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This document discusses discourse analysis and the unit of translation. It defines the unit of translation as the smallest segment of language that must be translated together as one unit due to cohesion. Punctuation is also important in discourse analysis as it provides semantic relationships between sentences. Sentences cohere through referential synonyms like lexical, pronominal, or general synonyms to avoid repetition. Functional sentence perspective examines sentence elements in context to determine the sentence's function within the paragraph and text. The smallest unit of translation is word by word, then sentence, then full text to ensure coherence and cohesion.
This document discusses discourse analysis and the unit of translation. It defines the unit of translation as the smallest segment of language that must be translated together as one unit due to cohesion. Punctuation is also important in discourse analysis as it provides semantic relationships between sentences. Sentences cohere through referential synonyms like lexical, pronominal, or general synonyms to avoid repetition. Functional sentence perspective examines sentence elements in context to determine the sentence's function within the paragraph and text. The smallest unit of translation is word by word, then sentence, then full text to ensure coherence and cohesion.
This document discusses discourse analysis and the unit of translation. It defines the unit of translation as the smallest segment of language that must be translated together as one unit due to cohesion. Punctuation is also important in discourse analysis as it provides semantic relationships between sentences. Sentences cohere through referential synonyms like lexical, pronominal, or general synonyms to avoid repetition. Functional sentence perspective examines sentence elements in context to determine the sentence's function within the paragraph and text. The smallest unit of translation is word by word, then sentence, then full text to ensure coherence and cohesion.
Summary OF The Unit of Translation and Discourse Analysis
Discourse analysis, as the unit of translation (UT) is the smallest segment of an utterance whose cohesion of signs is such that they must not be separately translated. In other words, the minimal stretch of language that has to be translated together, as one unit. In terms of its coherence, the more cohesive, the more formalized a text, the more information it, as a unit, affords the translator. But Cohesion always related to the relations between sentences. There are two strategies in translating title. The first one is 'descriptive titles, which describe the topic of the text, and the second is 'allusive titles, which have some kind of referential or figurative relationship to the topic. Punctuation is an essential aspect of discourse analysis, since it gives a semantic indication of the relationship between sentences and clauses, which may vary according to languages. In terms of soundeffects, even at the level beyond the sentence, should be taken into account, not only in poetry, but in jingles, or in realistic narrative. Sentences cohere through the use of referential synonyms, which may be lexical, pronominal or general. In many cases, all three types of referential synonym are used to avoid repetition rather than to supply new information (which, in any event, is incidental, thematic, and not pan of the sentence's message). Linguistic synonyms are also used as a cohesive device to avoid repetition, particularly in a reinforcing sentence. Functional sentence perspective (FSP) examines the arrangement of the elements of a sentence in the light of its linguistic, situational and cultural context, determining its function within the paragraph and the text. In this field the smallest unit of translation word by word translation after that move to the sentence then the whole text
translation is used to make the target language is coherence and
cohesive with every aspects that probably influence the meaning. 2. The explanation below are the definition of translation and interpreting bsed on expert opinion.
a. According to Newmark (1988), translation could be defined as that act of
translation is to transfer the meaning of a text, from one language to another, taking care mainly of the functional relevant meaning. Translating is used for written text. b. Webster (n.d) defines interpreting as a process of interpret. Interpreting is an explanation of something that is not immediately obvious. 3. Text can be used for both written and spoken language. It usually refers to a stretch, an extract or complete piece of writing or speech. Texts generally adhere to broad conventions and rules which determine the language and structure used in particular text types (Cornbleet and Carter: 2001) 4. dictionary.cambridge.org defines connotation as a feeling or idea that is suggested by a particular word although it need not be a part of the word's meaning, or something suggested by an object or situation. For Leech (1974), connotative meaning is the communicative power of a word by virtue of what it refers to. On the other hand, denotation is the main meaning of a word, not including the feelings or ideas that people may connect with the word. Denotative meaning is the objective (dictionary) relationship between a word and the reality to which it refers (Crystal, 1987). Connotative meaning poses greater difficulty to the translator than denotative meaning because it is variable according to historical period and culture. The wider the gap between the SL and the TL cultures, the more problematic the issue of translatability becomes. Some words with neutral connotations in the SL may have strong emotional overtones in the TL if translated literally (Larson, 1984). However, denotative meaning is easier to translate than connotative meaning since it is often difficult to find denotative equivalents. As Newmark said that the greater the quantity of a language's resources (e.g. polysemy, word-play, sound-effect, metre, rhyme) expended on a text, the more difficult it is likely to be to translate, and the more worthwhile. A satisfactory restricted translation
of any poem is always possible, though it may work as an introduction to and an
interpretation of rather than as a recreation of the original. 5. 6. 7. According to Buhler (cited in Newmark: 1998), the three main functions of language are the expressive, the informative - he called it 'representation' - and the vocative ('appeal') functions. Jakobson (cited in Newmark: 1998) adds three other functions of language: the aesthetic, the phatic and the metalingual. The role of functions of language in translating is as the most convenient way of looking at a text for translation. It is also useful to divide texts by topic into three broad categories: (a) literary; (b) institutional; and (c) scientific. Literary texts are distinguished from the rest in being more important in their mental and imaginative connotations than their factual denotations. 8.