Kinetic Particle Theory

CHAPTER 1
Kinetic Particle Theory
2013 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Private Limited
Chapter 1 Kinetic Particle Theory
1.1 States of Matter

1.2 Kinetic Particle Theory
1.3 Changes in State of Matter and the Kinetic Particle Theory
1.4 Diffusion
1.1
States of Matter
Learning Outcome
At the end of this section, you should be able to:
describe the solid, liquid and gaseous state of
matter.
1.1
States of Matter
Matter refers to a substance that

has mass;
occupies space.
Matter exists in 3 states.
Gas
(water
vapour)
Solid
(ice)
Liquid
(water)
1.1
States of Matter
Properties of Solids, Liquids and Gases
Solid
Fixed shape
Fixed volume
Not
compressible
Liquid
Gas
No fixed shape
No fixed shape
can flow take the can flow
shape of
spread easily to fill
container
any vessel
take the shape of
vessel
Fixed volume
No fixed volume
take the volume of
vessel
Not
compressible
Highly compressible
5
1.1
States of Matter

1.3 Changes in State of Matter and the Kinetic Particle
Theory
1.4 Diffusion
1.2
Learning Outcomes
state the kinetic particle theory;
describe the states of matter using the
kinetic particle theory.
1.2

Are Particles in Constant Motion?
The dancing dust that you see in a
beam of light is actually the result of air
particles moving and bumping into dust!
Air particles are too small to be seen by
our eyes, therefore we can only see the
dust moving.
The explanations for the dancing dust are based on
the kinetic particle theory.
8
1.2

What is Kinetic Particle Theory?
The kinetic particle theory states that:
Atoms,
molecules,
ions
All matter is made up of tiny particles.

Particles are in constant and random
motion (and thus possess kinetic
energy), colliding with one another.
Constant = nonstop,
continuous
Random = unpredictable
Speed of particles depend on
the amount of kinetic energy
1.2

What is Kinetic Particle Theory?
The fundamental difference between solids, liquids

and gases is the degree of movement of their particles.
Refer to the Video

States of Matter
http://www.youtube.
com/watch?v=sKvoVzukHo
10
1.2
Consider the
following
properties in the
three states of
matter:
11
1.2
Solid
Arrangement of
particles
Very closely packed in

regular arrangement
Movement of
particles
Vibrate about fixed

positions
Forces of attraction
between particles
Very strong
Kinetic energy of
particles
Low
12
1.2
Liquid
Arrangement of
particles
Closely packed in random

arrangement
Movement of particles Free to move within the liquid by

sliding over one another.
between particles
Strong
Kinetic energy of
particles
More kinetic energy than in a

solid but less kinetic energy than
gas.
13
1.2
Gas
Arrangement of particles
Far apart and in a random

arrangement
Movement of particles
Move at high speed in all

direction
between particles
Negligible
Kinetic energy of particles A lot of kinetic energy

14
1.2
Summary
2D Model Representation of the

Three States of Matter
Particles in a solid
Particles in a liquid
Particles in a gas
Phases of Matter in Container

Visit
http://mutuslab.cs.uwindsor.ca/schurko/animations/phasesc
ontainers/phasescontainer.html
15
1.2
Summary
SOLID
LIQUID
GAS
Arrangement of
Particles
Very closely
packed in
regular
arrangement
Closely packed in
random
arrangement
Far apart and in a

random
arrangement
Movement of
Particles
Vibrate about
Free to move within
fixed positions the liquid by sliding
over one another.
Move at high
speed in all
directions.
Forces between
Particles
Very strong
Strong but weaker

than in solid
Negligible
Energy of
particles
Low
More kinetic energy

than in a solid but
less kinetic energy
than gas.
A lot of kinetic
energy
16

1.3 Changes in State of Matter and the Kinetic Particle
Theory
1.4 Diffusion
17
1.3 Changes in State of Matter and

the Kinetic Particle Theory
Learning Outcome
explain the inter-conversion of matter in terms
of the kinetic particle theory and energy
changes.
sketch of graphs to show the transition of
physical states of substances e.g. boiling,
melting, freezing, condensation processes
18

Matter can change from one state to
another.
Deposition: gas solid

19

Changes of State
Changes in state are reversible.
de
po
on
ati
or
ap
ev
n
g/
ti o
ilin
sa
bo
en
nd
co
sit
su
ion
bli
ma
tio
n
gas
freezing
solid
melting
liquid
20

Melting
Melting is the process by which a substance changes
from a solid to a liquid.
The temperature at which a solid melts is its melting point.
When a solid is heated:
liquid
solid
1. Particles gain
kinetic energy and
vibrate faster.
2. Particles overcome
attractive forces
between them and
move further apart.
3. Particles now
slide over one
another. Solid has
melted to liquid.
21

Temperature Changes in the Melting

Process (Heating Curve)
Temperature/oC
melting point
liquid
liquid + solid
solid
AB: As the solid is heated, particles in solid

gain kinetic energy, the temperature of the
solid increases until it reaches point B, its
melting point. At point B, the solid begins to
melt.
Time/min
22


Temperature/oC
liquid
melting point
liquid + solid
solid
BC: Melting occurs at fixed temperature.

Energy from heating is used to overcome
forces of attraction between the particles.
A mixture of solid and liquid exists.
Particles do not gain kinetic energy.
Time/min
23


Temperature/oC
liquid
melting point
liquid + solid
solid
CD: At point C, all the

solid has melted.
Temperature of the liquid
rises as heating continues.
Liquid particles gain kinetic
energy.
Time/min
24

Freezing
Freezing is the change from a liquid to a solid.
The temperature at which a liquid freezes is its

freezing point.
When a liquid is cooled:
1. Particles lose kinetic energy
and move more slowly.
3. All the particles vibrate about

fixed and orderly positions.
Liquid has frozen into solid.
solid
liquid
2. Forces of attraction between

particles become stronger and move
closer to one another.
25

Temperature Changes in the Freezing

Process (Cooling Curve)
Temperature/oC
liquid
PQ: Particles in liquid loses kinetic

energy. The temperature of the liquid
drops to freezing point, Q. At Q, the
liquid starts to freeze.
liquid + solid
solid
freezing point
Time/min
26


Temperature/oC
liquid
QR: liquid freezes.

A mixture of liquid and solid exists.
Temperature remains constant even
though cooling continues. Why?
liquid + solid
solid
freezing point
Time/min
27


Temperature/oC
RS: Particles in solid lose kinetic

energy.
At R, all the liquid has frozen.
The temperature of the solid drops
with further cooling.
liquid
liquid + solid
solid
freezing point
Time/min
28

Boiling
Boiling is the change
from a liquid to a gas
at the boiling
temperature.
The temperature at
which a liquid boils is
the boiling point.
29

Temperature Changes in the Boiling

Temperature/oC
gas
boiling point
liquid + gas
liquid
WX: Particles in liquid gain kinetic energy,

temperature of liquid increases until its boiling
point, X, is reached.
Time/min
30

Temperature Changes in the Boiling

Temperature/oC
gas
boiling point
liquid + gas
liquid
XY: Liquid boils

Mixture of liquid and gas exists.
Temperature of liquid remains
constant. Why?
Temperature remains constant
until all the liquid is boiled off.
Time/min
31

Heating Curve
(Using water as example)
Refer to the Flash Animation States of Matter
32

What change of state is taking place here?
Evaporation
Clothes dry when
water on wet
clothes change
into water vapour.
33

Evaporation is the change from a liquid to a gas

below the boiling point (i.e. without boiling).
Yippee! We have
enough energy
to escape!
Gas
Particles have enough

energy to escape as a
gas from the surface of
the liquid.
Volatile liquids
evaporate quickly at
room temperature.
Eg. dichloromethane,
ethanol
Liquid
34

Differences Between Boiling and Evaporation

Boiling
Evaporation
Very fast process
Very slow process
Bubbles form
Nothing visible happens
Occurs throughout the liquid
Occurs from the exposed

surface of the liquid only
Occurs at one temperature

(Boiling point)
Occurs at all temperature
Source of energy needed
Energy supplied by the

surrounding
35

Condensation is the change from a gas to

a liquid.
It is cool to
condense!
When temperature
drops:
Liquid
Gas particles
lose kinetic
energy
Gas becomes liquid

Gas
Move closer together
Increase in
attractive forces
36

Sublimation
Sublimation is the change from a solid to a gas
without melting.
The forces of attraction between particles in liquid
state are too weak to remain in this state.
Gas
A shortcut to
becoming a
gas!
URL
Solid
37

1.3 Changes in State of Matter and the Kinetic Particle Theory
1.4 Diffusion
38
1.4
Diffusion
Learning Outcomes
use diffusion to account for the movement of
particles in liquids and gases;
explain daily effects of diffusion in terms of
particles;
state qualitatively the effect of molecular mass
on the rate of diffusion and explain the
dependence of rate of diffusion on temperature
39
1.4
Diffusion
Some Examples
When a bottle of perfume is left open for some
time, the scent of the perfume soon spreads
throughout the entire room.
Similarly, if your mother is cooking curry in the
kitchen, you will soon be able to detect the smell of
spices in every room.
Diffusion is an evidence of the kinetic particle theory.
40
1.4
Diffusion
How Do We Show Diffusion?

air
bromine
air mixed with
bromine
We can show diffusion in the laboratory

by placing a gas jar of air over a gas jar
containing bromine vapour.
A few minutes after
the cover is
removed, the
reddish brown
colour becomes
visible throughout
the jar.
41
How Do We Show Diffusion?
Reddish brown colour

becomes visible
throughout the jar.
42
1.4
Diffusion
Air Particles
After a few
hours
Remove
lid
Reddish
brown
vapour
lid
Particles of
bromine vapour
Gas Diffusion Animation: Visit

http://www.micromountain.com/sci_diagrams/sci_app/sci_app_pages/gasdiff_a
nim.htm
Animation of Bromine Diffusing in Air: Visit
43
http://www.schoolscience.co.uk/content/3/chemistry/materials/match2pg1.html
1.4
Diffusion
Why Does Diffusion Occur?

Both air and bromine are made up
of tiny particles moving at random.
The bromine particles diffuse
(spread out) into the spaces
between the air particles, vice versa.
When the reddish brown colour
becomes visible throughout the gas
jar, it means that the particles of
both gases are evenly spread.
We say that a homogeneous
mixture of air and bromine is
formed.
44
1.4
Diffusion
Why Does Diffusion Occur?

Diffusion is
the movement of particles from a region of
higher concentration to a region of lower
concentration due to constant and random
motion of the particles.
This is a process by which particles move
freely to fill up any available space.
45
1.4
Diffusion
Do All Gases Diffuse At the Same Rate?

Relative molecular mass (Mr) is the sum of all
the relative atomic masses of all the atoms in a
molecule.
Relative molecular mass has no units.
Relative molecular masses of some gases
Gas
Mr
Hydrogen (H2)
Oxygen (O2)
32
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
44
48
1.4
Diffusion
Do All Gases Diffuse At the Same Rate?

Gas particles diffuse at different speeds
depending on their relative molecular mass.
Under the same conditions of temperature and
pressure, a gas with a lower relative molecular
mass diffuse faster than a gas with a higher
relative molecular mass.
Gases with lower relative molecular masses diffuse
faster than those with higher relative molecular masses.
49
1.4
Diffusion
How Do We Show That the Rate of Diffusion

is Affected By Relative Molecular Mass?
Experiment 1:
cotton wool soaked

in ammonia
solution
cotton wool soaked

in concentrated
hydrochloric acid
50
1.4
Diffusion
The relative molecular mass of ammonia is 17. The

relative molecular mass of hydrogen chloride is 36.5.
Ammonia (from ammonia solution) has a lower
relative molecular mass than hydrogen chloride (from
concentrated hydrochloric acid), and hence diffuses
faster. Thus, ammonium chloride is formed further
from the ammonia solution.
cotton wool soaked

in ammonia
solution
cotton wool soaked

White ring of in concentrated
solid
hydrochloric acid
51
(ammonium
chloride)
1.4
Diffusion

Experiment 2:
hydrogen
A porous pot containing air is

covered with a beaker containing
hydrogen. The level of water in
arm A falls initially.
After sometime, it rises and

returns to the original level.
1.4
Diffusion
hydrogen
As the relative molecular mass of

hydrogen is less than air, molecules
of hydrogen gas diffuse into the
porous pot faster than air can diffuse
out. This results in an increase in
pressure in the porous pot causing
the water level at arm A to fall
initially.
The water level at A rises to the
original level when the concentration
of hydrogen and air is the same
inside and outside the porous pot,
i.e. there is no net diffusion of gases
in both direction.
1.4
Diffusion

Experiment 3:
A porous pot containing

air is covered with a
beaker containing
carbon dioxide. The
level of water in arm A
rises initially.
Carbon
dioxide
After sometime, it falls

and returns to the
Porous pot
original level.
1.4
Diffusion
As the relative molecular mass of

carbon dioxide is more than air,
molecules of carbon dioxide gas
diffuse into the porous pot slower
than air can diffuse out. This results
in a decrease in pressure in the
porous pot causing the water level
at arm A to rise initially.
The water level at A falls to the
original level when the concentration
of carbon dioxide and air is the
same inside and outside the porous
pot, i.e. there is no net diffusion of
gases in both direction.
Carbon
dioxide
Porous
pot
1.4
Diffusion
Diffusion in Liquids
Diffusion also takes place in liquids.
A small crystal of potassium
manganate(VII) is introduced into
a beaker of distilled water. A deep
purple solution forms at the
bottom of the beaker.
Diffusion slowly takes place until
the solution becomes uniformly
purple.
56
1.4
Diffusion
Effect of Temperature on the Rate of Diffusion

What would you observe if the experiment
was repeated using boiling water?
The solution would become uniformly
purple within a much shorter time.
When temperature increases,
the rate of diffusion increases.
57
1.4
Diffusion
Diffusion in Solids
If a gold bar and a silver bar are tied together firmly
and left for about ten years, some gold particles will
diffuse into the silver bar, and vice versa.
58
Diffusion is fastest in gases, where the

particles are far apart and the attractive
forces between particles are negligible.
It is the slowest in solids, where the particles
are held closely together in fixed positions by
strong attractive forces.
59
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CHAPTER 1