Components of the

System Unit
How devices work to process data

Components
Overview and Input
Memory
Expansions and Ports
Other Components and Aftercare

SYSTEM Unit
By: SEF TOTING

MOTHERBOARD

What is a Motherboard?
One of the most essential parts of the computer
system that holds together many of the crucial
components of a computer, including the
Central Processing Unit (CPU), memory and the
connectors for input and output devices.
Contains the central processing unit, the
memory, and all the connectors to the rest of
the hardware of the computer system.

PROCESSOR

A small chip that resides incomputersand other

electronic devices. Its basic job is to receive
inputand provide the appropriateoutput.
The central processor of a computer is also
known as theCPU, or "central processing unit,
which handles all the basic system instructions,
such as processingmouseandkeyboardinput
and running applications.

CONTROL UNIT

Handles all processor control signals. It directs all input and

output flow, fetches code for instructions from
microprograms and directs other units and models by
providing control and timing signals. Its considered the
processor brain because it issues orders to just about
everything and ensures correct instruction execution.

Hardwired control: Design is based on a fixed architecture. This

is wired with circuits
Microprogram control: Microprograms are stored in a special
control memory and are based on flowcharts. They are
replaceable and ideal because of their simplicity.

ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT

A digital circuit used to perform arithmetic and

logic operations and represents the fundamental
building block of thecentral processing unit
(CPU).
Performs basic arithmetic (such as addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division) and logic
operations (such as NOT, AND, and OR).

ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT

All information in a
computer is stored and
manipulated in the form
ofbinary numbers, i.e. 0
and 1.Transistor switches
are used to manipulate
binary numbers since
there are only two possible
states of a switch: open (A)
or closed (B).

SYSTEM CLOCK

Modern PCs have

multiple system
clocks. These vibrate
at a specific
frequency, normally
measured in MHz
(megahertz). The
smallest is a tick,
called a cycle, which
drive PC circuits.

Before: A single clock

(running at a very low speed
like 8 MHz) drove the
processor, memory and I/O
bus.
Now: 4-5 different clocks,
running at different (but
related) speeds. When
referred generically, it
normally refers to the speed
of the memory bus running
on the motherboard (and not
usually that of the processor).

Progression

SYSTEM CLOCK

The various clocks in the modern PC are

created using a single clock generator
circuit (on the motherboard) to generate the
"main" system clock, and then various clock
multiplier or divider circuits to create the
other signals.

COMPOSITION OF
PROCESSOR

Processor clock- A timing device connected to the

processor that synchronizes when the fetch, decode
execute cycle runs.
Clock speed- The number of cycles that are performed by
the CPU per second
Registers- a small amount of fast storage which is part of
the processor
A common register is theAccumulator(acc) which is a
data register, where the user is able to directly address (talk
to) it and use it to store any results they wish. Processors
may also have other registers with particular purposes:
General purpose register - allow users to use them as they wish
Address registers - used for storing addresses
Conditional registers - hold truth values for loop and selection

COMPOSITION OF
PROCESSOR

There are also 4 registers in particular that you

need to know.
Program Counter(PC)- an incrementing counter that
keeps track of the memory address of which instruction
is to be executed next.
Memory Address Register(MAR)- holds the address
in memory of the next instruction to be executed
Memory Buffer Register (MBR)- a two-way register
that holds data fetched from memory (and ready for the
CPU to process) or data waiting to be stored in memory
Current Instruction register(CIR)- a temporary
holding ground for the instruction that has just been
fetched from memory

Vocabulary of terms

Clock speed- The number of cycles that are performed by

the CPU per second

Word size- The number of bits of information that a

processor can process at one time

Bus Size- The number of bits of information a bus can

carry at one time (the number of wires making up a bus)

Vocabulary of terms
Processor - connected to other devices using buses
Data bus - bi-directional connection between devices
Main memory - internal to the computer and linked through the
buses
Keyboard - external to the computer, an input device
Secondary storage - external device, an input and output device
Address bus - uni-directional connection between devices
Clock - regulates the processor
Monitor - external output device
VDU controller - connects system to external monitor
Disk controller - connects system to external secondary storage
Keyboard controller - connects system to external keyboard device
Control Bus - A bi-directional bus used to control signals between
the components

What is Memory?
Electronic Components that store memory
about to be processed and executed
Contains three types

Operating System (Control)

Applications (Specific function)
Data (processed by apps, resulting to info)

Collectively called Stored Program

Concept (Memory+data)

Topics about Memory

Bytes and
Addressables
Size
Type
Random Access
Memory (RAM) and its
configuration
Cache
Read-Only Memory
(ROM)
Flash Memory

CMOS
Memory Access Times

Bytes and Addressables

Byte
Basic Memory Unit that
stores transferred info
and data

Addressable Memory
Location of where a byte
is stored

Memory Size
Determines amount of data
held/stored in a device

Types of Memory

Eliminated when
power switch is off
Examples
Random Access Memory
(RAM)

Volatile

Memory Kept in spite

of going without
power
Examples
Read-Only Memory
CMOS

Nonvolatile

Random Access Memory

(RAM)
Memory processed to hard disk.
AKA, Main Memory
Mostly volatile Memory
Can run multiple programs
Must be copied by saving your current file.

Types of RAM

Dynamic
Constant reenergization

Static
Lesser energy than
dynamic

Magnetoresistive
Stores more memory
Accesses memory
faster
Uses magnets rather
than electricity

RAM Configuration
Varies with software used
RAM Used

Basics:
1GB
Business: 2-8 GB
Graphics: 8+ GB

Common Range: 1-128 GB

Cache
Stores frequently-used instructions & data
L1: Built directly on memory chip, speedier,
and contains little memory (8-128KB)
L2: Built directly on processor chip, slow,
and big (128KB-64MB)
Speeds up process time because it stores
frequently-used instructions & data

Read-Only Memory (ROM)

Stores permanent
data and
instructions
Nonmodifiable
Records data,
instruction, and info
upon manufacturing
Called firmware
when permanently
written

Flash Memory
Modifiable,
nonvolatile Data
Stores data and
info on computers
Can be stored on
memory cards

Complementary Metal-Oxide
Semiconductor
High Speed, Low
Energy
Stores info in spite
of lack of power

Access Times
Time to read data, info, and instructions
Data process directly affected by access
times
Relied upon performance

BUSES
By: Chrystel Segovia

What are Buses

Bus- bits that transfer internally within the circuitry of the computer
along electrical channels.
Uses:
1. Used
2. Used
3. Used
4. Used

to
to
to
to

transfer
transfer
transfer
transfer

bits
bits
bits
bits

from
from
from
from

input devices to memory.

memory to the processor.
processor to memory
memory to output or storage devices.

Two types of Buses:

5. Data Bus- used to transfer actual data.
6. Address Bus- used to transfer information about where the data
should reside in memory.

What are Buses?

Bus Width- size of the bus
- determines the number of bits that a computer can transmit
at one time.
FACT: The larger the number of bits handed by the bus the
faster the computer transfers data.
Clock speed- for bus (herts)
FACT: The higher the bus clock speed, the faster the transmission of
data which result in programs running faster.
Basic Type of Buses:
1. System Bus- a part of the motherboard and connects the processor
to the main memory.
2. Backside Bus- connects the processor to the cache.
3. Expansion Bus- allows the processor to communicate with
peripherals.

BAYS
Is an opening inside the system unit in which you can install
additional equipment.
Drive Bay- is a rectangular opening that typically holds the
disk drives.
-other bay house cards readers and widely used ports such as
USB, FIREWIRE, and AUDIO PORTS.
1. External Bay- allows the user to access openings on the
bay from outside the system unit.
Ex: Optical disc drives
2. Internal Bay- is concealed entirely within the system unit.
Example: Hard disk drives

POWER SUPPLY
Power Supply
The component of the system unit that converts the wall outlet AC
power into DC power.
Fan
Keeps the power supply cool.
AC adapter
External power supply.
Converts the AC power into DC power that the peripheral requires.

Thank You
We hope this helps you with operating and
knowing the computers components