip of ribbon inthe Czech colours Around the bottom of the cap band. The Czechoslovak Army Order ‘Of go December 117, abolished Russian badges of rank (shoulder Straps) and introduced new badges for wear on the lft sleeve. ngIn Kay the government eventually established Volunteer Labour Battalions from amongst the many Auatrian prisoners-ol-war of Czech ‘origin which it held. On at April 198 thewe and other unite were formed into an Autonomous Grech Corps (also known a8 6th Cacch Division) in which at least to.000 Czechs were toserve, Members ofthe Labour Battalion wore the standard Kalan greysgreem wir seith- nignia, but with a vertical strip of red and white ribbon on the ‘tthe kepi, ad a white and red armlt on the let sleeve. Thi alter'Ceech personael wore Malian uniform and rank badges, wit Cacch cap and helmet badges, and Irom mid-gt a shikd-shaped badge in ight blue for other ranks, silver for junior, and gold for perio ofhecrs with the Ietersc and regimental number in Back, on ‘upper let sleeve. FRANCE Although France was one ofthe most powerful counties in the world, ‘with considerable experince of colonial warfare, her army resisted ‘change. And sein 1919 the French--alone amongst the great powers — ‘went to war dressed in outdated and brightly coloured uniforms. This was despite the fact that attempts were made to find an aceeptable ‘modern uniter in 1903 (grey blue) and 191 (grey green), an ic was rot until May 1915 that the famous horzoe bla Hinally began to be introduced "The basic colour of French uniform was blue which varied between ‘theblack worn by officers tothe grey blue (oically described aside Jer bea) of the ether ranks’ greatcoat. The basi types of headdress ‘and colours of principal items of uniform and their facings ate given i the table on pages 116/117 ‘A typical infanteymariof August 191 inillusteated in 45, althoug! was reported that trop leaving fr the front in September 1914 ere already wearing blue linen overalls over the red trousers. Not illus trated isthe datk blue other ranks tunic, which was single-breasted ‘with stand collar and nine brass buttons infront. ‘Officers wore the black wie ilustrated in 47 and 5, oF the semi- ‘Aiidal sare made of the same iron-grey "material ‘ae the 4 srcatcout (56) Pantaloons and breeches were ether red, dark blue, oF Back with piping, stripes, oe Lampaser in corps colour. They were worn ‘by mountedafcers with black boots, and by mounted ther ranks wih ale boots and black gaiters (naga). Dismounted oficers wore Ankle boots with cther Teather gaiters or dark blue puttecs. French heavy cavalry wore dark-blue (black forofieer) tunics and reo trousers, while light cavalry (Hussars and Chasers @ Chea!) had fhy-hlue tunis and red trousers. In November igi a number of regiments of Culeassers gave up thei horses and became Citas & Pied. The ceest was removed from the helmet which was worn with a ‘cavern various colors (48). The cavalry pattern greatcoat was made ‘otbluishiron-gey cloth forall regiments, and had a detachable cape. [Anillerymen wore the uniform lusteated in 4 ‘On the coloured uniform rank was indicated on the cuffs by other ranks, and on the kepi tunic and greatcoat cellar, and front of oak by ‘fice. The rank distinction lace which corresponded tothe colour of the buttons or the corps colour (usually ed or yellow fr other ranks) ‘eas diagonal (known as serdis) for ll corps except cavalry who had chevron as follows: Soldiers tst class One coloured lace stripe or chevron on cul Corporals (Brigedins "Two coloured lace strips or chevrons om culls in cavalry) One or two metalic lace stripes or chevtons on Sergeants both cull and false metalic lace chin strap on the epi ‘Advani: one metallic lace ring in opposing col ‘ur tothe buttons witha red stipe im the centre fm both culls and metalic lace chin strap om the epi Adidans-Chef as above but lace cor- responding tothe ton colour. Formed from the culflaceon the front ofthe side cap (ale) ‘One o t40 metallic lace rings around the eu and one vertical and one to three horizontal rows of metallic lace, and metalic lace chin ‘rap on the kep. Coloured piping and one or {seorows of metallic lace in dhe frm ufa chev fon on the front ofthe side cap, Warrant officers (Adjudants) Company officerscr a motor om SSidine ES carmaeemeotn cout ER GmmeG ow ary te go. se ai = E = a = Se SE Ee Ei om. SS ion te Se eS iar ek E. 8: Solum oe Se Er oe ee Sh he * Folie afd sd nthe ar tebe andor amr te cilat na ep cepndel wo the ar he tos ce ate tea — Cn” a ate ony etoes Rotamter atch” Ha ack Bet umier Bie ped fuck Romie dn Baceey Yalow Sfimess ie ms tit Bglmmicr Ligh ue ‘Red Sete Katine Rah te ve fa nner seas Kier Se Nomter Gree roe 1 Ace ne inet wet ain the M9 ele at ta the ey ly brat em nt hot ° Captains: Three metallic lace rings om the cull ‘Two. vertical and three horizontal rows of metalic braid and metallic lace chin strap on the kepi, Coloured piping and three rows of ‘metalic lace in the form of a chevron on the front ofthe side cap. Four or five metallic lace rings on the cuff. ‘Three vertical and four of five horizontal rows ‘of meulic lace on the kepi. Coloured piping land four or five rows of metallic lace in the oem ‘of a chevron om the Font of the side cap. Note: The and and 4th ow of lace and braid was in opposing colour for lieutenant colonels ‘On the top of the kepi and on the culls of the ‘daiman there was a Hungarian knot composed ‘of the same number and colour of metalic braids, ‘Two (brigade) or three (division) five-pointed silver stars on both culls, and om the greatcoat fand cloak cular. One wide (brigade) or two narrow (division) ows of gold embroidered oak 6 Field officers General officers leaves with above three rows of vertical brad, and one row of gold embroidery above and parallel wo the oak leaves. Commanderrin-hiet and generals co rmanding an army had an addtional horzont row of aver braid, Cavalry generals ened to wear the heavy ‘cavalry helmet wore the same number of sta ‘om the Font of the helmet or is cover. Marshals of France Seven five-pointed silver stars on the tunic and Dolman culls, and on the greateoat and cloak callar, and” three narrow rows of gold embroidered oak eaves, surmounted bya paral> Telline of gol embroidery on the kept. Almost as soon as the war started the colourful uniforms of the French Army underwent modification The light blue ofthe kepi and Ihemet covers, the bluish iron grey ofthe other ranks’ greatcoat and office's twee, andthe blue overalls which the infantry wore over Uhir ted trousers, were not far removed fom the horizan-bue uniform ‘which General Gallieni was already seearing in November 1914. BYJuly, this scemingy equaly unsuitable ufo, was becoming wide Zprend, although theold'and the new wiforms, were worn coo: Soren The basic horizon bv uniform consisted ofa ep with blackleather peal sk cap tunic wih stand collar (61), and a lens three dierent Petcare of patent, Forofanry twas douthe bent (94) and fer vali it wae singl-breasted and much Tonger (38). Then almost immediately a new singlebreasted pattern with breat pockets was Intreduced for infantry. Oficers worcither single or double-breasted fetcont with ange rod fall callar, turn back els, oraootl sa Mic pockes or he wwual sid pockets with Map and halfbl stening Ba the back with two ce thee Buton, Infantry reeled matching pantlcons and pttecs, and cavalry and other mounted personnel eocived matching reinforced breeches, both of which had at st, Ping in the corp colour, Mounted personel eonnued o wea the Fine giters (otras) (30). ‘Also fm July 1015 the Erench ste elmet (att) ~ named after ‘inventor Augustus Adrian ~appeared, no as one would expect ‘on the head ofthe solders inthe onlin, But om the eas of {ng dignitaries. Icreplaced the rom all exp which the French pis ‘hitherto wor under hskepl and by theend of the wait had been Sold, with diferent badges onthe front, to atleast half oven Rank badge remained basicaly the same except that the number of tanta of geval cer ad been increaned Soe to sya the Coloar ofthe stars om ser to gt metal, The rank distinction lace teas reduced tosis 45mm long, whichalbo began tobe worn on the Front ofthe kept. The badges for ore ranks were alo eed 35 tam, aod beeave standarlaed on te infantry pater (on srdc) Privates ist class One sed woollen lace bar on both culls of the tunie aed greatcoat, Corporate ‘Two red woallen lace bars on both cull of the tunic and greatcat Sergeants (One of two metalic lace bars on both cull of the tanic and greateoat. Warrant officers One metallic lace bar broken by scarlet quares ‘on both cuffs and on the front ofthe kepi,andas {chevron on the side cap. Company officers Oneto there metalic lace barson both cuffsand ‘onthe front ofthe hep. As chevrons on the fret {ofthe side cap, and om the font of the cloak Fourtofive metallic Ice bars on both cal, and ‘onthe front tthe kep, Ax chewrons on the front fof the side cap, and on the font of the cloak Genera officers and Two toseven git meta stars onthe tunic cul, Marshals of France and on the greatcoat and cloak calla. The tars twere also worn onthe front of the kepi above a bar of silver braid by eommanderseinechiet and by army commanders. Stars were also worn on the front ofthe stel helmet or it cover Field officers ‘On the 1915 uniform the cella patch continued asthe main meansof ‘dentiving both regiment and Batali (numerals), and arm (col ‘ours. At frst the whole collar patch was to have been ia the corps ‘ilour (eee table below), but almost immediatly i¢ was ordered that collar patches for ifaniey were to be in the same material as the ‘uniform. The tunic eollar patch was cut to fit the shape of the collar, with the numerals parallel to the top and bottom edges of the collar, and the double braid at right angles to the edge (61). On the greatcoat they were cut to Bt the point ofthe collar, with the numbers placed horizontally with the braid above (58). Collar patches were stan- dardised, and the tunic pattern was worn on the greateoat ‘ein Tore a idee es ac Lop Geral Cacia” Corp crs Carp cut Fade in ace Line intery —Yelow Yate Da boe Die Lig ntaney Yeon Trongey — Yelow Nal ‘ed atres cimen Gervtie Chinen tte Dre” Grime Cra Bites Biee | Whee Whe eer D Die Gen Sere Noman Ditlee —Diboe Sve She aril) Sake Scart rgb oe Bagh ue 9(lls Db bad mr® (het mn) ee creer Sain Bile Bue frien) “ ry tak Rad a ! pie pene (Contac) Carpe colar rena in mat * Say 11s sheng sem, ich ld ral ofr int cont opto aveeddnmbers wie dices lc nth nmap sees ‘ged and ear oes nod er Officers attached tothe General Staff (Elt-Majr) wore a silk armlet, ‘om the upper lft sleeve as flows: me te a rae Mininer War White Winged fae, EE Bee BEE eueed Soot See mages tafe oe sss Siemens a Sac, Ailey Brigade Ble (Gs oun le the ops Seem ts ‘hep Seer we etd pce All badges and numerals were cther embroidered in gold wire, of made of pit metal. The top and bottom edges of the armlct were teimmed with gold lace “Trade and specialists’ badges were cut out of cloth, or hand> ‘embroidered, and were worn on the upper lef sleeve of the tunic and [reatcoat as Gallows Designation Badge ‘Gyelists infantry Bicycle in corps colour on armlet in uniform ‘and cavalry) colour. Grenadiers Exploding grenade in corps colour: ‘Sappers Crossed spade and axe surmounted by explod- ing grenade in corps colou A above but in yellow. Four lightning bolts emanating from the ball of an exploding grenade, Expladng grenade in silver. Sappers (Chases) Artillery observers Anillry gun layer (neo) Trench arillery Fined mortar bomb. ‘Telographists Six lightning bolts emanating fom a. five pointed star in corps colour or sve for n.c.os Crossed rifles surmounted by exploding gre- rnade embroidered in metallic dread. Crosed. cannons surmounted ‘by. exploding |grenade in cope colour or metallic thtead for Armouterinchiet Machine.gunners Marksmen French horn in corps colour or metallic thread for 1st lass marksmen Sadlers Saddle in corp colour Farriews Horseshoe in corps colour. Cavalry scouts Fiveepointed star in coeps colour Sappers (cavalry) Crossed axes in corps colour. sth Engincers Locomotive in corps colour ‘Railway Regiment) Musicians “Losenge’ pattern cei red, whiteand blue on the collar and cull. On horzon-blue uniforms this was restricted to the front and top edge of ‘he rectangular collar patchAVIATION SERVICE 1 the battalion of engincers which had been specially trained to ‘operate balloons became an autonomous Balloon Corps (Carp d'Adr. Latin). ts personnel however continued wo wear engineer uniform but ‘wth a unit number on the kepi and collar patch, To distinguish other ranks from other cngincers, balloon personnel were gi fhumber in yale on darkeblue cola Miltary Aviation were given bl ‘Almest immediately special i them further, On the collar qualified aviators wore a winged five- pointed star, and on the right sleve they wore a winged twin-bladed propeller (20g). These badges were embroidered in gold foraficers and zeta were cut from red and white cloth fr other ranks. Airship personnel wore a winged ship's wheel on the collar, and a winged Enchor on the seve. Mechanitsf balloons and aircraft wore winged ‘renade on the ella. lying clothing was vatied, but originally consisted of the black leather jacket and trousers in use withthe Paris Fire Brigade. The {ying helmet wa made of brown leather, and was worn with aband of ddarkcle cloth on which was embroidered the same badge 4s described above for wear on the sleeve, When wearing the Teather jacket, the same sleeve badges were worn on ave cloth armlet onthe Fight sleeve iy dressedin eld-grey uniforms, which had been introduced in Prussia by the “All Highest cabinet orders of 23 February and 18 “March 1gto, The colour ofthe frst eel grey was much ighter, and not rena hat which came pial daring the war. Je nlc all uniforms buttons and metal fitings were dull brass or in white (sivered) metal Tn 1915 1 simplified version of the M.sg1o uniform began wo be issued, ‘The cut remained basically the same, as did the colar and shoulder straps, bat the distinctive cus were replaced by plain turn- (Cont 08 page 125) Fe cur : z ER: HEL Gera Sat Scat Fe Gna Rew -p Gants See Rieon. j co ‘back ones, and the piping on the back pocket Naps was discontinued. “The "Al Highest cabinet order of 21 Sepuctr rt introduced 3 completely new field uniform consisting of a plain Blouse (Bhi), ‘reatcoat without cllar patches, and Stone-grey (fed grey ‘troops trousers Dstinetios were again rested 1 the callar (and sometimes shoulder strap), and the Font buttons were replaced by afly-frone. Buttons were made of matt coloured metals, or ‘were punted field grey. The same orde bby Zandstrm and Landevhy personnel), and introduced a feld-grey fall-dress for wear after the war- Although the opportunity did not arse, considerable number ofthese uniforms were manulactured and Stored to be late worn by some officers and Frorps personnel ‘Main cements of the M.1g10 uniform are listed on pages 123-4, 26-7, ‘Onthe M.igro uniform calla, Lilgn ete. were basically the sameas onthe peace-time uniform. General officers had thee traditional gold. embroidery on red collar patches, while non-tegimental (staff) officers ‘wore plain cllar patches in the colour oftheir peacetime tunic cola. ‘On the M.igis uniform collar patches underwent a number of changes, For lfices Liga were embroidered in dull silver or gold (also for generals) on feld-grey collar patches. Staff ofcers now received | Lig of various patterns. The Lifer for other ranks were shortened Officers in regiments who had previously worn silver Litem, now received shorter ones, while those in regiments with gold Lien, had Silver Litem trimmed with gold cord. Officers in regiments which previously had other pattern of collar embroidery, now received an embroidered version of the Litem With the introduction of the M1915 uniform the pincipal means of distinguishing a soldier's unit remained the shoulder straps which ‘underwent certain changes a listed on page 128. "The battalion and company (battery or squadron, ete.) were Identified by the combination of colours onthe se-arm Knot, and the ‘company number also appeared on the shoulder strap buttons. Each State had its wn colours which appeared primarily on the | ireular cockade worn below the Reich cockade on the font of the peaked and fed cap, and on the left side of the helmet. Those unit fntied to wear the Jagr shako (except Saxony), hustar char, and | Tancer czapha, wore an oval cockade on the front of the head-aress as listed om page 125, (Gout. on page 130,oe, en Falter fale Fait Fate gl our Feld wer Fld wey Pipe Reeder Ral ener XU Corp ie WG Re ‘Cope ton XIN Gers el Wie Bote, nh Gua Gren Ras 4 hey | Spence Regimes hed ser 1 Le Regent scr err Gla gr and Hr Be mene Rehorm sore No 08 man No. Cpe ort names Sipe org number Hose Re per ‘et ea mer et rt wader Ag somber ae a be oe Dosti hl ape a ie Penne uk Ra Fetter eer Feit grey Ley tae? Bt Mota tiers et evn tes Cat Memaloeris, — Ditiee Lobe Sees ees Comm Persie tnt earack Maar thc ein svi [Renan eral Ga em woe apd eink caer har ck wes mac oid incense genet en Si he rie cet a, ce pea pate she sa FF Acyper Uden emery ic ween ca ther abs cept hana who eile ie einpa ttrs Degree ESR ep ling rn di i he rn she ag th 7smarorarmn mary me. anapimon a5 sarin oneStatecolours were alsoincorporatedinthe raid used onsome officers! shoulder straps, rank distinction lace onthe greatcoat collar patches, reenlistment lace, sword knots, trumpet cords, and were painted on ‘ome drum hoops. Also the State coat of arms appeared on the helmet Sand shako plates, butons, buckles, and on some sword hits (On active service the head-lress was covered with a grey cover, on the front of which were sometimes printed or applied, the following badges, eters and numerals Line infantry regiments Arabie numerals Reserve infantry regimen fpd arabic numerals Lande infantry eximents Land arabic numerals Lands Tron Cross "These badges which were not worn by Guards units, were at firstin ed ‘but in August 1914 they were changed to grea, before being abolished completely by AllHighest Cabinet Order (AKO) of 7 October 1916 ‘During the first-half af the war, metal Bitings on the helmets began tobe manaactured in cheaper metas and painted grey. Then the shell fof the helmet began to be made of metal, and more commonly of blocked felt Atthe front the spike af all iting was ten removed. In place of the distinctive head-dress officers and senior a.cos. (PorupiecUnureffiers) wore a peaked cap, with band an piping in arm ‘or rogimental colours, and at first black, and then fld.geey leather ‘peak. The peaked cap could also be worn by other ranks when off-duty, ftherise they wore the round peakless eld cap. On active service the brightly coloured cap band was covered by a stip of grey tape to make it Tess conspicuous, Lndstarm personnel wore a peaked eap made rom back ol cloth with silver or brass Lander Crosson the front above the State cockade “Just prior to the Battle of Verdun in the summer of 1916 German ‘apps began to receive the nev stel helmet (225) which was designed to be worn with an additional front reinforcing plate by lookouts onl; Tt was often worn with a sacking cover or painted with an angular ‘camouflage pattern. Ta 1918 a new version ofthe helmet designed for ‘wear by telephonists began tobe isud in imited quantities. Aer the War it was sued to mounted troop (228) Rank was indicated a follows. 130 Senior privates One small rank button with State coat of arms (Gefcier ‘on bath sides of the collar. Lance bombardiers As above but with larger buttons, (Oberefr) i Foot Atillery nly Corporal Gold or silver lace on the front and bottom (Catrofisir or edges ofthe tunic ellar and on the cus. Small Obeiger in ger or plain butwon and one vertial lace stripe om the Schiteon (except greatcoat collar patches. Saxon) Bens) Sergeants As for corporals but in addition one large rank bbuston on the collar. Larger plain button and ‘one vertical lace stripe om the greatcoat collar patches, ARs for sengeants but with officers sword and kot, and ofices’cockades onthe headdress. Vice sergeants (Fiegdaerta Vigcachncster in mounted units) ‘Company sergeant As for vice sergeants but witha second row of majors Feder lace above the culls, or around the top of the ‘or Wainer cus n the M.1915 blouse. Officers sword and in mounted units) knot and head ress cockades. Large plan but tomand two vertical lace stripes on the greatcoat collar patches Rank buttons were at first copper or white metal, but were then pinted field grey. From 1gr3 onwards lace was manufactured ina dull Frey. Later im the war the lace on the cllar was often reduced to “tngles on the points ofthe collar only. On the MC1915 greatcnat collar pitches were not wor, but those n.c.os entitled todo 4 continued 10 ‘wear the rank distinction lace on the collar. In Mecklenburg senior ‘eos had gold or silver rank distinction lace, On collar patches bearing guard Lite, the ace was placed horizontally above and below the Lite Deputy offices As for Vieyéldvebl, but with metallic lace (Oficitlivatnr) around the shoulder straps and metal shoulder “rap badges at for oficere Officers word and lot, and cockades on the headdress. 3Lieutenant (Feldwcbi) As for Vigyeldorbl but with Hewtenan’s shoul (Padecbelintnont der straps. fn mounted wits) Genilemen cadets (atric) As for Untafcer but with ocers* sword or Iayomet knot, Bs not the officers" sword, and ‘officers cockades on the head-dress. A cadet ‘who had passed the oie’ examination and had been accepted foraregiment wereknovn a8 sword cadets and were entitled to wear the ‘atfiers sword and Knot Four rows of mattgrey metallic lace on cloth Company oicers (Sabaltrmofizie) base, with none wo two gilemetal fourpointed Field officers ‘Two plaited rows ofmattgeey metallic braid on (Stabofiion) cloth base, with none to two giltemetal fore pointed stars General oficers ‘Two rows of gold with one silver braid in be- toceen, plated, and on seartet cloth base with none to four, four pointed siver stars. Field Marshals AS for general officers but with crossed silver (Gouralftimarchall) batons Generals and Field Marshals were also ofthe regiments of which they were colonel-inchiet On regimental Uniform the shoulder strape were the same as described abore but on a base in the regimental colour, and with the regimental eypher or raumber. ed to wear the uniform AVIATION SERVICE, The German Air Force originated in the branch ofthe army known collectively as teenial troops 'At the outbreak of war aitship personnel wore the uniform ofthe Prussian Guard Pir Battalion with the shako and guard itz on the collar and cll. The Gekd-rey shoulder straps were piped in i Sd bore ared (afte) and the battalion numbers 1-5 2 (Flic Bataillne) wore the same uniform, ut witha ted winged propeller above the battalion numbers tray on the shoulder strape, Officers wore thi badge in git and Laver {gry metal on the shoulder straps which had a light grey base and Piling in the battalion olour. 1st Battalion White and Battalion Red Yellow Blue (Officers commissioned dirctly into the service after the end of the battalion organisation did not wear the coloured piping ‘On the upper let sleve other ranks, and some ofliers, wore a rectangular e-grey cloth patch with either the winged propeller over {aumber,orjusta number red, on the apper left sleeve. Pots and pilot observers wore an oval sver badge on the left breast (192) Officers attached to the Aviation Service continued to wear their regimental uniforms (97 and g8). Anexample of typical fying clothing isillustraed in 99. GREAT BRITAIN By 1885 thaki had become the colour of the official service dress for teaops i India, and in January 1go2 a universal khaki or service drab, for wear on all but fulldress occasions was introduced forthe whole army at home and abroad, "The Khaki service dress was highly standardised ~ and while indud- Jing some diferent head-dresses ~ there was only one pattern of tunic ans! trousers, and two greatcoas for other ranks. Officers’ uniforms, ‘were privately made and rather varied in detail and materials used. Howeverit was not immediately posiblev dothe Kitchener's Army in babi, and asa provisional measure blue serge uniforms were issued ‘These were later sent to Germany to provide clothing for British prisoner-of-war 33‘The basic head-dees for English, Irish, and Welsh tromps was the Khaki service cap with matching peak and brown leather chin strap, with metal ap badge onthe font-During the war the 1900-patter st ‘ap was gradually replaced by a volter one with itched peak and rar ‘aps. Atfst General, General Staffand Guards officers wore a khaki cover over thee coloured service o forage’ cap, while the Khaki seview ‘ap foroficers was basically the sime as that worn by other ranks, and ‘ven included the model with ear laps. Officer cadets wore a white cap band. “The standard rune, pantaloons and greateot are ilustrated in 103, and 113 respectively, while officers wore an open tune with lng skirt, And huge side ‘bellow’ pockets. Breeches wer either made of matching cloth, orf beige whipcord, and were worn with ether Khaki putters or ‘anvas or brown lather gaters and brown leather ankle boots. Other ‘wie oficers wore brown field boots which fastened witha combination of laces, and straps and buckles. Oticers wore ether the double-breasted Khaki greatcoat with shoul- der strape bearing both arm-ofservice and rank distinctions (sce ‘below, othe double-breasted British ‘warm’, or any number of di {erent water-repellent rain or trench coats. Highlanders wore the Glengarry (115) or ta-o'shanter with tour (pompom) instead of the service cap, doublet instead af the tunic, and ‘ther kilt with khaki apron, or pantaloons and puttes for Lowland Regiments, Field officers wore tartan or khaki tres. ‘Some ofthe many diferent types of protetive clothing are illustrated in 122-123, ‘The 1902 pattern rank badges for officers consisted of worsted lace stripes and a three-poted ‘slash edged with thes uf, on which worsted stars (known as pips) and crowns wer affixed, Highland Regiments had the same lace along the top edge and down the back seam ofthe ‘gauntlet’ cufls. Additional stripes and stars and ‘crowns were sewn below and parallel to the top ofthe cufl. Stars and ‘towns were embroidered in drab and bulf worsted, while che House: hold Regiments had the metal star of the Order ofthe Garter, except Scots Guards who had the Thitle, and Trish Guards who had the star ofthe Order of St Patrick, instead of the standard pip onthe shoulder ‘raps. Contrary regulations Guards and Household Cavalry officers id not wear rank distinctions on the cull ‘Rank badges on the cuff were found unsatisfactory, and from 1915, ‘icersat the ront removed them, and began to wear dulled metal pips 14 land crown on the shoulder straps. In 1917 this practice, whieh had ‘been forbidden in England ~ was officially recognised although the old cuff system was not finally abolished until gat ‘General ofcers and substantive colonels holding staffappointments wore thei rak badges on the shoulder straps throughout the war, as id all other officers on the greatcoat. Brigadier General sometimes ‘wore theirrank badge onthe font ofthe peaked cap (toa), while many General officers wore theirs om the front ofthe stel helmet (100). (Other ranks wore thet rank badgescn the sleeves, and sometimes on the tel helmet The staward pattern lace fr the chevrons was woven in buf and drab worsted, while some regiments retained regimental patter chevron lace. Rank was indicated as follows and corporals (ombardiers in arillery) and lance, corporal (acting bombardiers in ariller) Corporal Inverted two-bar chevron on both sleeves of the tunic and greatoat Sergeants and house Inverted three-bar chevron on both sleeves of sergeants the tunie and greatcot Company, troop, and Inverted theee-bar chevron surmounted. by battery sergeant’ brass King’s crown on both sleeves ofthe tie majors and greatcoat Warrant officers and King’s crown on both cult ofthe tunic and Inverted (point downwards) one-bar chevron fom both sleeves of the tunic and greateaat cass (unofically greatonat From 1918 quartermasterscrgeants Known as Class B Wore the crown within'a laurel wreath. until 1915) Warrant officers 1st A King’s crown within a laurel wreath on both class (anclcally cuffs of the tunic and greatcoat. From 1918 Known as Class B(A.0- 309 of 1918) the badge was changed to tani 1915) Royal Arms within a laurel wreath Company officers One row of rank distinction lace and one or two ‘embroidered stars on the tunic ef and one oF {trometal pips onthe greatcoat shoulder traps Captains ‘Two roms of rank distinction lace and three ‘embroidered starson the cfs, and three metal pips on the greateoat shoulder straps. 35 (ubalterns)Field ofcers “Thee of four rows ofrank distinction lace and an embroidered crown, crown above pip. and frown above two pips on the culls, at metal ‘rown, crowa above one pip, and crows above {seo pips on the greatcoat shoulder straps. Substantive colonels wore scarlet gorget, patches sith scatlet chain gimp and small git button. Single tow of gold-embroidered oak leaves on the cap peak Crossed. Mameluke-pattern sabre and baton, with above itil pip, gilt crown, and gilt pip Surmounted by gilt crown. Searlet-gorket piches with gold chain gimp or embroidered fk leaves and small gilt button. Scarlet cap ‘band with embroidered cap badge consisting of crossed sabre and baton within laurel wreath surmounted by King’s crown and lion. Two ‘ows of god-embroidered oak leaves on the cap pak. Crossed batons within a laurel wreath sur ‘mouinted by King’s ern (and lion on the eap badge only) on the shoulder straps and on the font of the scarlet cap band, Scarlet gorget patches with gold-embroidered oak leaves and mall gilt metal bution. Two rows of god embroidered oak leaves on the cap peak, General officers Field marshals Generals and staffoficers wore the lowing coloured cap bandsand otget patches. Dosen Pat Edy p* Poa Maral Seite Gallen (ever ier Sole Ge She Sit etcen wh por an, ad Saale Gold chain gimp Hesdqeaner Orta a Cn oe ea Scaler Reda ging ‘Ny Meat Cog oon Bick cket Sere gp Arm Chaplains Deparment Baa Gaderer ‘Anite, carcomitan snd dust Blot im inp Seen 136 Ao Doin kai ing? Scneoe apne (eg Inligse Gn Gren Fall * sonia Routing Cape Tey Sine Caphandewee sai, a ogrency ileal be er ote saat row Feary assur a ar ce {rm Octet 117 ony Pry ar departmental fc Fran Jay [Asin the French Army, staf officers were permitted to wear an armlet to identify their command and duties. The number and variety ‘of aratets increased asthe war progressed niin 1915 the number of loficers ended to wear them was restricted. The basic armlets (and there were many other semivlfcal ones) were as fllows. Deiat Ami ars Lite: Geert Headqeaners Re ane hive (eck) se Mary Sea Nib Wack owe othe fr Comal Sa nthe binds fr Queue ener Flo Ara Pay Cont Sor ary Aachen Headgune Pareto and fr Home Foe. ‘oe tha, or Bish Fapeonary Dison! Headquarters Red Bega Hesaqare Bie (Cope Hraiqeren Paral ands fe, wit, Royal Tak Cone wth et eae a seieiiod eat a ea Frm May tt pare ra fg ed Pr eral stipes flack Pret in black and ite ‘The British Army developed a system of signs first used om vehicles —twidenti armies, corps and divisions. These signs were usually worn fon the upper sleeve, but alae often on the back so that a particular formation or unit could be identified from the ear. But the primary ‘7