HVE4701/101/0/2016

Tutorial letter 101/0/2016

High Voltage Engineering IV (Theory)

HVE4701
Year Module
Department of Electrical and Mining
Engineering

IMPORTANT INFORMATION:
This tutorial letter contains important information
about your module.

CONTENTS
Page
1

INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3

PURPOSE OF AND OUTCOMES FOR THE MODULE ...............................................................3

2.1

Purpose ........................................................................................................................................3

2.2

Outcomes .....................................................................................................................................3

LECTURER(S) AND CONTACT DETAILS ...................................................................................3

3.1

Lecturer(s).....................................................................................................................................3

3.2

Department ...................................................................................................................................3

3.3

University ......................................................................................................................................3

MODULE-RELATED RESOURCES .............................................................................................4

4.1

Prescribed books ..........................................................................................................................4

4.2

Recommended books ...................................................................................................................4

4.3

Electronic Reserves (e-Reserves) .................................................................................................4

STUDENT SUPPORT SERVICES FOR THE MODULE ...............................................................4

MODULE-SPECIFIC STUDY PLAN .............................................................................................4

MODULE PRACTICAL WORK AND WORK-INTEGRATED LEARNING.....................................4

ASSESSMENT .............................................................................................................................4

8.1

Assessment plan ...........................................................................................................................4

8.2

General assignment numbers .......................................................................................................5

8.2.1

Unique assignment numbers .........................................................................................................5

8.2.2

Due dates for assignments ............................................................................................................5

8.3

Submission of assignments ...........................................................................................................5

8.4

Assignments .................................................................................................................................7

OTHER ASSESSMENT METHODS ...........................................................................................16

10

EXAMINATION ...........................................................................................................................16

11

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS.........................................................................................16

12

SOURCES CONSULTED ...........................................................................................................16

13

CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................16

14

ADDENDUM ...............................................................................................................................16

HVE4701/101

INTRODUCTION

Dear Student
Welcome to the subject High Voltage IV (Theory) (HVE4701) at UNISA. This tutorial letter
serves as a guideline to this subject. It provides you with general administrative information
as well as specific information about the subject. Read it carefully and keep it safe for future
reference. We trust that you will enjoy this course.

PURPOSE OF AND OUTCOMES FOR THE MODULE

2.1

Purpose
The purpose of this subject is for the student to study the first principles of High
Voltage Theory in order to apply this principles in the field of High Voltage

2.2

Outcomes
For the student to give account of the High Voltage principles in the subject as well
the solving of associated mathematical problems in the field of High Voltage.

LECTURER(S) AND CONTACT DETAILS

3.1

Lecturer(s)

Your Lecturer for High Voltage Engineering IV is Mr E Naude Pr Eng. He can be contacted
at the following number for any theoretical questions:
Tel nr : 0828067717
e-mail: enaude@gmail.co.za
Contact Times: Mondays to Fridays
18h00 20h00
3.2

Department

Department of Electrical and Mining Engineering:

3.3

electrical&mining@unisa.ac.za

University

If you need to contact the University about matters not related to the content of this module,
please consult the publication My studies @ Unisa that you received with your study
material. This brochure contains information on how to contact the University (e.g. to whom
you can write for different queries, important telephone and fax numbers, addresses and
details of the times certain facilities are open).Always have your student number at hand
when you contact the University.
3

MODULE-RELATED RESOURCES

4.1

Prescribed books

WADHWA, C.L. HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING. WILEY EASTERN LIMITED.

4.2

Recommended books

There are no recommended books for this module.

4.3

Electronic Reserves (e-Reserves)

There are no electronic reserves for this module.

STUDENT SUPPORT SERVICES FOR THE MODULE

Important information appears in your my Studies @ Unisa brochure.

MODULE-SPECIFIC STUDY PLAN

Use your my Studies @ Unisa brochure for general time management and planning skills.

MODULE PRACTICAL WORK AND WORK-INTEGRATED LEARNING

The practical part of this module will be covered in the module OPEPRA4.

ASSESSMENT

8.1

Assessment plan
You will find your assignments for this subject in this Tutorial Letter. Assignment 1,
2 and 3 are compulsory and all assignments will be used in the calculation of your
year mark. Please send the completed assignments to UNISA before the closing
dates stated in this section.

Assignment 1 must be completed on a mark reading sheet.

The mark for High Voltage IV (Theory) (HVE4701) is calculated as follows:

The year mark contributes to 20%.

The examination mark contributes to 80%

The year mark is based on all the assignment marks obtained and their contribution towards
the final year mark are as shown in the table below:

HVE4701/101
ASSIGNMENT
NUMBER
1 (Compulsory)

10%

2 (Compulsory)

45%

3 (Compulsory)

45%
= 100 %

TOTAL

8.2

CONTRIBUTION
TOWARDS YEAR
MARK

General assignment numbers

Assignments are numbered consecutively per module, starting from 01.

8.2.1 Unique assignment numbers

Assignment 1:
Assignment 2:
Assignment 3:

856120
710362
852765

8.2.2 Due dates for assignments

THE CUT-OFF SUBMISSION DATES FOR THE ASSIGNMENTS ARE :
Assignment 1:
20 May 2016
Assignment 2:
18 July 2016
Assignment 3:
5 September 2016
8.3

Submission of assignments

ALL ASSIGNMENTS (submitted) HAVE TO BE ATTEMPTED!!!!!!!

THE SUBMISSION OF AN EMPTY ASSIGNMENT COVER IS UNACCEPTABLE.
IT IS VERY IMPORTANT TO CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING POINTS :

NO LATE ASSIGNMENT SUBMISSIONS WILL BE ACCEPTED.

KEEP A CLEAR COPY OF THE ASSIGNMENT FOR YOUR OWN

REFERENCE.
THIS IS IMPORTANT, AS ASSIGNMENTS DO GET LOST.

SUBMISSIONS OF ASSIGNMENTS MUST BE IN ACCORDANCE WITH MY

STUDIES @ UNISA.

Please note that model answers for the assignments will be dispatched to all
students within 1 week of the closing date of the assignment. This implies that
you cannot submit your assignment later than the stipulated submission date.
5

For detailed information and requirements as far as assignments are concerned, see
the brochure my Studies @ Unisa that you received with your study material.
To submit an assignment via myUnisa:

Go to myUnisa.

Log in with your student number and password.

Select the module.

Click on assignments in the menu on the left-hand side of the screen.

Click on the assignment number you wish to submit.

Follow the instructions.

HVE4701/101
8.4

Assignments

THE CUT-OFF SUBMISSION DATES FOR THE ASSIGNMENTS ARE :

Assignment 1: (Compulsory)
20 May 2016
Assignment 2: (Compulsory)
18 July 2016
Assignment 3: (Compulsory)
5 September 2016
ASSIGNMENT 1
Complete on the MCQ-sheet.

1. The problems posed in using high voltages are different from those encountered at low
voltages. One of these problems is the increased current density because of a increase
in line loading by using series:
1.

resistors.

2.

inductors.

3.

capacitors.

4.

bundle conductors

2. The problems posed in using high voltages are different from those encountered at low
voltages. One of these problems is corona. Which one of the following is not a corona
problem?
1.

Radio interference.

2.

Ferro-resonance interference.

3.

TV interference.

4.

Carrier interferences.

3. The problems posed in using high voltages are different from those encountered at low
voltages. One of these problems is the generation of high ___________ under the line:
1.

electrostatic field

2.

sub-synchronous resonance

3.

impulse levels

4.

none of above

4. Tunnel effect is applicable with _______________ emission:

1.

thermionic

2.

field

3.

electron

4.

photoelectric

5. Photons incident upon a ___________ surface whose energy exceeds the work function
may eject electrons from the surface.
1.

heated

2.

metal

3.

cathode

4.

electric

6. Paschens Law can in short described as:

1.

Vb is only dependent on pd

2.

Vb is inversely dependent on pd

3.

Vb is dependent on pd and other variables.

4.

Vb is not dependent on pd at all.

7. For water:
1.

1 is about 8.8 x 10-12

2.

1 is about 7.1 x 10-11

3.

1 is about 8.8 x 10-10

4.

1 is about 7.1 x 10-10

8. A six stage Cockcroft-Walton circuit has all capacitors of 50 000pF. The secondary
maximum voltage of the supply transformer is 80kV at a frequency of 400Hz. If the load
current is 0.005Amp, the voltage regulation is:

1.

3.9%

2.

4.2%

3.

4.6%

4.

4.9%

HVE4701/101
9. For question 8, the ripple is:
1.

2.6kV

2.

3.1kV.

3.

3.6kV

4.

4kV

10. Specific dielectric loss is measured in:

1. Joules per square meters
2.

Amperes per square meters.

3.

Watts per square meters.

4.

None of above.

11. The frequency response of the Rogowski coil is flat up to 100MHz but beyond that it is
affected by the stray electric and magnetic fields and also by _______.
1.

Corona

2.

the switching voltage

3.

the impulse currents

4.

None of above

12. By definition, the dissipation factor tan is the ratio of real component versus the reactive
component of the __________.
1.

current.

2.

voltage.

3. current density.
4.

none of above

13. To determine intrinsic dielectric strength, the time of application of voltage is of the order
of
1.

10-8 sec.

2.

10-6 sec.

3.

10-4 sec.

4.

10-2 sec.
9

14. In case of impulse thermal breakdown of solid insulating materials, the critical electrical
field is:
1.

proportional to critical absolute temperature.

2.

proportional to square of critical absolute temperature

3.

proportional to square of T0

15. A solid dielectric of 10mm thickness has an internal void of 1mm thickness. The gradient
in the dielectric slab is 550kV/m. If the void is filled with air which breaks down 21kV/cm
the voltage (rms) at which an internal discharge can occur is:
1.

7.07kV

2.

14.97kV

3.

16.98kV

4.

11.5MV

16. The recurrent surge generator is used to generator

1.

current of large magnitude

2.

repetitive current surges

3.

impulse voltage of smaller magnitude

4.

both 2. and 3. above

17. If D is the diameter of the sphere, for better measurements, the gaps S should be such
that:
1.

0.05D S 0.6D

2.

0.04D S 0.5D

3.

0.05D S 0.5D

4.

0.03D S 0.6D

18. A generating voltmeter has:

10

1.

a linear scale

2.

a non-linear scale

3.

no contact with high voltage electrode

4.

both 1. and 3. above

HVE4701/101

19. A potential divider is normal connected:

1.

outside the generator circuit towards the load circuit

2.

within the generator circuit

3.

at a distance V/100 meters from the generator where V is the voltage to be

measured in kV.

4.

at a distance Vx100 meters from the generator where V is the voltage to be

measured in kV.

20. The breakdown voltage for air gap 2 mm in a uniform field under standard atmospheric
condition is:
1. 6.33 kV
2.

9.22 kV

3.

7.56 kV

4.

10.59 kV

11

ASSIGNMENT 2

Question 1:

1.1

Name and briefly describe in your own word, four methods that can be done
for the treatment of transformer oil.

1.2

A single core 50Hz 88kV cable is required to be tested at rated voltage. The
cable has a capacitance of 250nF. Use is made of a 20kVA 230/11kV single
phase supply transformer of 4% reactance and 1% resistance connected to
an AC generator. Neglecting the generator impedance and assuming the
generator can provide the required power up to 230V. Calculate:

(a)
(b)

The value of series inductance required.

The input power and voltage required in assuming an inductance Q factor
(X/R ratio) of 30. (Ignore the cable dielectric losses).
Calculate the cable charging kVAr (per phase) and compare this to the input
power. What is the advantage of the series resonance test method?

(c)

(12)

(10)

1.3

The breakdown of a gas is explained by two mechanisms Townsend and

Streamer. Compare the two breakdown mechanisms under the following
heading in a suitable table:
Pressure distance
Discharge shape
Initiating mechanism
Sustaining mechanism
Time to breakdown
Example
(12)
[34]

Question 2:

2.1

(a)
(b)
2.2

12

A steady current of 750 A flows through a plane electrode separated by a

distance of 6 mm when a voltage of 44 kV is applied. If a current of 75 A flows
when the distance of separation is reduced to 1 mm and the field is kept
constant at 44 kV, determine the following
Townsends first ionizations coefficient
The saturation current.

(6)
(8)

Explain the five types of partial discharge, including neat sketches of each
type. No mark will be awarded for only naming the types.

(15)

HVE4701/101

2.3

With reference to impulse generators:

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

Draw a basic three stage Marx Impulse generator diagram.

Name all components of the Marx Impulse Generator.
Briefly describe the operation.
Derive an approximate formula for calculating the combined value of
the charging capacitors and discharge resistors to obtain a desired
tail time.
(12)
[35]

Question 3:

3.1

The following observations were made in an experiment for determining of

dielectric strength of transformer oil. Determine the power law equation:
Gap spacing:

10

Breakdown
Voltage (kV)

8
9

1
4
0

1
7
8

23
0
(10)

3.2
3.3
(a)
(b)

Compare positive and negative corona. Name and explain four samples of
partial charge besides corona.
Determine the following:
The breakdown voltage of a uniform sphere gap in air with a uniform gap of
10mm and a 72.9mm under standard atmospheric conditions?
The correction factor to be applied to the breakdown voltage determined
under standard atmospheric conditions if the tests are carried out at a
laboratory 1700m above sea level and 27C ambient temperature. (Assume
the atmospheric pressure decreases by 1.3% per 100m altitude above sea
level.
(9)

(12)

[31]

TOTAL: 100

13

ASSIGNMENT 3
Question 1:

1.1

1.2

1.3

An overhead transmission line, which has a surge impedance of 400, is at

one end connected to two cables which have surge impedances of 40 and
60 respectively. A surge of 500kV moves along the line to the junction.
Calculate the magnitudes of the reflected and transmitted voltages and
currents at the junction.

(11)

Explain three possible sources of error when measuring Impulse wave

shapes using a Resistor Potential Divider (or any other type of divider) and
how can these errors be reduced?

(6)

Discuss with reference to sketches, the mechanism of a lightning stoke.

(15)
[32]

Question 2:

2.1

A 50Hz Schering Bridge is used to test a 11kV single core cable with a
conductor radius of 12mm and an insulation thickness of 12mm. The
resistivity of the insulation is given as 125Gm and the cable is 10km long. A
balanced condition was obtained with:

Standard HV Capacitor C1
Adjustable Resistor:
Adjustable Capacitor:

0.1F
25
0.01F in parallel with a 500 resistance

Calculate:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

Capacitance of the cable

Value of insulation equivalent Rx
Load loss angle.
The total dielectric loss
The dielectric hysteresis loss.
(14)

2.2

2.3

For a given test specimen, the dielectric constant and loss angle of the
specimen is 4.1 and 0.009 respectively. Determine the electric field in kV/cm
at 50Hz if the specific heat generated in the specimen due to dielectric loss is
2kW/m3.
A sheet of Bakelite 5mm thick is tested at 50Hz between electrodes 0.15m in
diameter. The Schering Bridge employed has a standard compressed air
capacitor of 106pF a non-inductive resistor of 300 in parallel with a variable
capacitance C, and non-inductance variable resistor R. Balanced is obtained
with C = 500nF and R = 254 ohm.
(a)
(b)

14

Give a short description of a Schering bridge

Draw a sketch of bridge as applicable to the problem given.

(7)

HVE4701/101
(c)
(d)

Calculate the p.f. of the sheet.

Calculate the permittivity of the sheet.
(18)
[39]

Question 3:

3.1 A travelling wave of 88kV enters an overhead line of surge impedance 420
and conductor resistance 8/km. Assume wane velocity of 3x10 8 m/sec and
determine:
(a)
The value of the voltage wave when it has travelled through a
distance of 100km;
(b)
The power loss and heat loss of the wave during the time required to
transverse this distance. Neglect the losses in the insulation.
(c)
The corresponding values for a cable having a surge impedance of
40 ohm and a relative permittivity of 4.
(9)
3.2 A three-phase transmission line has conductors 15mm in diameter and spaced
1m apart in equilibrium formation. The resistance and leakance are
negligible. The following is also given:
(i)
The inductance per unit length of the line is 1H/m
(ii)
The capacitance per unit length of the line is 11pF/m
(iii)
The voltage wave that travels along the line is 22kV
(iv)
The line is terminated through a star connected load of 800 per
phase.
Calculate:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

The natural impedance of the line

The line current;
The rate of energy absorption, the rate of reflection and the state and
form of reflection.
The value of the termination resistance for no reflection
The amount of reflection and transmitted power if the line is
connected to a cable extension with inductance 4nH per phase cm
and capacitance of 1pF per phase per cm respectively.
(20)
[29]

TOTAL: 100

15

OTHER ASSESSMENT METHODS

None

10

EXAMINATION

Use your my Studies @ Unisa brochure for general examination guidelines and examination
preparation guidelines.

11

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

The my Studies @ Unisa brochure contains an A-Z guide of the most relevant study
information.

12

SOURCES CONSULTED

None

13

CONCLUSION

Please ensure that you have all the tutorial letters and prescribed book available before
starting with your studies.

14
None

16

ADDENDUM