LIPID

BY: NUR FARRAH NAJIHAH

BINTI AMIR

CLASSES OF LIPID
Fatty acids
Isoprenoids
Triglyceride
Wax
Sphigolipids
Phospholipids

CLASSES OF LIPID
1. Fatty acids
. Monocarboxylic acid that occur in TAGs,
phospholipids and sphigolipids
. Can be either saturated or unsaturated

2. Triacylglycerols (TAGs)
Ester of glycerols with 3 fatty acids
Major storage and transport form of
fatty acid
Less oxidised than carbohydrates

CLASSED OF LIPID
3. Phospholipids
Structural component of membrane
2 types: Phosphoglycerides and
sphiginomyelins

4. Sphingolipids
Essential component of lipid and animal
membrane
Contain long chain of amino alcohol

CLASSES OF LIPID
5. Isoprenoids
Molecule containing isopropene of 5C
It also consist of terpene and steroids

6. Wax ester
Mixture of non polar lipids
Function as protecting coat

WHAT IS SAPONIFICATION?
Process of the hydrolysis of a fat by an
alkali with the formation of a soap and
glycerol

PROCESS OF
SAPONIFICATION
1. Water molecule will be removed from fatty acids
forming sodium stearate, sodium oleate, or
sodium palmitate
2. They are precipitated from the solution that has
been added with NaCl
3. The addition of NaCl has caused the sodium salt
to be partially soluble in water
4. The product then is separated out from the
solution
5. Remaining solution will contain glycerol and
sodium chloride

FATTY ACID METABOLISM

IF SERUM GLUCOSE IS HIGH,
Insulin will be promoting the synthesis of triglycerol (TAGs)
Insulin will facilitate the transport of glucose to adipocytes
Adipocytes cannot synthesis TAGs when glucose level is low

IF ENERGY LEVEL IS LOW

Body fats stores will be mobilized

Several hormones will stimulate hydrolysis of
TAGs in adipose tissue into glycerol and fatty
acids

FATTY ACIDS FOR ENERGY

Dietary TAGs
Triacylglycerols synthesis in liver
Triacylglycerols synthesis in
adipocytes as lipid droplets

FATTY ACID DEGRADATION

Function in
generating
energy

Occur in
mitochondri
a and
peroxisomes

2C is
removed
from
carboxyl
end of fatty
acids ( Betaoxidation)

Odd chain
or branched
chain is
degraded
( Alphaoxidation )

BREAKDOWN OF LIPIDS
1

Lipases will catalyses the hydrolysis of ester

linkages in fats

Fatty acids will be taken up into the intestinal

mucosa

They are re-synthesized into TAGs

TAGS then combine with dietary cholestrol

and protein forming lipoprotein

TRANSPORTING FATTY ACIDS IN

CYTOPLSM
1
2

TAGs are transported by chylomicrons

It then will be released by exocytosis from
enterocytes into lacteals, lymphatic vessels
originated in small intestine

Fatty acid that has been transported to muscle tissue

via blood capillaries diffuse through the plasma
membrane into cytoplasm

From cytoplasm, it will undergo degradation in the

mitochondria

TRANSPORTING FATTY ACIDS INTO

MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX
1. Fatty acids will be activated to form
fatty acyl coA ( enzyme used: acyl
coA synthase )
2. coA is the acyl carrier
3. Fatty acyl coA can enter through
into intermembrane space
4. It then used carrier, carnitine to get
into the mitochondrial matrix

HARVESTING ENERGY
Acyl coA can be degraded to generate
energy. Yes, but how?

WE NEED
BETA
OXIDATION!

BETA OXIDATION
Beta oxidation requires 4 steps;
1. Oxidation/Dehydrogenation
( electron removed)
2. Hydration ( water is added )
3. Oxidation ( electron removed )
4. Thiolysis ( removal of acetyl coA )

PRODUCT OF BETA OXIDATION

After 1 cycle of beta oxidation,
they will be yield:
1 FADH2
1 NADH
1 Acetyl coA
1 Acyl coA

FATTY ACID BIOSYNTHESIS

Take place in cytoplasm

Synthesis occur when diet is low in fat or high
in carbohydrates
However most of fatty acids are synthesized
from glucose
Fatty acid are synthesized by repetitive
addition of two carbon to the growing end of
hydrocarbon
1 Cycle of synthesis involve 6 steps all together
ACP is made to be acyl carrier protein

STEPS OF FATTY ACID

SYNTHESIS
1. Priming the system by acetyl
coA
2. ACP malonyltransferase
reaction
3. Condensation
4. First reduction
5. Dehydration
6. Second reduction