Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Engineering
AIRPORT TERMINOLOGY
Aerodrome: Any defined area on land or water (including any
buildings, installations and equipment) intended to be use for
the arrival and departure of an aircraft is called aerodrome It
may be provided with the facilities for shelter and repair
aircraft and also for processing of passengers, baggage, mail
and cargo. It may not necessarily be used for all scheduled air
flight Sometimes the term aerodrome is used to mean an
airport.
Aeroplane: An aeroplane is a power-driven heavier-than-ai(
flying machine-with fixed wings. It derives its lift in
atmosphere chiefly from the aerodynamic reactions on its
surfaces.
AIRPORT TERMINOLOGY
Airfield: An airfield is an area which is used for landing an
take off of an aircraft. It may or may not be provided with
facilities for convenience of passengers and for shelter, repair
and servicing of aircraft.
Apron: It indicates a defined area of the airport to
accommodate aircrafts for loading and unloading of cargo and
passengers, parking, refueling, etc. It is usually paved and is
located in front of the building or adjacent to hangars.
AIRPORT TERMINOLOGY
Cargo: The term cargo is used to indicate the freight, other
than passengers, baggage and mail, which is carried by a
transport aircraft.
CTOL: The term CTOL is used to mean the conventional
takeoff and landing.
Hangar: The large shed erected at the airport for the purpose
of housing, servicing and repairing of aircrafts is known as
hangar.
Runway: It is defined as a long and comparatively narrow
strip of land which is selected or prepared for the landing and
take off of aircraft along its length. It is usually paved except
for small aerodrome.
AIRPORT TERMINOLOGY
Taxiway: A defined path on a land aerodrome, selected or
paved for the use of taxiing aircraft to and from the runway
and loading apron is known as taxiway.
Terminal area: The portion of the airport other than the
landing area is known as terminal area and it includes
terminal building, aircraft apron, cargo storage building,
hangars, automobile parking area, etc.
STOL: It indicates short take off and landing.
Soil characteristics
Surrounding obstructions
Topography
Use of airport.
Runway Design
In general, the arrangement of the runways and the
connecting taxiway should comply with the following
conditions:
to avoid delay in the landing, taxiing and take off operations
and to cause the least interference in these operations;
to grant the shortest taxi distance possible from the terminal
area to the ends of runways;
to make provision for adequate taxiways so that the landing
aircraft can leave the runways as quickly as possible and
follow routes as short as possible to the terminal area; and
to provide adequate separation in the air traffic pattern.
Runway Orientation
Preliminary information required: It is necessary to collect
following data before deciding the orientation of the runway:
maps of the area in the vicinity of the airport showing
contours at suitable intervals; and
records of direction, force and duration of the wind in the
vicinity and fog characteristics of the area for as long a period
as possible.
Runway Orientation
Head Wind: The runway is usually oriented in the direction of
the prevailing winds. The head wind indicates the wind from
the opposite direction of the head or nose of the aircraft while
it is landing or taking off. The orientation of runway along the
head wind grants the following two advantages:
(i)During landing, it provides a breaking effect and the aircraft
comes to a stop in a short length of the runway.
(ii) During take off, it provides greater lift on the wings a
aircraft.
Runway Orientation
Cross wind component: It is not possible to get the direction
of opposite wind parallel to centre line of throughout the year.
For some period of the year at least, the wind may blow
making some angle with the direction of the centre-line of
the runway length as shown in fig. 4-1.
Runway Orientation
If V kmph. is the velocity of the inclined opposing wind, its
component V sin which is normal to the centre-line of the
runway length is called the cross wind component. If this
component is in excess, it will interrupt the safe landing and
take off operations
The orientation of the runway should therefore be such that
this component is kept to a minimum. For light and medium
weight aircrafts, the cross wind component should not exceed
25 kmph.
Wind coverage: The percentage of time in a year during which
the cross wind component remains within the limit of km.p.h.
is called the wind coverage of the runway. The orientation the
runway should be such that the minimum wind coverage
about 95% is obtained.
Runway Length
Normal landing: As shown in fig. 4-5, the aircraft should
come to a stop within 60 per cent of the landing distance
assuming that the pilot makes an approach at the proper
speed and crosses the threshold of the runway at a height of
15 m. The beginning of the runway portion to be used as
landing is known as the threshold. The runway of full strength
pavement is provided for the entire landing distance
Runway Length
Normal take off: The take off distance (TOD) must be, for a
specific weight of aircraft, 115 per cent of the actual distance
the aircraft uses to reach a height of 10.5 m, as shown in fig. 46. The distance to reach the height of 10.5 m should be equal
to 115 per cent of the lift-off distance (LOD).
Runway Length
Runway Length
Stopping in emergency: For the engine failure case, the TOD
is the actual distance required to reach a height of 10.5 m with
no percentage applied. In case of an engine failure, sufficient
distance should be available to stop the airplane rather than
continue the take off. This distance is known as the acceleratestop distance, as shown in fig. 4-7.
The stopway is defined as a rectangular area at the end of
runway and in the direction of take off. It is a paved area in
which an aircraft can be stopped after an interrupted take off
due to engine failure. Its width is at least equal to the width of
runway and the thickness of pavement less than that of the
runway, but yet sufficient to take the load of aircraft without
failure. The clearway should not be more than one-half the
difference between TOD and LOD.
Runway Length
Example
Q.1 Calculate the actual length of the runway from the following
data:
Airport elevation : R.L. 100
Airport reference temperature : 28C
Basic length of runway : 600 m
Highest point along the length : R.L. 98.2 Lowest point along the
length : R.L. 95.2.
Example
Example
Applying correction
For each 1% effective
Example
Q.2
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Design of Taxiway
The main function of taxiways is to provide access from the
runways to the terminal area and service hangars. It is evident
that the speed of aircraft on the taxiway will be much less than
that on the runway at the time of landing or take off. The
standards for the taxiway design and construction will
therefore not be as rigorous as for the runway.
where
R = radius of centre-line of taxiway in m
W = wheel base of aircraft in m
T = width of taxiway pavement in m
S = distance between point midway of the main gears and the
edge of taxiway pavement in m.
R = radius of curve in m
V = speed of aircraft in km p.h.
f = coefficient of friction between the tyre and pavement
surface (usually assumed as 0.13).
Min value of radius of curvature is taken as 120 m &180 m for
supersonic jet planes.
Example
Q.
Example
Lengths L1 and L2: The values of L1 and L2 can be obtained by using the following
equations:
The value of constant C is 0.39 and D2 is the deflection angle of the central curve.
LOADING APRONS
The paved area adjacent and in front of the terminal building
is known as the apron and it is used for loading and unloading
of the aeroplanes as well as for fuelling and minor servicing
and check up of the aeroplanes.
The aeroplanes are berthed on the aprons before they are
loaded and unloaded. Hence, the loading apron is also known
as the parking apron. It is desirable to provide cement
concrete pavement for the aprons to resist the effects of jet
blast and fuel spillage.
The dimensions, of the loading apron depend upon the
number of loading positions or gate positions required, the
size of aircraft and the parking system to be adopted.
Generally a clearance of 7.5 m is provided between the
aircrafts parked on the adjacent aircraft stands.
Air route surveillance radar: The long-range radars are installed along the
airways to keep a watch on the aircraft. The word radar is an abbreviation
to denote radio detection and ranging. The controller gets the picture of
each aircraft on the radar screen and he is able to decide the exact position
of the aircraft. The effective range of a radar is about 200 km.
Air to ground communication: The flight instructions and other relevant
data will be conveyed to the pilot from the ground along the entire length of
the airway through FSS (Flight Service Station) and ARTCC(Air Route
Traffic Control Centers).