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WCDMA RF Optimization

&Case Study

ZTE University
TD&W&PCS BSS Course Team

Content

WCDMA RF Optimization Process


WCDMA RF Optimization Policy
WCDMA DT Cases
WCDMA Network optimization Cases

WCDMA RF Optimization Process

Common RF Optimization Process

Base station group


optimization

Whole network
optimization

Find out base station


group that do not
satisfy requirements

No

Satisfy the
indexes or not?

Single station
check

WCDMA RF Optimization Process

RF Optimization Step 1: Single Station Check

Confirm site information

Longitude and latitude, configuration, height above sea level, peripheral


environments and so on;

Confirm antenna feeder information

Antenna type, azimuth, down-tile angle and height;

Check antenna feeder link

Standing wave ratio, primary set and diversity RSSI check, primary set and
diversity lock balance;

Confirm system parameters

List of adjacent areas, overhead channel transmitting power, SC


configuration, switching parameters;

Check and test basic functions

Basic call process, soft switching, softer switching;

Check station coverage

WCDMA RF Optimization Process

RF Optimization Step 2: Base Station Group


Optimization

Spectrum scanning

Load-free test

Load test

WCDMA RF Optimization Process

RF Optimization Step 3: Whole Network Optimization

Test on various radio indices of the system

Analysis on test results

Confirm whole network adjustment scheme

WCDMA RF Optimization Process

Performance Test Indexes

Voice quality--BLER

Call connection rate (call completion rate and paging response


rate)

Resource utilizationCPU utilization-

Handover success rate

Call drop rate

Network coverage rate

Forward coverage

Pilot coverage

Service coverage

Backward coverage

Content

WCDMA RF Optimization Process


WCDMA RF Optimization Policy
WCDMA DT Cases
WCDMA Network optimization Cases

WCDMA RF Optimization Policy

Common RF Problems

Call Drop

Discontinuity

Access Failure

WCDMA RF Optimization Policy

Call Drop Analysis

UL/DL coverage is not satisfactory (Ec/Io and Ec)


Improve the coverage of the points.

List of adjacent cells are not complete


Configuration of list of adjacent areas is not complete.

Interference
There is internal interference source.

Pilot pollution is serious

Faults with base stations


Incorrect connection of antenna feeders, GPS fault causes

asynchrony between the time and the system, interruption of


transmission.

Hard handover failure

WCDMA RF Optimization Policy

Discontinuity Analysis

UL/DL coverage is not satisfactory (Ec/Io and Ec)


Improve the coverage of the points.

List of adjacent cells are not complete


Configuration of list of adjacent areas is not complete.

Interference
There is in-band interference source.

Pilot pollution is serious

WCDMA RF Optimization Policy

Access Failure

Interference

Coverage over weak areas, blind zones or pilot pollution


areas makes it impossible for signaling interaction
between the base station and the mobile phone to be
completed during the access.

Mobile phone performance

WCDMA RF Optimization Policy

RF Optimization Policy

Adjust the antenna down-tilt angle

Adjust the antenna directional angle

Adjust the antenna height

Change the antenna type

Appropriately adjust the base station transmitting power

Adjust the base station location

Increase the base stations

WCDMA RF Optimization Policy

RF Optimization Policy

Antenna directional angle

During optimization, attention


should be paid to antenna
directional angle, as shown in
the figure on the right:

If the antenna coverage area is


a vast space of residence, and
the buildings are of the similar
structure, the antenna direction
shall be alongside the direction
of the buildings (as the red
arrow on the left); if the antenna
direction is the same as the
arrow on the right, the quality of
signals in the coverage area
may not be good.

WCDMA RF Optimization Policy

RF Optimization Policy

RF Optimization Policy for Pilot Pollution

Pilot pollution is caused by too strong signals in some cells out


of the coverage area in most cases. Measures for RF
optimizations are as follows:
Adjust the antenna down-tilt angle, so as to reduce the coverage

area, and further reduce the number of pilots in the pilot pollution
area;
Appropriately reduce the transmitting power of the cell, so as to

reduce the signal strength to narrow the coverage area, and also
further reduce the number of pilots in the pilot pollution area;
If the two measures are of no use, we can increase base stations

in the pollution areas, so that there will be a master pilot signal, to


solve the pollution. But be careful in taking this measure, as it may
impose great influence on the entire network .

Content

WCDMA RF Optimization Process


WCDMA RF Optimization Policy
WCDMA DT Cases
WCDMA Network optimization Cases

WCDMA DT Cases

DT Best Ec

Weak coverage area

WCDMA DT Cases

DT Best SC
Ant reverse

Over cover

No domi server

WCDMA DT Cases

Uplink/downlink unbalance

TX is high

WCDMA DT Cases

Over Shoot Analysis

PSCs coverage exceeds defined threshold, and may


cause negative influence on remote region.

WCDMA DT Cases

Handover problem analyze


Monitor set 267&283 arestrong

Adjacent
cell
problem

Call drop

Content

WCDMA RF Optimization Process


WCDMA RF Optimization Policy
WCDMA DT Cases
WCDMA Network optimization Cases

WCDMA Network optimization Cases

Case1(Handover problem)

In especially urban environment, the handover region between two cells


might be too small.

If the UE passes such an area in a very quick speed, the call might be
dropped.

There might be sudden changes of


signal strength at crossroads of the
city.

WCDMA Network optimization Cases

Case1

For successful handover, the


increase and decrease speed of
the signals received by the UE
can enable the UE to complete
the necessary active set
updating process.

WCDMA Network optimization Cases

Case1

The handover region should


be big enough to ensure the
UE to complete the active set
up-dating process before
being interfered or
compressed.

WCDMA Network optimization Cases

Case1

Cover the crossroad with one


cell.

WCDMA Network optimization Cases

Case1

The antenna of the cell should be


put higher than the buildings
along the street so that the cell
coverage area can be bigger.

WCDMA Network optimization Cases

Case1

How to determine that the call-drop is caused by too small


handover region or sudden change of signal strength?
Before the call is dropped, the Ec/Io reported by the UE is very

poor.
Once in the idle mode, the UE sets up connection with the new

cell.
The Ec/Io reported by the UE becomes very good.
The big difference of Ec/Io indicates that the call-drop is caused by

these reasons.
The pilot strength data of the two cells recorded by the Scanner

also proves the above conclusion.

WCDMA Network optimization Cases

Case2

It is found that the call-drop rate is very high on the seaside express
way from TRI002 to TRI004. According to the testing data analysis, the
coverage distance of 404 is very short at the call-drop venue.

WCDMA Network optimization Cases

Case2

To take a birds-eye view from the sky, it is found that


there are several tall buildings in front of the 404 cell.

WCDMA Network optimization Cases

Case2

Problem analysis:
As the handover region is short and the call-drop venue on

the seaside road is close to the TRI002 site (only 400m),


signals might be strong at first but disappear quickly. This
can cause slow speed of strong signals of the adjacent 404
cell in adding the active set. It can also cause a lot of pingpang handover and result in call-drop.

WCDMA Network optimization Cases

Case2
Solution:
Event

Optimize the handover parameter: Adjust 1A and

Setting before
optimization

1B event handover parameters so that adding

Setting after
optimization

events can easily occur and deleting events occur

1A event

slowly and difficultly. The values of handover

Reporting Range
Constant

Hysteresis

3.5dB

2dB

Replacement threshold with strongest pilot is

Time to trigger

200ms

200ms

reduced; replacement observation duration is

parameters 1C and 1D events are adjusted.

increased. The advantage of such adjustment is to

1B event
Reporting Range
Constant

Hysteresis

3.5dB

4dB

Time to trigger

200ms

640ms

enable high percentage of the users using

strongest and stable scramble.

Effect after optimization:

1C event
Hysteresis

6dB

4dB

Time to trigger

200ms

320ms

According

to

the

driving

testing

after

handover parameter adjustment, the handover

1D event
Hysteresis

6dB

4dB

success rate on this section is greatly

Time to trigger

200ms

320ms

improved; the call-drop rate is reduced.

WCDMA Network optimization Cases

Case3

WCDMA Network optimization Cases

Case3

Problem analysis:
Spot A is about 2.7km from Sousse2 site. A is the entrance of a

uptown highway and has a turn of about 90 degrees. Signals of


cell 228 of Erriadh TT site become weak suddenly because the
cell is sheltered.
Spot B is about 2km from CTT Skanes site. The seaside road that

B located is at a lower sea level than the CTT Skanes site.


Signals of cell 332 of CTT Skanes site can be received by the
mobile phone after penetrating several 2~3-layer buildings. At
around spot B, the pilot signal strength is reduced to be below
-100dBm.
The NodeB in Sahaling is quite restricted by the environment. The

site height is only 25m; there is little space for increasing the
height.

WCDMA Network optimization Cases

Case3
Solution:

Channel

Before adjustment

After
adjustment

Adjust the transmit power of

CPICH

10%

15%

common channels;

BCH

-3dB

0dB

Increase the pilot transmit

FACH

0dB

3dB

PCH

-3dB

0dB

PSCH

-4dB

-3dB

SSCH

-4dB

-3dB

PICH

-7dB

-4dB

AICH

-7dB

-4dB

power

Effect after optimization:


The coverage effect and the
call-drop rate is optimized.
There is almost no dropped
call along the express way.

WCDMA Network optimization Cases

Case 4 (High Sites problem)

Flower hall site is located on the Gaoxun Tower beside the Quzhuang cloverleaf junction. Its is at a height of
70m. After driving testing, it is found that the 425 (scramble) cell of the site provides overshoot coverage. Cell
signals are still strong in the First Zhongshan Road, which is far from the Flower hall site. As the 425 cell is
not configured as the Neighbor-Cell of cell 436 in the first sector of the Shuqianlu site located on the First
Zhongshan Road, calls are easily dropped in this area.

The above figure shows the pilot Ec/Io driving testing result on the
First Zhongshan Road (affected by signals from the Flower hall site,
Ec/Io in area A is very poor; call-drop rate in the area is high;
however, the pilot strength of the area is good.)

WCDMA Network optimization Cases

Case 4

Analysis of the call-drop reason:

As there is shadow fading, the


occurrence of the following events
can be detected from the active set
upgrading report.
Cell2 is the best service area;
Cell1 is deleted from the activation
cell;
Cell3 is not in the Neighbor-Cell list
of Cell2; strong signals from Cell3
result in poor Ec/Io;
Poor Ec/Io results in call-drops.

Solution:
Add Cell3 into Cell2s Neighbor-Cell list;
As Cell3 is in a far distance, it is not expected to be a member of the active set in
the problematic area;
Reduce the transmit power of Cell3 and increase its tilt angle in order to control
its signal coverage range. At the same time, take into consideration the coverage
range to be provided by Cell3.

WCDMA Network optimization Cases

Case 4

Execute solution:
Add the mechanical tilt angle of the antenna of Huachang site 425

cell;
Add Huachang site 425 cell into the Neighbour-Cell list of

Shuqianlu site;
Reduce the maximum transmit power, common channel power

and pilot channel power of Flower hall site 425 cell by 3dB.

Effect after optimization:


After optimization, the pilot Ec/Io of area A is obviously improved.
After optimization, there is no call-drop.

WCDMA Network optimization Cases

Case 4

There is no strict definition for the high site. It is a relative


concept.

It is not necessarily wrong to put the UMTS base station on the


top of the hill.

The high site can easily receive uplink interference generated


by other users.

The bigger the loads in the high site coverage area, the more
possible the problem might occur.

If the network is vacant or lightly loaded, the effect of the high


site is not obvious. But it still cause overshoot coverage, pilot
pollution and call-drop.

WCDMA Network optimization Cases

Case 4

Suggestion

In urban areas, buildings are densely located and the penetration loss is big; the
radio transmission environment is complicated and the NodeB coverage distance is
small. Hence the antenna should not be put too high. According to the present
building density and average height, the antenna height can be about 35m; it should
be 10~15m higher than the average height of surrounding buildings. Of course, the
specific height of the antenna should be determined according to the local radio
transmission environment.

In rural areas, population is relatively small and buildings are not densely located;
distances between base stations are big. Hence the antenna should be high; in
general, the antenna height in rural areas is around 50m and should be 15m higher
than the average height of its surrounding.

In the sea, the radio transmission model is similar as the transmission model for free
spaces. The radio transmission environment is good; radio electric waves can be
transmitted to a far distance. The site can be located on a high hill (higher than
100m) in order to expand its coverage.

In deserts and Gobi areas, signals are transmitted to a farer distance than in ordinary
plains. The antenna height is usually 60m or higher in order to expand the signal
coverage area.

WCDMA Network optimization Cases

Case 5

the Neighbour-Cell list problems


The Neighbour-Cell list is a cell list that might be added into

the active set;


Cells in the Neighbour-Cell list will be measured as whether

they meet the requirement for soft handover or softer


handover with the main service cell;
The number of cells in the Neighbour-Cell list is up to 32;
Avoid missing Neighbour-Cells with best signals in the

Neighbour-Cell list.

WCDMA Network optimization Cases

Case 5

The network planning tool can use proper algorithm to automatically


plan the Neighbour-Cell list; such planning is always based on the
interference among cells;

If the pilot signals of one cell is very strong but the cell is not added in
the active set, signals of the cell will become strong interference;

Either single-directional configuration or bi-directional configuration


might be adopted between Neighbour-Cells;

In setting the Neighbour-Cell list, take into first considerations about


the cell interference and the cells possibility of becoming a main
service cell of the MS;

The method of automatically creating the Neighbour-Cell list via the


network planning tool can be regarded as an initial reference of the
Neighbour-Cell list. Manual adjustment is needed. The Neighbour-Cell
list should finally be optimized by using the driving testing data.

WCDMA Network optimization Cases

Case 5

According to repeated driving tests, it is found that calls are usually dropped
during the handover in the direction from the Flower hall site to the Yunshan
Hotel site; in the opposite direction from the Yunshan Hotel site to the Flower
hall site, no call-drop occurs.

WCDMA Network optimization Cases

Case 5

Problem analysis:
According to testing data analysis, the section 20m from the call-drop venue is mainly covered by
signals from the third sector (scramble 426) of the Flower hall site instead of signals from the first
sector (scramble 424) of the Flower hall site. The reason might be the third sector (scramble 426) of
the Flower hall site is sheltered by a tall building in front of it; signals of this sector are reflected to the
road segment of 20m between the Flower hall site and the Yunshan Hotel site. Check the NeighbourCell list; it is found that the third sector (scramble 414) of the Yunshan Hotel site has configured the
third sector of the Flower hall site as an Neighbour-Cell, while the third sector (scramble 426) of the
Flower hall site does not configure the third sector (scramble 414) of the Yunshan Hotel site as an
Neighbour-Cell. This has caused a failure in single-directional handover and resulted in call-drop.

Solution:
Configure the third sector (scramble 414) of the Yunshan Hotel site as an Neighbour-Cell of the third
sector (scramble 426) of the Flower hall site.

Effect after optimization:


After the Neighbour-Cell is configured, driving tests are made on the road segment between the
Flower hall site and the Yunshan Hotel site. No call-drop occurs.

WCDMA Network optimization Cases

Case 5

Summary
In the network planning phase, the Neighbour-Cell list can be

automatically generated via the network planning tool.


Optimization of the Neighbour-Cell list can be executed via driving

tests and statistics analysis of the driving testing data.


The Neighbour-Cell list optimized via driving test data statistics

analysis is a short Neighbour-Cell list. And if necessary, the


preference sequence in the Neighbour-Cell list can be very clear.
By analyzing the driving test data, Neighbour-Cells not configured

in the Neighbour-Cell list via planning tool can be found.

WCDMA Network optimization Cases

Case 6

If the path loss values from the MS to multiple cells are similar, problems will be
generated as there is no dominant server.

Such problems include poor Ec/Io, low downlink capacity, and frequent updating
of the active set.

WCDMA Network optimization Cases

Case 6

Add loads on a small network with 7 omni-directional sites; there are


200 voice terminals in average; the connection rate is 100%.

WCDMA Network optimization Cases

Case 6

Remove the central site; pilot pollution will be generated in the central area, which leads
to the emulated Ec/Io failure (the coverage probability now is 78%).

WCDMA Network optimization Cases

Case 6

Increase the pilot power from 33 dBm to 38 dBm; simulated Ec/Io failures
disappear; but downlink Eb/No failures occur in the same area.

WCDMA Network optimization Cases

Case 6

Zoom in

Pilot pollution

WCDMA Network optimization Cases

Case 6

Solution:
In the precondition of satisfying coverage, adjust the tilt

angle, azimuth and power parameters of Neighbour-Cells so


that signals of one cell become a dominant server.
Add a site in the problematic area; adopt one cell of the new

site into the dominant server.

WCDMA Network optimization Cases

Case7(Antenna problem)

Signal distribution in Donghu Road after the optimization

WCDMA Network optimization Cases

Case7

Problem analysis:
Through the review of the DT data with optimization analysis

software ZXPOS CNA1 and the survey on the site, it is found that
in front of Sector 2 (with the scramble 437) of the Shuqian Road
base station, there are dense buildings which form a serious
barrier and influences in the coverage of the sector. Besides, the
areas within scores of meters in front of Sector 1 (with the
scramble 439) of Donghu base station is also completely blocked
by a row of high residential buildings, which makes Sector 1
unable to cover that area.

Solution
Change the direction angle of Sector 2 in the Shuqian Road base

station from 240o to 230o to enhance the coverage of that area of


Donghu Road.

WCDMA Network optimization Cases

Case7

Effect after optimization


From the analysis of DT data, it can be seen that in this part

of the Donghu Road, the UE receiving power is >-85dBm


and the pilot Ec/Io>-13dB, which meets the coverage
requirement.

WCDMA Network optimization Cases

Case7

Signal distribution of Baishi Road before the optimization

WCDMA Network optimization Cases

Case7

Problem analysis:
Through the analysis of the DT data of Baishi Road, it is

found that pilot strength received in the middle part of road


is less than -95dBm, as shown in Area A in the
DT test picture. it is found that the coverage of this area is

provided by Sector 2 of Shenzhen University base station.


The direction angle of Sector 2 is 110 and the downward
tilt angle is 4. Both shall be adjusted to enhance the
coverage of Baishi Road.

Solution
Adjust the antenna direction angle of Sector from 110 to

120 and the downward tilt angle from 4 to 12.

WCDMA Network optimization Cases

Case7

Effect after optimization

Conduct DT on the Baishi Road after the optimization. From the DT result
below it can be seen that the pilot strength is improved to more than
90dBm.

Pilot coverage of Baishi Road after the optimization

WCDMA Network optimization Cases

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WCDMA Network optimization Cases

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