Speed Reduction Gear Box Design PDF

International Journal of Computer & Organization Trends Volume 2 Issue 4 Number 1 Jul 2012
DESIGN OF AN A SIX SPEED GEARBOX

Mr. RAGURAM.R
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Bharath institute of science and technology, Bharath University,
Chennai-600073,Tamilnadu
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT
A Gearbox is a mechanical device that is used to provide Speed and Torque conversions from a
rotating power source to output shaft. As the speed of the shaft increases, the torque transmitted
decreases and vice versa. Multi-speed gearboxes are used in applications which require frequent
changes to the speed/torque at the output shaft. Gearboxes work on the principle of meshing of
teeth, which result in the transmission of motion and power from the input source to the output.
A gearbox is formed by mounting different gears in appropriate speed ratios to obtain the desired
variations in speed. Gearboxes usually have multiple sets of gears that are placed appropriately
to obtain different speed reductions. The types of gearboxes are Sliding mesh gearbox, Constant
mesh gearbox, synchromesh gearbox. In a sliding mesh gearbox, the two types of gears are
sliding gears and stationary gears. The sliding gears are mounted on splined shafts to enable
them to slide along the axis of the shaft to enable meshing with different pairs of gear
GENERAL CONCEPT OF A GEARBOX

The main purpose of a gearbox is to transmit power according to variable needs from an input power source to the
desired output member. A Gearbox is a mechanical device that is used to provide Speed and Torque conversions
from a rotating power source to output shaft. As the speed of the shaft increases, the torque transmitted decreases
and vice versa. Multi-speed gearboxes are used in applications which require frequent changes to the speed/torque at
the output shaft. Gearboxes work on the principle of meshing of teeth, which result in the transmission of motion
and power from the input source to the output.
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USES OF A GEARBOX:
Gearboxes are used for some or all of the following purposes,
Changing the Direction through which the power is transmitted.
Changing the amount of force or torque that is transmitted.
Changing the Revolutionary speed of the input relative to the output.
LIST OF COMPONENTS USED IN A GEARBOX:

Some of the primary components used in a Gearbox are listed below.
Gears
Bearings
Shafts
TYPES OF GEARING
The following are the primary types of gearing in a Gearbox. These may be used individually or in unison with other
types.
Spur Gearing
Helical Gearing
Herringbone Gearing
Epicyclic or Planetary Gearing.
TERMS ASSOCIATED WITH A GEARBOX

The following are some of the terms associated with gearboxes and their working.
Gear Ratio
Power Transmitted
Type of Drive
Step Ratio
Number of Speeds
1.4.1 GEAR RATIO

The Gear ratio is the ratio with which the speed varies from one gear pair to another. In a multi stage
gearbox the product of the gear ratios of each stage gives the final gear ratio.
1.4.2 POWER TRANSMITTED
Power transmitted is the total power transmitted by the gearbox through its gears from the input shaft to the
output shaft taking into account the losses due to efficiency and other factors. Generally the power transmitted at the
output shaft is lower than the power received at the input shaft.
1.4.3 TYPE OF DRIVE
This is used to denote the type of gearing and the types of contact between the gears in a gearbox. Some
types are Epicyclic Drive, Synchromesh Drive, etc.
OVERVIEW AND PRINCIPLES OF COMPONENTS USED
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GEARS
Gears are used to transmit power between shafts rotating at different speeds. Gears are widely used in applications
which require high load carrying capacity, high efficiency and no slip between the meshing shafts.
SPUR GEARS
Spur gears are gears which have vertical upright teeth perpendicular to the radial axis of the Gear wheel.
The following figure illustrates the terms and notations associated with a spur gear.
FIGURE - 1
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FIGURE 2
Spur Gears are used to transmit power and motion between parallel axes or shafts. The gear types available for spur
gear vary in terms of their module, metric gears, pinion gears, racks, internal and cluster gears etc.
The Gears mesh or mate with teeth of very specific geometry. If the teeth are not cut to the required level of
accuracy, the teeth may interfere with each others movements and cause jamming or locking.
SOME TERMS ASSOCIATED WITH SPUR GEARS
MODULE
Module is the ratio of pitch circle diameter in mm to the number of teeth in the same gear.
PITCH
Pitch is a measure of the tooth spacing and is expressed in several ways.
1.
Circular Pitch pc : It is a direct measure of the distance from one tooth center to the adjacent tooth
center. It is one of the most widely used terms in gearing.
2.
Diameter Pitch pd : The ratio of number of teeth to the pitch circle diameter in inches is called the
diameter pitch.
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PRESSURE ANGLE
The
angle
between the line of force between meshing teeth and the tangent to the pitch circle at the point of mesh
is the pressure angle.
Gears must have the same module and pressure angle to mesh without interference.
2.2 BEARINGS
Bearings as the name suggests are components that are used to carry load and at the same time permit constrained
relative motion of the loading member. There are a number of types of bearings. Some of them are listed below.
Roller Bearings
Ball Bearings
2.1.1 BALL BEARINGS
Ball bearings are used to provide smooth, low friction motion in rotary applications. Ball bearings include
Radial ball bearings (Deep Groove and Angular Contact) and thrust ball bearings. Radial ball bearings are designed
to carry both radial and axial loads, while thrust bearings are for axial loads only.
Radial or Deep Groove Ball Bearings consist of an inner ring, an outer ring, balls and sometimes a cage to
contain and separate the balls. These bearings are designed to permit rotational motion of one ring relative to other
but do not allow axial movement. These bearings in order to function properly are assembled with a thrust load (Pre
loaded). Similar applications are used for roller bearings, where in place of a ball, rollers are used.
FIGURE - 3
SHAFT
Shafts are the members of the gearbox that transmit the rotary motion of the gears to subsequent stages and also
transmit power from one stage to the other. They are also the members on which the gears are mounted .The shafts
are coupled to the bearings to enable the shafts to rotate without much friction. In a gearbox, two types of shafts are
primarily used, keyed shafts and Splined shafts.
KEYED SHAFT
They are the shafts in which a keyway is machined so as to enable a gear to be mounted to the said shaft rigidly with
the help of a key. In the case of such shafts the gears are rigidly coupled with the shaft and cannot move relative to
the shaft.
SPLINED SHAFT
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These are the shafts in which splines are cut to enable the gears which have an opposite mating spline cut into them
to transmit rotational motion from the gear through the shaft without causing slip. The splines are cut to enable the
axial movement of sliding of the gears on the shaft while executing rotational motion without slip.
FIGURE 4
PROPERTIES OF SHAFT MATERIALS

Should have high strength.
Should have good machinability.
Should have great heat treatment properties.
Should have high wear resistant properties.
The material used for ordinary shaft is carbon steel of grades 40C8, 45C8, 50C4 and 50C12.
(In this design we have selected the shafts of mild steel and we have kept the key way and spline
for the required dimension.)
DESIGN AND ASSOCIATED CALCULATIONS
There are many ways of approaching the design of a multi speed gearbox. One of the methods id to consider each
pair individually and design them accordingly and check if they meet the required design and operating criteria. This
method of design is called the Lewis Buckingham method and the gears subjected to the highest
loads/stresses/forces are designed since all the remaining gears, designed proportionally will satisfy the required safe
operation criterion.
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INITIAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR THE GEARBOX
Power transmitted
2KW
Max. Speed
1400 rpm
Min. Speed
460 rpm
CALCULATION OF PROGRESSION RATIO
nmax / nmin = 1400/460 = 6-1

= 1.249
We take 1.12 * 1.12 = 1.254 (Skipping one Speed)
KINEMATIC ARRANGEMENT
Structural Formula = 3(1) 2(3)

FIGURE - 5
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RAY DIAGRAM
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FIGURE 6
CALCULATION OF NUMBER OF TEETH
STAGE 2
Considering the Ray that gives maximum reduction, speed is reduced from 1400 RPM to 450 RPM.
Assume Z9 = 22 (Driver) (Z9 > 17)
Z9 / Z10 = N10 / N9 = 450 / 1400 = 22 / Z10 = 68.44
Z10 = 69
Input speed is from shaft from gear 7
Z7 / Z8 = N8 / N7 = 1400 / 1400
The centre distances have to be same for both the pair of gears.
Therefore,
Z7 + Z8 = Z9 + Z10 = 22 + 69 = 91
From the above equation we get
Z7 = Z8 = 91 / 2 = 45.5 = 46
STAGE 1
The sliding box consists of 3 gears. In this block, the number of teeth on adjacent gears must differ by at least 4 in
order to avoid interference of gears of one shaft with the gear of the other shaft while shifting.
(Z3 -Z5) > 4;
(Z3 Z1) > 4
Maximum Reduction of 1400 RPM to 900 RPM corresponds to gear 5 & 6
Z5 / Z6 = N6 / N5 = 900 / 1400
Assume, Z5 = 24;
Z6 = 37
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Consider the next Ray speed reduction is from 1400 RPM to 1120RPM, corresponding to Gears 1 & 2.
(Z1 / Z2) = N2 / N1 = 1120 / 1400
Z2 = 34;
Z1 = 27
The next ray speed is constant at 1400 RPM through gears 3 & 4.
Z3 / Z4 = N4 / N3 = 1400 / 1400
Z3 = Z4 = 31
Also,
Z3 Z5 = 31 24 = 7
Z3 Z1 = 31 27 = 4
Since the difference in the number of teeth in the adjacent gears is greater than 4 the obtained number of teeth can be
used as it is.
Material Selection : 40 Ni2 Cr1 Mo2
MODULE CALCULATION
Equate Ft and FDB

Ft = (KW * 1000 * K0)*V
Where,
V = Pitch line velocity in m/s
K0 = Service Factor =1
Ft = (2 * 1000 * 1) / 0.5183m
= 3858.76 / m
FDB = b Cv * mby
= 350 * 0.375 * * m * 10m * 0.330
= 1360.70m2
3858.76 / m = 1360.7m2
m = 1.41
m = 1.5 (Standard)
Calculation of b
b = 10 * 1.5 = 15mm
Calculation of Centre Distance
a1 = (Z5 + Z6) m / 2
a2 = (Z9 + Z10) m / 2
a1 = 45.75mm
a2= 68.25mm
Calculation of Length of Shaft
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L = 30 +10 + 4b + 20 + 7b + 10 + 30
L = 265mm
Spindle Design
Assuming the gear is centrally placed, so that higher bending moment is obtained for safer design.
= 20
Fn = (3858.76 / m) / cos 20
Fn = 2737.60 N
Bending moment due to Fn = Ft * L / 4
= 181366.29 Nmm
Te = (BM + T )
2
= 186.265 * 103 Nmm

(16Te/ ds3) = 55
ds = 25mm
Splined shaft connection

since the diameter =25mm
Standard four tooth Spline is chosen
T= pArm
A= h*l*N
42441.3 = pArm, no .of. Splines N= 4
Selection of Bearing
Series 6305, Deep Groove Ball Bearing is used as it meets the requirements for the loading capacity and service life.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
We have made an attempt to Design and Fabricate a Six Speed Gearbox for Low Power applications. In this process
we have designed Spur Gears, Shafts, Splines, and Bearings. The Gears, Shafts were fabricated while the Bearings
were purchased.
CONCLUSION
Thus we conclude that the Gearbox designed by us is satisfactory and meets the requirements specified at the outset
of the project. We would also like to state that this project can be further improved by further study research and
Design.
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REFERENCES
1. PRABHU T J Design of Transmission Elements 2008.
2. Shigley Mechanical Engineering Design Tata McGraw Hill, 2004.
3. Maitra Handbook of Gear Design Tata McGraw Hill, 1995.
4. Hajra Chowdary S K The Fundamentals of Workshop technology Vol I & II Media
Publishers, 1997.
5. Design Data, PSG College of Technology, 2007.
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International Journal of Computer & Organization Trends Volume 2 Issue 4 Number 1 Jul 2012

DESIGN OF AN A SIX SPEED GEARBOX

GENERAL CONCEPT OF A GEARBOX

Changing the Direction through which the power is transmitted.

Changing the amount of force or torque that is transmitted.

Changing the Revolutionary speed of the input relative to the output.

LIST OF COMPONENTS USED IN A GEARBOX:

TERMS ASSOCIATED WITH A GEARBOX

1.4.1 GEAR RATIO

OVERVIEW AND PRINCIPLES OF COMPONENTS USED

PROPERTIES OF SHAFT MATERIALS

DESIGN AND ASSOCIATED CALCULATIONS

INITIAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR THE GEARBOX

CALCULATION OF PROGRESSION RATIO

nmax / nmin = 1400/460 = 6-1

Structural Formula = 3(1) 2(3)

CALCULATION OF NUMBER OF TEETH

Material Selection : 40 Ni2 Cr1 Mo2

Equate Ft and FDB

Calculation of Centre Distance

Calculation of Length of Shaft

= 186.265 * 103 Nmm

Splined shaft connection

42441.3 = pArm, no .of. Splines N= 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

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