CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1

Introduction of Chapter

The purpose of this project is to make a triggering devices on and off just by
using sound. The main components that we used are LM358N Dual Op Amp IC and
PIC12F508.
Hence, in this first chapter the topics will be covered are as follows:

i. Project background
ii. Project statement

iii. Objectives
iv. Scope of project/limitations
v. Summary of chapter
vi.
vii.
viii.

This chapter is used as a guideline in the manner to meet the project

requirements. The project schedule budget and performance needs a consideration of

knowledge transfer and lots of researches are required.

ix. 1.2 Problem Statement

x.
xi.
xii.

The problem statement of this project is that people who are old or with

the disadvantages to walk or stand, will be having difficulty to switch on and off the fan.
There are also some of us who are just wish that they have the abilities to control their
electrical or electronic devices by using sound.
xiii.
xiv.

The voice activated relay is represented by a switch that will function by

producing sound. Sound that is perceptible by human has frequencies from about 20 Hz
to 20,000 Hz. In air that standard temperature and pressure, the corresponding
wavelengths of sound waves range from 17 mm to 17 m. Speeds and direction are
combined as a velocity vector; wave number and direction are combined as a wave
vector.
xv.
xvi.

A sound wave, like any other wave, is introduced into a medium by a

vibrating object. The vibrating object is the source of the disturbance that moves through
the medium. The vibrating object that creates the disturbance could be the vocal cords of
a person, the vibrating string and sound board of a guitar or violin, the vibrating tines of
a tuning fork, or the vibrating diaphragm of a radio speaker. Regardless of what
vibrating object is creating the sound wave, the particles of the medium through which
the sound moves is vibrating in a back and forth motion at a given frequency. The
frequency of a wave refers to how often the particles of the medium vibrate when a
wave passes through the medium. The frequency of a wave is measured as the number of
complete back-and-forth vibrations of a particle of the medium per unit of time. If a
particle of air undergoes 1000 longitudinal vibrations in 2 seconds, then the frequency of
the wave would be 500 vibrations per second. A commonly used unit for frequency is
the Herts (abbreviated Hz), where 1 Hertz is equal to 1 vibration per second. As a sound

wave moves through a medium, each particles of the medium vibrates at the same
frequency.

xvii.

1.3

Project Statement

xviii.
xix.
xx.

Different types of switch are available in the market. However,

sometimes people are too lazy to push the switch button. The voice activated relay is
operated by using sound. The electret microphone is used to detect the sound. This
project is more for safety conscious since it is safe to be used at wet places because it
has no push button.
xxi.
xxii.

A circuited switch, which operates with sound by clapping hands or

something similar; for example, the switch goes to on position when clapped once or
twice, and to off position when again clapped once or twice. A voice activated relay is
a sound sensitive circuit. The operation of the circuit is simple. Clap and the lamp turns
on. Clap again and it turns off. The electret microphone picks up the sound of claps or
the sound of any book knocked off the table. It produces a small electrical signal which
is amplified by the integrated circuit (IC). The sound should be loud if the distance
between the user with the electret microphone is very far to allow the electret
microphone to clearly detect the sound. If the distance between the user with the electret
microphone is near to each other, then the sound of the can be produced slow.
xxiii.
xxiv.
xxv.
xxvi.
xxvii.
xxviii.
xxix.
xxx.
xxxi.

xxxii.
xxxiii. 1.4

Aim and Objective

xxxiv.
xxxv.
xxxvi. The goal of this project is to create a device that to ease
the human life while enjoying the outdoor life. The function of
this application is to switch on any digital or analog devices by
using sound. There are several objectives that need to be
considered in order to achieve the aim. The objectives are
listed as follows;
xxxvii.

Any audio signal can be used to switch the relay

To eliminate the stress in walking from end to end to switch on and off

To ensure a reliable and safe method of switching domestic and industrial

device
xxxviii.
xxxix.
xl. 1.5 Project Scope and Limitation
xli.
xlii.

xliii.

The main component for this project is the electret microphones which

functions as a sound detector. 5 resistors with different values of ohms are used to limit
the current flow in the circuit. One integrated circuits (IC) is used to increase the power
of signal and it gets the energy from the 5V power supply. Besides, a capacitor is used to
store energy electrostatically in an electric field. Relay is used to control high current
electrical load with low current electrical signal. No filter has been used here so that the
switch will respond to more or less every two sounds similar to clapping sound that
comes with a gap of between 3 seconds. However, if a simple bandpass filter is used
then this problem could be avoided. The frequency range of hand clapping is between
2200 and 2800 Hertz. The signal from the electret microphone is beta times amplified by
4

the amplifier stage. To add more sensitivity on the switch, the amplification factor need
to be increased.

xliv.
xlv.1.6 Summary of Chapter
xlvi.
xlvii.
xlviii. It can be summarized that it is important to be familiar with the project
requirements and the problem statement in order to develop this project. It also can be
summarized that it is important to work independently on a project starting from
planning, designing and complete a project.
xlix.
l.

The scope and limitation of the project need to be aware while

completing this project. This is important as to avoid damages to the components used.
The cost of the project is still within the budget and it also includes the modification and
any other things that have been done for the project.
li.
lii.

Beyond this, we actually can save our budget through a particular

usage of all components. This project will also save cost, money and energy to people as
it only uses a several component. It is also made from light materials.
liii.
liv.

We hope that this project will encourage our engineering skills further to

be a reference for our junior to develop a better project and also an advanced project.

lv. CHAPTER 2
lvi.
lvii.
lviii.
lix.
lx. LITERATURE REVIEW
lxi.
lxii.
lxiii.

lxv.2.1 Introduction

lxiv.

lxvi.
lxvii.

lxviii. This chapter discusses about the previous and present work that had been
done before this system. The improvement from the work also has been explained in this
chapter. The literature is a valuable resources and an important storehouse of knowledge
and thinking about a topic area. This chapter will discuss more about all of the
information related to the project. It is structured in subtopics of detecting the
temperature and humidity and other related applications. The literature review in this
paper is based on internet, journals, and from articles.
lxix.
lxx.
lxxi.

2.2

Previous Work

lxxii.
lxxiii.
lxxiv. Previously, condenser microphone is used to detect the produced sound.
Condenser means capacitor, an electronic component which stores energy in the form of
an electrostatic field. The term condenser is actually obsolete but stuck ad the name for
this type of microphone, which uses a capacitor to convert acoustical energy into
electrical energy. Condenser microphone require power from a battery or external
source. The resulting audio signal is stronger signal than that from a dynamic.
Condensers also tend to be more sensitive and responsive than dynamics, making them
well-suited to capturing subtle nuances in a sound. They are not ideal for high-volume
work, as their sensitivity makes them prone to distort. A capacitor has two plates with a
voltage between them. In the condenser microphone, one of these plates is made of very
light material and acts as the diaphragm. The diaphragm vibrates when struck by sound
waves, changing the distance between the two plates and therefore changing the
capacitor. Specifically, when the plates are closer together, capacitance increases and a
charge current occurs. When the plates are further apart, capacitance decreases and a
discharge current occurs. A voltage required across the capacitor for this to work. This
voltage is supplied either by a battery in the microphone or by external phantom power.
Phantom power is a means of distributing a direct current (DC) through audio cables to
provide power for microphones.
7

lxxv.
lxxvi.

lxxvii.

lxxviii.
lxxix. Figure 2.2 : Cross-Section of a typical Condenser
Microphone
lxxx.

2.3

Present Work

lxxxi.
lxxxii.
lxxxiii. The project we created that call Voice Activated Relay is a project which
ideal for switch application. This project is using LM358N Duap Op Amp to amplify the
soundwave and PIC12F508.
lxxxiv.
lxxxv. After done doing the research, we found out that our project has more
advantages than the previous project. As we can see this project using PIC12F508 and
LM358N are used,microcontroller and according to the signal the corresponding device
is on/off.
lxxxvi.

lxxxvii.

All voice activated relay elements in the market are made for

safety since it is used a microphone that act as a sensor to detect the sound and no
pushing button needed to function the switch. Each component that is used for making
the circuit which has its specific function.
lxxxviii.
lxxxix. To improve the functionality of the previous project, some modifications
are made which are the replacement of the sensor. An electret microphone is used as a
sound sensor. It is a stable dielectric material with a permanently embedded static
electric charge which, due to the high resistance and chemical stability of the material,
will not decay for hundreds of years. From the previous work, condenser microphone is
used as the sound sensor that requires power from a battery or an external source.

xc.
xci.
xcii.
xciii.
xciv.
xcv.

xcvi.

Figure 2.3 : The circuit of project Voice Activated Relay.

xcvii.
xcviii.
xcix.

2.4

Chapter Summary

c.
ci.
cii.

The literature review has highlighted and appraised recent work on the

circuit. The review helps us to gain a better understanding to proceed with the progress
work. This chapter is also about the literature review on how we review and reveal the
information based on the internet, journal, book, and articles. Study has been made from
the researchers the inventor before can start the goal.

ciii.
civ.
cv.
cvi.
cvii.
cviii.
cix.CHAPTER 3
cx.
cxi.
cxii.
cxiii.
cxiv.

METHODOLOGY

cxv.
cxvi.
cxvii.
cxviii. 3.1

Introduction

cxix.
cxx.
cxxi.

This chapter will help us to understand all the methodology of our project

which is Voice Activated Relay. The explanation contains of all technical part of this
project. Starting from the block diagram until the summary of all part to generate and
also function of each of the components. With a description of all part, it will show a
crystal clear explanation about this project.
cxxii.
cxxiii. In addition, the methodology chapter is an important component that
essentially maps out the methods that we will utilize when researching and writing this

10

report. One part of the methodology chapter is a simple review of the problems that
need to be considered when tackling the subject at hand.

10

cxxiv. The methodology is as follows:

cxxv.
i.

The block diagram

ii.

Flow chart

iii.

Project costing

iv.

Equipments, tools & software that were used

v.

Hardware & development

vi.

Software & development

vii.

Summary of this chapter

cxxvi.
cxxvii.
cxxviii.

This chapter will also help us to be accomplished in the manner

that meets the project schedule budget and performance needs with consideration for
knowledge transfer and application to the project itself.
cxxix.

11

cxxx.

3.2

Block Diagram

Figure 3.2 : Block diagram of project

3.2.1

i.

Block Diagram Description

Electret Microphone

Electret microphone is used to detect the sound. An electret microphone is a type

of electrostatic induction-based microphone, which eliminates the need for a polarizing
power supply by using a permanently charged material. An electret is a stable dielectric
12

material with a permanently embedded static electric charge which, due to the high
resistance and chemical stability of the material, it will not decay for hundreds of years.
A dielectric material is an electrical insulator that can be polarized by an applied electric
field.

ii.

Amplifier (IC)

A semiconductor is a substance usually a solid chemical element or compound

that can conduct electricity under some conditions but not others, making it a good
medium for the control of electrical current. The LM358 series consists of two

12

independent, high gain, internally frequency compensated operational amplifiers which

were designed specifically to operate from a single power supply over a wide range of
voltages. Operation from split power supplies is also possible and the low power supply
current drain is independent of the magnitude of the power supply voltage. Application
areas include transducer amplifiers, dc gain blocks and all the conventional op amp
circuits which now can be more easily implemented in single power supply systems. For
example, the LM358 series can be directly operated off of the standard 3.3V power
supply voltage which is used in digital systems and will easily provide the required
interface electronics without requiring the additional 15V power supplies.

iii.

Relay

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to

mechanically operate a switch, but other operating principles are also used, such as
solid-state relays. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a lowpower signal (with complete electrical isolation between control and controlled circuits),
or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. The first relays were used in
long distance telegraph circuits as amplifiers.

iv.

Output

The output is also based on a PIC 12F508/509 which interprets the data signal
from the module. It can control a relay or otherwise switch an external device.

13

3.3

Flow Chart

Figure 3.3 Flow chart of project

14

3.4

Hardware and Development

Hardware Components

3.4.1

USB ICSP PIC Programmer

Figure 3.4.1 : USB ICSP PIC Programmer

UIC00B is designed to program popular Flash PIC Microcontroller which

includes most of the PIC family. Besides 8-bit, it can also program 16-bit and 32-bit PIC
MCU. On board ICSP (In Circuit Serial Programming) connector offers flexible
methods to load program. USB port is commonly available and widely used on Laptop
and Desktop PC, thus is very convenient to use UIC00B. It offers reliable, high speed
programming and free windows interface software.
15

3.4.2

PIC12F508 Microcontroller

Figure 3.4.2 PIC12F508

This is the PIC12F508/509/16F505 devices from Microchip Technology are lowcost, high-performance, 8-bit, fullystatic, Flash-based CMOS microcontrollers. They
employ a RISC architecture with only 33 single-word/single-cycle instructions. All
instructions are single cycle (200 s) except for program branches, which take two
cycles. The PIC12F508/509/16F505 devices deliver performance an order of magnitude
higher than their competitors in the same price category. The 12-bit wide instructions are
highly symmetrical, resulting in a typical 2:1 code compression over other 8-bit
microcontrollers in its class. The easy-to-use and easy to remember instruction set
reduces development time significantly.

16

3.4.3

Diodes

Figure 3.4.3 1N4004 Diodes

The 1N4004 series is a family of popular 1.0 A (ampere) general purpose silicon
rectifier diodes commonly used in AC adapters for common household appliances.
Blocking voltage varies from 50 to 1000 volts. This diode is made in an axial-lead DO41 plastic package. The 1N4004 diode is a popular diode for rectifying AC to DC. These
device types have an enduring popularity in low-current applications.

17

3.4.4

Capacitor

Table 3.4.4: The schematic symbols for capacitor

A capacitor (formerly known as condenser) is a device for storing electric

charge. A capacitor is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of
conductors separated by a dielectric (insulators). When there is a potential different
(voltage) across the conductors, a static electric field develop across the dielectric,
causing positive charge to collect on one plate and negative charge on the other plate.
Energy is stored in the electrostatic field. An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single
constant value, capacitance, measured in farads (F). The value of capacitor that we use
is: 100nF MKT Polyster.

100nF MKT Polyster : used to support the crystal

18

3.4.5

Variable Resistor

Figure 3.4.5 : Variable Resistor 100K

There are 3 pins/terminals on a preset. The maximum resistance that a preset can
provide is written on it. If 100K is written on preset, it means that we can vary its
resistance from 0 Ohm to 100K. A movable metal is rotated in clockwise or
anticlockwise direction that changes the resistance of preset. Now, we name the three
terminals as A, B, C.

19

3.4.6

Resistors

Figure 3.4.6.1: Resistor Colour Code Chart

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements

electrical resistance as a circuit element. The current through a resistor is in direct
proportion to the voltage across the resistor's terminals. If resistor act like breaks, then
you have to have some way to change how hard to push the pedal, in order to have
control over the flow of electrons. That control involves modifying the resistance of a
resistor. This relationship is represented by Ohms Law:

Figure 3.4.6.2 : Ohms Law Formula

20

Where (I) is the current through the conductor in units of amperes, V is the
potential difference measured across the conductor in units of volts and R is the
resistance of the conductor in units of ohms. The value of resistor that we use is: 1K,
10K, 100K.

3.4.7

Relay

Figure 3.4.7 : 5V Relay

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to

operate a switching mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are also
used. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal, or
where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. Relays were used extensively in
telephone exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations. A type of relay
that can handle the high power required to directly control an electric motor or other
loads is called a contactor. Solid-state relays control power circuits with no moving
parts, instead using a semiconductor device to perform switching.

21

Relays with calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple

operating coils are used to protect electrical circuits from overload or faults; in modern
electric power systems these functions are performed by digital instruments still called
"protective relays".

3.4.8

Electret Microphone

Figure 3.4.8 : Image of

microphone used

22

An electret microphone is used to detect the sound produced. An electret

microphone is a type of electrostatic induction-based microphone, which eliminates the
need for a polarizing power supply by using a permanently charged material. An electret
is a stable dielectric material with a permanently embedded static electric charge which,
due to the high resistance and chemical stability of the material, it will not decay for
hundreds of years. A dielectric material is an electrical insulator that can be polarized by
an applied electric field.

3.4.9

PCB Board & Strip Board

Figure 3.4.9 : PCB Board & Strip Board

A printed circuit board, or PCB, is used to mechanically support and electrically

connect electronic components using conductive pathways tracks or signal traces etched
from copper sheets laminated onto a non- conductive substrate. It is also referred
to as printed wiring board (PWB) or etched wiring board. Printed circuit boards are
used in virtually all but the simplest commercially produced electronic devices.
23

The components are usually placed on the plain side of the board, with their
leads protruding through the holes. The leads are then soldered to the copper tracks on
the others side of the board to make the desired connections, and any excess wire is cutoff. The continuous tracks may be easily and neatly cut as desired to form breaks
between conductors using a 5mm twist drill, a hand cutter made for the purpose,
or a knife. Tracks may be linked up on either side of the board using wire. External wire
connections to the board are made either by soldering the wires through the holes or, for
wires too thick to pass through the holes, by soldering them to specially made pins
which fit tightly into the holes. Alternatively, some types of connectors have a suitable
pin spacing to be inserted directly into the board.

23

3.4.10 LM358N Dual Op Amp IC

Figure 3.4.10 LM358N

The LM158 series consists of two independent, high gain, internally frequency
compensated operational amplifiers which were designed specifically to operate from a
single power supply over a wide range of voltages. Operation from split power supplies
is also possible and the low power supply current drain is independent of the magnitude
of the power supply voltage.

Application areas include transducer amplifiers, dc gain blocks and all the
conventional op-amp circuits which now can be more easily implemented in single
power supply systems. For example, the LM158 series can be directly operated off of the
standard 3.3-V power supply voltage which is used in digital systems and will easily
provide the required interface electronics without requiring the additional 15V power
supplies

24

3.5

Hardware Development

As to complete the hardware development, first of all we prepared all of the

components. Make sure all of the components are in good condition. After that is the
process of designing layout on the PCB board for all of the components. This is to
ensure all the components are in proper placement. Only then the PCB board can be
drilled out. After the drilling process, place all of the components on the plain side of the
PCB board (follow the design layout). Then, solder the components and wires on the
other side of the PCB board using a soldering iron with their leads protruding through
the holes (the leads are soldered to the copper tracks to make the desired connection).
After soldering, any excess wire were cut off. The circuit is then being troubleshoot
using multimeter (to ensure the connection is function ate). Finally, test the projects
circuit (to make sure the project is function).

25

Figure 3.5.1 : Exposing Process

26

Figure 3.5.2: The Etching Process

26

Figure 3.5.3: The Drilling Equipments

Figure 3.5.4: The Drilling Process

27

Figure 3.5.5: The Soldering Equipments

Figure 3.5.6: Components Placed on the PCB Board

28

Figure 3.5.7: The Soldering Process

Figure 3.5.8: Components Soldered on the PCB Board

29

Figure 3.5.9: Complete Circuit

30

3.6

Project Costing

COMPONENT

IMAGE

NAME
PCB Boards

DESCRIPTIO QUANTIT YPRICE

N
Design
4
RM30.00

Strip Boards

project board

Rectifying diode 1

RM 0.80

PIC Programmer 1
Kit

RM60.00

1N4004 diode

USB ICSP PIC

Programmer

31

LM358 Dual Op
Amp IC

Amplifier

RM3.20

Increase

RM0.80

Resistor

RM7.20

Supply

Rm12.00

RM4.50

Voltage
100nF MKT
polyester

1K
10K
100K
Battery 1.5V

voltage

5V

Relay

TOTAL

Rm118.50

32

3.7

Equipment, Tools and Software Listing

Table 3.7: Equipment, Tools and software that were used

Equipment

Multimeter

Tools

Cutter

Long nose

Sucker

Soldering iron
Diptrace

Microsoft Project

Software

33

3.8

Circuit Description

Figure 3.8.1: Amplifier Schematic Diagram

34

Figure 3.8.2: Relay Schematic Diagram

35

3.8.3: Schematic Diagram of Project

36

3.9

Chapter Summary

We are successfully complete to follow the step as the block diagram which
starts from electret microphone as an input then followed by amplifier, relay switch and
lastly the output of the project.

Through the project costing, we can estimate the budget for this project.
This is important to ensure the project is completely done without having problems with
the costing. We also need to identify and study all the equipment, tools and software that
we used. It will help us to design and construct the circuit when we know the function,
scope and the limitation of each of the components.

The hardware and development part in this chapter contains the description of all
the components. It is also has the procedure to assign all the components, start with the
preparation until the testing part. This is really important to generate and build the
Voice Activated Relay we have to follow all the procedure in order to complete the task.

The final part before the summary is the software and development. As in the
hardware part, it contains the description of the software program which is starting from
the beginning until it is uploaded into the hardware.

In conclusion, this chapter will help us to understand the methodology of this

project in mean of to understand the whole project in term of the hardware and software.

37

CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

4.1

Introduction
The operation of the circuit is simple. Make noise and the lamp turns on. Make

noise again it turns off. The electret microphone picks up the sound of claps, coughs, and
the sound of a book knocked off the table. It produces a small electrical signal which is
amplified by the integrated circuit (IC). This circuit can switch on and off a light, a fan
or a radio by the sound produced. The working of this circuit is based on amplifying
nature of the transistor, IC as an amplifier, and relay as an electronic switch.

38

4.2

Result

Figure 4.2.1: Sound detected,output ON

Figure 4.2.2: Sound detected again, output OFF

39

4.3

Analysis

Assemble the circuit on a general-purpose PCB and enclose it in a suitable box.

This circuit is very useful in field of electronic circuits. By using some modifications at
the area of application can be extended in various fields. It can be used to raise an alarm
in the security system, and also used at the place where silence needed. This project
gives us a great deal of knowledge about the LM358 Op Amp, working of clocks and the
relay. This type of device provides with the working of LM358 Op Amp and the 5V
relay. The relay is a type of switch which provides a conducting path only when current
flow it. In this project as soon as the second timer triggers the relay a conducting path is
established between terminals of the load and hence the device is turned on.

4.4

Summary

This voice activated relay is circuit for people who are too lazy to push the
switch button. This switch can also be used in hospital for patient who cant walk to
push the switch button and as the solution, the electret microphone will detects the sound
so that the bulb or fan will turn on and off. This system is really cheap and useful for
many people not only for patient or lazy people it but also it can be used for children.
This voice activated relay is really safety because it does not use the button or
another switch. It can be used in bathroom or another wet places. The major advantage
of a this circuit is that it can turn any devices on and off from any location in the room.
For example, while lying in bed the user can simply turn the lamp on and off by using
sound. The primary application involves an elderly or mobility impaired person. A voice
activated relay is generally used for lighting, television, radio or similar electronic
devices that the user will want to turn on and off from bed. This circuit can be made
more accurate and more sensible to suit the practical use in daily life.
40

CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1

Conclusion

Through this progress report, it will help us to understand specifications and

requirements of the Voice Activated Relay The explanation consists of the description of
every single thing that happened in the term of procedures to complete this project. The
problem faced during the research and development of the project has been encountered
and has been clarified in Chapter 4.

By completing the project, all the objectives have been achieved. The prototype
of Voice Activated Relay has been designed, built and tested. The device was
successfully functioned and it was able to make improvement over condenser
microphone.

By inference, there is much common knowledge that is acquired either by or

indirectly from the production of this project. For example in the rules, implementing
some of them are tasks such as making a circuit by the theoretical or practical.
Here may be noted that the subject project is a very important asset for the students to
study in depth. If you paid attention to the broad subject of the project it is the subject of
the influenced of a very useful experience for students. For example, students improved
themselves in the use of sophisticated components while learning about management
functions, for the circuit and find methods to examine the damaged components.
41

5.2

Recommendation

As a recommendation, the output is usually powered by batteries. But you

can power the output from an onboard /external AC supply too. The recommended
power supply should be around 5V-6V only since the IC only can hold until 6.5V

42

REFERENCES

1. Terry de vaux-Balbirnie (2013) Everyday Practical Electronics

Magazines, Wimborne Publishing Ltd.

2. Ashfaq Ahmad (1999) Power Electronics for Technology, New Jersey,

Prentice Hall Inc.

3. V Jagannathan (2011) Power Electronics: Devices and Circuits, 2nd

edition, New Delhi, PHI Learning Ptd Ltd

4. Clap Switch
http://www.instructables.com/id/How-to-make-a-Clap-Clap-on-ClapClap-Off-switch/

5. Electronic Tutorial
http://www.engineeringshock.com

6. Datasheet
http://www.alldatasheet.com

43

APPENDICES

1)

PIC12F508

44

45

46

47

48

48

2)
LM358N Dual Op Amp IC

49

50

51

51

52

61

61

61

61

61

61

61

3)
Capacitor

61

66

66

66

66

66