2014 Sept - Mechanics Reg Review PDF

Rowel Allan Rocaberte, REE, ECE
Beam
- A slender bar that carries transverse loading, that is, the
applied forces are perpendicular to the bar
- Horizontal structural element that is capable of withstanding
load primarily by resisting bending
Cantilever Beam
- Anchored at only one end
Overhanging Beam
- Asymmetrical placing of supports
In a beam, the internal force system consists of a shear force and a bending
moment acting on the cross section of the bar.
The internal forces give rise to two kinds of stresses on a transverse section of
a beam: (1) axial stress that is caused by the bending moment and (2)
shear stress due to the shear force.
R. Rocaberte || MECH 313 1st Sem 2013-2014
Beams are classified according to their supports.

Fixed Beam
Simply Supported Beam

P
Beams are classified according to their supports.

Cantilever Beam
M
R
Overhanging Beam
P
.
R1
R2
Loading Principles:
Uniformly Distributed Load
Effective Resultant &

Moment Arm
R = L
L/2
Loading Principles:
Uniformly Varying Load

Moment Arm
R = L
2/3 L
Loading Principles:
Combination of Distributed
and Uniformly Varying Loads

Moment Arm
R2 = (2-1)L
2 - 1
2
1
L
R1 = 1L
L/2
2/3 L
Shear and Moment Diagrams

- Analytical tools used in conjunction with structural analysis to
help perform structural design by determining the value of
shear force and bending moment at a given point of an
element
- Convenient visual references to the internal forces in a beam,
in particular, they identify the maximum values of and M.
Read also the slides on Beams by M. S. Sivakumar

from Indian Institute of Technology Madras as
supplement
Shear and Moment Diagrams

Sign conventions
Positive
P
External
Loads
Negative
Shear
Force
Bending
Moment
V
V
M
55. Which of the following support or connection has

two unknowns?
A. Roller Support
C. Short Link
B. Rocker Support
D. Hinge Support
56. A simple beam, 10 m long carries a concentrated

load of 500 kN at the midspan. What is the maximum
moment of the beam in kN-m?
A. 250
B. 500
C. 1000
D. 1250
57. Determine the maximum moment of the beam

loaded as shown in kN-m.
A. 125
200 kN
B. 175
100 kN
C. 875
D. 1250
5m
5m
10m
R2
R1
58. It occurs when a member carries a load

perpendicular to its long axis while being
supported in a stable manner.
A. Direct shear
C. Torsional shear
B. Bending stress
D. Torsional stress
RADIUS OF GYRATION
59. What is the radius of gyration of a 5-inch
square with respect to its centroidal axis?
A. 1.44 in
C. 10.39 in
B. 0.866 in
D. 0.5 in
SECTION MODULUS
60. What is the section modulus of a 5-inch
square with respect to its centroidal axis?
A. 20.83 cm3
C. 25.7 cm3
B. 49.5 cm3
D. 57.2 cm3
61. What is the formula of the radius of

gyration, k, of a circular cross-section
with diameter D?
1
A.
B. k 1 D
k
D
12
18
C. k 1 D
D. k 1 D
12
4
62. What is the formula of the section

modulus, z, of a rectangle?
3
2
A. Z bh
B. Z bh
6
36
3
2
bh
bh
C. Z
D. Z
36
6
63. What is the moment of inertia of a

cylinder of radius 5 m and mass of 5
kg?
A. 62.5 kg-m2
B. 80 kg-m2
C. 72.5 kg-m2
D. 120 kg-m2
- oldest branch of Physics.

- study of the bodies and systems and the forces
acting on them.
1. Which of the following refers to the branch of

mechanics dealing with the motion of
bodies?
A. Kinematics
B. Kinetics
C. Dynamics
D. Statics
Force
The scientific definition for force is simply a
push or a pull. For example, when you do
homework you exert a force on your pen or
pencil because you push and pull it across the
paper.
Net Force
The sum of the forces is called the net force. In
this case the net force is an unbalanced force.
An unbalanced force is a force that changes an
objects motion or causes it to accelerate. The
arrows show different forces and their
direction, the wider the arrow the stronger
the force.
Force and Force Systems

Collinear Forces are forces that act on the
same line of action
Parallel Forces are forces that are of the
same angle to one another. Couple is a pair
of parallel forces of the same magnitude but
opposite in direction.
Frictional Force is a force that always acts in
opposite direction to the applied force.
Force and Force Systems

Coplanar Forces are forces lying on the same
plane.
Concurrent Forces are forces that meet in
one common point.
Non-concurrent Forces are forces that do not
meet in one common point.
A quantity that has magnitude (and unit) only.

E.g. speed, distance, volume, current & etc.
A quantity that has magnitude, (unit) and direction.

E.g. force gravity, displacement, acceleration,
momentum, etc.
SCALARS
Mass
A load has a mass of
5kg.
Distance
The train has traveled
a distance of 80 km.
Speed
Time
The car has reached its
destination after 1 hr.
VECTORS
Weight / Force
A force of 15 N acts on a body
in an upward direction.
Displacement
An airplane flies a distance of
100km in an easternly
direction.
Velocity
A car moves 60km/hr, 35 east
of north.
Acceleration
Addition:
Subtraction:
Multiplication:
Dot Product:
Cross Product:
A+B=B+A
AB
AB
AxB
The sum of two or more vectors is represented

by a single vector called resultant.
This resultant vector may be found by using:
Graphical Method
Pythagorean Theorem
Component method
MECH 312 RROCABERTE 2013

rowelrocaberte@gmail.com
+63926 740 1530
CABLES
Used in numerous engineering applications (suspension
bridges, power transmission lines, cable supporting
heavy trolleys or telephone lines)
Incapable of developing internal forces other than
TENSION
TWO TYPES:
1. Parabolic
2. Catenary
Front slide photo taken from http://catenary-project.wikispaces.com/Golden+Gate+Bridge
PARABOLIC CABLES: Symmetric

- Loading is distributed uniformly along the horizontal
L
8d 2 32d 4 256d 6
S L
3
3L
5L
7 L5
L = span; distance between supports (m, ft)
d = sag ; maximum vertical displacement (m, ft)
S = total length of the cable (m, ft)
Photo taken from http://www.solutioninn.com/engineering/civil-engineering/statics/the-cable-is-subjected-to-the-parabolic-loading-w-w0-18722-2xa

FBD:
T
L/2
S/2
L
2
H
H
L
2
= load per horizontal length (N/m, lb/ft)

T = tension at the supports (N, lb)
H = tension at the lowest point (N, lb)
T H L
2

M A 0
T
L/2
S/2
L
2
cw()
L L
H d 0
2 4
H
L2
H
8d
PARABOLIC CABLES: Unsymmetric

L
LA
2
LB
2
dB
dA
- x and y axes are placed on the lowest point

- analyzed like two separate symmetric cables
Photo taken from http://www.mathalino.com/forum/strength-materials/parabolic-cable
2. A pipeline crossing a river is suspended

from a steel cable stretched between two
posts 100 m apart. The weight of the pipe is
14 kg/m while the cable weighs 1 kg/m
assumed to be uniformly distributed
horizontally. If the allowed sag is 2 m,
determine the tension of the cable at the
post.
A. 9047.28 kg
B. 9404.95 kg
C. 9545.88 kg
D. 9245.37 kg
3. A certain cable is suspended between two

supports at the same elevation and 500 ft
apart. The load is 500 lbs per horizontal foot
including the weight of the cable. The sag of
the cable is 30 ft. Calculate the total length
of the cable.
A. 503.21 ft
B. 504.76 ft
C. 505.12 ft
D. 506.03 ft
x
The Catenary Curve y a cosh
a
Gateway Arch in St. Louis,

Missouri [1]
Hanging chain [3]
Spiders
web [2]
Lace [5]
Freely-hanging
transmission lines [4]
Galileo claimed that the curve of a chain hanging under gravity should be a parabola. In
1669, his claim was proved to be wrong.
Galileo
called the father of
modern science precisely
because he initiated the
comparison between
theory and experiment
Big Bang is the Day without Yesterday

- Msgr. George Lemaitre
Lemaitre told Einstein, Your mathematics is
correct, but your physics is abominable!
CATENARY CABLES: Symmetric

- Loading is distributed uniformly along the length of
the cable
L
S
L = span (m, ft)
y = sag(m, ft)
S = total length of the cable (m, ft)
Photo taken from http://lecture.civilengineeringx.com/structural-analysis/structural-steel/suspension-bridge-analysis/
S AO
y
SAO
H
x
sinh
H
x
y cosh
1
SAO = length of the cable from A to O (m, ft)

x = horizontal span from A to O (m, ft)
H = tension at the lowest point (N, lb)
= weight per unit length of the cable (N/m, lb/ft)
FBD:
S AO
T H 2 S AO
y
H
S AO
T = tension at the supports (N, lb)

Recall equation of a catenary y a cosh
x
a
T H y
x
T H cosh
H

Note:
For symmetric catenary cables,
L 2x
S 2S AO
1
If y L , you may solve catenary cable problem as
10
a parabolic cable.
(A small sag-to-span ratio means that the cable is tight,
and the uniform distribution of weight along the
cable is not very different from the same load
intensity distributed uniformly along the horizontal.)
CATENARY CABLES: Unsymmetric
TB
L
y
TA
A
SOB
SAO
Similar to parabolic (unsymmetric):

- x and y axes are placed on the lowest point
- analyzed like two separate symmetric cables
4. A cable which has a mass of 0.6 kg/m and is 240 m

long is to be suspended with a sag of 24 m.
Determine the tension at midlength, maximum
tension and maximum span.
A. 233.55 m
B. 240 m
C. 265.216 m
D. 190.98 m
MECH 312 UNIT 1

+63926 740 1530
Speed
The average speed of an object is equal to the
total distance traveled in a given unit of time.
It is a scalar quantity because it has no
direction .
d
vs
t
Speed and velocity are often used interchangeably in ordinary conversations.

In physics, there is a clear distinction between these two concepts.
Velocity
We define velocity as the time rate of change of
position.
The velocity of an object moving along a straight path
is equal to the slope of the d-against-t graph. When
the graph is a straight line, the velocity is constant.
Velocity
The average velocity of an object is the total
displacement divided by the elapsed time.
d
v ave
t
Velocity
Instantaneous velocity is the velocity of the object at a
particular instant. Its magnitude is equal to the slope
of the line tangent to the point corresponding to the
given time t.
ds
v ei
dt
ei unit tan gent vector
Acceleration
We define acceleration as the time rate of
change of velocity.
average
acceleration
instantaneous
acceleration
v
a ave
t
dv
a
dt
Rectilinear Translation
A type of motion in which a body moves in a
straight line or is moving in the direction parallel
to its displacement.
Uniform Motion
A motion with constant speed or velocity [a = 0]
Uniformly Accelerated Motion
A motion with constant change in velocity or of
uniform acceleration [a is (+) is accelerating or
speeding up; a is (-) if decelerating or slowing
down]
D1.
Kinematic Differential Equations of

Motion
ds
(1) v
dt
dv
(2) a
dt
from (1) and (2),
ds dv
v
a
(3) a ds v dv
s = displacement
v = velocity
a = acceleration
t = time
For uniformly accelerated motion along a
straight horizontal path:
1 2
s vot at
2
2
2
v vo 2as
v vo at
s = displacement
vo = initial velocity
v = final velocity
a = acceleration
t = elapsed time
Uniform velocity:
a = 0, v = vo
Starting from rest:
vo = 0
Stop at a point:
v=0
5. From the speed of 100 kph, a car decelerates

at the rate of 15 m/min/sec along a straight
road. Which of the following gives the
distance travelled at the end of 40 sec.
A. 3800 m
B. 911.112 m
C. 91.111 m
D. 455.56 m
Practice Problem: An airplane lands on a

carrier deck at 200 mi/h and is brought to a
stop uniformly, by an arresting device, in 50
ft. Find the time required to stop.
A. 0.34 sec
C. 0.46 sec
B. 0.21 sec
D. 0.86 sec
0.34 sec
Theres no other
way but up!
Practice Problem: A sports car starting from rest can

attain a speed of 60 mi/hr in 8 seconds. A runner
can do a 100-yard dash in 9.8 seconds. Assume that
the runner is moving with uniform speed and that
the car starts at the instant he passes it. How far will
both travel until the car overtakes the runner?
A. 180.3 ft
C. 200.3 ft
B. 190.3 ft
D. 170.3 ft
170.3 ft
Theres no other
way but up!
Practice Problem: What average net thrust

must a 17-ton airplane have in order to reach
an altitude of 5,000 ft and a speed of 600
mi/hr at an airline distance of 10 mi from its
starting point?
A. 11,000 lb
C. 14,000 lb
B. 13,000 lb
D. 12,000 lb
11,000 lb
Theres no other
way but up!
6. An airplane acquires a take-off velocity of

150 mph on a 2-mile runway. If the plane
started from rest and the acceleration
remains constant, what is the time required
to reach take-off speed?
A. 40 s
B. 45 s
C. 58 s
D. 96 s
MECH 312 UNIT 1

+63926 740 1530
Free Falling Body

- straight line free fall
- motion in vertical direction
For free fall:
a g
where
g = acceleration due to
gravity
= 9.81 m/s2
= 32.2 ft/s2
Free Falling Body

Same formulas for rectilinear motion
1 2
y vot gt
2
2
2
v vo 2 gy
v vo gt
Free Falling Body

B (highest point)
C (reference point)
from A to B:
y (+)
v (+)
g (-)
from B to C:
y (+)
v (-)
g (-)
from C to D:
y (-)
v (-)
g (-)
Free Falling Body

B (highest point)
y (+) above the

reference point
y (-) below the
reference point
C (reference point)
v (+) upward motion

v (-) downward
motion
g (-) always negative
7. A stone is thrown down from the top of the

cliff 150 m high with an initial speed of 30
m/sec. How long will it take to reach the
bottom?
A. 3 sec
B. 2.5 sec
C. 4.56 sec
D. 3.26 sec
8. A ball is thrown vertically upward from the ground

and a student gazing out of a window sees it moving
upward pass him at 5 m/s. The window is 10 m
above the ground. How high does the ball go above
the ground?
A. 1.276 m
B. 11. 276 m
C. 5.276 m
D. 15.276 m
Practice Problem: A stone is dropped down a well and 5

seconds later the sound of the splash is heard. If the
velocity of sound is 1120 ft/s, what is the depth of the
well?
Ans. 353.31 ft
MECH 312 UNIT 1

+63926 740 1530
Projectile Motions
A projectile is an object or body

thrown with an initial velocity
and whose motion is influenced
by the pull of gravity
Projectile Motions
Projectile motion is the
motion of a body (the
projectile) with a constant
acceleration.
It is principally determined
by two types of motion:
vertical and horizontal
motions.
Trajectory is the path of a
projectile. Projectiles follow
a parabolic path.
Flight of Projectile
vy = 0
vo
For projectile motion,
voy
ax 0
ymax
ay g
y=0
vox vo cos
y=0
vox
voy vo sin
xmax
1 2
1 2
y voyt a y t vo sin t gt
2
2
v y voy a y t vo sin gt
1 2
x voxt at vo cos t
2
vx vox a xt vo cos
vx vox 2a x x vo cos
2
v y voy 2a y y vo sin 2 gy
2
Range of a Projectile
1 2
y vot gt ;
2
for Range, y 0
1 2
0 vo sin t gt
2
2vo sin
t
g
R xmax voxt vo cos t
2vo sin vo 2 sin cos

vo cos
g
g
vo sin 2
R
g
Height of a Projectile
v fy voy 2 gH
2
at the max Height , v fy 0

0 vo sin 2 gH
2
vo sin 2
H
2g
If final position is not the same as the original

level, we have values for both x and y
x vo cos t
1 2
y vo sin t gt
2
x
let t
vo cos
x 1 x
g
y vo sin
vo cos 2 vo cos
2
sin
1
gx
y x
2
2
cos
2
v
cos
o
gx 2
y x tan
2
2vo cos 2
Guide Question
9. A shot is fired at an angle of 45 with the
horizontal and a velocity of 300 fps. Calculate
the range of the projectile.
A. 3500 yd
B. 2800 yd
C. 1471 yd
D. 932 yd
Guide Question
10. A projectile leaves at a velocity of 50 m/s at
an angle of 30 with the horizontal. Find the
maximum height that it could reach in meter.
A. 41.26
B. 28.46
C. 31.86
D. 51.26
11. A projectile is fired from a cliff 300 m high

with an initial velocity of 400 m/s. If the firing
angle is 30 from the horizontal, compute the
horizontal range of the projectile.
A. 15.74 km
B. 14.54 km
C. 12.31 km
D. 20.43 km
at = r
at = r 2
12. The normal acceleration of a particle on the

rim of a pulley 10 ft in diameter is constant at
1200 fps2. Which of the following gives the
speed of the pulley in rpm.
a. 77.4597
b. 15.4919
c. 147.9371
d. 73.9686
13. A discus thrower moves the discus in a circle of radius

80.0 cm. At a certain instant, the thrower is spinning at an
angular speed of 10.0 rad/s and the angular speed is
increasing at 50.0 rad/s2. At this instant, find the
tangential and centripetal components of the
acceleration of the discus and the magnitude of the
acceleration.
a. 89.1 m/s2
b. 89.2 m/s2
c. 89.3 m/s2
d. 89.4 m/s2
MECH 312 UNIT 2

+63926 740 1530
Newtons Laws of Motion

- The basis for extending the kinetics of a particle to a
body composed of a system of particles.
particle denotes an object of point size
body denotes a system of particles which form an
object of appreciable size
Any rigid body, regardless of its size, may be considered
to be a particle if all of its parts move in identical
parallel paths.
Newtons Laws of Motion

First Law (Law of Inertia)
A body acted on by no net force moves with constant
velocity (which may be zero) and zero acceleration.
Second Law (Law of Acceleration)
If a net external force acts on a body, the body
accelerates. The direction of acceleration is the same
as the direction of the net force.
Fn e t F ma
Third Law (Law of Interaction)
If body A exerts a force on body B, then body B exerts a
force on body A. These two forces are equal in
magnitude but are opposite in direction; a.k.a. Law
of Action and Reaction
Newtons Laws of Motion for a Particle

Inertia is the resistance a body offers to a change in its
motion.
The reference frame or set of axes in which Newtons
laws are valid is one having a fixed origin and fixed
directions of the axes. It is called an inertial,
Newtonian, Galilean frame of reference.
Absolute motion - motion with respect to an inertial
frame.
Newtons Law of Universal Gravitation

Every particle in the universe attracts every other
particle with a force which is directly
proportional to the product of the masses of
two particles and inversely proportional to the
square of the distance between the centers of
the masses.
Gravitational Force
m1m2
Fg G 2
r
Fg = gravitational force
G = 6.673 x 10-11 m3/kg-s2 (CONST 39)*
m1 & m2 = masses of the particles (kg)
r = center-to-center distance (m)
*Do not confuse G with acceleration g due to gravity.
Effective Force on a Particle

The effective force on a particle is defined as the
resultant force on a particle, e.g. R or ma.
Inertia force the reaction caused by a resultant force
force numerically equal to ma but directed
oppositely to the acceleration
Dynamic equilibrium: when inertia force is considered
to act on a particle together with the resultant force,
the particle is in a state of equilibrium.
DAlemberts Principle
The resultant of the external forces applied to a body (rigid or nonrigid)
composed of a system of particles is equal to the vector summation
of the of the effective forces acting on all particles.
P2
R W P1 P2
R m1a1 m2 a2 m3a3
P1
W
The impressed forces acting on any body are in dynamic equilibrium
with the inertia forces of the particles of the body.
Newtons Laws of Motion for a Particle

Newtons second Law for any particle may now be
expressed as
n
F m a
i 1
i 1
If the effective forces miai are reversed and considered

to act on each respective particle of the system that
the system will be in a state of balance known as
dynamic equilibrium.
Guide Question
14. Riders in a bus are pushed forward during a
sudden stop. Which law of motion provides
an explanation?
A. Law of Inertia
B. Law of Interaction
C. Law of Universal Gravitation
D. Hookes Law
Guide Question
15. The force required to maintain an object at a
constant speed in free space is equal to ____.
A. The weight of the object
B. The mass of the object
C. Zero
D. The force required to stop it
Guide Question
16. A rock is dropped out of the window of a
moving car. At the same time a ball is
dropped from the rest of the same height.
Neglecting air resistance, which will reach the
ground first?
A. Rock will hit the ground first.
B. Ball will hit the ground first.
C. Both will hit at the same time.
D. Neither will hit the ground.
MECH 312 UNIT 3

+63926 740 1530
Translation: Analysis as a Particle

The fundamental equation of kinetics for a particle
R F
W
R ma a
g
For rectilinea r motion :
W
Fx a x
g
W
Fy a y 0
g
For curvilinea r motion :

2
W
W v
Fn a n
g
g r
W
Ft a t
g
17. Two blocks A and B are released from rest on a 30 incline

when they are 60 ft apart. The coefficient of friction under the
upper block A is 0.20 and that under the lower block B is 0.40.
Compute the acceleration of block A as it moves down the
incline.
A. 11.52 m/s2
B. 12.52 m/s2m
C. 14.52 m/s2
D. 10.52 m/s2
A = 0.2
30o
B = 0.4
Practice Problem: Two blocks A and B are released from rest on a

30 incline when they are 60 ft apart. The coefficient of friction
under the upper block A is 0.20 and that under the lower block B
is 0.40. Compute the acceleration of block B as it moves down
the incline.
Ans. 4.946 m/s2
A = 0.2
30o
B = 0.4
Practice Problem: Two blocks A and B are released from rest on a

30 incline when they are 60 ft apart. The coefficient of friction
under the upper block A is 0.20 and that under the lower block B
is 0.40. Compute the elapsed time until the blocks touch.
Ans. 4.56 sec
A = 0.2
30o
B = 0.4
Centripetal Force
A force that makes a body follow a curved path: it
is always directed orthogonal to the velocity
of the body.
A force which keeps a body moving with a
uniform speed along a circular path and is
directed along the radius towards the center.
from Latin centrum meaning "center" and petere, meaning "to seek"
Centrifugal Force
Represents the effects of inertia that arise in
connection with rotation and which are
experienced as an outward force away from
the center of rotation.
from Latin centrum, meaning "center", and fugere, meaning "to flee"
Centrifugal / Centripetal Force

mV
FC
r
FC = centrifugal/centripetal force
m = mass
v = velocity
r = radius
Guide Question
18. A 50,000 N car traveling with a speed of 150
km/hr rounds a curve whose radius is 150 m.
Find the centrifugal force.
A. 65 kN
B. 38 kN
C. 70 kN
D. 59 kN
Banking of Highway Curves (Case I)

Car is rotating (circular) radius
of curvature r with velocity v.
W N
N
W
v2
W
Fc=
g r
r
f=N
Fc
W v2
N
g r
v2
gr
Banking of Highway Curves (Case II)

When v = vrated = 0 (car is not moving), upward frictional
force is introduced to prevent skidding.
W
W N
f=N
f
N
tan
N
N
tan
Banking of Highway Curves (Case III)

When v = vrated, no tendency to slip up or down the
road (ideal banking of curve)
W
W v2
Fc=
g r
W
Fc
W v2
Fc
g r
tan
W
W
N
= ideal
angle of
banking
v2
tan
gr
v = rated
speed of
the curve
Banking of Highway Curves (Case IV)

When v > vrated, downward frictional force f is
introduced to prevent skidding.
f
W
v2
W
Fc=
g r
c. f .
tan
Fc
W v2
Fc
g r
tan
W
W
v2
tan
gr
Banking of Highway Curves (Case V)

When v < vrated, upward frictional force f is introduced
to prevent skidding.
c. f .
f
- tan
W
W v2
N
R
Fc=
W
g r
Fc
W v2
Fc
g r
tan
W
W
v2
tan
gr
19. A highway curve has a super elevation of 7 degrees.

What is the radius of curvature of the curve such that
there will be no lateral pressure between the tires and
the roadway at a speed of 40 mph?
A. 670 ft
B. 770 ft
C. 870 ft
D. 970 ft
Example 5
20. The rated speed of a highway of 200 ft radius is 30
mph. If the coefficient of kinetic friction between the
tires and the road is 0.60, what is the maximum speed
at which a car can round the curve without skidding?
A. 57.35 mph
B. 102.34 mph
C. 78.33 mph
D. 23.83 mph
21. Find the angle of banking for a highway curve of

300 ft radius designed to accommodate cars travelling
at 100 mph, if the coefficient of friction between the
tires and the road is 0.6. What is the rated speed of the
curve?
A. 51.08 mph
B. 45.334 mph
C. 67.21 mph
D. 55.9 mph
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Test Yourself
vrated is used in what particular formula?
Formula for ideal banking of curves
Formula used when there is no frictional force
between the tires and the ground (no lateral
pressure, no side thrust, etc.)
When a car is moving at its maximum, what is the
formula?
When you consider the coefficient of friction
between the tires and the road, what angle can we
get? or ?
I want to know the coefficient of friction between
my cars tires and the ground. I parked my car on an
inclined surface, from the horizontal. How do I
determine for ?
Answers to Test Yourself

1.tan = v2/gr
2.tan = v2/gr
3.tan = v2/gr
4.tan ( + ) = v2/gr
5. if car is moving not equal to the rated speed
if car is not moving at all
6. = tan
Test Yourself
Practice Problem: Determine the angle of super
elevation for a highway curve of 600 ft radius so that
there will be no side thrust for a speed of 45 mph.
Ans. 12. 71
MECH 321: DYNAMICS OF RIGID BODIES (Summer 2013)
UNIT 4

+63926 740 1530
Angular Motion. Fixed Axis Rotation.

Fixed-axis rotation is defined as that motion of a rigid
body in which the particles move in circular paths
with their centers on a fixed straight line that is
called the axis of rotation.
o
r
f
d
dt
d d 2
2
dt
dt
= angular displacement, rad

0 = initial angular velocity, rad/s
f = final angular velocity, rad/s
= angular acceleration, rad/s2
Uniform velocity:
= 0, f = 0
Starting from rest:
0 = 0
Stop at a point:
f = 0
Angular Motion. Fixed Axis Rotation.

Kinematic Differential Equations of Rotation
s r
o
r
vo
s
f
vf
ds
d
r
st
dt
v r
dv
d
r
dt
dt
a r
dv
aT
dt
aT r
v 2 r
aN
r
r
a N r 2
Rotation with constant angular

acceleration
For uniformly accelerated motion along a
circular path:
Rectilinear Motion
1 2
s vot at
2
2
2
v f vo 2as
v f vo at
(Related by)
s r
v r
a r
Rotation
1 2
ot t
2
2
2
f o 2
f o t
22. A flywheel of radius 14 inches is rotating at

the rate of 1000 rpm. How fast does a point on
the rim travel in ft/sec?
A. 122.17
B. 1466.04
C. 100
D. 39.05
23. When the angular velocity of a 4-ft diameter pulley

is 3 rad/s, the total acceleration of a point on its rim
is 30 fps2. Determine the angular acceleration of the
pulley at this instant?
A. 9 rad/s2
B. 12 rad/s2
C. 15 rad/s2
D. 14 rad/s2
24.. A flywheel rotating at 200 rev/min slows

down at a constant rate of 2 rad/s2. How
many revolutions does it make in the
process?
A. 10.47
B. 17.5
C. 109.7
D. 62.83
Theres no other
way but up!
Work-Energy Theorem
+63926 740 1530
Recall:
Work energy required to move an object by a distance
Potential Energy energy possessed by an object by
virtue of its motion (energy at rest), PE = mgh
Kinetic Energy energy possessed by an object by virtue
of its motion (energy in motion), KE = mv2
Work
ds
P
F
Fv
time
dt
Power rate at which energy/work is transferred or

consumed
Recall:
Work Ps cos
+W
if direction of W is
in the direction of
displacement
Work product of the component of

force in a direction of displacement
-W
if direction of W is
opposite the
direction of
displacement
Work-Energy Method
Relates the force, displacement and velocity
in a given system
Removes the analysis of internal forces like
tension
Wnet KE KE f KEi
Principle: The work done in a translating body is equal to the
sum of the change in kinetic energy of the body.
Derivation of Formula
W
F g a
a ds v dv
v dv
a
ds
W v dv
g ds
s
W v
F 0 ds g v 0 v dv
W 2
2
F
o
2g
1
2
2
F
m
v
o
2
F s KE
resultant work
change in
kinetic energy
Practice Problem: Suppose a 30.0-kg

package on the roller belt conveyor
system is moving at 0.500 m/s. What is
its kinetic energy?
Ans. 3.5 J
Practice Problem: Suppose that you push on the 30.0-kg

package with a constant force of 120 N through a
distance of 0.800 m, and that the opposing friction
force averages 5.00 N. (a) Calculate the net work done
on the package. (b) Solve the same problem as in part
(a), this time by finding the work done by the applied
force. Find the work done by the friction.
Ans. (a) 92.0 J; (b) 96.0 J; (c) -4.0 J
Energy Stored in a Spring

1
Espring Fx
2
1 2
Espring kx
2
F = axial force
x = elongation
k = spring constant
25. A large coil spring with a spring constant k =

120 N/m is elongated, within its elastic range
by 1 m. Compute the stored energy of the
spring in N-m.
A. 60
B. 40
C. 20
D. 120
26. The combined mass of car and passengers

travelling at 72 km/hr is 1500kg. Find the
kinetic energy of this combined mass.
A. 300kJ
B. 330kJ
C. 305kJ
D. 310kJ
27. A Foucault pendulum swings to 3.0 in above

the ground at the highest points and is practically
touching the ground at the lowest point. What is
the maximum velocity of the pendulum?
A. 4 ft/s
C. 5 ft/s
B. 2 ft/s
D. 10 ft/s
PElost = KEgained
v = 2gh
MECH 321: DYNAMICS OF RIGID BODIES (1st Sem 2013-2014)
UNIT 7

+63926 740 1530
Front slide photo taken from http://origami-blog.origami-kids.com/paper-airplanes-glossary-of-terms.htm
Definition
Momentum
- Measure of the motion of a body
- Quantity of motion that an object has
- Product of mass and velocity
P mv
Impulse
- Produced when force is applied over time periods
- Product of force and the time
I Ft
Impulse-Momentum Theorem
Impulse equals the change in momentum
Ft mv2 v1
W
F
g
dv
a
dt
W
F
g
dv

dt
W
F dt dv
g
t
W v
F dt dv
0
g vo
W
F t v vo
g
Law of Conservation of Momentum
Pbefore collision Pafter collision

Special Case (when P and KE are conserved) :
v1 v2 u2 u1
u2 u1 relative velocity of separation after collision
v1 v2 relative velocity of approach before collision
D6.
Coefficient of Restitution
u2 u1
e
v1 v2
The coefficient of restitution (e), or bounciness

of an object is a fractional value representing the
ratio of relative velocities after and before an impact.
An object with an e of 1 collides elastically, while an object
with an e < 1 collides inelastically.
Coefficient of
Restitution
Collision
Remark
e=1
Perfectly elastic
P and KE is conserved
e<1
Inelastic collision
P is conserved; KE is not
conserved
e=0
Perfectly plastic
P and KE is not conserved (e.g.

colliding particles stick together)
u2 u1
e
v1 v2
tan 2
e
tan 1
hr
e
ho
Sign Convention:
+v
-v
v1
Before Collision
After collision
m1
m1
v2
m2
u1
u2
m2
Law of Conservation of Momentum
m1v1 m2v2 m1u1 m2u2

Loss in Kinetic Energy
KEloss KE final KEinitial

% KEloss
KE final KEinitial
KEinitial
100
28. If the coefficient of restitution is zero, the

impact is __________.
A. partially plastic
B. perfectly plastic
C. perfectly elastic
D. partially elastic
Guide Question
29. A ball is dropped from a height of 20 m upon
a stationary slab. If the coefficient of
restitution is 0.40, how high will the ball
rebound?
A. 3.2 m
B. 4.6 m
C. 5.2 m
D. 8.0 m
30. The 10 kg and 20 kg bodies are approaching

each other with the velocities shown. If e = 0.60,
what will be the velocity of each body directly
after impact?
(a) u1 = -13.33 m/s, u2 = 10 m/s
(b) u1 = 6.0 m/s, u2 = 7.5 m/s
(c) u1 = 10.25 m/s, u2 = 10 m/s
(d) u1 = -13.33 m/s, u2 = 16.7 m/s
31. A 200-lb block in contact with the ground is acted

upon by a horizontal force equal to 100 lb. The
coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.20. In what time will
the velocity of the block be increased from 4 fps to
10 fps?
A. 0.621 s
B. 5.1 sec
C. 1.23 sec
D. 8 ms
32. A gun is shot in a 0.50 kN block which is

hanging from a rope of 1.8 m long. The
weight of the bullet is equal to 5 N with a
muzzle velocity of 320 m/s. How high will the
block swing after it was hit by the bullet?
A. 0.51 m
B. 0.53 m
C. 0.32 m
D. 0.12 m
MECH 321: DYNAMICS OF RIGID BODIES (Summer 2013)
UNIT 8

+63926 740 1530
Frequency of SHM
Simple
pendulum
Conical
pendulum
h
Frequency of SHM
Helical
spring
m
k = spring
constant
m = mass
in SHM
General
formula
a= acceleration
x = displacement
33. Calculate the period of a simple pendulum

connected to a string of length 2 meters.
A. 2.1 sec
C. 1.9 sec
B. 1.7 sec
D. 2.8 sec
34. What is the frequency of a 0.6-kN/m helical

spring in simple harmonic motion if a body of
3 kg is attached to its end.
A. 1.75 Hz
B. 2.0 Hz
C. 2.25 Hz
D. 1.9 Hz

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Rowel Allan Rocaberte, REE, ECE

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