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Prepositions
in Hebrew
-1-
The only way the learner can master the preposition (Prepositional
phrases) usage is through practice and paying close attention to their
usage. There are hardly any rules as to when to use which preposition.
Like idioms, they are best learned by heart, which verb goes with
which preposition, and when the different preposition changes the
meaning of the verb (still, remember that the prepositional phrase is
with a pronoun or a noun!).
Think about look for, look at, look up, etc.
-2-
Here is an example how a sentence can mean different things because the
same preposition with a verb can mean different things:
txhfv kg okj tuv
The preposition kg in Hebrew can mean "on or about. Therefore,
the sentence can mean
He dreamed (was dreaming) on the chair,
or
He dreamed (was dreaming) about the chair.
Note that the first sentence is adverbial!
Have you ever heard the question: What phrase do I need to use, fill in
or fill out? You fill in a form by filling it out! This tells us that use of
prepositions does not always follow a logical process! It has to be
memorized, as you will see from the examples below.
Therefore, anytime you write a note about a verb - write the governing
preposition (the preposition that goes with that verb), because their usage
is often different than in English, and different preposition gives the verb
another meaning. For example:
///c ihntn - believe in, as in believe in God.
///k ihntn - believe [someone], as in I believe him.
Think about the English phrases go in, go for, go over, go on, etc.,
which do not have anything to do with going.
-3-
Examples:
agree to, agree with, agree on; argue about, argue with, argue for or
against.
What is a Preposition?
Perhaps you could, by using your hands and feet to show how something is
situated in relationship to something else.
-4-
The pronoun or the noun which follows the preposition is the object of
the preposition. Examples:
Preposition
Prepositional Phrase
to
the game
to the game
by
bus
by bus
in
the morning
in the morning
under
the bed
-5-
For each purpose, one can use one preposition or more. For example,
in English, for time we use at, on, and in. To indicate specific
time we use at: I will see you at 6:30 p.m.
To indicate days and dates we use on: I will see you on
Monday/on January 7.
To indicate nonspecific times during a day, a month, a season, or a
year We use in: I will see you in the morning/in the winter/in
2012/in January.
Again, you can see that this is arbitrary in English. Other languages
will use different prepositions for the same expressions. Hebrew will
use the same expression for all of them!
-6-
The same principle is used for other relations of the prepositions to the
object, for example to indicate place:
To indicate a specific place we use at: I live at Oren Street.
To indicate names of streets, avenues, etc. we use on: My house is on
Oren Street.
To indicate names of land-areas (towns, counties, states, countries,
continents) we use in: "I live in Minneapolis/ in Hennepin County/ in
Minnesota.
As the prepositions indicating time (above), here, too, the same
preposition in Hebrew will be used in all preceding sentences.
This does not mean that you cannot use other preposition to indicate
the same thing.
At one time, you were taught that a sentence should never end with a
preposition. This is not the case anymore. Everyone knows that
sometimes when trying to avoid ending a sentence with a preposition, it
creates unnecessary and awkward phrasing. Try to change the order in
the preceding sentences. Winston Churchill once reportedly exclaimed,
"That is the sort of thing up with which I will not put!" to mock
someone who criticized him for ending a sentence with a preposition.
-8-
Please remember that some prepositions have one letter only, and
this letter will always be written (and pronounced) with the next
word! See the lesson on One Letter Words.
-9-
Vocabulary of Prepositions
(Hebrew-English, Short Version):
The following words are the most commonly used prepositions in
Hebrew:
Remember that each preposition can have different meanings in
context!
without
hkC
after
///rj t
without
hs
gkC
after
///-hrj t
instead of, in
place of
oIen C
regarding, as for,
concerning, with
regard to, with
respect to
///k gdIbC
(///'uhkt)
in; at (time or
place)
in addition to
///k ;xIb
C
(///'uhkt)
regarding, as for,
concerning, with
regard to,, with
respect to
sgC
following
,Ice g C
among
cre C
for, to
khc J C
because of (with
noun), due to
regarding, as for,
concerning, with
regard to, with
respect to
between; among
(e.g. among
them)
lI,C
lrs
- 10 -
kmt
C
///k rJ
tC
(///'uhkt)
kkd C
///k xj
hC
ihC
around
beyond, across
above; over;
beyond
below, beneath,
under,
underneath
against
around
///k chc x n
///k rcg n
'k ,j , n
,j ,
sdb
//k chc x
sg
kg
sh-kg
by
hs
h-kg
'///k cIre
kt cIre
far from
///n eIjr
below, beneath,
under,
underneath
shk
by, according to
hp
k
before, in front
of, ago, ahead of,
prior to
hbp k
from
behind, from
behind
ka
,j ,
,tre
k
lI,k
n
hrIjtn
///k .Ujn
aside, except
(for), apart from,
aside from,,
excluding
sckn
across
kUnn
from
- 11 -
///n .Uj
InF
into
(///h,ht)
og
///k ,IsIv
like
toward(s)
of
except (for),
aside from, apart
from, excluding
kgn
until, till, up to
with
thanks to
in
kg
above
kgn
according to
hp
k `hs
h-kg
across
rcg n 'kUnn
///k
after
against
ahead of
hbp k
apart from
around
as for
at (place)
sdb
hbp k
among (e.g.
among them)
aside from
'///rj t
///-hrj t
ago
among
as per
at (time or place)
///k gdIbC
'(///'uhkt)
'///k xj
hC
///k rJ
tC
(///'uhkt)
'///n .Uj
.Ujn 'sckn
///k
kmt
C
because of (with
noun)
kkd C
cre C
before
hbp k
`kmt `ihC
lI,C
behind
hrIjtn
below
'k ,j , n
,j ,
beneath
'k ,j , n
,j ,
'///n .Uj
.Ujn 'sckn
///k
'///k chc x
///k chc x n
beside
///k gdIbC
'(///'uhkt)
'///k xj
hC
///k rJ
tC
(///'uhkt)
between
- 12 -
'shk 'sh-kg
'///k cIre
`kt cIre
///n .Uj
ihC
beyond
by
close to
concerning,
due to
except
rcg n 'kgn
///k
in (space)
in (time, e.g. in
3 days)
`hp
k `hs
h-kg
'///k cIre
'kt cIre
shk 'sh-kg
in addition to
'shk 'sh-kg
'///k cIre
kt cIre
.Ujn 'sckn
///k
///k ;xIb
C
(///'uhkt)
hbp k
in place of
oIen C
instead of
kkd C
lI,C
in front of
inside
///k gdIbC
'(///'uhkt)
'///k xj
hC
///k rJ
tC
(///'uhkt)
lI,C
oIen C
into
lI,k
like
InF
near
'shk 'sh-kg
'///k cIre
kt cIre
next to
'shk 'sh-kg
'///k cIre
kt cIre
except (for)
'///n .Uj
sckn
excluding
'///n .Uj
sckn
of
ka
far from
///n eIjr
on
kg
following
,Ice g C
on top of
kg
sgC 'khc J C
outside of
in '///n
hrIjtn
- 13 -
///k .Ujn
over
kgn
prior to
hbp k
regarding
thanks to
through
till
toward(s)
///k gdIbC
'(///'uhkt)
'///k xj
hC
///k rJ
tC
(///'uhkt)
via
with
///k gdIbC
'(///'uhkt)
'///k xj
hC
///k rJ
tC
(///'uhkt)
with respect to
///k gdIbC
'(///'uhkt)
'///k xj
hC
///k rJ
tC
(///'uhkt)
lrs
,tre
k
under
'k ,j , n
,j ,
underneath
'k ,j , n
,j ,
until
sg
up to
sg
within
without
- 14 -
(///h,ht)
og
with regard to
///k ,IsIv
sg
lrs
lI,C
hs
gkC 'hkC
He sat there for seven hours - ,uga gca oa cah tuv or gca lanc oa cah tuv
,uga.
Usually, you use the word rcF to indicate this meaning:
She's lived there for seven years - ohba gca (rcF)
oa vrd thv.
I haven't been to Israel for so many years - ohba vcrv rcf ktrahc h,hhv tk.
I havent seen him for five year - ohba anj rcf u,ut h,htr tk.
- 15 -
ohhrvumc
in a day
(lu,) lu,C
sIgC 'ouh
ouh
Ill be here
within an hour
itf vhvt
(lu,) lu,c
vga
on tuesday
hahka ouhC
since four
oclock
vgav ztn
'gcrt
gcrtn
gUcac
rcga
last year
vbac
vrcga
'ohba auka
auka la n C
ohba
- 16 -
gcrt hbp k
ohba
(vrG
g) rG
g
aJ
k
rG
gu aa
aa) ,ues
(vrGgu
gcru anj
quarter to six
(five forty five)
aak
gcr
(from) Monday
to (till) Friday
sg hba ouhn
haha ouh
Ill be back by 6
oclock
hbpk ruzjt
aa (vga)
Minneapolis lies
on the
Mississippi
xhkuptbhn
kg ,cauh
hphxhxhnv
on the second
floor
vnuec
vhhbav
by bus, on the
bus
xUCIyItc
on TV
vhzhu
uky
C
on the radio
on the phone
I visited him
I visited
Jerusalem
Ihs
rC
iIpky
C
She learned
Hebrew at (the
age of) five
vsnk thv
khdC ,hrcg
aa
khgn aICkk
(kgn) kg
vmkUjv
I havent been to
Tibet
h,hhv tk
yChyc
h,rehc
ohkaurhc
I visited the
place
h,rehc
ouenC
I visited the
museum
h,rehc
iutzunc
Ive been on a
Hawaii vacation
h,hhv
vapUjc
htuuvc
I havent been on
a vacation for
seven years
h,hhv tk
vapUjc
gca rcf
ohba
I looked at him
h,kF,xv
uhkg
I am going for a
walk
lkuv hbt
khhyk
He taught me
snhk
tuv
h,ut
I talked to him
I talked to the
teacher
I helped him
- 17 -
h,rehc
'u,ut
h,rehc
ukmt
h,rChs
u,ht
og h,rChs
vrunv
uk h,rzg
I told him
I told Rachel
uk h,rnt
h,rnt
kj
rk
Im hot
hk oj
Im cold
hk re
///v hk ctuF
I have headache
hk ctuf
atrv
it is hard/
difficult for me
hk vae
it is easy for me
hk ke
the book is
bigger/ smaller
than the
notebook
r,uh rpxv
iyeqkusd
,rcjnvn
Another fact that you MUST remember is that different verbs have
different prepositions, or no prepositions at all. The following sentence
must sound funny to us:
ikht ,t vFn hxuh - Yossi hits Ilan (not a nice thing to do!)
is the same as
ikhtk .hCrn hxuh - Yossi hits Ilan (here it is connected through a
preposition k, which makes it an indirect object).
- 18 -
Direct Object
Indirect object
me
He asked me
He gave me a book
you (Sing.)
I saw you
I told you
him
her
us
They love us
you (pl.)
them
Again: Do not translate these words literally from English into Hebrew.
Think about what they indicate!
Be especially careful with idiomatic expression (where specific prepositions
govern [Hebrew: ,ufrmUn]
- 19 -
ddv kg urChs
ov - "kg rchs is talk about in prepositional government,
but talked on when kg is adverbial preposition, namely they sat ON
the roof and talked!
Thus, vyhnv kg h,nkj would be either I dreamed (while) on the bed
(adverbial), or I dreamed about the bed.
It is the same in every language.
Here is a list of verbs with prepositions, that you should study:
hurt, insult
(somebody,
something)
c gduP
c vpum
choose (somebody,
something)
c rjuc
c vfuz
k rnut
c kj
believe in
c ihntn
take care of
c kP y n
k ,Pfht
k orud
recognize (a fact)
k dtus
interested in
c ihhbUgn
c ejGn
I am hot, etc.
k oj
It is important to
(me, etc.)
k cUaj
k ihntn
k jhycn
deserve
k ghdn
wait for
k vFj n
k ihfn
k rhcxn
- 20 -
c rhFn
c an,
a n
c cvt,n
c gdub
c dvub
c gxub
n sjup
k rP x n
kg kusd
k ghrpn
dream about
kg okuj
k vtrn
think about
kg cauj
I am bored, etc.
k ong
a n
be angry at/with
kg xguF
k oht,n
defend, protect
kg idn
miss (somebody,
something)
k gdgd,n
(kt)
c exg,n
be afraid of
talk about
kg rCsn
give up
kg r,u
un
deal with
recommend
(someone,
something)
kg .hknn
give (to)
k i,ub
help, support
k rzug
k vbug
tell about
kg rPxn
look at
I am cold, etc.
kg kF,xn
supervise
kg jep
n
overcome,
overpower, defeat
kg rCd,n
k re
happened to
k vre
it is hard/difficult for
(me, etc.)
k vae
kg lnx
ask (someone)
too short/small
for/on (you, etc.)
kg iye
n aehc
n tmuh
hear about
kg gnua
be afraid of
watch over
kg rnua
beware of
n rvzb
get rid of
n rypb
- 21 -
n sjpn
Each pronoun has its own ending. However, with some prepositions,
specific pronouns might have a slightly different pronominal suffix. For
example, the typical suffix for 2s.f. (you singular feminine) is l , but
with a few prepositions it is rather l . For example, lk (to you etc.) vs.
lkhc a C (for you).
- 22 -
Other prepositions have irregular suffixes for some pronouns, like hbInF,
hbn n.
Some preposition are different from the independent ones, for example
the marker ,t for the direct object is conjugated by -,It, (h,It,
not
h,t); the independent pronoun for with is og,
but the conjugation IN
MODERN HEBREW is l,ht 'h,ht, etc.
Form 1 (Singural
Form Ending)
Pronoun
hbt
Wh
v,t
Qh
*Q '*Q
,t
uh
tuv
vh
thv
Ubh
*Ub '*Ub
ubjbt
ofh
of
o,t
ifh
if
i,t
ovh
*ov
'*o
ov
ivh
*iv
'*i
iv
- 24 -
Based on the chart, match the prepositions with the pronouns. Match
the correct forms by writing the number from of the form from the left
side in the blank column:
ov
C /1
hbt
IC /2
ov
vC /3
,t
hC /4
thv
WC /5
ubjbt
lC /6
tUv
ofC /7
o,t
UbC /8
v,t
iv
C /9
i,t
ifC /10
iv
- 25 -
hk
hbt
Wk
v,t
Qk
,t
Ik
tuv
Vk
thv
Ubk
ubjbt
ofk
o,t
ifk
i,t
ov
k
ov
iv
k
iv
- 26 -
- 27 -
?ov
k ah vn
?vrcj vrak ah 'iurvt :vbaua
/vph ,hC vk ahu 'vrcj vk ah 'iF :iurvt
?vrcj Wk ahu !IvIt :vbaua
/ohrcj vCrv iv
k ahu ',urcj vCrv hk ah 'tk :iurvt
?ohrcj iv
k ahu ,urcj Wk ah :vbaua
/,ushsh iv ',urcj eUhs C tk iv :iurvt
?ohshsh It ohrcj iv
k ah :vbaua
/,urcj vCrv ov
k ahu 'ohrcj vCrv hk ah /ohshsh odu ohrcj od iv
k ah :iurvt
?,ushsh vcrv ut ,urcj vCrv ofk ah zt :vbaua
/ohrcj vcrv Ubk aha Qk h,rnt :iurvt
/ohrcj vCrv ofk aha hk vrnt
vrha 'if :vbaua
?rcj vk ahu ?vrnt
vrha :iurvt
/hk vrnt tk thv ',gsuh
tk hbt :vbaua
?///,Ikt a sIg ifk ahu :iurvt
- 28 -
Answer the following questions with full sentences. Make sure you
include the conjugated forms of k:
?iurvt ka vrcjk ah vn /1
?iurvtk ah vn /2
?iurvt ka ,urcjk ah vn /3
?iurvt ka ohrcjk ah vn /4
?vbauak vrnt vrha vn /5
?vrGk ah vn /6
Choose the right preposition:
/1
/vph ,hhc [vk - uk - hk] ah /,hhC ah ;xuhk
- 31 -
hC
hbt
WC
v,t
QC
,t
IC
tuv
VC
thv
UbC
ubjbt
ofC
o,t
ifC
i,t
ov
C
ov
iv
C
iv
- 32 -
- 33 -
c
?iuthzunC ah vn
!vzv iIthzunC ,ubUn, vcrv ah 'i,bIh :vrG
/,ubun, vcrv IC ah 'iF :i,buh
?vaht vC vtur v,t ?,tzv vkusdv vbUn,C vtur v,t vn :vrG
!vph ;Ib iv
C ah 'oa ,ubun,vu 'iF :i,buh
!sutn ezj adr ov
C ah 'itf eubh,vu vahtvu :vrG
/adr vcrv od ov
C ahu :i,buh
/WC aha adr v ,t vtur v,t 'i,buh :vrG
?adr iht lC /,ubun,k
adr hC aha iufb :i,buh
/adr UbC ah zt 'ost-hbC ubjbt :vrG
?adr iv
C ah ',tzv vbUn,c
ohruphmvu :i,buh
/,uahdrn ohruphm ot ,gsuh tk hbt :vrG
Answer the following questions with full sentences. Make sure you
include the conjugated forms of C:
?iuthzunc ah vn /1
?,ubun,c ah vn /2
?vkusdv vbun,c ah vn /3
?eubh,cu vahtc ah vn /4
?vrGc ah vn /5
Choose the right preposition:
/,ubun, [vc - hc - uc] ah ?iuthzunc ah vn /1
/ohshnk, [vc - lc - uc] ah ?v,hfc ah vn /2
/,ubjkua [uc - vc - hc] ah ?rsjc
ah vn /3
- 34 -
?ohgxub vcrv [uc - hc - vc] uhv 'if ?xUCuyutc ohabt uhv /24
/[ofc - ubc - ovc] ohan,an ubjbt 'if ?ohbukhnc ohan,an o,t /25
/[ivc - ovc - uc] kpyn tuv ?ohskhc kP y n hn /26
/[uc - ovc - hc] an,an tk hbt 'tk ?ca j nc
an,an v,t /27
/ohrpx [ubc - ofc - ovc] ohnG ubjbt ?oheh,c ohnG o,t vn /28
/ohrsj vcrv [vc - hc - uc] ah ?iuknc ah vn /29
?vcrv [ovc - uc - vc] snuk v,t ?vhhrpxc
snuk v,t /30
- 36 -
hkJ
hbt
WkJ
v,t
QkJ
,t
IkJ
tuv
vkJ
thv
Ubk J
ubjbt
ofkJ
o,t
ifkJ
i,t
ov
kJ
ov
iv
kJ
iv
- 37 -
Fill the missing prepositions in the gaps. Make sure the sentences
make sense. Some sentences are connected in context:
/___ rpxv vz 'iF ?___ rpxv vz ',hnkua /1
/___ rcjv tk tuv 'tk ?__ rcjv tuv hbs 'vruphm /2
/___ v,hfv ,t ohcvut ubjbt /3
/___ ,hcv tk vz 'tk ?___ ,hcv vz 'vbj 'hngb /4
/__ .hnv ,t v,ua v,t vnk /vbaua __ .hnv vz /5
/___ vrunv vz 'iF ?___ vrunv vz 'vrha 'i,b /6
?___ rpxv vpht 'vbaua /7
- 39 -
- 40 -
h,It
hbt
W,It
v,t
Q,It
,t
I,It
tuv
v,It
thv
Ub,It
ubjbt
(of,It*)
of, t
o,t
(if,It*)
if, t
i,t
o,It
ov
i,It
iv
- 41 -
?ohe
gIm ov vn
k
/I,It vtIr tk hngb /iIkj
C hngb ,t vtIru
cIjr
C lkIv iurvt /vkhk uha fg
!v,It gunJ
k kIfh iurvt /vrha :vruphm
/i,It od gnua
iurvtu 'uhJ f
g ,ura iv od /rn , kmt vbju kjr
?h,It ,gnua
,t 'hngb :egIm iurvt
!W,It
gnua
cIjrv
kF ?egIm v,t vn :,rnut hngb
/uhJ f
g (if,It
) if, t gnua rcF cujr v kF kct 'iIfb :rnut iurvt
/(of,It
) of, t gnIa rcF hbt 'iIfb :egIm Uvahn
Fill the missing prepositions in the gaps. Make sure the sentences
make sense. Some sentences are connected in context:
/________________________ h,rdx 'if ?iukjv ________________________ ,rdx /1
/________________________ ubj,p tk sug kct 'ohc,fnv ,t ________________ ubkche /2
/________________________ ohgnua tk ubjbt 'iurvt 'tk ?________________ ohgnua o,t /3
/________________________ ubtre tk 'tk ?vgsInv ________________ o,tre /4
/ohkaurhc ________________________ ubhbe ?vb,nv ________________________ o,hbe vput /5
?vbIg tk v,t vnk /vkt a ________________________ h,kt J 'i,b /6
?________________________ vtur
Uvahn
?hngb vpht /7
- 42 -
/15
/________________________ ubsnk 'iF ?,uasjv ohkhnv ________________________ o,snk /16
/________________________ ubgna tk 'tk ?ohasjv ohrhav ________________________ o,gna /17
/,fkuv thv itk ______________________ ukta ovu 'vbj _____________________ utr hngbu i,b /18
/_________________________ ubtre tk sug 'tk ?ohc,fnv ________________________ o,t
re
rcF /19
/vbjk ________________________ i,ub hbt ?skueuav ________________________ i,ub
v,t hnk /20
/vga hmj ________________________ ohkacn ov /ohdsv ________________________ ohkacn ov /21
/________________________ ubj,p 'iF ?iIkjv
________________________ o,j,p
/22
/________________________ h,rdx tk 'tk ?,ksv
________________________ ,rdx /23
?rfux hkc ut rfux og ________________ cvut v,t ?lka ____________________ cvut v,t lht /24
/ohcgr ov ot od __________________ h,kta /ohtc ov ot i,bu hbs _______________ h,kta /25
/________________________ h,bnzv
'if ?vchxnk vbauau hngb ________________________ ,bnzv /26
?,utc i,t /vchxnk ________________________ vbhnzn hbt 'vbaua ',hrc /27
- 43 -
/vpe-,h
/rpxv ,hcc vhv lht ________________________ ktau hbsk tre tct /41
/kun,t ________________________ h,jkau c,fn ________________________ h,c,f /ktrahc hbs /42
/________________________ v,pt vra ?vdugv ,t ________________________ vpt hn /43
?ktrahc ohrhfn o,t hn ________________________ /44
- 44 -
h,h
t - og
The preposition og
(with) has a strange behavior in Modern
Hebrew. We use og
when it is NOT CONJUGATED, but the
conjugation is with -,ht!
In classiceal Hebrew you will find Wn g 'hn g,
etc.
Also, in formal Hebrew, the conjugation for 2pl.m (o,t) and f. (i,t)
starts with -, t,
while in spoken Hebrew it is -,It, like all other
pronouns (which makes it logical!). Thus: of,It
- of, t are variants,
and if,It
- if, t are variants.
Note the difference from the prepositions we had so far (in light blue):
h,h
t
hbt
W,h
t
v,t
Q,h
t
,t
I,ht
tuv
v,h
t
thv
Ub,h
t
ubjbt
- 45 -
of, ht
o,t
if, ht
i,t
o,h
t
ov
i,h
t
iv
///hn og vChx nk
,fkk vmIr hn
/v,ht
tuck vmur kjr kct 'hbs og vChx nk
,fkk vmur ,hnkua
!vChx nk
o,ht
,fkk vmur kjr
!l,ht
er ,fkk vmur hbt :,hnkuak rnut hbs
/iurvt og ,fkuv vbhru 'h,ht
tc v,t 'rsx C :hbsk ,rnut ,hnkua
/ub,ht
,fkk vmur thv /u,ht ,fkk vmur tk kjr :,hnkuak rnut hbs
?vChx n
k of,ht
,fkk vkIfh hbt :vtc kjr
/if,ht
tc tk hbt /,fkk ,ukIfh i, t :rnut hbs
:rx jv
,t UnhkJ v
/[h,ht - v,ht - l,ht] rCsk vmur hbt 'vkthbs /1
?[ub,ht - i,ht - if,ht] ,fkk ,umur i,t /yrxk
ohfkuv ubjbt /2
?[i,ht - u,ht - l,ht] rcsk vmur ,t /itF hbs /3
- 46 -
/[h,ht - o,ht - i,ht] ,fkk vmur hbt ?vrhau kjr og ,fkk vmur hn /4
/[v,ht - ub,ht - h,ht] ,fkuv hbtu 'khhyk
,fkuv vruphm /5
?[ub,ht - of,ht - o,ht] ,fkk kufh hbt ?vChx nk
ohfkuv o,t /6
?[og - u,ht - h,ht] sunkk vmur hn /vbhjC
k snuk
hbt /7
/iupkyc
[l,ht - o,ht - u,ht] rCsk vmur uvahn 'i,b /8
/9
/vhdIkIhC ,snuk [u,ht - v,ht - h,ht] vrd ,ta
,hybsUy
xv
- 47 -
sckn 'sck
hs
ck
hbt
Ws
ck
v,t
lsc k
,t
Isck
tuv
vs
ck
thv
Ubsc k
ubjbt
ofs
ck
o,t
ifs
ck
i,t
osc k
ov
isc k
iv
- 48 -
which means by myself in the sense that no one helped in the action.
For example:
/unmgc c,fnv ,t c,ufu usck srGnc cauh tuv
He is sitting in the office by himself (=alone, no one is with him), writing
the letter by himself (=no one else is writing it, or writing it with him).
/unmgc kuftk kufh tuv kct 'usck iuahk vmur tk eubh,v
The baby does not want to sleep by himself (=no one with him), but he can
eat by himself (=without help).
besides, excluding,
apart from
n sck
alone
besides, excluding,
apart from
- 49 -
sck
sckn
Note that in many cases the independent form sck can replace the
conjugated forms:
vs
ck vcah thv is the same as sck vcah thv.
- 50 -
[///hn m
g kg - hn m
gn - hn m
gk] hn m
gC - nm
gC
hn m
gC
hbt
Wn m
gC
v,t
ln m
gC
,t
Inm
gC
tuv
vn m
gC
thv
Ubn m
gC
ubjbt
ofn m
gC
o,t
ifn m
gC
i,t
on m
gC
ov
in m
gC
iv
- 51 -
The word hn m
g is connected to omg = bone, and thus shifted to
substance, essence, and self. In this sense it is post-biblical.
hn m
g is self - conjugated as above with or without different prepositions.
The meaning is in context. Examples:
hn m
gk - to/for myself - hnmgk cauj hbt - I am thinking to myself; vbue thv
vnmgk vz ,t - She is bying it for herself.
hn m
gC - by/in myself - hnmgc vz ,t vaug hbt - I am doing it by myself; tuv
unmgc ihntn - He believes in himself.
hn m
gn - from myself - hnmgn vcrv arus hbt - I demad a lot from myself.
hn m
g kg - about/on myself - unmg kg er rcsn tuv - He talks only about
himself.
Note the following expressions:
hnmg og rcsnu hsck gxub hbt - I am driving alone, talking to myself.
unmgc ahhc,n tuv - He is ashame of himself.
vz ,t h,hag vnk gsuh tk hnmgc hbt - I myself dont know why I did this.
hnmgk h,caju ,ukhkc h,cah - I sat at night, and thught to myself.
And as a governing preposition with verbs:
unmgc ihntn tuv - He believes in himself.
hnmgc h,bbuc,v - I looked at myself.
lnmgk rt, - Imagine [to yourself].
unmg ,t vGug tuv - He is pretending.
- 52 -
It is also connected to ht n m
g (independent) and ,Utn m
g (independence),
and to omg C - actually, in fact.
- 54 -
khc a C - For
(in the sense of to)
hkhc a C
hbt
Wkhc a C
v,t
Qkhc a C
,t
Ikhc a C
tuv
vkhc a C
thv
Ubkhc a C
ubjbt
ofkhc a C
o,t
ifkhc a C
i,t
okhc a C
ov
ikhc a C
iv
- 55 -
Often, one can replace khc a C with k, but they are not always the same.
You can say hka rcjv khcac vb,n h,hbe and hka rcjk vb,n h,hbe, both mean
I bought a present to/for my friend.
Note that most verbs are governed by the preposition k and cannot be
substituted by khcac. For example:
iycv hk ,ctufa uk h,rnt - I told him (uk) that my stomach hurts that I have
stomach ache). You cannot say ukhcac h,rnt.
In other words, ukhcac has to have for.
/c,fn (uka 'uk 'ukmt) h,jka ifk 'inz vcrv (ukhcac 'ubnn 'u,ut) h,htr tk /1
Do not mix the English for to indicate time with for in the sense of
to:
I havent seen him for a long time - inz vcrv rcf u,ut h,htr tk.
He came for a week - gucak tc tuv.
NEVER guca khcac oa h,hhv, as we often hear students saying!!!
Other common mistakes with khc a C are mixking them with the ending of
other common prepositions (logical mistakes), even common among
Israelis:
ov
khc a C vz ,t v,be thv instead of okhc a C,
as also lkhc a C,
instead of lkhc a C,
and Ubkhc a C,
instead of Ubkhc a C.
- 56 -
ov
khc a C
okhcac] h,nkha rcf hbt /vpev [khcac- hkhcac - lkhcac] okak lhrm tk v,t /2
/[lkhcac - vkhcac /[khcac - hkhcac - ukhcac] cuy tk vz /vpe v,ua tk hbt /3
/[okhcac - ukhcac - ikhcac] tuv 'if ?vbhsu ,ur khcac ?ernv hn khcac /4
- ukhcac] ,ub,n hk ah 'if ?ohskhv [hkhcac - okhcac - khcac] ,ub,n lk ah /5
/[ikhcac - okhcac
okhc J C q okhc J C q ov
khc a C q ov
khc J C tuv vzv ijkuav
ofkhc J C q ofkhc J C q ofkhc J C q ofkhc J C thv ,tzv vb,nv
/________________________ c,fn hk ah ?shus vpht /1
?________________________ uvan lk ah :vbj ,t ,ktua ,ur /2
/shus _____________________ vhbpnavu 'wdruwd ________________________ vpev :rnut ;xuh /3
/________________________ kfv vaugu'vka ,ubcv ,t ,cvut thv /4
/________________________ v,ut h,bfv ?vdugv ,t ,kfut tk ,t vnk /5
/________________________ vz'vra if ?hkhcac vz 'shus /6
/________________________ h,nkha rcf/okak ohfhrm tk o,t /7
/________________________ cuy tk vz /ethbue v,ua tk hbt /8
/________________________
kkd C - Because of
hkkd C
hbt
Wkkd C
v,t
Qkkd C
,t
Ikkd C
tuv
vkkd C
thv
Ubkkd C
ubjbt
ofkkd C
o,t
ifkkd C
i,t
okkd C
ov
ikkd C
iv
- 58 -
Examples:
rhuutv dzn kkdc h,tc tk - I didnt come, because of the weather.
h,tc tk rhuutv dzn kkdc - Because of the weather, I didnt come.
- 59 -
In Modern Hebrew:
.ujc ,uhvk ubkufh tk rhuutv dzn kkdc - because of the weather, we couldnt be
outside (negative)
.ujc ,uhvk ubkufh rhuutv dznk ,usuv - Thanks to the weather, we could be
outside (positive).
/vphrGv
[ubkkdc - kkdc - vkkdc] cuzgk ohfhrm ubjbt /1
![vkkdc - hkkdc - lkkdc] vre kfvu 'inzc ,tc tk 'shus /2
/ubtc tk oadv [ubkkdc - ukkdc - kkdc] /3
!sutn vae ubk vhv oujv [okkdc - ukkdc - kkdc] /4
/ouhv usnk tk ov [kkdc - okkdc - vkkdc]a v,hca v,hv /5
/vghmp [kkdc - vkkdc - ukkdc] ejha tk tuv /6
/cu,fk kufh tk tuv cajnc vke, [ukkdc - vkkdc - kkdc] /7
/inzc ubtc tk [ubkkdc - ikkdc - okkdc] /rjUtn utc iv /8
/ohbah tk ubjbt [kkdc - okkdc - ubkkdc] /cujrc ohegum ohabt /9
/,uhgc ubk ah [vkkdc - ubkkdc - okkdc] /cuy uscg tk ov /10
/kdrusf ejan tk tuv [ikkdc -kkdc - ukkdc]a ,uchxv vkt /11
/itf tk tuv [ukkdc - kkdc - vkkdc]a vchxv ,tz /12
- vkkdc - kkdc] ,unk vbfun tk thv kct '[kkdc - ukkdc - vkkdc] ,unk ifun tuv /13
/[ukkdc
/jhkmn tk tuv [ikkdc - ukkdc - kkdc]a ,uchx vcrv ah /14
- 60 -
:vbj /2
vfuc thv /[vkkdc - hkkdc - kkdc] vfuc tk thv /vecrk oukf h,hag tk :ktuna
- kkdc] vfuc thv zt 'yrxk v,ut ubhnzv tk iv /vka ,urcjv [vkkdc - kkdc - ikkdc]
/[vkkdc - ikkdc
?,tzv vmkujv ,t ,hbe vnk 'vbhbP :iurh /3
/vka gcmv [vkkdc - kkdc - ukkdc] odu 'vka rhjnv [ukkdc - vkkdc - kkdc] :vbhbp
/,hhcc ubrtab [ukkdc - kkdc - hkkdc] /sutn gr rhuut dzn vhv :,hrhg /4
?kuhyk o,fkv tk [ofkkdc - ukkdc - vkkdc]a vchxv ,tzu :vrha
h,rtab [hkkdc - kkdc - vkkdc] /ruev [kkdc - ukkdc - vkkdc] vkuj hka ,cv :sr
u /5
- ukkdc] /vzhdrn ,tzv vkjnv /vsucgk lkv tk rhnt [ubkkdc - vkkdc - ukkdc]u ',hhcc
tk thv [ukkdc - vkkdc - kkdc]a 'ouj vk ahu 'rcs oua ,kfut tk thv [ikkdc - vkkdc
- vkkdc - kkdc] odu 'inzv kf ohegum .ujc ohabtv 'vzn .Uju /cuy iuahk vkufh
/iuahk vkufh tk thv [okkdc
vkufh tk hbt [hkkdc - okkdc - vkkdc]a 'inzv kf vehzun ohgnua ohbfav :vecr /6
- ukkdc] /jUbk vkufh tk od hbt [hkkdc - okkdc - kkdc]u 'ohegum od ohbfav /sunkk
!,hhcv hrugha ,t h,bf v tk vz kf [okkdc - kkdc
?rughav kf ,ejmu ,rchsa vz [kkdc - vkkdc - lkkdc] tk vzu :vrunv
- 61 -
v kkd C
k ,IsIv
- 62 -
oIen C - instead of
hnIe
n C
hbt
WnIe
n C
v,t
Qn Ien C
,t
InIen C
tuv
vnIe
n C
thv
Ubn Ien C
ubjbt
ofnIe
n C
o,t
ifnIe
n C
i,t
on Ien C
ov
in Ien C
iv
- 63 -
ejGnk lkv tuv vz ouencu 'rpxv ,hck lkv tk tuv - He did not go to to school,
and instead (of this) he went to the game.
This use is to reflect the English and instead. The reason is that the
word ouenc
is felt as a construct case (unlike oIenc)
and it needs to be
followed by a noun or a pronoun.
ohcauj ubjbt /9
- vnuenc - onuenc] vsucgv ,t uGgh ohyICIra ohcauj o,t ?ohcauh o,t vn /10
?[ofnuenc
![ifnuenc - ofnuenc - inuenc] vz ,t vagh tk sjt ;t ',uskh /11
/[onuenc - unuenc - vnuenc] tc rjt uvahnu 'shep,v ,t ,czug sru /12
/vrhsk [vnuenc - unuenc - hnuenc] xbF hha uvahn ,apjnu 'v,hcv ,rzuj hbt /13
![ofnuenc - onuenc - inuenc] ,fkk ,IgCm tk
ub, /14
- 65 -
hs
h-kg
hbt
Ws
h-kg
v,t
Qsh-kg
,t
Ish-kg
tuv
vs
h-kg
thv
Ubsh-kg
ubjbt
ofs
h-kg
o,t
ifsh-kg
i,t
osh-kg
ov
ish-kg
iv
- 66 -
,Ur sh-kg cauh hbt -I am sitting next to Ruth - is the same as shk cauh hbt
,Ur.
Note that the at and beside are other English equivalent to sh-kg and
shk:
ijkuav sh-kg cauh hbt - I am sitting at the table.
/rpFv
(shk) sh-kg oruz rvbv /1
/2
/rtusv (shk) sh-kg vhhrpxv
hbn n
hbt
Wn n
v,t
Qn n
,t
Ubn n
tuv
vbn n
thv
Ubnn 'Ub,h
t n
ubjbt
oF n
o,t
iF n
i,t
ov n
ov
iv n
iv
- 69 -
4. Comparative, ovn kusd - greater than they are (then them), eu,n
acsn - sweeter than honey, hbnn cuy - better than me, dkan ick whiter than snow, ubnn ezj - stronger than him.
5. Indicating origin, iusbukn tc - coming from London, ihxn han silk from China (Chinese silk), rcjn c,fn - letter from a friend,
ubnn sunkk - to learn from him/it.
6. Indicating material, cvzn yhaf, - Jewelry of gold (golden Jewelry),
vyhj jnen vdug - cake from wheat flour, rhhbn vfxn - mask of
paper (paper mask), irut .gn ijkua - table of pine wood.
- 70 -
- 72 -
hbInF
hbt
WInF
v,t
lInF
,t
UvInF
tuv
vIn
F
thv
UbInF
ubjbt
ofInF
o,t
ifInF
i,t
ovIn
F
ov
ivIn
F
iv
- 73 -
- 75 -
lrs - through
hF r s
hbt
WF r s
v,t
lF r s
,t
IFr s
tuv
vFr s
thv
UbF r s
ubjbt
oFr s
o,t
iFr s
i,t
oFr s
ov
iFr s
iv
The preposition lrs comes from the noun way, road, manner,
mode. Some linguists claim that the Hebrew use of lrs in the sense
of through is influenced by the German durch, but its use in this
sense is already biblical.
- 76 -
Logically, the common verbs with the preposition lrs (through) are
rcg - pass, and vtr - see.
/[vfrs - ofrs - ifrs] ,utrk rapt ht 'ohfkfukn vktv ,ubukjv .1
/[lrs - vfrs - ufrs] rucgk rapt ht /rudx vzv rgav .2
/[ofrs - vfrs - ufrs] rucgk kufh oujva ohrnuj vkt .3
/vka okugv ,t ubk ,utrvk vmur ,rruanv [hfrs - ufrs - vfrs]a rha vz .4
/ohrmUn ,ubek rapt [ufrs - ifrs - ofrs]a ,IbuUen ,uhUbj ah ouhv .5
/ybr y
bhtc ,hktrGh vhzhu
uky ,utrk rapt [ofrs- ifrs - hfrs]a ohr,t ah .6
/[vfrs - ofrs - lrs] ohrcug ohhnva ,bbx n oa ah .7
/ybr y
bhtvn ohrha shrIvk rapt [ufrs - ofrs - ifrs]a ,ubfu, ah .8
/ohrpFv
[ofrs- lrs - ufrs] rcug kUhyv ka kUkx nv
.9
/,s
kInk vka vcvtv ,t vtrn thv [ifrs - vfrs - ofrs]a ohrha vc,f kjr
.10
/ohrIPhmv uxbfb ofrs [ofrs - ifrs - vfrs]a 'ddc ohrIj ah .11
/ist
k-ihCk
vghdv ,hrcv ,umrt [vfrs - ofrs - ufrs]a ahtv vz .12
k"ujc vbhn z thv [lrs - vfrs - ufrs]a 'hktrah iupky rpxn vk ah .13
/(.rt
k-.Ujc)
/[ofrs- ufrs - lrs] rcug rItva kUkxnv vz .14
?[offrs - ofrs - lfrs] kv
bn
k ,ubpk
lhrm tuv 'ctIh
.15
!sutn vcrv sunkk ohkufh ohskhv [lrs - ofrs - ufrs]a ohejGn vkt .16
/jurck kufh zdv [ofrs - ifrs - ufrs]a 'ohesx oa aha ,uhvk kufh .17
/ktrahc ohhjv hkgc kg vcrv sunkk rapt [vfrs - ofrs- ufrs]a rpx vz .18
/vkjnk kuphy tumnk rapt [vfrs - lrs- ofrs]a 'iInrIv
tmn asj rejn .19
ohsuvhv [ofrs - lrs- iFr s]a 'ihkIP 'cIerec
(sewage pipe) cUhC-,Ik
g, uhv .20
- 77 -
/ujrc
/ktrGh kg snkk ohkufh ohrunv [ufrs - vfrs - ofrs]a ohcuy ohrnuj vkt .21
hs
db
hbt
Ws
db
v,t
lsd b
,t
Isdb
tuv
vs
db
thv
Ubsd b
ubjbt
ofs
db
o,t
ifs
db
i,t
osd b
ov
isd b
iv
- 78 -
!ca j nv
[sdb - lsdb - usdb] ynja
ejGk kufh v,t /11
/iuatr ouhc [vsdb - osdb - sdb] ejGb ubjbtu 'haha ouhc vtc vmucev /12
/[osdb - sdb - vsdb] ,Iht r vk ahu 'o,ut vxp, vryanv /13
/14
/vrc jv
[usdb - vsdb - sdb] eh, vj,p vryanv
vejhG jurvau 'jUrv [osdb - vsdb - sdb] ejGk ovk vae vhva urnt ohbejGv /15
/[usdb - vsdb - osdb]
/[isdb - vsdb - usdb] ejGk vae vhvh /sutn ,ucuy vktv kxrUsFv ,Ihbe j G /16
/vryanv [sdb - osdb - vsdb] vnhkt vbdp v v,hv sbkrh
tc
/17
/vry a nc
[vsdb - osdb - usdb] ubbuk,v ov zt 'vkhkv kf ughrpv ohbf av
/18
/[isdb - hsdb - sdb] rcs oua hk ihtu 'sutn ,usnjb iv /19
- usdb] ughcmv tk ohrjtv /eujv [osdb - sdb - usdb] UghC m v ohrIybx ohauka /20
/[sdb - osdb
![vsdb - isdb - sdb] ,ujfuvv kfu 'vz ,t v,Gg thva rUrc /21
/ovka iumrv [usdb - osdb - sdb] uvan ,uagk ohabt jhrfvk rUxt /22
/[usdb - sdb - osdb] ,ujfuv vnf ah kct 'vz ,t uGg ov ot ohgsuh tk /23
/ohaU,h [osdb - vsdb - sdb] ezj rnujc ohan,an ov /24
- 80 -
sgC - for,
in favor of; through
hs
gC
hbt
Ws
gC
v,t
lsgC
,t
IsgC
tuv
vs
gC
thv
UbsgC
ubjbt
ofs
gC
o,t
ifs
gC
i,t
osgC
ov
isgC
iv
- 81 -
hkUn
hbt
WkUn
v,t
lkUn
,t
IkUn
tuv
vkUn
thv
UbkUn
ubjbt
ofkUn
o,t
ifkUn
i,t
okUn
ov
ikUn
iv
- 83 -
,nUg
k - compared with/to; in contrast with, against;
opposite
h, nUg
k
hbt
W, nUg
k
v,t
l, nUg
k
,t
I,nUg
k
tuv
v, nUg
k
thv
Ub, nUg
k
ubjbt
of, nUg
k
o,t
ifnUg
k
i,t
o, nUg
k
ov
i, nUg
k
iv
- 85 -
- 87 -
,UfzC
thank to, due to
,UfzC
hbt
W,Uf
zC
v,t
l, UfzC
,t
I,UfzC
tuv
v,Uf
zC
thv
Ub, UfzC
ubjbt
of,Uf
zC
o,t
if,Uf
zC
i,t
o, UfzC
ov
i, UfzC
iv
- 88 -
- 90 -
ign
k - for, toward; for the sake of; so that
hbgn
k
hbt
Wbg n
k
v,t
lbgn
k
,t
Ibgn
k
tuv
vbgn
k
thv
Ubbgn
k
ubjbt
ofb g n
k
o,t
ifb g n
k
i,t
obgn
k
ov
ibgn
k
iv
- 91 -
- 93 -
hrUc
g
hbt
WrUc
g
v,t
lr Ucg
,t
IrUcg
tuv
vrUcg
thv
Ubr Ucg
ubjbt
ofrUc
g
o,t
ifrUc
g
i,t
orUcg
ov
irUcg
iv
rcg k - toward(s),
in the direction of, to
hr c
gk
hbt
Wr c
gk
v,t
lr c
gk
,t
Irc
gk
tuv
vrc
gk
thv
Ubr c
gk
ubjbt
ofr c
gk
o,t
ifr c
gk
i,t
orc
gk
ov
irc
gk
iv
- 96 -
,Ugmn t C - through,
by way of, by, via
h,Ug
mn t C
hbt
W,Ug
mn t C
v,t
l, Ugmn t C
,t
I,Ugmn t C
tuv
v,Ug
mn t C
thv
Ub, Ugmn t C
ubjbt
of,Ug
mn t C
o,t
if,Ug
mn t C
i,t
o, Ugmn t C
ov
i, Ugmn t C
iv
The word hg
mn t in Hebrew means mean as in English - both
something to use as a tool and middle!
/ohbd ibf,k
rapt [u,ugmntc
- o,ugmntc
- v,ugmntc]a vbfu, ,tz
ouhc ohxUCuyut vnf ,gsk kfub [u,ugmntc - o,ugmntc
- ub,ugmntc
]a re x vz
/itF urcgh
/,UthrCv ,t rP Jk
rapt [,ugmntc
- i,ugmntc - v,ugmntc
]a ,uehbf y vkt
/ohrn x n [v,ugmntc
- o,ugmntc
- ,ugmntc] ,rC Ujn vbun,v
,ukjn ij c tk
rapt [v,ugmntc - o,ugmntc
- i,ugmntc
]a vcUaj vehsc ,tz
/ohhbhg
/ohejr n ca j
k rapt [v,ugmntc
- o,ugmntc
- u,ugmntc]a sjuhn rhafn vz
,t eusck rapt [v,ugmntc
- o,ugmntc
- i,ugmntc]a ,uyha gcrt ah
/ohbU,bv
ukfu, [i,ugmntc - of,ugmntc
- u,ugmntc
]a ,uasj ,uyha usnk, xrUec
/4
/5
/6
/7
/8
/9
/10
/11
/12
/13
/14
/15
/16
/17
/18
/19
/20
/21
/22
/23
/24
/25
- 99 -
Form 1 (Singular
Form Suffix)
Pronoun
hbt
Wh
v,t
Qhh
*Q '*Q
,t
uh
tuv
vh
thv
Ubh
*Ub '*Ub
ubjbt
ofh
of
o,t
ifh
if
i,t
ovh
*ov
'*o
ov
ivh
*iv
'*i
iv
The most common preposition conjugated by the plural form are the
following: kg 'ihC '(hbP kg 'hbp kn)
hbp k '(hrIjtn)
hrj t 'kt '(k ,j , n ',j , n)
,j , 'kg
/,IsIt 'hP
kF 'hs
h kg 'ihC 'hs
h-kg 'hP
kF 'hCdk 'hCd
- 100 -
(hkg) hhkg
hbt
Whkg
v,t
lhhkg
,t
uhkg
tuv
vh
kg
thv
Ubhkg
ubjbt
ofhkg
o,t
ifhkg
i,t
ovh
kg
ov
ivh
kg
iv
kg looks like word in singular, yet is conjugated with the plural suffixes.
However, in poetic biblical texts, as well as in some early Modern Hebrew
poems (khkDC oJ 'vgc
d hkg - a poem about Trumpeldor), the plural form hkg
is used.
- 101 -
kg also appears in combination with other prepositions, such as: ,IsIt kg about, kgn - over.
As a suffix, kg indicates the English super, such as kg ,bhs n superstate.
kg is often used as a prefix - hkIe-kg - supersonic, hgc y-k
gsupernatural, etc.
In colloquial Modern Hebrew there are many expressions with kg, such
as jUy
C kg - for sure, uhkg scug - trick him, hhkg ejIm
- laugh at me,
mock me, vPUev kf kg lkuv, etc.
- 102 -
- kg] rcsn tuvu '[ivhkg - vhkg - uhkg] cauj inzv kf tuv /vbhr ,t cvut tuv /1
/;ux hkc [uhkg - vhkg
uka tctv od /,hhc hrugha ihfv tk tuv hf hrut [uhkg - vhkg - kg] vxgf tnht /2
/[uhkg - ovhkg - vhkg] xgf
/[ofhkg - ifhkg - ovhkg] ukta okuf ?vchxnk o,tc tk vnk /3
!oukf lk h,hag tk ?[ovhkg - lhhkg - hhkg] ,xguf ,t vnk /4
/[ovhkg -kg - ubhkg] ubrchsaf euhsc utc ov /5
/vkhkv kf [kg - ovhkg - hhkg] h,nkju 'yrxc ohshjpn ohrcs h,htr /6
/[ofhkg - hhkg - ovhkg] ofk h,rphxa ohrpxv vkt /7
/[ivhkg - ovhkg - hhkg] ,cauj inzv kf hbt - vkt ,uhgcv /8
/[ubhkg - vhkg -hhkg] ,xguf hbt hf 'v,ht ,rcsn tk hbt /9
/[hhkg - ovhkg - lhkg] ukta okuf /,tc tka kcj /10
/vcrv [uhkg - ovhkg - kg] uc,f ifk 'ohcuaj ohabt ov /11
/[ubhkg - ovhkg - uhkg] yrx ubhtru 'ohdb heh
uv
kg ubsnk /12
/inzv kf [vhkg - kg - uhkg] cauj tuvu 'v,ut cvut tuv /13
/[ivhkg - hhkg - ovhkg] ofk h,rphxa ohrcjv vkt /14
vbrutu ,hrG /ohcuy ohrcs [lhkg - hhkg - ovhkg] h,gna !l,ut rhfvk ohgb 'hrUt /15
/vchxnc [uhkg - ivhkg - lhkg] urchs
/[uhkg - ubhkg - ofhkg] ubkta uhafg euhsc /o,tca cuy /16
/[ivhkg - hhkg - vhkg] h,gna kct 'i,ut rhfn tk hbt /17
/[uhkg - lhkg - ovhkg] ukta okuf ?,hhv vpht 'hbur /18
/lf rjt [hhkg - ovhkg - uhkg] lk rpxt hbt /ohbhhbgn ohabt h,adp /19
/[vhkg - hhkg - uhkg] ou,jk h,jfa kct 'ewm h,jka /20
/sutn [kg - ubhkg - uhkg] ghPava yrx ubhtr /21
- 103 -
This lesson deals with the preposition kg to indicate must, have to,
and should.
A common use of kg with infinitive and pronominal suffixes is in the
sense of "have to, must:
,fkk hkg - I must go!
vz ,t ,uGgk Whkg - You must do it!
However, if kg is followed by a (definite) noun, it does not get a suffix:
rnujv ,t ihcvk ohshnk,v kg - The students should know the material.
- 105 -
h, j ,
hbt
Wh, j ,
v,t
Qhh, j ,
,t
uh, j ,
tuv
vh
, j ,
thv
Ubh, j ,
ubjbt
ofh, j ,
o,t
ifh, j ,
i,t
ovh
, j ,
ov
ivh
, j ,
iv
/[,j , n - uh, j , n - vh
, j ,n
] urcg ovu vvucd
rs
d oa v,hv /1
/[,j , n - vh
, j , n - uh, j , n ]u 'rhev kg v,hv vbun,v /2
- 106 -
/8
/[,j , n - vh
, j , n - uh, j , n ]
/okUx [ovh
, j ,n
- ,j , n - uh, j , n rucgk ohsjupa ohabt ah /9
'ohgure (strings) vhr,hna vryhd ,rUmc (monument, statue) vy r s
bt vneUv
/10
iurfhz (tablet) ,hjuk ah [ovh,j,n - ,j,n - vh,j,n
]u
- 107 -
hs
gkC - without
hhs
gkC
hbt
Whs
gkC
v,t
lhhs
gkC
,t
uhs
gkC
tuv
vh
s
gkC
thv
Ubhs
gkC
ubjbt
ofhs
gkC
o,t
ifhs
gkC
i,t
ov hs
gkC
ov
iv hs
gkC
iv
hs
gkC is etymologically a combination of kC and hs
g.
vhsgkc ,uhjk kufh tk tuv /kjr hkc ,uhjk kufh tk tuv - He cannot live without
Rachel. He cannot live without her.
kct '[ovhsgkc - vhsgkc - uhsgkc] ,uhjk vkufh tk thv /sutn u,ut ,cvut thv /1
/[ovhsgkc - uhsgkc - vhsgkc] ,uhjk kufh tk tuv od
/[ivhsgkc - ovhsgkc - uhsgkc] rapt-hta jCy nc
ohkFv hba vkt /2
/[uhsgkc - hhsgkc - vhsgkc] rs, xvk
hk vae uhafgu ',hbufnv ,t h,rfn /3
ohhj ubhhv lht - vktv ohcajnv [ovhsgkc - hkc - hhsgkc] ,uhjk rapt lht /4
?[ubhsgkc - ovhsgkc - uhsgkc]
/[ovhsgkc - uhsgkc - ubhsgkc] od jmbk rapt kct 'cuaju cuy iejG tuv /5
/ongan vtrb rhev [uhsgkc - ivhsgkc - ivhsgkc] /,ubun, itf ohak cuaj /6
'[uhsgkc - ovhsgkc - vhsgkc] rcs oua ,uagk kufh tk tuv /sjhc inzv kf ov /7
/[ovhsgkc - vhsgkc - uhsgkc] rcs oua ,uagk vkufh tk thvu
?[ofhsgkc - lhsgkc - ovhsgkc] ohrs,xn ofka ohskhv /8
/[vhsgkc - hhsgkc - uhsgkc] hk re /khgnv ,t vfhrm hbt /9
?[ivhsgkc - vhsgkc - hhsgkc] ,hhcv ,t cuzgk h,kufh lht ?,uhbev ,nhar vpht /10
/[uhsgkc - ubhsgkc - lhsgkc] khj,b tk /Wk ohfjn ubjbt /11
![vhsgkc - hhsgkc - ivhsgkc] ;hF ann /,aIC
j,v
,t hk ushruv ;ux ;ux /12
/sunkk kufh tk tuv [hhsgkc - uhsgkc - ovhsgkc] /ohrUsf jeuk
shn, tuv /13
[ubhsgkc - hhsgkc - vhsgkc] vkufh tk thv /sjh shn, ubjbtu ,ucuy ,urcj ubjbt /14
/[ubhsgkc - vhsgkc - hhsgkc] vkufh tk hbtu
- hhsgkc - vhsgkc] ,Uskh v,ut v,hv tk hka ,Uskhv /ohrsvb ohrcj hk uhv /15
/[ovhsgkc
- 109 -
- 110 -
kt - to
hhkt
hbt
Whkt
v,t
lhhkt
,t
uhkt
tuv
vh
kt
thv
Ubhkt
ubjbt
ofhkt
o,t
ifhkt
i,t
ov hkt
ov
iv hkt
iv
- 111 -
Please note that kt and k are usually NOT identical. They are used as
different governing prepositions.
Always hk rpxn 'hk ihntn, etc. but ovhkt lkuv 'hhkt tc, etc.
/kfutv og ubk uFj, kt kct 'gcac [uhkt - ofhkt - ubhkt] tucb ubjbt /1
/gucav ;uxc ghdh tuva ubk shdvk [kt - uhkt - ubhkt] rae,v tuv /2
/,ues vnf sug er vFj /[ivhkt - lhkt - hhkt] lrsc hbt 'ktUna /3
![vhkt - lhhkt - hhkt] hbnn vcvtc - vecr /4
?ohbug tk o,t vnk '[ofhkt - kt - hhkt] ,rcsn hbt 'ohskh /5
/[lhhkt - uhkt - ubhkt] cre,v kusd ckf out,pu 'ertPc ubfkv /6
/,hrcg [ivhkt - ubhkt - uhkt] rcsk khj,v uvahnu 'vhbrIphkec
/vtcv vbac [vhkt - ubhkt - uhkt] ruzjbqcuab /iuknv ,t sutn ubcvt /11
/hk urzg,a aecnu [ifhkt - uhkt - vhkt] vbup hbt /12
/rjUtn r,uh [hhkt - kt - ovhkt] h,prym v hbtu 'ufkv ov /13
vrzj thv ut [vhkt - ovhkt - uhkt] rzj tuv /sjhc cua ov kct 'usrpb vbju hsd /14
?[ovhkt -vhkt - uhkt]
?uczga ,ujuek [ovhkt - ofhkt - kt] urhzj, lht :ohexgv hkgc kfk /15
/vbhjck sjh snkbu vbunac [vhkt - hhkt - lhhkt] tuct hbt 'vkUa /16
/ouhv er v,ut h,kche kct 'guca hbpk [kt - hhkt - vhkt] vjkab vkhcjv /17
!djk [ubhkt - uhkt - ovhkt] ughdh ubka ohskhv hf 'sutn ohjnG ubjbt /18
ruzgk hkfu, ,ta vuue,c [uhkt - lhhkt - ofhkt] vzv c,fnv ,t ohc,uf ubjbt /19
/ubk
/[ifhkt - uhkt - vhkt] vcure hfv vsgxnk ufk 'inz ifk iht ot /20
!vph tk vrUmc [kt - uhkt - ubhkt] rchs tuv /kvbnvn ohmurn tk ubjbt /21
/sutn [uhkt - vhkt - ovhkt] ugdgd,v ohskhvu 'gucak vgxb thv /22
/[ubhkt - hhkt - lhhkt] vkta hk ah 'h,ur /23
euhsc [vhkt - ovhkt - ubhkt] ohrae,na ',urhfnv habt ,t ohtbuG ubjbt /24
/crg ,jUrt ohkfut ubjbtaf
/vktv ,unuenv [ubhkt - kt - uhkt] ruzjb sug ubjbt /25
/,ubgk ohchhj tk o,tu 'vkta [ofhkt - vhkt - hhkt] hk ah /26
?vkhkc rjutn lf kf [kt - uhkt - lhkt] rae,va vhv vz hn 'oUjb /27
xbFhh ubka ckfva ohmur tk ov hf '[ovhkt - uhkt - ubhkt] ohfkuv tk ubjbt /28
/v,hhcv [ubhkt - uhkt - ovhkt]
/gcac
[ubhkt - hhkt - uhkt] tuck kfut inz hk vhvh ota 'i,bk shd, /29
/ruehck [ubhkt - kt - ovhkt] ohghdn ktrahn ubka ohrcjv /30
- 113 -
hhbp k
hbt
Whbp k
v,t
lhhbp k
,t
uhbp k
tuv
vh
bp k
thv
Ubhbp k
ubjbt
ofhbp k
o,t
ifhbp k
i,t
ovh
bp k
ov
ivh
bp k
iv
/5
gxhb ubjbtu '[ofhbpk - ubhbpk - uhbpk] gxhh hbs /gmntc gxhb ubjbt 'ehmhtu vkUa /6
- 114 -
,ucvut i,t /9
/u,ut
xhhd,v tuvu 'yxUdItC h,xhhd,v hbt /[ubhbpk - uhbpk - hhbpk] tcmk xhhd,v tuv /10
/htnc
- 116 -
hhrj t
hbt
Whrj t
v,t
lhhr j t
,t
uhrj t
tuv
vh
rj t
thv
Ubhrj t
ubjbt
ofhrj t
o,t
ifhrj t
i,t
ovh
rj t
ov
ivh
rj t
iv
hhCdk
hbt
WhCdk
v,t
lhhC dk
,t
uhCdk
tuv
vh
Cdk
thv
UbhCdk
ubjbt
ofhCdk
o,t
ifhCdk
i,t
ovh
Cdk
ov
ivh
Cdk
iv
/vhhb C-h
rnuj
[ubhcdk - ovhcdk - hcdk] gshn utmn, vp /1
/[ovhcdk - vhcdk - ubhcdk] ohbU,b oua ubk iht kct 'vrc jv
kg vgsuv ubkche /2
/vrea vn [hcdk - vhcdk - uhcdk] reha tk ihsh hjhct
/3
/[ofhcdk - ivhcdk - uhcdk] epx
ihta ,uscUg
iv vkt /4
?[vhcdk - ovhcdk - ofhcdk] ofka vgsv vn - vktv ohasjv ,UthrCv hbhhbg /5
/[uhcdk - vhcdk - hhcdk] vkta
hk ahu 'lrC C jU,hb
sg
[hhcdk - hcdk - ivhcdk] ,ubhhbgn ,uscUg vnf vbhv /13
/,ukta vnf hk uhv [ivhcdk /[vhcdk - ivhcdk - hhcdk] jUyc tk hbta ,hkdbtc ,urUa vnf itf ah /14
?[ivhcdk - vhcdk - ofhcdk] ohkaurh ka ,Ugnanv hvn 'ohrcj /15
?[uhcdk - vhcdk - ofhcdk] ohcuaj iuznv
hchF r n ?ohcauj o,t vn /16
/ouhv ohkaurh [hcdk - ivhcdk - vhcdk] ,hrCv-,um
rt
,Uhbhsn hvn gsuh tk hbt /17
/ohba 5 hbpk
[uhcdk - vhcdk - hcdk] ,uhbhsnv v,hv vn gsuh hbt
/[vhcdk - uhcdk - hhcdk] ,ntv vn ,gsk vmur hbtu 'vrc jv
kg h,tre /18
/[uhcdk - ovhcdk - ofhcdk] xpu,
tk jUyhcva ohre n vkt /19
lhrm ,urjtv [ubhcdk - hcdk - lhhcdk] iufba vna ,gsuh hbtu 'lk ,dtus hbt 'hPhm /20
/[uhcdk - lhhcdk - ovhcdk] od iufb ,uhvk
/[vhcdk - hhcdk - ovhcdk] vrzg lhrm hbta ohrcs vnf ah /21
/[ivhcdk - uhcdk - ofhcdk] iufb vn iuktac
ubnx,a ohaecn ubjbt /22
/vhy
Cn tk
gcm [hhcdk - hcdk - vhcdk] vkta hk ah /23
/[ivhcdk - ovhcdk - hhcdk] yCk,n hbta ohkhn vnf itf ah /24
/[vhcdk - uhcdk - hhcdk] ,gs-,u
uj ,aecn hbtu 'in av
,t ,ubek vmur hbt /25
/"[ofhcdk - vhcdk - hhcdk] UkUjh tk ,IkCd nv"
:ohscugk
hP
kF - toward(s), to
hhPkF
hbt
WhPkF
v,t
lhhPkF
,t
uhPkF
tuv
vh
PkF
thv
UbhP
kF
ubjbt
ofhP
kF
o,t
ifhP
kF
i,t
ovh
P
kF
ov
ivh
P
kF
iv
/[ubhpkf - uhpkf - hhpkf] vahdrn hbt vn ,gsuh tk hbt kct 'snjb rUjc tuv /3
uhpkf -vhpkf] ,unhktk ,unru,
ohab otv :ktua vphj ,yhxrchbUtc asj rejn /4
?[ivhpkf /5
ahdrn tuva vn [ubhpkf - hhpkf - uhpkf] vahdrn hbt ot h,ut kta o,Ir
,usngv ivn /6
?ohba vtn hbpk [ivhpkf - ovhpkf- vhpkf] ,usngv
,ucuj iv vnu 'ebC v [ubhpkf - uhpkf - hpkf] ubka ,ucIjv vn rrck ohfhrm ubjbt /7
/[ubhpkf - ovhpkf - uhpkf] ebcv
- uhpkf - ovhpkf] ahdrvk lht eUhsc ohgsuh tk ohabta ,h,rc j vmUce ,tz /8
/[vhpkf
ohfhrm otv ?ohhj-hkgc [hpkf - ubhpkf - ovhpkf] xjh
h, vk
ohfhrm lht /9
?ost-hbc [ubhpkf - ovhpkf - hpkf] unf [hpkf - ovhpkf - ubhpkf] xjhh,vk
'[uhpkf - ovhpkf - ubhpkf] sucf ka xjh vhvhau ohruvv ,t lhrgvk lhrma icun /10
ohskhv [uhpkf - ovhpkf - hpkf] sucf ka xjh od ,uhvk lhrm ohruvv kfk kct
/ovka
/[vhpkf - ivhpkf - uhpkf] ,ubgyk
vchav vrc jv
ypanv ,hcc /11
/[vhpkf - ubhpkf - ivhpkf] ,Uhrjt ubk ahu ubka ,ubCv iv /12
/rsxc kufv ukhtf ,dvb,n thv .uj [hpkf - vhpkf - uhpkf] /13
ohahaev [uhpkf - ovhpkf - hpkf] srGnv
- 123 -
,tre
k - towards,
in the direction of
h,t
re
k
hbt
W,t
re
k
v,t
l, tre
k
,t
I,tre
k
tuv
v,t
re
k
thv
Ub, tre
k
ubjbt
of,t
re
k
o,t
if,t
re
k
i,t
o, tre
k
ov
i, tre
k
iv
- 124 -
lI,C - inside,
in, within, among
hfI,
C
hbt
WfI,
C
v,t
lf I,C
,t
IfI,C
tuv
vfI,C
thv
Ubf I,C
ubjbt
offI,
C
o,t
iffI,
C
i,t
ofI,C
ov
ifI,C
iv
- 125 -
lI,k - into
hfI,
k
hbt
WfI,
k
v,t
lf I,k
,t
IfI,k
tuv
vfI,k
thv
Ubf I,k
ubjbt
offI,
k
o,t
iffI,
k
i,t
ofI,k
ov
ifI,k
iv
- 126 -
lrItk - into
hF rIt
k
hbt
WF rIt
k
v,t
lF rIt
k
,t
IFrIt
k
tuv
vFrIt
k
thv
UbF rIt
k
ubjbt
oFrIt
k
o,t
iFrIt
k
i,t
oFrIt
k
ov
iFrIt
k
iv
- 127 -
hs
h-kg - by, by means of, through
hs
h-kg
hbt
Whs
h-kg
v,t
lhhs
h-kg
,t
uhs
h-kg
tuv
vh
s
h-kg
thv
Ubhs
h-kg
ubjbt
ofhs
h-kg
o,t
ifhs
h-kg
i,t
ovh
s
h-kg
ov
ivh
s
h-kg
iv
- 128 -
h,IsIt
hbt
Wh,IsIt
v,t
lhh,IsIt
,t
uh,IsIt
tuv
vh
,IsIt
thv
Ubh,IsIt
ubjbt
ofh,IsIt
o,t
ifh,IsIt
i,t
ovh
,IsIt
ov
ivh
,IsIt
iv
- 129 -
k xj
hC
behind, following,
past
ihck ///ihC 'ihC
kfc
kkfC
hkC
k ra e hkC
(///hkt)
hsg
kC
,rdx n C
oIen C
la nc
as for, concerning,
with respect to,
with regard to, as
far as
k g dIbC
,UjfIb
C
in addition to,
apart from
k ;xIbC
on top of
for
with
about
sgC
,rz
gC
hrjt
kt
hbP kt
kmt
k rat
,Ugmn t C
as for, regarding,
concerning,
following, with
respect to, with
regard to, as far as
k ratC
kkd C
in accordance with,
as per
considering
kg ;xIbC
,IsIt
- 130 -
k ot , v C
c ca j , v C
,UfzC
inzC
og sj
hC
along, for
lrItk
n sck
as for, concerning,
with respect to,
with regard to, as
far as
hCdk
for
beside, next to, at
following
among, amongst,
with
near, close to
,cIyk
shk
,Ice g C
cre c
,cr e C
ahead of
atrC
khcac
because of, on
account of
kJ C
on behalf of
oJ C
lI,C
per
kfk
without
tkk
within
oUj, C
like
k vnIS
along, toward(s)
underneath
except (for), apart
from, aside from,
excluding, besides
iUuhfk
n vyn
k
*ygn
k
through, via
thanks to
lrs
k ,usIv
,kUz
*,Irn
k
n .Uj
for
la n
k
toward, towards
rcg k
like
toward, for
in spite of,
notwithstanding,
despite
to, versus
according to, in
accordance with,
under
ign
k
,nUgk
hp
k
including
F
(,t) kkuF
toward
hP
kF
as, like
InF
- 131 -
from
beyond
across, past
above, beyond,
over, on top of, off
out of
under, beneath,
underneath, below
versus, against
apart from
in
rcg n
k rcg n
kgn
lI,n
k ,j , n
sdb
kg ;xIb
round
chcx
for
rUcg
till, until
sg
ahead of
kg vkug
kg
*;t kg
on top of
hCd kg
sh kg
hbP kg
by, by means of
hs
h-kg
due to
hbp k
alongside
smk
towards
,tre
k
including
,ICrk
across
cjIrk
for
oJ
k
into
lI,k
with
og
ce
g
in front of,
opposite, versus,
across
n
hrIjtn
rat
n
hkC n
ca j , v
k hkC n
c
sgC n
kUn
k .Ujn
on behalf of
ogy n
sckn
- 132 -
within
*lI,
below, beneath,
under, underneath
,j ,
for
,rUn,
k yrP
kt cure
k cure
of
ka
kg
apart from
,IsIt 'kg
above, over
kgn
as
according to
hp
k
as far as
k ratC
as for
k rJ
tC
as per
k ot , v C
across
ago
ahead of
along
along with
alongside
amid
among, amongst
'kUn 'hbP-kg
'k rcg n
cjIrk
hbp k
'atrC 'hbp k
///kg vkug
iUuhfk 'lrItk
og sj
hC
as regards
k ratC
aside from
at
atop
because of
c 'kmt
kg
ka C 'kkdC
smk
before
,UjfIb
C 'hbp k
lI,C
behind
hrIjtn 'hrjt
below
,j , n ',j ,
(n) vy n
k 'vqk
beneath
,j , n ',j ,
(n) vy n
k 'vqk
'ihC 'cre c
lI,C
- 133 -
beside
shk 'sh-kg
besides
between
beyond
by
by means of
close to
concerning
considering
despite
kgn 'rcg n
k cure 'sh-kg
',Ugmn t C
hs
h-kg
'k cIre 'sh-kg
,cr e C
ratc
'k xj
hC
k
in
in accordance with
in addition to
in front of
in 'n
lI,C 'C
hpk 'k ot , v C
k ;xIbC
kUn 'hbp k
oIen C
c ca j , v C
in place of
oIen C
,Irn
k
in spite of
,Irn
k
including
kkuF ',ICrk
(,t)
,UfzC 'kkdC
'(positively)
ce
g
during
la nc
'inzC
except
following
from
'rUcg 'khcJ C
'sgC 'ignk
',cIyk 'oa
k
'la nk
',rUn,
'kkdC 'lrItk
hCdk
in lieu of
due to
excluding
for
inpite of
;t kg
inside (of)
lI,C
instead of
oIen C
into
like
k vnIS
'F 'unF
near
cure ',cr e C
ktqk
next to
shk 'sh-kg
notwithstanding
,Irn
k
of
n 'ka
- 134 -
off
kgn 'n
on
(day) C 'kg
on account of
kJ C 'kkdC
on behalf of
ogy n 'oJ C
on top of
'hbP kg 'kgn
kg 'kg ;xIbC
hCd
onto
opposite
hbP kt 'kt
thanks to
through
throughout
till
to
toward
kUn
,usIv ',UfzC
k
'sgC n 'lrs
lI,C
c 'kFc
sg
,nUgk 'kt 'k
'ign
k 'kt
'rcg k 'hP
kF
,tre
k
out (of)
k .Ujn 'lI,n
outside
over
underneath
past
k rcg n 'hrjt
until
k sg 'sg
'k 'kfk
,Ugmn t C
upon
kg 'k 'c
versus
kUn 'sdb
per
prior to
hbp k
regarding
ratc
'k xj
hC
k g dIbC 'k
regardless of
'k ra e hkC
ca j , v
k hkC n
c
round
chcx
since
n 'ztn
than
rat
n
under
'k ,j , n ',j,
hpk
',j,n ',j,
n vyn
k
via
,Ugmn t C 'lrs
with
',Ugmn t C 'og
cre C ',rz
gC
with regard to
'k (rJ t
C)
xj
hC 'k g dIbC
hCdk 'k
with respect to
'k (rJ t
C)
xj
hC 'k g dIbC
hCdk 'k
- 135 -
within
'la n C 'lI,(c)
',rdx n C
oUj,c
without
- 136 -
'tkk 'hkC
hkC n
PREPOSITIONS OF TIME
The movie starts at 7:30.
His birthday is on Tuesday.
The mall closes at midnight.
He have a test on Friday.
We have dinner in the evening.
We return on April 24.
We go there in the summer.
He goes to Minneapolis in February.
We are leaving in two days.
He goes to work early in the morning.
They always leave on time.
He was born in 1999.
We usually go on holiday in the summer.
We Will we be in time to catch the bus.
The game starts at 4:00.
- 137 -
- 138 -