Perception, Attitudes, Ss & S v & & S = = & w om o > zu S 3 Nn er Sot ed eeu: oe eee ee Ie epee eee Dea Necine hora en oe ee Bee perenne Gaur cree qoesnal aan an eee ere ee Baasieenews meee eee ieaaentue snciseeee aaa ees SMa eur eee anes Egencia rset ae ta oes aie eae Sarees are ame oe cca Si ae eee ee ae eee eee ee Go ee ee eat SO aa ae een eee eae Hae tee arenes eee Dee eae ge tie Oe ey aaa at verticalty, the sensual and aesthetic experiences provided by these two structures are antipodal, The modern skyscraper caters larer en though the varying types of floor covering provide changes in tactile stimuli, If there is sounds it & probably “mossk™ which is smeant to be audible but ee ene ee et rer lhe meron fs exiles caer eee NST a ane nlc te eer at gether they clarify the structure and substance of the entire building, reveal- ing its essential character. ety man comes to rely more and static, a frame or matrix * edmond Carpenter, Frederick Varley, and Robert Pakety, Bike (Torn niveau Pre, 1980), ass ane cea coe eerirugh Deagy (Nev York: Oxfrd Univeity Pest 1969), pp 135-40Sal a oe and ti ng out tthe world Sense orga pot ave” wed: Ove tactile seme pene Pete texture oF hardness of sul Be Fee ger has to move er hee Fe co ott soar aan Jog and 8 paral for the very young the plying en ee oun, blocks ate pled ip ration of animal spit. this im i edi ly Caen eS nang be earn he realy of be mame, alike other primates, at an eal sears aids roth (ee oF FOUr years), his playing begins Io govern by there Teor the context of stories he tells himself, serrate et veces vn wos led ya te aa of conven ear His ait nd eae ce mcreigly directed by cultural values, Although all ean are nas Hei capaci ae ed nd adver tan car ag- Av ars, nt only do ais Ser ier atthe actualized capacity of the wenses dfn, v0 ee ee tne mn suis sbarp noses for scznt while te te vee decp sereoxopic vain. Both worlds are predominantly sarees be ened by fragrances, the other by the acute thee imensionalisy of objects and spaces. CHAPTER THREE common psychological structures and responses Human beings possess exceptionally large brains; they have minds: Phi Teeophers have debated through the millennia on the relation between body and mind, Neurophysiclogists and psychologists have tried to see how human brains operate differently from those of other primates. The sendeney aera emsearch is to narrow the gap between human and animal ment Treceses,"The gap remains becane human beings boost a highly develops’ ercciy for syle behavior. An absttact language of signs and mint eee to tne specs. With 1 human beings have constructed meat SiGe ReHaRE Geb icles ta eral rainy. Dg SE aerate cr they Have bulls an outcome of mental proceset “smash, tnythy,Tegends, taxonomies, and scence. All these acbieenes To be Hears eae ak atau ape buen one fel stn Le Ur ean Tare tual people dren nes ova Be re Pee Tis woekds very eferenly; the rly af colrres 4 Pome Ree a ee ieyeen Hercom wena wo amy meme ESE chapter, on the underlying similarities Brd responses crt penetel exsus application of logical rues, ahs eosin wenn aM oa Te has been said thay my ft ives San a rational, animal. This onalizings omplex. br a isa nt We fact that the complex brain thro, ae ees eS wach ingle from other anit we on cont of three basic cerebral types, greatly yeas Mae aig all three ust intercon? oe and eit 0 tage is basically reptilian Sie Be i =e Bee cares tunchions aad and farcton 066. in instinctually det a a feo a8 PAD OE heer, hunting, homing, breeding, forming ae ‘A iater development is the primitive (limbic) eae bain plays an important rl iy ee a a fons Final nein eh enn ein, 98 sy cilerentiaed cortex which i the hallmark a od canis rn 0 nme te inc alain and embolic thinking. Human needs, eno. res ahr nonrational, but the neocorcr has opal prove “reasons for what we are propel See a! Wate king an delson permeate al or ee finial an ndronmentl; they are woven into all concepts and ar tas comple enough and generate sufficient emotional fore, ‘Ceol aio, The aoa rain the primary power at snan’s disponl fecal bis earning ito wemlances of realty. ‘eae of oman perception eS Renn ar commensurate wth the sie of out tes ‘ange of our perceptual apparatus, and pul 3 sou Ce Te ‘kam to tead the fine seript of spoors in the sand and Hanan ction of individual plants on the barest plains of tHe Git Th eof pence ejec vars grey fom sey ty alin certain range, Neither the ve $9 We ste ba een 20 Paiew in the course of day-to-lay living tres, and grass but rarely the individual leaves Fup, se oes ad rai Functions of Limbic and Neocortca SI? Artec eae PEE 10 Paychophysiological Aspects of MERE A Medina, Nor ae) te common prychologial structures and responses ads we 0 snd but nti inva gin The emeonl ton be ‘cn man and anal seldom bos blo ee sa goldfish in the bowl and of small turles that children play with, Bacteria fists ar beyond our orinary peep nea” hai ima apc empaie,A oe sn ae ose ee Go tlanis sarcoma items aetcer ener ee ever, imagine distances of a million miles, or even a tosaad mer No tuater how olen one has ttvened tae Wealth of he Doted se ig ir, to see it in one's mind's eye as other than a shape, a smalh segmentation ‘Three-dimensonal vision and dexterous hands enable human beings to perceive their environment as constng of objects against an unfocsed brckground, and not just as patems, Nature consis par of dicmte objects like fruits, tees, bushes, individual animals, human being, rocks, mountain peaks, and star, partly it consists of enveloping and background continua lke ait, light, temperature, space. Human beings tend to segment the continua of nature, Por instance, the ight spectrum vsble othe human te is perceived as discrete bands of color: vole, blue, ren, yellow, orange, red. Tn the middle latitudes temperature changes contiminily in te course Of year but it i common for people to divide it into four or five seatons, ftten with festivities marking the passage from one tothe oer, An infiite ruber of ection radiate fom ane pit but in many cles ow, trax dicctions are especially privilege The earth surface posses cesin sree einen or nane, beeen lod and water retain and pin, foreit end savanna, but even where these don't exst man has the tendency 10 differentiate his space ethnocentrically, dsingting betwee te a {hd the profane, ener and papery, he Home eae ad, Goren range, Again, people in diferent pars ofthe ee Soca pce I Ct fh Of a lake o river, wet or eat of a mountain. i England on Ss NOC Sid Suffolk, Weesex and Essex, Or regions may be dsinguihed ive PPS ime, and lower as withthe subs of ranean in 04 COT, Calforsia edie ino upper and Tower ater than nt port 928 St reer, The alent procedure fr dvdng uP ae 5 S00" regions of a geographer may be rier Tp uid and arid, pedecals develop from simple dichotomies such #8 Delsend repenses 6 petted sac ation was derived from five base ic clasifie its two poles, "Py ure with poles, "Trop. ‘binary oppositions ‘The human mind apPe3 ‘only into segments but fo 272 ee ie pars. We break the cole ese ene este oposite of ren spc no ets IP 2 gen the signal fr safety. Trafic lig Red the sna the readiness with which we read their messages? In is a i Uientettnal aan Sr foveal pint remains valid, namely the tendency for the fon et paar mens prod ome nin 2m pains tenth pair This tendency may reflect the See ann mind, but te emotional force of some bipolar erence cig, ot all levels of experience ST imoted One my specs on se of the fundamental oppositions in human experience: lie and death, male and female, “we” (or “I”) and Sie a Seon tie ot important, These antinomies of biological and Seal epson ae then transponed to the enveloping physical reality Some Basie Plarites Boogie Sch Geographies! Cosmological ‘ie geath heaven—earth ee high—low Tight —darknese ‘enter—periphery iy os ‘teition of contradictions Orpeies ae often " ‘eatigs of ted and eae PY 8 thie term, Thos to the polarized Serily “caution,” nein HC signals we select the color yellow ¢® band of wave Spilled 0 “g0;" and in this case yellow is He Spectrum and not just an ra between red and green in the color Tent Pale between a, selected color, In the cosmological Tea exer eon yO 9 the upper- and under wor Polar tendencies of the cardinal diree king, 1970), pp. 16-20 common puychologcal sirucures and responses e ” Myths and geometric Sgures of symbolic power can ali be viewed oe eee periznce is that of lie and death, My arse, Gilemma, For example, in myth iti posible to enesen 2 See the legends, and folktales from widely diferent pars of to mene es nt identified 0 many efforts to make death ineligible ned yea type of myth views death in a quas-Malthusar ranecent fae Oe has eatly recognized the importance of intitting ender of caning 2 world in which resoures are limited and he posta e production is great, Mythical thought has tanec Toi othe aan Satan ages tagalog an overburdened earth? The contradictions ofife are usualy resolved in narration. A geortrie figure may serve the same purpoe of hannonzing the oppte, a of eh figures the most important is the circle or mandala® The cite « yatel af wholeness and harmony, isa recurrent motif inthe ats of ancient Ente Civilizations, in the thinking of ancient Greer, in Christan an, inthe alchemical practices of the Middle Ages and ie the ealing nes of some nonliterate peoples. Jungian paychoanalsts se the citcle as an archegpel image ofthe reconciliation of oppusics, common fo all mankind. The specie Teno em ale Ogre ae la eet era pears. The mandala may take the form of the petals ofa ats, the 157s of 4 sim wheel, the healing circle of the Navaho, the rose windows of churches, and the halos of Christian saints. As a symbol of perfection the circle has strongly influenced the Western world’s conception of the coumos, Planetary motions enact the harmony of the heavenly spheres and must therefore be Gireular. Their elliptic paths were conceded with the greatest reluctance; likewise the regularities of the earth’ surface were viewed as delet that had to be explained away. Architecturally, the mandala pattem appears ia the layout of certain Indian and Chinese temples as well asin the design of traditional and idealized cities. At the world’s men mar zs as ism, cities arose not only in response to economic and commercial forces: But aloo the ell forthe enblahment of sacred pcs, modeled afte the cosmos, Such cities tended to have regular geometric outlines oriented 10 the cardinal directions, to their intermediate points, or to the position 9 Edmund R, Leach, “Genesis x Myth” in Joba Middleton (0d)» Math ond Gorm (Carlen Cio ee Nana Hanary Pres, 196753, 4H Schwarchaum, “Phe Overerowded Ear,” Nomen, ¢ (1897) 5°° 700, SH Soham, The Omerdel Fs ey ne (Men ed ‘ii Syabne (Se vom Bel 196), py, 265.885 3% # ‘Mandala (Berksey and London: Sbambals, wed death, inescapable ‘mercy who brings relief 104 ting may become a symt world, cel ee es rc nae Tec Sete FN eve here oc ons cosmological shemale aly varied. Bach cultural -. ag store are ero cltarally dies, ents of tate a rencature t0 cope vith thi aon with this vara, coated f the » sbstances ond sor orld people have recognized a f feast ed wi etal, ad fir. Each substance of Fe ay ssn Om rt een i pes of metal Bach clement i lo a preg earth, the hares 2 oe for action. Thus the idea of wetne or ebodiment ofa enc i te sof ae se ed wih rasan the ide of change na = ane scent phan, a wi orate in the cleme ueig Batten pony: wood is warm and enya Sew bg stead a's word int coberent en GSE tent prs ofthe work we find the substances oF Ca yf 1 i number, identified with spatial recon, i manly Reman ituions, and penalty trait, Some come cr are dabrae caer are relatively simple. Tn cultures that we (eon ne aueciins appear natural or appropriate, With alien cules fey nem comply abtrary. Needless to s8y, to the native, although fen nt grap the eosmcogial frame in its entirety, the parts e knows 2 Fem esringl and resonable, The net of asociations aries ik fot plein capone to the ned for order, for establishing signiBcant tionships among the overwhelming wealth of phenomena that ‘confronts fee indiidal Her are four partial es of cosmological correspondenes 1 emnase wood spring cast. —leser yang green SH fre summer south greater yang joy, ‘arth =—— center balance ed metal autumn west. lesser yin sorrow water em vines north =~ greatcr yin Im piychoogical sructans a esp ae mornsta fire worth back hi cemer multicolored a alcohol west pd see yellow taxatous wind” cant ie tormpctonire wean sovruwest) worth yellow Shakak (God of winter and snow) pu cette Stavtiname hep) ll h —red_——_Maivochina (goper-lte god, helps bat ie ps0 grow) Vue Snir e bear zenith brown (Goxtike oa) bad nadir Keene a di black = (mole-like god) oa 4, ootata stoux (onear #1atys) north white great, white, lansing wind west lack thunder brings ain center of the world south yellow summer, growth east. red-light, morning star, wisdom What do these cosmological schemata have in common? Fit the continua of nature, such as the color speetrum, the seasonal cele and the Yectors from a point are subdivided arbitrarily into a small number of cate fori, Second, all four schemata cate directions to colors Third, the pin- CGple of action or a behavioral trait i ether implied or stated expicily- ‘The Chinese schema relates inanimate elements 10 ange, joy, 16 © Indonesian schema to such qualities as eloquence, avaicioumes, comp tensivenem the Pueblo Indian schema to zoamorphic gods and enimale + Sion Tne ecbenyn en actions in nature och as eal wind” wet tones rain, ESR cleo nian ones ae ee Tf the clements are structured around the cardinal pnts end he CoC Fee ahaa te bale form mask msl, th “ows” or Cneta common pool The mitvariow laments 0 the cosmos ap ature ofthese world view edited by the center? harmonious whole, binary opportions tend coomelogical schemata Inns becwcen the cosmological schemata of sup, ed the simpler categories of bipolar eppestge * or force? It is tempting’ tone ott et found in Indonesia. Van der Kroef has attempted 10 show the relations ‘slipslage, depicts dverity of cultures, there is a persistent structural imetif: the functional antithess of social ‘The antithesis extends ey cece es eek Fee SE Nie, rine Cups, wane Pol + Matel Gases perf Chiege Pre Pools broke, 1963), 2 EM fe ae Reet a eta nh Ane ai, Dae Acie in edo Anthobeagi, 36 (108), OH a characteris sociated wth cach ofthe tne a Right Bos Atere nae Earth Heaven ory Spiritual Wer Dow Upward Peel be Behind In front West Ess Younger tether OW broker New Old Javanese N Upperwold pees center and he ‘wold of men Undervrtdcame peel = 1water, symbel of lit ein: Urpeme ataye Mdina of 8 es Undermeld—eatamiy, Sckes, death utenaten of mosnsinse/s wanted ito, confrontation Seppe diecios x——s iw Mourn se i. direction of the Uppen fond (rection Nata Uatenerd Se (Grcton of 2nd ate aghere of man sib oe ject to both inflaenes vind North Bl Sess ‘Mounts side Jeane a Haine word . ese wold views are very much alike, Consider the Bile iets which she sper of he two. Duala in evident 2 rink the Mountain as the upperworld and the sea as the underworld ee a plat from the mountain comes fresh water, whieh 2 firecion of tesa s that of calariy, kt eth Medaing wen he tte and receieg inten fo the middle word of man. The antinomic pair of mount 23 is viewed on the horizontal plane of come Ba od anh at avout, cat an west et ures and response worl The center is madiape, the inermel mediate sphere of man Duffeted by “winds” from both sources. Here, thee ‘ rovatain and sea i mediated by the middie Somes the feo li oth soc he horizontal plane the tripartite division be schema of four cardinal points and center. In Jae and and nature tend ote sincured ad. snded dea symbolism and cosmological schemata A symbol isa part that has the power to sugges a whole: for instance the eros for Christianity, the crown Kingspan the cle for harmony sion. An object is aio taken asa symbol when it css a penunbr of meanings, when it call to mind a sicesion of enemera that ae related snalegieally or metaphorially to eachother. The practice of turing the world into substances, colon, directions, animals, and buna traits promotes a symbolical world view, Ina comelogia! schema, 2 Stance immediatly suggests color, which sige in tum a deco, th imal emblem ofthat direction, and pehaps a human penoraliy tat oF trood. In such a richly symbolical worl, objects and event take on ean- ings that to an outsider may seem arbitrary. To the naive, the asociation and analogies are in the nature of things and require 20 rational justia tion: to the Chinese, “ood,” “spring” “ea” and “rsa” impate ach thes. The meanings of mot symbol are cures, Wea the detailed ordering of the components eatin een from elu aceney—for instan, Yet certain subtances have meatings of wide cu inte fr and water In the Chinese when, engl, aed SPT, Sova and phalie; water» female ad pave. Thee STE Ze fr fro unig, They have Decee pat of te made the works of Freed and Jung wors tha derive tei nda the Bras of pram fas and ancient Mati Scr sting coneinmas Wa 28 RS it fermi bet felis a source of ote FONE. the the feminine side of human. penal. Is rath, Peshaps this esis tinction of fire and of consiousne echt, Plat ol Fe ly iD Pr 156), and ven #1son ae Bee creshintncs srk es a - ae voter ale ih ceept the immersion and death if he Scenes ae Dee irprct eeion te tty Fret rmcgnie a Th ch mtr he dona Semen et reply am important role in he element. Sup Oe ronal life although they do not know how to el hey Dung the ann i i ep stamp out the precious fire while the st Mo fan it life by a wild erotic dance sated wih water calor pycology and symboiise ora sesviy wclocis mans at nearly age. Even infants three sont dd appar capa waking deriminations. Color, which play an FESS ianan enatons may constate man's earliest symbol ‘Fe wien teres comatc Land and emotion, however, is mudd Gy sineih ating a generaleaion® universal’ rules turn out {0 be Ctur-boud fst oye. One generalization that does seem to Ime ete splits he dtcon beneen “advancing” and "rec. ing clon Re, orn, and yelow are dexribed ss advancing color Secs thy ae seater othe cheer than otter hues. Red, or red-orange inyeiodar, “roche eat” It timate the nervous system and Sigg satath Hed cor ab fa te ec f making an ebject seem heave than iti, Gren, blue, and blue-green are known as receding colors; they Sect cles oe santa o red: an eject punted blue ated {ale Wer tan its Color that affect our sense of weight also affect, ‘ur sax of up ard down. Where elevators hae colored lights, the red Tow ail pi ow these sree wp Friary crs deste se ave Bees Sate steng emotions. Young chikiren appear sbi dae eas FBPUt lors apparently because they denote ies Salar et ete, Amen eeomat clo of citene coat at meaning isthe most widely shared by peor Aa ite Hel Spy tn Waal ct ce Ure os een wad in burial, Greek, tesa, » Cn Tanta, us Pevples of Aftcg (New Yorn Temes A the Congo,” in James L, Gibbs (ed) 90 Si is Not Hat Rn ato (9s) decay NAIM AH ects of Gale” Bigeholognal Records & common poychologicl structures ané responses oman satcophagi bear traces of red paint in thei ite and oud has been in-use for the re Black: (positive) wisdom, poten, germinal, matemal,eahemoter. (Gegative) evi, cure, deBlerent, deat, White: (positive) light, party, spiral, times, dv. [megative) mourning, death Nonetheless the chief aswcatons of white are pose, and doe of ack negative. The two color mboie opposed and yet complementary tniveral principles: analogous pairs ar ight and drhnes, appearance nd ‘appearance, life and death, Thee antinomies are diferent ways of ying the ume thing. They are the necesary halves of a wal reality: oe meres into the other in space and evolves out of the other in time In tay sryhs, and philosophical sje, the complementarity of lack and white if emphasized. In lation, however, these terms often appear t epee iecocilable values tis well known that in the Wester tan ack ftande for all the negative values of cure, evi delement, and deat, Isheress white sigs joy purity, and goodnet, But nila ieterpretaont are given in a large number of mon-Westem ealtres, For example Tambara—-a west African negro tbe—hite a regal cols, ebraeni wri and parity of sprit, The dark tones of indigo, on the ots nes are identified with sadness and impurity. To the Nupe ibe of TST ack signifies wrcery, ev and frightening specs, Among ts JES” cf Malagasy (Madagascar) the word black i asocned wilh MeSaS evil suspicion, av dagreeablenes; the word white with PERG AS and purity. Hxamples can be muliplie ea, A Tae a ‘re Mack may in he i Be Be aa ton, diturbing dreams, and nightmares, when invite tncurages fanny to ron wit There i abo the er of Pe Color in Haman Relation” Kenneth J. Gengen, ‘The Siaieane of SH Dacdats (Spring 1967), pp. 397-92. Beees ond rps Fe ce topteonme To . ailing, oF production is associated tne or i i imimately connected with organic bodily xe physiological events associated with the eda retatiorehipa, which may be sun. jem en oa Whi ae er ed ld) Mech net cl Sti) ce er anal lod (le productive role exual division of labor). ial fess git (nde tee eins! en hg or oe stn 0 eis sec de = nk ar (ard eras) ‘ens ey langage bas wpeial words for black and white. Among ‘daomatic obs ed ccupies a pel postion. The term for red is usually ‘one of the oldest color terms in a given language; as a rule it is a native nord elon” in many reyes follows the pattern of red, Like red, 4 ‘pei ermdelops for it whichis old inthe color vocabulary. Next come oe ‘Unlike red, for which comparison is readily made with : yellow, ror ween, nor blue is the outstanding color of any phason penoneen in nature. In China, yellow dominates becaute I Paved we the cee of eanh and ofthe center; but this ateibution ae 1 The evident object of comparison for green is given in to the word pa tet malory of languages the term for green is related J Pls and gronh. In English, “green,” “growth,” and “gras” are derived from the eres ae (om Hewlett Germanic roo gro which probably meant “atural to asociate the color blue with the sky; Yet common prychological structures and responses a ea i at at amnresa gt Sars to be indlated by u pal ee oe Lorie Uru uu mearhetecn nage mar oleic phe io ot bores sean mara ccencs pees Sea lt of the color ages there is no that the bax color trues and white plas ireen and blue; then spatial prychology and symbolism “The idea of “center” and “periphery” in spatial onarizaon i ‘haps universal. People everywhere tend to structure soe for less well defined) of decreasing value beyond. This theme vl fe ica up in the next chapter. Spatial values that transcend invidual cutee sppear to be based on certain basic tats ofthe human body. For sample the human body has a back and fron. What are the implications af tis asymmetry? “Follow your nove” is the clearest direction we can ge to the Tost Going forward is easy; going backward is not. Moreover, “tring back" is paychologically unpleasant, since it sugges eror and defeat “Front” and "back ate unequal in soil value. In some estes it u seerily to turn one's back on anther person, parclal if the eter person is superior in dignity. Assembles of people are often hierarchically organize. ‘A common characteristic is the siting of important penonages in fat ‘while the nameless are shunted to the back. Somatic and psychological Symmetry is projected into space, which squires the meaning and value of back and front. This asymmetrical designation of pace xcu at diferent scales. Most rooms have a front entrance and the fuaiture i ranged ith respect to it. Public building and private hous especially thee of the pore and middle clases, Have clearly demarcated front and back ns Many ol etes had rnt entrances, Only one route wa he and a mageificent gate stood over it pede Oper Senda ene ei ei People. Agoraphobia and claustrophobia Sea Opie Sper and encod! spaces can abo stimulate tpi ai OF signifies freedom, the promise of adventure, light, the Pt ss dPrebeoicel Sidy (Te Hae:a common poets! tre and 10:00 % + signiis the cory Security of ‘and unchanging beauty eer SPC tempting to speculate on i dor a pn hon ens oa Bi icra mar mane semi cg of the opical forest t0 the more rete ot of th ae sey the pacelike savanna, Tndiviaan pen and unpredictable PTO Gark protective worn (0 a Bright wo a we jess accommodating: OP the time scale of cultural Bs ccm serene tice Sas place-pound, life-nurturing neolithic = oars, res ie in large part on the juxtaposition of wd light, the intimate and the publi, vd etrigm both coanote darkness the private house shelters life's ee ee ne and forum a jerson fulfils his potential 2 ‘hee man. Much of the attraction of old Tropean cites ies the juxtaposition of crowded residential quarters Fe ccre e) emdecns nbc ae Certain natural {iepes appeal tous, Paul Shepard ses the appeal as related to the ldap PT enc aacns often correspond (oa narrow defile angege, water gap, or valley that opens out {0 3 bright sunlit plain, In the Grind ad in the Tannkseuser epic the Iandscape theme is that of orter ioxing from a coven stone or from a mountain in paradise, in agar Allan Poe's tory, “Domain of Arnheim,” the narrator describes the esac by naer through a gorge of overhanging foliage to a large basin Urge best. In real life, Shepard notes that among the earliest scenes eee are the water gaps and ravines ‘of New England and See g Psa er sa gee and canyons hold ee een inthe nineteenth century when traveling ip. The Devil's Gate in south-central Wyoming, for exam Bk, ison the Oregon Trail; wagons did ieee sae fot tave > pe thn Se detberaely elo » Granite Range and found it awe-inspiting."* vc nt tet pal actin an be id exe rinse SRB NEE The veil venus the orton dimension? He ara ge rialicaly as the antithesis between Janene, between the ideal of disembodied conscien®” 9 al Shepard “The Cron » ras Vale Syndrome Landeap, 10, No.3 (860 Ca erpnlipehole eal eechlney paychologi and responses Fy on; deep axis wi m" Finesthetic relationship between certain physic oe jomes “swell arches “spring,” landscapes “unfold,” Gr hae pa ipemgepenyer ea Jacking this kind of proportion, expand unequivocally? d Please and shallow axis with energy conservatio aoa tence of puman feelings 1 Morse Peckham, Man’s Rage for Chaot (New “York; Schocken Books, 1967) Pp. 168-84, 199. story of Tate ee ncn of Haman: 4 Meg Se (ew enh Seine 1260, 2 159 (ory ier © ie, The Pods and, Sin a pe aed He GR ee name: Ye susanne K. Langer, Mind: 4m oe au Hopline, 1967). 0.160 1S Pcs inal and tes and Art Critieim, 18, NO. a fof Auk cin Bae Ra ng tor Sa Gy Lane, Hames ForeCHAPTER Foup ethnocentrism, Symmetry, and space a 1d and alien territory. “Wer ome grouné =n tersitory. "We" are at the cen attributes in Human bei Jose human attributes in proportion as they are removed fea a, P athnocentrism Ethnocentrism is a common human tit, The off rom their peers in Mesopotamia by desert and sea tox ee that they were superior to the peoples they encountered boead nea the Nile Valley. Conscious of their own sophataton thy Wench ec reighbors to be rustic and uninitiated. They made the distortion betwes ‘men,’ on the one hand, and Libyans, Asiatic, or Africans, on the ode, The Egyptians were “men,” and somehow it was implied that fori Jacked the fall human stature. In ties of national sre, when the od onder trad broken down, a common Egyptian paint ws tht “lorignes have ‘become people everywhere.” ‘The Greek historian Herodotus commented on eheocentr among the Persians, thus: “Of nations, they honour most tei nares righbous, trhom they esteem next to themselves; those who lve beyond thee they honour in the second degree; and so with the remainder, the further they are removed, the less the esteem in which they hold them" Ta the norhvestern sector of New Meio, eur msn ei unique ways despite geographical proximity, frequen social contact, the blending influence of mass media, Their song eons 3 ware agai forces for eultural homogenization, For isanc, all Se a a Sa rs {groups refer to themselves as people, ee (Zari), the “chosen people” (Mormon), Je gente (SpansheMexien), nt "real Americans” or “white mast” (Texan) ; each group thus implies at the others are not fully human, To the bypotbeteal quesin, “Ife 8 prolonged drought the area is expt of Gort Prenat tal {o be exablished with the return of rain, what Kind of comment TS You put up?" the responses indicate unvarving that ac S748 Oo ( resab tlh wth no thowgt fora wpa that amen tions? : ecesary to “The ilsion of superiorey and centrality i PUPS ep siion sustenance of eulture. When rade encounters wit Tn un the culture itself sable to decline. Inthe modem 8 hey are in amy ‘ating, i dificult for arall communis © PI Fy peasy if tral sense at the center of things, and ancient Egyptians, cut piano 3 Fintan ate Pre, 1988) 2and see 2 siecenrm, veel” is Salt erie Be tnt en Capital he Wer at Ra eT ales coc” treme Mest ramos hey te nt ae ee ee Tioor te wong re a eae Saence for te belt ranted, In the sntenth cent? there was 3 Since the sesond worl! waP, Or rperica and Russia as superpowers have ity fathers omic ste, forced Britain another image that it ene Rigdon, nor tat Brain in the need ee at Yate Sle lf as the ho of the woe eee vewint preva among, an ena yar nated and do ox have to faethe ea ee ae mums of sper to Tenses, Tom the Se ico seedy lnulelge we ae ight 1 cll ehnocentim Wilam bac ne ot apiece fen len sopprt ‘hnocentriom and cosmic diagrams among nonltrate peoples sn Osi f tn wer Yeni River are small group of hanes and fermen in western Siberia, Their cosmogeaphy is based on geograPy ‘al mali tanned give it vera dimension, At the cent of the anne i the Ve whichis known as the Holy Water, Here of man, The Osink believe that away from the banks of the ‘aes that i away from the center, population diminishes, since this been ther experience. Above the low pas s fant, inthe south, is Heaven, and Sauces ade Like may other peoples in sorte Ser por ith “he Ta Nastings and equate “south” with “avOwe ys the meet Holy Water begins in Heaven and flows divide for te a the broad and fat Mongolian plateaus is the water" Gai oo At teat sive sytems of Siberia and eastern Asi centrality. The ahnocentritm, symmetry, and space a ie Sutand CekirlrAsie heloerld thareer oe placed by one of rectangular shape, The fol nthe yes was die like an overturned cauldron, rising and falling over the earth dig gee the Buriat occupy the central place ih de, of whit accessories to the earth; their function is to make the earth habitath, ne feongpiaedi;in addition. the: pusblo’ Indah perstive tirmeréal neo li live on the central she ain mound res: To most peoples of ca {itor Keane House of MAE HOT ome ane 8, ca sine voor | 3 ice of Sense Hat a ste Lander wig Sovm Te ‘SW commer (Red: Bodeat) a eins, Sta Ans, Now Figure 1 Cosmograpy of the Kersan Publ fod Mexico, (After White.) sostch (eo), Matha 9. Motmberg, “siberian Mytoloey.” A, i ec (Bee ara fore 8; 22 up ras” 8 SNe” at “Keresan a. ete ie no ours sity Press, 1964), pp. 85-94me cry Bes tenn sgt coe 8 ben ‘ Be cegairim orca ga ee ed Hogar. The Nasa ay he pueblo Indians the past searching for the Middle Place, inlike the int tee a hey BEd wih te Zs the Navabo Jo Be tae other of ne acne more aio ayay ye Place and acer they ve wie ee ce fies at Frome ie marin of the inhabited world. They di skins ve atthe ASST Mrzme into contact with large numbers of not, however, know tis wn TT they saw their habitat not only as the svt men. Before th cr ali Hts cultural and. population center. words geapial te ple, Greenland Eskimos thought that Eure. Ea i co rela to earn vie and good manners frm Sn an yunt glak, an Aivilik Eskimo of South- fhm nti Ho ey he a andeptndig, He wa sae en Sa ‘to build an air strip near Coral Harbour. dhe Ue Stes Ary sent men Pe sete tnd sen the same white facesthe faces of explorer: and Tei Tce wo eft often retuned and they seemed to know one another Ter Apo and oer Afiik hunters reaonably concluded that though hte men were diferent they nee far les marerous. This reasuring view [obthntered daring the second world war when many strange peopl from the oui world appeared? lor: the rut shape ef Southampton Iiand was known through acta owgrphy, some Aik men were asked to sketch the shape of theit aed tome The utines they drew tuned out to be remarkably accurate down othe dea of inlet (Figure 2). A notable dntotion is in the Sze {Salpeter ofthe ans tansy ee" 4s not suprising for most of the people live on the peninsula The teeny to cages these of ones home ground at the expe of the territory of neighbors is well known. A Texan's view of the United Stas or example, will probaly show a huge Texas surrounded by small? Seimei more and more midge-lke the further away they ate from at aie oee ‘may be some justification for this view, but 2 bee coreg een Hel to show similar signs of self-infation, REM Heat enna ot a proportion 1 18 habit of overestimating ogee, PrePle have acquired the ego-supPor Theis lege ok EON importance vsccvs the rest of the WF pro, co ae 1 feopr2pby of Southampton Island is extraordinat aed ths detailed Knowledge extends to the west coast of Huo ses. oe Hd (1955), Tog’ S920 Concepts of the Aivtik Eskimos," Exploration ethnocentrism, symmetry, and space 3s 12: Sketches of Southampton Inland by Avie Eskimo in 1920 Correct shape of Southampton Island based on aerial photographs i Penaals Figure 2. Southampton Island, Hudson Bay. (After Carpester] Bay swhere they do much of their hunting. Beyond he limits of personal experience, however they have to depend on rumors and heamay. The drs tions to some of the remoter spots, such a8 white man's tading past ant ‘owns, are stil fairly well represented on the sketch maps but these dine from Southampton Island are vastly compressed. Geogry ee eae zane when the Avi atenp understand he weld ae me. They take Southampton Island itself to be the center = lar earth whose outer limit can be reached from the and in 2 joe] 0 more than several weeks. °n it appears in many parts of the world. The ies Se eet ‘Minds despite the evidence of the environment, which mat TT Aor, aes Te eons ‘or an island. The “Yurok Indiansehaacention, symm ond HE 3 appear concepvaliz their World two-dimen, " ex California, oe eatB SPP The ruggedness of their home grouny Senay = a lr i perme of te Klamath Ker and ate (igre 8). The Yo 6 the wo Figsre 3 Coumography of the Yurok Indians, Northem California coms in its vcrty. They depend on the river for their principal food, the salnon, and for transportation. They tend to avoid the hill country; the large number of trails crossing it are not nearly so important for traveling and commere asthe river. The Yurok lack the idea of cardinal directions ‘The orient themselves by thee principal geographical feature, the Klamath, and speak of directions as upsizeam or downstream. Since the river #* ‘rooked, uaiteam and downstream may designate almost all points of the ‘compass. Yet the predominant trend of the river is clearly recognized: it beer ti wv The ee of cardinal directions is not necessary to the ‘oneeption ofa symmetrical world. The Yurok world, insofar as they know ‘ccinately,issmal about one huncred and fifty miles in diameter. Beyond it the Vurok are vaguely aware that other human beings exist. ‘The Yurok {new shat the Klamath River ends in the ocean but they also believe that 1 soing wpstsam for tenor twelve days they shall reach sale water af2% irclar earth; the Klamath crosses it in the middle ‘bank of the Klamath, near the point where the Trini “out is genek the center of the world. At this locait ‘comes in fromthe 47.7 Watrmay, ity of California Pub "Yar Herd i Seeraphy,” Univers ifn Sane mcd eer! Caller a ethnocentrism, symmetry, end space ” chinese ethnocentrism Ethnocen ism stony deveaped among fics when the Europeans atempred oper nn tl te aed end of the eighteenth century, China had good reasma wt,9 ate at the the center ofthe world. For mime tee thong ne ik ut ton functioned asa cviizaton at na fr ae eed with which i had contact. Phe Chine att. bl aes world, At the center are the fertile alluvial plang, Hi ae lis Hex ppt already have reached twenty-five million by the fourth entry ner het sophisticated literate culture had esched which i ieee loved little to ideas from the outside, Population dectned shay Get th central psi. To the nth the seppesto ee sa boon the carts highest mountain sytem, he sat he he eos and to the east the sea. pees China did nts tl nation anon ther ions of cmpenie sue Tesoed tthe center ofthe wordt wa te Me Reon Teva even more grandly known a en andres ot or ee (enter and sours) o ee ha hh mua (wine fu Te a til is somewhat unexpeted since the Chins nant Kn he ‘tetany inthe ec. Hae we hare tcter tate oe ea ‘Die water-gidled earth, Under But ntact cn pl ‘te draw hich show the Kurdan Moun ie cnr Ty ihe wold vial peak New to them he chang juan he rear ae In the later versions of this type of religious eee a oy the oly ons that suv, renin gepapieal et sawn sha the Great Wall, the Huang Ho, the Korean peninsula and the island of Japan, but away from the known world cosmographic fantasy holds sway. The lind ns srtounded by an nanddoed een sand Soveve, es another rng of land ree ‘The cular pate depars rom the tation Cane conetn ofthe earth ay rectangular shape, The Hen ef acne cn Sonat “ie ike ert exe sented on peril Crs dion The ein oes Of this idea pears in the Shu Ching and possibly date wees ng Gentury ne. The earth is conceive 35 a swcesion of 00 e Sulture avray from the imperial capital (Figure 4) 1M utary feudal "on ofthe royal msn Tis wed he nd f DEN C lords; the ‘the frontier belt where asi loth sant of pacienion or ere i adopted; the zone of allied barbara, 270 MF Romans could ‘“avagery. This schema was popular with the Chit ———8 et Saal Fane aes S08) seat Faawe 4 Tada einen Cin wold view, dating bac mi cena 8S easy hme aap it for their own we, The two empires ly at opie sat abe Euan continent. They were vaguely aware of each others crecnce bot nether fet the need 10 adjust their ethnocentric views to ft with the known facts? carly greck mops heen go wl with he tea of the cular cosmos. Ma ‘maps and diagrams exist to illustrate the pan-human babit of placing * Fase ts tn es on spaecly Gapred wos. Tete Bec eect in ae soon ty wee Tee ents example ofthis pattem is preserved on a Babylonian clay tablet: the Toscana Ban 2c xc. Te expr a AT cenre conception of the caunas In Greek antiquity Homer believe arth to be round, fat, and girdled by a vast stream. Babylonian comme” ee ret gh Nea" Fundamental en of CO ac ight have influenced this ea mi his eatly Greek view fen that the conception is worldwide and paige tot Oe" Wak with the ancient Near Bare by people the human mind. East. It may be a construct, hand we have with h no pekabe UC that i congenial te cent Gres eke um Honer a an a Frcs ded Ce word ne two ene ste Sn). rope in the north and Libya-Asain the south tie ey ofl SB wh (Fg 5 The two are Figure 5 Hecateu of Milewn (8, 520-500 no connected atthe Caucasus Mountsins but are otherwise severed by 2 ceil Belt of water consisting of the Mediterranean Se, the Euxine (Black Se) and the Caspian Sea. By the fifth century ne, dot concesiog the pect Symmetry of land was expressed. Herodotus censured Heeatus fr pre ing the cart as “exactly round, a if drawn with apa of compa 2 the Ocean flowing all around it.” His ova conception was far more dried and the outline of his earth less regula; on the ober and the peste hankering for symmetry is revealed by drawing the uppet Nile River 2 line hae rune rom wett (oat, than pamling the flow of he 1 (Danube) in Europe, Srabo (ca. 63 nc-21 Ao.) takes wt the bof of modem geograpy. Tis earth ix shes, aout anil ts Per, fereans, Strabo placed ita the center of the univ. The MO;TD Ty is roughly an oblong iand inthe tempers lane. TH A ST ty the Mediterranean Sea and the Taurus Mountain 15" SS oy the land mass follows {rom the increasing fecoB ee ti ae Aa, The aren of Europe no longer cannes aH9008 ST asap, Sively exaggerated. With the diminishment and oP i fecation. Down 10 the ‘fifth, Greece could no longer pretend 10 * ‘central I ————S—s———a and 08 a ec wn asm 0 BE TRE CECE of the a century nc wens and Delphi the cen 0 (orbs tearm) mah =: , ‘gatergindled circular earth again became In the Middle AB # "sete 6). The geometric elements of the jem of the wale (POP maths the edge of the circurarnbient ‘wheel map ae pad. The “T” within the inner “O” of land he cle cd Nile; they are aligned to form the hor he Mediterranean Sea forms the vertical ah into three parts, with Asia east of the tno 586 whereas es the ear consis of he én, ental bar of the *T; sor Tne Tt ve unannoe ARICA ¥ Figue 6 Medel Eoopean T-0 maps, * WA Hale The Frame of dnins Greek. Maps (New Yok: ates Geogaohca ecey, 190) “EM. tustary A Minn) of ancient OOTP iment th Ces ad Romans, Lander jon Mcsy 1889) anmocentrom, symmetry, and space 4“ tne Donan Nile River, Eope in the nerve ME southwestern sector on two sides of the Nees 2" A8Aaig Be jemap thar et the place ofthe ving ete Sx, The thes being one ofthe symbols for Chit. rope mee et Chi Jrodest place in the T-O diograms itis dwarfed gorge 12 SCUPY a rather 7-0 maps date back to the sith century, They on ht sores esd ay Ag? Tm tae Grew conten wth egret se ge itis puzaling that they shout 0. ilar in the Mic a py ee f Pg dt snes eer a SSE ht hy ad wont wee tinder a teoretial schema that thy found const ul kml But scholars ofthe Ite medieval period had ates te desag e Boigu de cave that owed wee aoe ed tere trv fom the tine of Mat uo end Sota ao fae cncerning, te continental intr and ease Aue Te PO wee early useless for navigation. "They served no pated ed he they were far from being idiycratc fantasies The whel mapa fe Mile Ages expresied the bles and experience of sled cae that placed Christanity—and ite topogaptic sym, Jewslen at ie center, They represented a way of thinking that eared eon in neal a phores of medieval life, from the contraction of eather w the Cruden? ibe dren the ancient realar mapa, ‘ewrope at the world’s center Extended explorations ovenes an he knowledge of deny ple Countries distant frm Europe sce 1310 me or ane el to retain the religous worl view of the TO map. The Holy Land isolator a the worl’ center. Ero sel asome hat pin ‘This Europocentric view is manifest in the idea of Europe. The histon - thse amb sate The von of han meri ene Probably originated with Greek navigators. By the sixth century B< ie ere hore a ith he ee of ean ST? that great expanses of land blocked hi courses 0 he nd these landmarks they called respectively Europe and! Ass Soon ST te two terms that served navigators acquired polities! a im Ys ot © Raymond Beasley, The Dawn of Modern Oe ay aT ne Sei) a oily oiddanecenrie, symm 4 105° s the feud between the continents, Arion ec i er een Europeans and Asi: Ue ings Herodotus dia differences between, Europ ree Seer ‘he diferences. No attempt was made jy to explain mits of the con its as revved only with the revival ef ater, in the age of great oceanie led pon imate define the geographical in the pss pe Renae. L a aig an fain we lst el Ee me Himes of pos Ca pan. ‘The two continents ae Behind a scateing of PO tr ca which seafarers ave t0 cian, pot ye net vin ravine Ba EP the seventeenth cenry the peoples of th aang ey kt the need fora collective name designating thee eliza. Wastes worl fo ry Wever Chtinendom” seemed inappropriate son Th a Burge served that porpose® T applied tan oe ae comma rosin Wor, rae, religion, and lan see Yasue; Ave snply that which rot Europe. Tei Se er Asad rom the Buopear' vempint 20 we have the Nest toe mi Ea, ad the Far Bas. Asa has never been an ety. I Pare er peal in ral pe, language, religion, and culture. ‘The Be a Catena ie tise, fd hc Dats id not know they wets AV Alans ule Buopeae ld them, Asia was the shadow beyond the eet Bu eats ihe prver to pve a serbian of tally tothe shat Tn time de word Aa scuired content and even a eee pedi eepcc tat could be used gaint it ashe cased carl war the Ieper tenpted caplet the ea of Aa, They coined the slogan “Asia forthe Aaa ara vay of diverting the anger of the people they conquered fee themed bt Mi pve, inents, The idea itself lost eurre ney ie once more political and cultural ‘the center of the land hemisphere z The ee viewpoint is not often expressed cartographically School alse, European epuniies are given great prominence. This rely god see for we naturally wish more detailed information of Ov ‘ountry and close neighbors than of remote lands. There is, howe’ in A Stuy 8 1954), 908-29, : et Scher, 23, N02 (Sy at and 0. AUK Spat, Epiogues The UNS a ‘Map of Asie: A Poluical Geography (Loe annocentrm, symmetry, and space modern cartographic device that is one ind us of Greek circt aregiously tn emind vt of Greck circular maps centered gn Gree meter drawn with Jerusalem in the middle, The deyies cee? 2% medical ot § projection that is centered on southern Ine, {ticle is drawn on the map t0 enelowe the ce Botnet A the area tem Fra 3). This i the land hernisphere*® Te, of half the = ) Phere#? It includes nearly the ee oo Fi ie continent Figure 7 “The Land Hemisphere, showing the Mediterranean Ocean and the central position of Britain.” (After H. J. Mackinder, 192 ) ‘is of Earn, he whole of Avon an Nath Americ and te Ahr f South Americ, Cue te ciclo were Ee ing the uninhabitable ice plateaus of Antarctica and Greenland, nearly nine Sho he land sea ft gabe sae inten eles Percent of the world’s population is located. The map enjoys 8 cain Belay in Dain, whi undemanate Two intl et Sir Halford Mackinder’s classic study Britain and the British Seat (1902) 8ud the Inte Profenor J. Fs Uta Word Swen, une 3980) “eit empha tian emai, Ovid Be fit 'm€ projection places the British Isles at the edge of the Arctic basi, tom the core of the ecumene. 71. ater ng ia ee tr Ha Mein, dg Se leo Preston B. James, All Pale Werlds (Ira 2 Besson B, James, ait Posible World (ocentrsm, nme and a6 j exceptions lieved that a superior race, seni. one Fe own terzitory. The capitulation divine, lived boven “mall band of soldiers might have by ofthe Aes 19 Cares SATS Sine pele of white color. The a facilitated by the Artec Pel solely a matter of military : 3 Aca was not solely rita swith which Europeans colonies a ry ceri ako enjoyed a psychological advantage and techeloieal Pee ges as for example, in Madagascar ae in some enous pa cttreresin, tne legend the nmives anticpated the a7 read on the first white woman th South Pacific, Marquesan islanders &¢ they aie feeds, Cleary not every human group enter ect ieeame degre of slFAmportance, ’ ee eer tt fo put oneself, e's Count, ot ons sine a enerol ti une, cin ao be overcome with magnate ‘effort. At the dawn of Occi ental science astronomers of the Pythagorean er, A he earth at mere planet like Jupiter and the sun, Fire ee Pe caner ofthe anivene, for fire and not earth vas taken to be i i cement. Tn the Middle Ages earth occupied the central loca se wenn’ birthplace this seemed proper. However, the medieval ati- ser cus ambivalent To some thinkers the central location did notin itll enfer dignity, Medieval writes have described the earth in such unflattering fem ar mere geometrical point or a sort of dustbin for the ofscourngs tf creation, Earth may be the hub around which the greater heavenly bodies fpoved but tals i located atthe bottom ofthe cosmic hierarchy. Perhaps the bet noon example of ego transcendence in the Western world isthe Copernican resolution, the sbstttion of the heliocentric for the geocentric Se Le ering bt as remartable fom the ula and Pe logical perspective i the ego cisplacement of European savants dui part of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, European statesmen ane ‘Palsiots might consider themselves a very superior people but Europea? writes and scholars were inclined to be disillusioned with the tyranni ees zai re bigotry of their homelands, At the samme time they eramoured withthe glowing reports of the virtues of peoples Ber the seis in the Ameria inthe South Seas, and in China. So, cone) ingrained habit of welt glorifiation, philosophers of the Enlightenme!t tended to Mal ee Esope a the center of dares surrounded by & ‘broad Fi 1 parts ofthe word peep Tas ond the confines of teit 9 Basil Wiley, The 1965), pp. 19-21, gin Bool Eighteenth Century Background (London: Pet CHAPTER Fiyp personal worlds : individual differences and preferences ‘Aca species human beings are highly polymorphic. Outward physical vai tions among individuals are striking but they are minor when compared with the internal differences, Far from being "brothers under the kn! ws in certain organic meaaures—almoct diferent species, T should sy a ne that the significant contrasts occur among individuals; differences due 1 ‘ace are relatively unimportant se tes to life and enronment nec eS fons in bochennstry and physiology, A colorblind penons wei oN tomer Ten pohcaceabe han shat of woe wih noma i ato recnize temperamental differences 008 Fen I eee eof a melancholic or placid person diverge fr frm tet of ST and excitable fellow, A root cause of variation in penonal tr Mee in the endcrne glands even aed mal PPS tan diferences Endocring lands reese hormone! 10 16 Og To have @ marked ‘effect on a person's emotion 3 aiie! ‘Romeite fully how envionmental atitudes ieee ves AS a “thing of human physic and tempt Ps cultural foe Sbmety aration ff may nds a “at make for consensus, review the case of # (oe 4“ ily reflect individ varieerences and preferences individual aif 4 pera wr spe month happy ai tat avertoens fr tcp Ta ee pening Sage te eres ofthe oe? stove wold aN Pg anid nce the party reaches its destination fy say bag one Re ace a 0 where t0 CAMP, When 10 S09 fo supp ee and mon AE, Ste pyle at ich see les 1 family easly override the social deren {or harmony and togethers. pipiaogelnividalty pees tn ess of man The ste son What hum sages cmmon 52 logical speci, Consider no a fe of te Saree Wib wc sey tt se peopl ar i oe En gS. wn and may Fave cores es seu wi ss publicized visial endoweent isthe ais oP Tet a came ofthe ee (peripheral vision), am ability that wars ‘Bisy in normal pens Indvsvals especially favored with perphenl Tier Ire, postal ina mere panoramic world than people ot ve (besed Ae to iain in color vision, redgreen color blindnew a Wellaows Slt; exeme sufleren see the world only in yellows, Hue el gap. Tiere ar bowers, ober kinds and degrees of sensitivity o ca reer, ac hs is weatnewes anc sirengte in discriminating among fn clot hades Mand ferences in aural perception exit. Tone deal eo allo recone popular melodie; they cannot tune heyboard inst fens poe cr ly sting or wird instruments! Responsvenes 0 pth Cine mee, ad ound to sow pronounced differences among Pep ‘with no recognized hearing defects. Sensitivity to noise (and, in particular, 19 the Kind of oie) ao diverges conspicuously fom person to Pen Tac svi sats enormously, Some rare individuals appear 10 Pain receptors, Cuts, bruises, and even broken bones may cause little pai Pains undeinble bt i c0 means of Knowing the world. Gro sensitivity 0 it is dangerous, since pain warns us of the bodily damages that Bay tel amon “Hot and “cold” are subjective responses that ‘37 ‘Greatly among individuals. We can readily observe ‘how, for instance, * Benen fs 19 Open the window ats time when another about 10 PHO? How one Bene, in 3 hurry wo each the plane, i obliged (0s? He (Git wle antes gupnit down, But diference in the brain are PMP fo spiig fa. The brain is variable from person 10 PMO? Tica TM, Mons oie Cut Bind ond she Tune Bet” 83 Z aris (eds), Genetic and. Enoironmentel Inf (en York: Pou Prem, 1368) pp. 208-8 _— roel ware: india fences ed teeny ° trait that has been observed and oe Measured, We are me that people possess highly distinctive miggce tM SMCUaRE ty temperament, talent, and attitudes ‘The association of physique with temperament an Serine ae os See pysical appearance without being conscious of the act: it comes v0 nates Legend eee gehen ces Pee ae ces Sue arta cece ee ee cee ae ee ae ER gpeeg in eneg ey epe sears ete, Sel cone le es ctomorphy (tall, lan, ‘Endomorphy (sf oud Ht: Sherlock Helmer (ener = Tom Brown Mesomorphy (bony, ssean, athlete) tempera ts Bach body type is asociated with a cluster of temnpeamen ‘which may exert an impact on environments ates Hou, 2287) ; ce Yok: Ram He Reger J Wiliams, You Are Extreringy (Neu 10h Ma as, ot HT. Eymnck, “Genetics and Peon yn, Hare & Behavior, pp. 168-73. samen (See YO Hey ieee Poiana! Phe Vexns of Tented Row 942) Juan B Gots and ene MO, Phalogy Pade, 4 Nou 8 (O00 22>ces end preferences sot nial ere peel wi tad Attest Natere PabemmrnalTtend AitedesteNetee am - ~ Feaah, a tavrentne, serious (contenplag ceached, Eonar ets nature 10 reflect Kis oom moody vw perroros, optimistic, argumentative (ey at example, haters, civil engineer mina, chert Memes joys dominating a Mectinate, sociable (€PjOYs nature sng, eee ad or her ips eajoys mare ith ot ee yen ete aay ay x ese ee Cpe cee ee ome a ace a Shei a ee structring ofthe word. Consider spa. Season cae 1. Enola is cer asointed with Yow scores in patil ab asso a iy wih aval as a 2 Tem mcs ah lc, persed 8 = ‘to high scores on spatial as against verbal tests. Tel wi ih patel ad mec il ve sce ul interests; they to be introverted and asocial, By contrast, people it relatively ve i sh nin sc Hes wl aby are extnered and Mel to sow fe 4. pen of igh he ‘pail aily will graxp a figure mentally in relatively 2 He looks at it as a whole, instead of allowing his attention °° ei 5 oy kon a 23 um ae denn to aoe Te eds vo cesty eb 7 SP 4 Thoday and Fates ff in ts Influences on Behavior, p11) farace Smith, Spatial Abi iB me a ity and Educational and Social Si eee: Robert R. Keapp, 1964), pp. 286-37, 243, 257 personal wor: indi diferent and preerne, 0 au swith the detalled and finely shaded information os tn wo matrix of sociological explanation. To interpret it the noes feats, ‘jes ereate fictional personalities; they are themselves penenalves vig tal attudes re. ToLsTOY AND DOSTOEVSKY ‘The Russian novelists, Tolstoy (1828-1910) and Dostoevsky (1821~ 1981), are titans of modern literature who viewed each other's wors with a minture of admiration and unease, Both were endowed with gigantic sitalty and wrote massive works which excelled in depieting the labyrinthine ‘ways of the human soul and of Russian society in the nineteenth centr Nonetheless the worlds they saw had litte in commen. ‘Tolstoy's workd is Homeric. His pempective on life and nate ont lapped more with the world view of the unknown bard of achaic Gress than with that of his contemporary Dostoevsky. According to Gzoree S55 the works of Tolstoy resemble the Homeric epics in the “arctic 28 patra setting, te poetry of war and agscre pana : ean of fees and of physical gesture; the Turina, a-econeling so Belen tho te2s the ncoplanca of ina of Being nl ae sare ce deters Brute matter tothe stas..and deepest of al an eseni sig totale hig sod oe’ (Coleridge) rater ua He aS Pen the te ecg of Wer and Pece, Totton qu te country with the good life. In Anna Karenina the 2800 care ‘ity and the land is the axis around which the ‘moral and ed in the ite nove revote: Doser, ot in ity may be the inferno but salvation G06 "2 on has fw ‘1 be found only in the Kingdom of God Dostoevsty’s fet * Gwe Siar, Taiyo Dose: An ie” ise Bonk, 13037 9p 7278 i crite (Nee YO —preferences ust diferencet and z Seeteacae het ty = ea nen”? The t uman acts can take place. His home y he invokes mat hough it be damp and com ‘at ease in an urban cs his eloquence rss to eat soc roets a0 FH CE vrs disngiot Ansan posts TS. Eliot, Carl Sandburg, and Tis ne ears of te ty. Bla are co EE Gam cs nl In Ets iy, yl, smoke des sg Se upon ewido ane lonely en i the hi Seema inte wp werd ves ad my Se ae att. When moring comes the poet iis sap ea pan at are rang dingy shades in» howtand Bi adel pope who st in despa on the bes edge, capi sa Sheth n sald ands By contrast Sandburg» Chins ee doniogsrmatins Chicago i 0), wicked, and brutal t ta re wen een, But the post ay, "Come and show te snot Bee ted teadsoging, so proad to be alive and coarse and srg 2 Canning” Sandburg dexribes hs metropolis in thundering epithe ‘Corning ie Bi, concentrates onthe cling detail but his urban images tre mr lind, One pom erate spring inthe city. Spring 80s jy thing: It inveigies the unwary june-bug and the frivolous angleworm into Croang silva, peruaes the mascal tomcat to serenade hit lady ané 5 eu wh on rely caves and omcieing HY A tremulous world that is about to disalve with every shift of Hight i an imporant aspect of Virginia Wools senility, Consider this pase from het noel To the Lighthesse: ba 4 Quoted in Stier, Tal 4] Bete in Stes, Tlie o Dousesy,p 190 9 tary Jone 1 Spey Jr Prine a Say fhe Arta Bet of Cie” 7 ais end Art Crticim, 18 (1900), 419-29. penal words: indidul diferent and pron 3 Ps eet ce ‘mowetng hack drowned it there ‘that hal and the seything ‘ie somehow belonging: the dorbeai gre SEROE fit gra reals aways on the verge of harmonizing, but thee ae, 8 tees 204.F ally bacmonized, and at last, jn the evening 9a aoe AEE ead Sow and ike misting, que em e , le prea, Wie world shook itt down to sleep, day Kee wine att oy eet el ype Tea by the window? whe Bowes in eee et enna age ee LS a eer pepe Pee ipassie Nous ar feavl whom cas sie ae eka eee ace eee ear iy armcilod? Wine game boo Sed gangland pec ee peas hae eee contingent to the blind. re {A preference for the stark environment, bare as the desert oF the monk's cells contrary to the normal human desire for ee ad abundance Yet people are known to have sought, repeatedly, the wilderes, to espe from not only the corruption but the voluptuows luxury of city We The ag fo implicit, when is ram oc mms 9d he Setiice of worldly goods, isa symptom of deep-seated bias; the behavior Tit concen camot be enlace ly byte coral wl of time, What an be the postive appeal of acetic? Asem det but denial i not only a means to an-end but may in elf be 8 PS afirmation. Ascetic practice can be pereived at wil the Irip ofS ‘ver mater, and the desere the austere stage for epiphany. - “The Bible isa rich source of eonfetng environmental atest trample, the Teaeites showed the normal human diate fo Ot Tome thy sought was a land of mk and honey. But tien, So i fhuman merit and God’s grace with the wildemess, pea el, Sountervaling ideal, Encounters wih God, bow rect 2 through the prophet, took place in scenes of deseaton ama 5 wet Be Jani "Vina Woot, To the Lihthowe (New Yok: He 927), pp, 212415, eles and preferences goon. The bare landscape mirrored the centuries, hermits sought srengue aay Cres ofthe desert, Thee aitudestovant for Godin the sens: could be highly eccentric. The Egyptian herniy, ‘re nd ee te an for disturbing him inh “Ahn, decline ee ded ands that lacked fruitfulness for ny pee, Abin ra tage! caren = ‘Jerome wrote: “A tows ipa pion he det a Grom the worl but d eats i ambivalent appeal 10 pele of ment. ei see ana canis Dec an TE: Lawrence win ig it ge mater fo the nacient of thee daunting peron wees who shun the sft envionment and Log forte alten There are a se ome odr hari ting, in which they may know realty’ mers. det rad naked splendor A hint of the deser’s intractable he dn gmt parsgraph of T. E. Lawtence’s testament, The Seven FRY Water: where he wie: “For years we lived anyhow with one veeerin the naied desert, under the indiferent heaven. By day hot son ened us, and we were dizied by the beating wind. At night we were arel by dew and shamed ino petines by the innumerable silences of eae ‘leskness may be found in the country railroad station no Tess than in the desert. Here ins are drawn tit for reasons that common humanity finds dif to understand, Simone Weil claimed that her proper nich in the warld was the bare waiting room of train station. George Orvel ihdrew to spend is lst years inthe bleak Hebrides, Ludwig Wittgenstein could have eajye the comfortable and cultured life of a Cambridge don Bathe disdained material comforts: his own rooms in Trinity College wer ae exept forthe canvas cot. Albert Camus, at the height,of his fame reflected: "For me, the highest luxury has always coincided with a certait arenes I love the bare interior of houses in Spain or North Acca. The pain or No place where I prefer to live and work (and, something more rare, whet? 1 would not mind dying) is «hotel bedroom,” 1 Reem in YiFu Tuan, “An oT nee fan, “Attinudes toward Environment: Themes 21 praca! ie Dusd Lnwental (ed), Emvonmental Porenption and eM {prem of Chiago Deparment of Geography Resaren Paper N° 21 2 lone 5 Tas6) a ype Seven Pls of Wisdom (Garden City, N- Yo: Dovblel 8 Aber Reg, aay Lhe Cra Bsa, ane BC. Kennedy (Now YE pevonal wold: iniidel diferent ond eee, 2 “the relation between inborn capacity and the deve soriock on the word is very little understood. Tn cay seme Of pc Jc we take for granted that eccentric attitudes exi ary amas with stand that they ae Bee lant hy wade pao eee 2 ag amd educate. The ans gen sone corm) ee, ee cf eslola which, im ther woven oe a We are on surer ground when we relate the range of human ang the biological categories of sex and age aa Mie a ae aay i Pat ME ie teianieiciaras deatyarecnany cnet ay ae ap ahencicictaypohooering con eee ricive and mite mureas Gaara daeae al BOR saeseomeesn tneqerccnsietanniycan nee a ees ee ea Gu i ans tie se a exon scclcaes mite ant praatyanieesatemen Be etaceor, scponic ts tanlecataiera Sot a Bare ac ne expecily aed pier endoane Fe Pere vet pac nl prceatetc eeaee man ean be realy specled. But we pea othe averse or sora ale ted female, There are many exeepions tothe gene ieyand coth tien as tothe rltinsip between pinoy and mei te Smale one ass Hay the fee a characterise way of scing sort that ferent from the make? The ovring impact of ctu Se Beivior and attitude confuses the problem further n ey kas Gti ale and female ve assigned ince ol ey ih stildhood to behave in differing ways, and yet the fact that there exit 2° Seepone argues fora cause rooted i DOME ace of viral pyehoagt tend to ime he : wheres poychoaaiyn nuencd by Freud tend wae Bak Pes believes that sex plays a significant part in the way children structure *P4 Be * mailed “Genital Modes ook Ghat aed esi He bs a econ end “Cel MS tod Spatial Modalities.” To the psychoanalytcal way of HMKES (deedon ™ Kes Wat he Pyne of Sec nd Sl Pn ™ Ontema diferenes and behavior ce Malet Clos rem 198 ‘ena (iti and Lae ages Users of OM Setaom, (leheey and Los Aneeltat aigiences and preferences eve wt: ii ’ sel “tieh? and “1 2 a bats ine odaltes. Experiments with free play show tay and “le 2 i enti wally that of a house inteiy ie i ron of furmitne without walk or by preci hs ck the ge ene, people and aniay Pee Pe orca ey aia) an fn ony ene are ether hous with aby a potions eepreseting OTDATEN'S OF cantan sate wall faa fons constructions more people and animal ev ste nenections. Along wit tall trctures boys play with the deg Footy; ruins are exclusively male constructions oe ‘Shalespeare speaks of the seven ages of man and characterizes each ‘vith sch eloguence and incsiveness that they seem seven different person 1 there remains doubt about the relationship between body type, sex, and ter inborn tats to environmental behavior and perception, there can be fo doubt concerning the role of the life cycle in extending the range of human rexponies to the world, In social science discourse, “mnan” is usvally {shen to be an active aduk person; overlooked is the fact that adulthood li-simply a slage people live through, like infanthood, childhood, and ‘olecence bor it and senescence after. Each age has its own physiognomy and atl; inthe course ofa long life we move inevitably from the infant “mewling and puting in the nurses arms” to the second childishness “sans teeth sane eye, sans taste, sans everything,” ‘The infant i rds Wd the extent that he cannot distinguish Pe ‘ween self and environment, He perceives and responds to environmental stimuli: be is probably more discriminating in ‘qualities of sound than 1» nal images Above all he highly sensitive to touch. As every motel a Rees, spaanaly aware of her nod {rom the way Be eld serve of the subtle changes in pressure and tempe"™ smelt ees Prabont teieiiswech « ‘baby’s eyes can fixate on objects. The first co" 4% Bek Heston, en ae Seca al Modes and Spatal Modalities” in Childe (Harmendeth: Penguin, 1965), 91-100. peor ors indicia deren od prea, ss son cri i haan fs, we See do and a line drawn ons poser erin among sharply-bounded geometial ea 02 Howe, fons Rectilinear shape is of no value wo his ascend ety ards tne mone nel ea ine shers face; yet the idea of whole paren, t/t spc, “When the Baby looks at someone his eer faa Fe hit fe mouth, the hands, ete; only at about six monty doe este BS Sarg acter pen, Teo nant et ee Greumscrbed. At the beginning of hs lif, space a prineteny aT what he knows through exploration with his mouth, Reqiraseaaiy ide the infant with a kind of spatial experience, The arson Ste cot and the vertical poston against the mothers ody eee Fake up tobe burped inrructs him in he nalipare ant ‘vw color, at age three months babies already appear agg ‘Young children appear to prefer warm colors to colons, As tay gow oer the preference for warm colors —parisulaiy yaw detec, {nd continues to decline with ages* the aay eration os face, ‘An infant smiles at the human face but alto at a ptce of paper with dos on it, which suggests that he does not diingush vivalybeveen animate and inanimate objets, In a sensorimotor way, however, be cn probably discriminate between living and lifeles matter. The youn cil ‘san animist: he responds to all: moving bodies as though they are sl propelled and alive. Even a six-year-old may regard the clouds, sun, and ‘moon as alive and able to follow him when he walks.® The young chs ‘orld is confined to his immediate surrounding; ie isnt by ate 2 Sat fazer. Distant objects and panoramic scenes ar of no special spel. Sa $20 highly structured to the five and sicyearcbds 4 yong os ‘and back, since ee ime ike Bees se bee eS is aware first of up and down, left and right, front derive directly from the structure of the human body; other di ed ReeAS Sie and: K: i. iting Response: A conto) esis SN te Tecan we en Cot: Cor Cai Bitte ees ec tee ee ean Pager, The Child's Conception of Phyrical Casali? (S ies Pres, 1951), , 60,sl aiperences and preferences pra tiie son, actecbuse are conceptalied later compact word te the young child. To see the — Julty to make the sharp distinction i aera oa ‘the landscape and Be it easel ‘one needs as se al harass in suc ters a Ae the verti coal ies arranged in ence oppeion? Are closed sacs whe open plan? Ts the dense foliage on the right See a Bie thn tng es ‘he youre Ci aebbling water in a section of the stream. As the = es Sr fal esto sts athe expen child grows In color preferences the y« erie ieee ci poem Se eeereenonnes Bs ight hes coc 0 tat he tend 0 gro geo ease Ge nor of color than of shape. Al that gt ee pe yang srr, ten, i aimated and const fv sharply delineated objects in 2 weakly structured space. Tei ica for an adult to recapture the vividness of sense imprev soos that be has lest (except cccasionally) at in the freshness of a view slier the min, te sharp fragrance of coffee before breakfast when the blood ‘sugar concentration is low, and the pungency of the world during con ‘alecnce fier along bout of sickness A child, from about seven oF eight ‘years old 10 his early teens, lives in this vivid world much of the time Une the wd, the oder child is not tied to proximate objects and surroundings; he is eapable of conceptualizing space in its different dimen ‘Sons; he appreciates subtleties in color and recognizes harmonies of line ané salume. He has much of the adults conceptval ability. He can see th Jandicape asa segment of artfully arranged reality “out there,” but he al? Knows it as an enveloping, peneirating presence, a force. Unburdened My ‘worldly cares, unfettered by leaming, free of ingrained habit, negligent © ‘ime, the child is open to the world. Frank Conroy, in his autobiographit % Rater Beck “Spal Meaning, and the Properties of the Environment Dasa Lame (et), Eestonmeal Pecepio of Chicas Depron Praia ‘of Geography Research Paper No. 109, 1967)» BP capt ard Adrien Pinard, The Developmen oy ihe ao es Vi iad Gates Pe eg 6 a) enor me Lary Chlhced Ney Yor Fee Wren BEDS py WEED ee ee 9 ime, deseribes what this hil prime, a lke open of even the most commonplace typeof emma te pe ‘oy of thirteen, riding a bicycle, and an i he author was 6 nowhere in parca. fone then Fite ws nation stopped fora Cal sue. gs fatins, You could hag around art pr one took any noice, Sing on the ground Sa SY wae ed ins the all, took small sip atthe Coke ng nyo hy bk Ts ithe mindiesnen of ehidhood Wat pear ap 8 a ashing happens ina ga station. Pm eager oe Today Id ihe ato, like some hoge paper cton, or Fah ee Pincade But at thirteen, siting with my back apne et oy frarveous place t0 be. The delicious anell of gustan ages teat fing, the fresh air hose, the hal€-heard voices banang ng amine ME ps buzzing in the ba Stings hung scaly i the syn me sta A inf gmues my payee woul be oped ple hes ak People are vaguely aware that thir senses grow dll with ae. The deine and its physiological cause can be measure The childs te bts te ilydstibuted about the hard and sof pate, the wall of te st tnd the central upper surface ofthe tongue as well; thee buds gealy Gisear as a person matures with the result that tse ses fades Your sis can ienty a sugar solution as sweet at thd the coer ‘mn required to give taste to an eideriy penn, Eyeigh ween. The ‘ley pay more attention to information channeled though the petra replom of the eye which magnify movement. With age the worl a Te grey; dcermment of color atthe violet end of the spectrum sf Tee nts become mre yelow ering ot he ees ome ofthe volt wavelengths, Hearing declines sharply atthe High fe Tage, While young person of notrnal hearing veri 0 oud 2009 {its per second, in late middle age some people ca no longer rs 208 hove 1000 cyles. With increasing deafness the world sens tai ck thepukations of life "The perceived world shrinks x bth esp an !ng weaken, Declining mobility further restricts the weld of Gs ¢° Sx in the obvious geogeaphical sense but lo rom the fact tt BPS ‘mas encounters with the envionment (in cing Ting, TE come less frequent. Youngsters people the future with fantasts YT thea a ey Eat pie we neal ey 24 dvortion, The world contracts for cdery people Re Bh PS "esse acuity but because their Suture i curtailed: # = u0. Frank Conroy, Stoptime (New York: Viking 1967 _ apct digerencer end reerEEes " ar wi dpe oid can tecame emotionally imotgg a ea that in reminacent of te a wi tne word is increased beyond hy Me mg A pe remeber cone he Hag ss ge es cama ihn ak pee, Fae rt land conduct te res ney Pablo Coils COMUNE TY scholars of modern times, Tolstoy, wth icon, ene pd Resell ed vigorous and ereatv les in at ed a nse. poe ure 2 asp old a6 sgenain spi tion 2 see meen and = if human respons CHAPTER six culture, experience, and environmental attitudes ‘To understand a person's environmental preference, we may need to examine his biological heritage, upbringing, education, job, and phil msroud- ing At the level of group attudes and preferences es nee koe 8 groups cultural history and experience in the context ofits si tng Ta ater case is it posible to distinguish sharply betoecn cull factor fad the role of the physical envionment, The concep “clue” 25d “evimnment” overlap as do the concepts “man” and “nature” Its ei towever, to teat them as distinct inl. In th way we ca fs Et en calture and then on environment (chapter 7): they provide complenet ‘ky penpectiveson the character of environmental perception and 465 ‘We shall stare with culture and take note of the following thems: (2 Saline and pereeption; (2) sex roles and perception; (5) Sewn tude betveen the visitor and the native; (4) diferences ts safest coionment hy explore and obi of i et ipl exPetence; (5) distinctive world views in a similar ent (9) changes inate toward environment4 care, experince od mental etiedes ee the degree that a per cnc > He ins hat are ponent nates because the ings hat are oT nomenon asc Perception of inva, The Poemellow the rules of normal perception, Fechotrs een Te ata, and if the BUTE ey ete tet pat Uncae s Pera We looks sale. Hllscination the individual or the group. Excied srcle may +e the Virgin Mary. Many people clin Be ig ar: Tie en act & wally» small nieiy ay, An tesng guesion ss Can hallucination econ Sin ony acepee) event i a clare? AT, Hallowe rama Ge Gave lndars of te Lake Winipe rea experience a a adn, ula rat of the people, and oc = "The Ojibwa see cannibal monsters known ry peo) iy xin ad by an old man ens a follows fs windigor One account eneen the shore abd the ands there was a place where the wate oe tei windige] was beaded in this direction. 1 kept afer, Fee ying er him en the weak oe, Then he fll in and heard a teri Bot {med fac and Tent sy whether e managed to fet out oF ued woe ducks and went back fo my canoe. T was getting prety weak tts me o I made fora camp T thought eas clove by. Bur the peopl Yad eT found ou te hat they had heard him and were so scared th ey ved aay! Ins ot ue thatthe Ojiwa are naive as to the sources of sight 28d Jad On nan ty a exert wodsnen wit tae! Mow Ott enironnent. Motsover, they typically give naturalistic expanato® of sounds tat stare tem. In view of this fact, Hallowell says: “It al ‘he moe sicant then to dcover cases in which the perception of i ‘ida ae een so thoroughly melded by traitonal dogma that the a8 inert ata ysbjecteyinnacuus ail. eis the cath dened sling ahr than the simul themselves, what expats sen Aa tt ne ep tween the sno aie an 8 nthe cing ofthe windigo, its proper to speak of te expe pectin in he mar ere, With time lapse concepts say 07 eso can stand ack and interpret the perceptual cues in different Soh veri i rationality. One interpretation is prefered, and s™6) 5 ting Hal ts Alpine Hillel, Cultre and Esperince (New York: Sehockeo Po Hallow, Caltare and Experience, p. 257 os experiance exd encitohmanalatitades ae « ee nd oof te cidenc. rth nse ene 2 entrience and outlook. The distinction maybe ia) toa Hpi Indian's understanding of space, peal ste of etn to him, the white man’s view is one posible view arg Sat Oa i ec that confor os tal eee HO “The following dialogue between the anthropologist Ine on Egan describes the briliantly colored lls of the cane rene aeinds over the edge of it reappearing and crosing a loner noes taf) nt yon idence ogee aie ee ee Be feacera cecrgcaty orc Hacsncims: te ener Be ace so hseaun Lncraeacof a ny anterce pike et all the way down, And anaber og id you's we Gad epee lem you cesebed ie”! Eagan sy "No of crue k= Te TR ae tial is #Part of youre the oops ob kiws Bea ede oe catcher yee pero the Grand Canon.” jective Yi isa eet 1k difen from the nase Bee certs ee ees todraw a map he shows in detail and accuracy the island's outline 25 well as ‘es no expres er knowledge by outlines: her map i ‘made of points 4 ‘which indicates the location of a settlement or trading post ‘These lect ae ‘maps are as admirably accurate with respect to direction and eave Hance asthe outline maps of the male hunters with repost (SPE ronmental values, Joseph Sonnenfeld has applied a phot se © Rit tess, “Hoyt Dreams in Cutwal Penman Cr one abe rh a ae i 6. Fv. Ose ee m2 Eveand environmental attitudes 4 , piett scan nonnative, of sa The lies pict Landen uy i and ur tsi dimensions: “OPORTAPHY, wale, vegetation, met of the test shows that males tend to peer with indieations of wat topograpiy and with er, hile Iandcapes inthe warmer environment, Th ed Inncapes he di females prefer eB the Eskimos than among the white residents ang ergy an ne tt Ue ate a Pi ae eer peferece for water Ta religous and pach ee i woe oneal ol waer—tend 0 be ete fe feminine principle. ala he rhe mental map of ousevite with smal hiken see oer fom tat of er husband. Every workday the circulation aan vcaed pai ray paral) each other except in the home ae ee emingexpedion the man and woman wail wnt to lok sere wos They tay walk arm in ar but they do not thereby sa athe ame things, Occasionally they are jolted out ofthis ova wroné tae courte callon that of another, 3 for example on te husbnd als his wife to admire some golf cubs in the shop wim Gor Tank of a frequent sect and try to reall the shops along is ten shops wil standout sharply wile others disolve in a dreamble fare Sex le wil aconint for much of the difference in pater, This & ecaly toe of lovermille-dass and lowerclass adults in Wester: tei, On the ther hand sex lesa les sharply drawn among member OF the eoxnopan upper clas, sd may be quite Blurred. among sah P= Caine group the countercltral street people” and scientists wore in reach center. Thi ferences in perception are minimally bated 00 Fertentdiferencs inthe pereepton and evaluation of enviromest bereen the sees cold lead to ntolerable discord, However, in mle clas Anerian tect sah confit rarely serious: husband and wife m2 agree to the same act but for different reasons, To illustrate, Herbert J Gar ni ay ofthe Lions of New Jeney, ake the puch ffs inh own devcepment wheter "ey woul if fewer not forthe children.” Eighty-seven ere ‘eroded spay, Jorn were te at avr tthe en, 2 testants the lat the cellge educated were slightly mare inclined 1 te urban environment than those who dropped et of hi But s* ese who dropped out of high school 5 Joe Sonetel, r Joerh Sian, “Eminent Perception and Adaplasion 1 Revd Lowenthal (ed), Eneironmental Perception Universi: ot ae YaesgMSH Department’ of Geography, Research P atore, experience, and environment tite a ference, On the other hand, sex ac mae Ee ounted for the iver vittowners sepia of dete pward to the peace and quiet of th 2epined, The kee © country af TH a oti as the opportunity to “putter around the hayes 9 Yo 2 ped et son ang vc nh eT we ice nigh: visitor and native Visitor and native focus on very diferent aspects o EG Uppaltion tices eye of lr es frat signicance. In our mobile society the fewing ingress oe Fasing through cannot be neglected, Generally speaking we may aera {xy the visitor (and particularly the tourist) has a vewpins he eng fen is often a matter of using his eyes to compare pctter The mane fp const, has a complex attitude derived from hi mers ine wr tt tis environment, The visitor's viewpoint, beng simple culy ae. Confrontation with novelty may also prompt him to expres Kiel. -The complex atte of the native, on the other and, can be expe by ih caly with difficulty and indirectly through behavior, lca adn, and myth, ilderess, to American settlers of the carly colenial pnd, wa siewed primarily as a threat, a place to be reclaimed and redeemed fn the predations of Indians and demons. One's social and edu bck fund made litle difference to this outlook, By the mile ofthe iets ‘entury, however, European nature-Romanticism had found followers among the growing leisured classes of America. A gap in environmental evaluation SPened and continued to grow between the farmer who struggled agsist theilderness and the cultured gentleman who appraise ita sere. Wid Salut received effusive Tnudations, and so too i lonely denon advan, the hunter, and the trapper—but not the fren 9 sion Giada, LYRE: Francis Parkman, as a young man, played ths a Sesin word the farmer. Daring the ames of 1942 be tae Neer ing qe New York and New England. After spending eee ial he scenery along the shores of Lake George, he noid 8 oy, ME Would be no finer place of gentlemen’ seats than this on, Vnwse Both Sy ai SJ. Gans, The Leviuowners (New York: Rando 1 ", 1969), 38ein irate j ee the a Pa yt delight in"? } coe r teeta ee tt piepies, cs hig Se liughs ofthe wkem farms that belonged 1 the Dorey, eae Ect cnn ho He ey a airs Gale Era an low mardi a Fe ube red in the oun te pe ding ee fh bt Si 1 th Ie ge are kee ae Se a Beet ipate ef hme sweat penitent, and final reward. The cain Se Sees = See eee lleorroaent wenenially ested. 1 ee fase Gy appcarice, 6) sore foend Gln les Anpcaleferik requred to empathize with the lives ard falas of he nhbtnt, The unkempt farnu of upate New York and Nort Canin fend ke Ease cultural sabshment as repro for example, by Francis Parkman and William James. In the second bull Atte tenet century their successors may well judge has the £8 Site iva of American Wet—the ene ows of us ates, ie ‘ueens,” and hamburger stands. ‘The operator of an “eat’ sare Howees canbe proud of his bins and his modest role int ommunity just as the backwoods farmer saw in his untidy patch of com Tani ies of ce in the struggle for an independent Hvelibnd Gullok between resent and paseby, between ise ad oui, ate esiivly noted by Herbert Gane in his study of Bo ‘working-class district, the West End, before it was torn down in the intere! 7 Mason Wade (ed), The J ew York: 1947) Fl Jenna of Francs Parkman (New York: 1217. ae ba, Sate Vain aed (Stee or Rando Ho 8 Witte Boks eon, fet published Sr 1950), 50 ri Fa Same Oe ee ai). eingn” in Te ‘The Nona GRAGSRT end to Students om Some of Lil's faces SS David eta, 195), pp T3032 Tey pected | sgh Foe nec Peel hendcap, 12,2 (e re alte, experience, and environmental stitutes 6 ewal Whi the sociologist fie of ban Fists est Eo i eonfctng aesthetic qualities. On the one hart 202° tek by cter offered a certain appeal. The high builds E4* European, dian, the Tialian and Jewish stores and eat & M0 Cy. Foti on the sidewalks in good weather all gue tn one fier On the oter hand, Cans noticed the maty vac a Wot End for a few weeks his perorption altered ie means tuning ind eye tthe empty and deayngquren rns ictal used by peoples and these transpired to be fr ose ea thn ther exteriors proclaimed. Gans alo dicovred tat heat ve even when it vas sympathetic and generus depicted seine foe native resident. For example, a sellment he neon oe th taining of new staff described the West End warmly ses eek reidentl area which, despite the poor housing, held “a cham and ese fer ts residents"; and that what served to draw the peopl egies see nach pleasurable aspects of life as the stability of longtime idee, he seames of the river, the neighborhood's parks and pool, and Ue fens of etnic cultures. Actually, residents were not interested in en vary aad though they used the riverbank and swimming pool they eid pote them as part of the neighborhood, And no native resident woul ink of Aecribing the neighborhood as having charm! The outsiders enthusiasm, no les than his eral tance, may be Sipeticial, Thus a tourit to the medieval part of a Baropesn cy exe ‘delight over its dark cobbled streets, intimate nooks and aan are, compact housing, and quaint shops without pausing to wonder bow People had actually lived. A tourist in Chinatown is ae se Sulton of his visual and olfactory senses; he depar in Bisflignonsce the overcrowding, the listless Ives, the gumbling behind he elt felis Oerroming, the Hse Lives, the gambling Obviously the vst’ 1s often valid & ¢ vist’ jucigment is 7 fresh perspective. The umn being is excep atapals Fiabe tens to sink into his boss mind tHe mri world. The visitor i often able wo preie merit $58 COT gu mtonment that are no longer wisble to the resident Coole’ fom the past, Smoke and grime badly polluted the ines whan Eealand. This the visitor could easly se; but Wes) ity “at unpleasant reality out of mind, turning # jaton His main cont ally adaptable, Besoty * nthe ie f Tao Asitt J. Gans, The Urban Villagers: Group ond Ct w ggericans (New York: Free Pres, 1982), Gt; Urban Villager: pp. 148-30.etal atitudes ean nn 7 fn northern England an adaptive res eecsively conta. Ena ati : gl ot een al plain was to develop th came the ibaa’ re concerts aed afternonn fe behind drawn blinds eres andes the pone JS arpa fn brn Tad fo ie © time se ha nny ene io magn © pels cd et Cone ae event tog ee that a ade Bi a eins New Meno which received peoples of European et ction he oh and hee! From the south ame see agen, nienare, and coonns, From the cat ata ra erent Anglo-American explores military men, and aa a eipy textook might describe New Mesico as esently a Sl A oe rethes of real desert and islands of cool, i, Fe drmsotn “The Spaniards andthe early Anglo-American vision pected very deren pana conquro were litle concerned with the climate and si of New Movin They did wot move north in search of fertile sails and the pene of ral le The falar justifications for Spavish conquest wet Eats ste, priate gain and pits forthe King, Ard the gain was © ln py rm mieral peath Te Spaniards ale 0 take mach incre a inate and nnd because nether eiffered in any remarkable v9? from that of New Spain. In the march northward, the climatic change mo ‘evident tothe conquerors and settlers was the drop in vemaperature. Com: sade, inhi por to Mendes in 1540 wrote: “They the ‘people of Ciba] ‘ot raise cotton, because the country is exceedingly cold;” “according '¢ stat the matiesof the county sy, the snow and cold are exces,” a4 fe are not many birds probably on account of the cold...” ‘Since eo the report in August, these remarks could have arisen oO from heanay, conjecture, and dark foreboding. Nearly sixty year ON, Juan de Ofat's en to report to the Viceroy of New Spait, TH ‘Par writen in March 158, dexribed rather optimistically th esouree antry, the tninerals, salines, game, and Indian vassals, but there settlers met with novel scenes and recorded in letters, diaries, report, commen: on the climate eacept "by the end of Aug | tee to prepare the peor = Brepare the people of the Army for the rigorous je Indians and the nature of the and warn us” es 8 his wetion is ba Glinate The Appecato (1964), 250308" Yeu Than a of «Rewer, cyst B, Bverad, Natural Resources [007 are, experience, and environmental eis ® tn 1760 Bishop Tamarén visited New Mexico, xo, vis Ue modern ede vith en ali tnd the abundance of water in the team cours ere 8 fate ed ala reer to the eld, wo “Tecang cee tit Robledo, and to the fact that the stream at Tamir cover se year The strongest complaint against winter cd by sme et Sai commnts of Antoni Bare ep aan Spehies et in Santa Fe. He wrote a booklet on the province's gosraply tn ay Sener 0 particularly impresses all who know that cod sta be en Pe ie Bei ad a efor th tei eh ot fr a, fow sin the cow-houses, often times, the milk congealalmos on in, Btn atcince cat carpio cern cea fowse and to use it as desired.” Spaniards and Mexicans, when they moved north ato New Mexico, Gd not find the country barren, On the contrary they remarked freqeaty ta the presence of streams, Barreiro went so far a to say that "the grater Tar ofthe country consists of immense plans and delight valle, coted ‘ith very abundant pasturage.” In contrast to the Latins, Anl-Aneran caplorers and surveyors moved into the Southwest fom tke humid Est ‘The appearance of the Southwest made a strong impression on them, some- fines very unfavorably, Lieutenant J. H. Simpson, for instance, posed ‘trough the Navaho country of northwestern New Mexico in 1849, He ld the journal of he connie with he ome DSS 4 Thave, nor do 1 believe anybody can have fl ammecitn ¢ lost universal barrenness which pervades this coum, unt Oe? St fsa i, to “search the land and bebe with he own 72 8S ‘aletnes"Ehewhere Simpson deveribd the ancape 2 863 Se, ecbrea apes ae which “unl allay rene 0 Frustanot even look upon “without a sensation f MBS) BS YR Boriet, United States Commissioner ofthe Unied 0 He Aunt Commission, crossed the southwesters Pais of New Men en them as “barren and uninteresting °* ickened and disguited with the evensecurts wnat, Plan and ving thing.” “Is tise bt eat” 8 vluatt 8 have purchased, and are to survey a1 at thet po co ee cannon, WH Em) Oe ot co of the one hundredth mendin °° eae al ‘an agricultural population, until YOU Tr) pil you 8 TRS carne elt. ye of the Paci.” vow Me fecan, experience 8 nivonmenta tudes : ie end neem jn new mexico scout or intending 10 sete thee of deat men OPE iting. Such. impression tre ci impressions Hw are ee eigen explicit: Toe) eX “sad surveyors are performing Tmited tas, fpeind ee OE Gece the new envronmen’ Shoveh te we have settled down and ee i ang 4 ibeat t Hn homie a hing me ‘make com Fase ee Creve ncn er air in the people's economic activi, Paid ai; vals are i peop _ ss deri te ital impressions of Now nS, ng Stpvionmentalatitudes of the setled entmeter New Mexin ve groupe of people Nawab Zh ee, and Texanbave been sued by Evon Veg, Se ee thor cllagues!? ‘Their work suggt's that among fe aan ie harps diflerece in environmental autude 2c Se a a and the Anglo-American. The Indians have Toe it Oe ree eae: They have acjuired detailed Knowledge of the land 298 Be pha do oot regard nature as something to be subdued ‘ety comm gun, or av ocasions for testing one's manhood Pe and nant but tee aces are Nnked not only to their «comers Ze tay alot have profound importance 10 their ceremonial Ife. T° Netaho for came, we plants in evsing vtuals and the Zuni reauie Jpn ough decorate their atchina dancers, To Mormons and Te: Tike, rature ito be subdued, Go has given man lordship over the TS! ofthe ea; He has commisioned man to transform the desert into 3 6 den. Such telogieal dogmas would inform the Mormon sind God is Tile more rene to the Texan fatmer but his atte 10 nature domineering. Both Mormons and Texans like to hunt. Tt is = ‘male spt 2 tine to eve the women behind and asert one's manliness by sho 4 der and lg it back to the hearth “he Aag-Amesicans have thir erence, however. To the Tete the Monons are pelt: people, and there Semin unacteneie the chummy cen of tht dling To the Manons, the wide #8 1 ge Vand EM, Abe on), Pate of Rio 4 adh oT ‘Foe Cultores (Carrie, Mas: Harvard Univeriy Pre 196°) awe, xpi, ad enone ie ® poses evidence that they lack comma! ie a Narming that seems improvident they do rot nga ar rot quite civilieed. Bragging and superuitan'se tee ty 28S Carder the Texan pinto-bean {mention in hem a ea nite sana: Scr in anyone meee ae beyond is ete debe mn fe Beat i hero an py ot em an Dag ven when tee renin only he sof a tet He ao hows rane i mae ta intr, uch a warning nd vou yo es of ae cen m pe cis ee ead Zuni worldviews have this much income tn pee fected power is widely diffed among humans, aaa ti Mica beings, though some poses more of than oe, When a sn together, harmony follows. Muth of Navaho and Za al Fe wy co Keeping the harmony and to resring it hou it be dsp ear catures harmony is the central value, and ffm te devel 2 vee of aritudes toward man and nature, However, he Neo axd cr dfer in thei social organization and economy, and thee dif era refleccd in some of their religious and covironmatl ae eas 1 have mentioned eatler, the Zuni have 2 rag seat of te eerste Middle Place~which corresponds 10 thx compact tenet tal ented with their self-contained cultare. The Nava Tre it tered hegans; thee social Organization i es structure, and ter were tiv i ctrespondingsy les organized, There io one Midale ace ot Yopin'isa set of center in wich ceremonialt may be pesomed: SP ‘eens less well defined for the Navaho; yet they have = ‘strong sense of the TERWER La cen screeds os sncrodwpaco—ove tat isbn OSS ‘fo Satats a ‘of the sin, share ft seed moutaion, Both cultures amit the supremacy of Pe ‘common color symboliam, and embrace te sated umber O02, the Zuni the Navaho people have no calendrcal sevens ‘hat rer termoral life ned ereures the steady flow of Diese 5 tre pels litepret the categories “pretty” and “ugly” ee Sei iba plewue a abundance and welreing tat 66 Fe ce ts ee me at ae “ Pod 28 Ul tothe Zani means the difalis PAE eee iciousness of human nature. The Navaho, oP ei “memories i bard "uh" as the disruption of the natural ome: # 2 ae ‘Sp. puche Landis, ecient and aliens: Lanes systole "Bron yg ‘Mas. en Ye hacen Homes (Csi igh Mado Homaatr —tal attitudes expect, ok a rato more ften than they €0 in theming, gn the minds ofthe Navaho TP Sonal and social relationshipa ac in comin i te se enironmentl atitude: mourtain qf architecture reflect changes in technology, ecoy, changes ees. Toward what is desirable in the ph coy oe ce te SO exvronment. Chants rng, and food preferences. However, cena Soon pew tends in marketing : ety ny barman contol: these are the mountaint, deer, aspects of nature yanent fixtures in 's ae They constitute, a it were, perman rman’ wei aa ee Hiz them or not. To these recalcitrant aspects of nature mas Jus tended to respond emotionally, treating them at one time as sublime, the shots ofthe guds, and at another as ugly, distasteful, the abode o tdomos Tn moder tines the emotional charge of the response has grey Afeahend bur thre remains a strong aerthetc element in our attcudst ature that canot be readily brought under the plow. The New Mein Inndicspe, weave noted, was once judged “disgusting” “sickening,” ze “onotnous” Now te sate clans t be the “Land of Enchantment” 8 it baa a stat tori industry. To israte how atitde toward nature can change through tin, emir the mountain. At an early sage in human history, the mount Yas Wewed with ane Iimered above the peopled plains; ft was rem, ‘ii w approach, dangerous, and nasimilable to the workaday nes ot man, People in widely different parts of the world regarded the mount ‘the place where sky and earth met. It was the central point, the world’ Pes fred ons aBtePaed with ered power where the human spin oo roms sm Sl © sneer. Thus in Mesopotamian ble!“ Senta a and wed carts and heaven. The sepped pram 4 ott gus hd the mearng obi vise from afr a fesnie mountain. In Tndian mythology Mov sre an anit the word bw the Fear Star. The Bord to ‘Mens appeared on the eat this symbol. In China and Kores, Me Iranian fg ttlat cosmographic charts as the Kurlur UralorAltzie peoples bel, fastened to the sky at the world’s cemtef. 7 Peoples had hee ne 8 3 central mountain, and the Comat touched the dome of (celestial mountain) where the 1 Yemen. We readily recall Mount OlyenPs* Wye Beret ie ei as 3 ‘Tabor of the Tarek Gey be mulled. ay aeaetie Tome So moun vad fe athe Hebe ebeld them in conidenc. They co net cl sig ill nl ta ed wp hi ew the my index ofthe Divine, “Thy righteousnes stander hich vee {Dasternomy 99:15). The early Crees experienced ace SBE San fonbnore an aspect of naire they could not whol grey atl wild and terrifying, and yet the “sky-piercng rods, ihe sense g" (Aeschylus) also displayed sublimity in the meace meether Renan felt litle sympathy fr mountain nich thy tne tele and desolate" In China mountains acquired nunes he ees ged, Tai Shan, the chief of the Five Sacred Peis, nara on Emperor Wa (140-87 nc) sacrificed to Heaven and'Earh wore tee envloped mountains in an aura of mystery. Both Tass and boss tail emples in their fasiness. Mountains became fans thea arate ancient Greece as in China. On the other hand ie the Greats ts Oa tex viewed them with fear and avenion, They wete covered vi ea foes, The habitation of monkeys and apes, moutsis nee wrapped rit, and so high that the sun was hidden (viz, Oy Yuan 92-26 nc A poem of the Former Han dynasty described mountains a tren and ld Selore which one's heart stod stl, aghast Chinese attitudes toward mountains changed over tne. The éetaikd ‘hia did ot parallel those ofthe Occdent, but in bread oie a cmon sequence can be discerned: in both civilizations the change wat from = ‘gous attitude in which awe was combined with aveson, ta atic atude that shifted from a sente of the slime 10a feng er heer Ssdue; to the modern evaluation of mount asa eee o the aesthetic appreciation of mountain hadi early bain i Ahefourd century a. when lange number of people mite the red ‘outhern parts of the country.!® Evidence from paintings, ness ook Stata ae Tang dyy (oo 1020) amen SS 1 sted Pictorial art, Man was the equal if not the mesure o lites, and Fuji ofthe 5 pane. Other ey cramps 2 World Publi © Misa Blade, Peters in Compares Regie (Cds WON TT oa » EW ode the Recent bpriaon of Mowe So vy deur 1 Cig ‘ ron a dod Chowan, ht at chan: et de mssrare 8 S21 iy Fett en ot chine Nanee Re” A N (1960-1961), 68-103. Chist envoumentl tudes cal, expres ; ature cane tthe Fore, ad ding the Sp end of the period wre “mountain To eg oe cue fhe One. During the Mile Ages writers eniey alization (based on the symbolism of to mbit absation and ror he Heer pononalexpereace. Butte epic Bel! was Composed inh seremay. contin passages that describe dicect experiences ey Ta a ry seme of awe touched with fear before “Wwol-havnig nach ater than it iin cheney nf nd ae might a othe min ra see Tan was a feat that ven the bold Romantics of the eat Fret aty fe He inne to emlate. Moreover, Petrarch’ le Tet poms ge evidence of sentincotal attitude toward natures Hepat cheng ie inanimate werd to reflect the writer's mood—tha & ‘re bette moder pr Vos iline the heen century the preva view of mounting as unopatee, Lira evidence makes this diane clear, Marjorie Niton een in Joshua Pols Englsh Pernssas, published in 163, wich the author mpg wo spicing poets the we of some three scr Gabe ilidectfere clitheaeantatc A few adjectives vere nextel Iroc, cogs): few nated a pasing feeling forthe grat (sate ‘starcbrushing) ; and many expressed distaste: “insolent, surly, ambitious, Bare, shying specs, dsr, uncouth, inhospitable, fer, inal erumpaboaierd,wnfeqented,foraken, melancholy, stew In ation, mouse wore decribed as "Ears Duss, Rising, Tumors Bie, Wars Some oe hundred od yar later, Romantic pocts began t0 sing Pra of mountain splendor, of gros heights that stirred thie so say No oer rece and ominous, mountains powesed. «slit eat that a the eloest thing on ert tothe Tante, Pocs were 1 alone in thir ecthssom. Experience itself was unnecessary Tan Fant eer 3 oun, nme defined the ea oft jn term of an Alpine scene. What brought about this remarkable ‘ange? Nesom lasted ame ofthe intelectual shifts inthe sven i nr ee fe and Literature (Men esa! Feeling for Nature,” in Studies in Eee Rar aes May et Se Nonion, 1960), SM Mizntain Gloom and Mountain Glory (New Y are expeience, and environmental ated, cach vi a Oe Wd agg Me eit vas to recantshena a sae snbotized. perfection. ‘The bali has genet ae es dene ermnented many Bes of think ves vals ng fom ase og BY Sonam ies andar Tf pect ean 2 ey sin the ti. The ial in the RE Sea ce licnet cco tore fp fall of mountain protuberances and ocemnt, su RMR iiiarcenee cori Monier Inger of water What wes ay orn el ted = onan tala Sedepbrable ruins. For atime, noted scholars (inlading Nene? tnt i al even ore, 2 mw sete Se me ‘Tangle emetic! shapes with beauty n he cue ena taiy ire and more writ and tinker champion ac sent th sat posesing in themes» teat at oe soe tayo Chinotere, ic newly chop tes Inky digo, further removed any lngwog insets ek oe tek sdthe relat asthe ony aesbcic canons These, te, ne se oie Kile ends that opened the way tnvard th sprain of ove iets the mounsn changed ko Ser oe aes. Ta gras caer asthe century progresed. Mountain ta ane ae I mch oftheir orbiting men, Emction wawedwith fairy OF tae lng fore 1750 there were ited sue no tare he ms ‘alts apparently without fear. Even in the sixteenth century some peeple sed the Alps for enjoyment, More and more people traveled fr pare Set enc purpose in the succeeding century 2 at by he 17 nen kus of airy, tou eA sing the fant ih ‘ete, were published. A great Alpine tourist, Johann Jah Sheucns ‘42a made nine ent is ough th nett wes S171. ews a ota ana gang He ade tome tsa eight and theorized on how ice mowed but he ao ge ar apes of Sceachaer play araer role in tang he ale Ne devopedn theory which expe wy he 1 oe ed forhealth ne expaion oka re 4 een Feed ae Treats inthe Ap (Lots Sev Ta hy Eu etatures nd exionmenal i altar, experienc, epee Mounting append dllerent ight yg, Man of a Pears rcupeatve power! Eventually thi iy they ware thouth Sf anatora, Hotel, and tourist facilites, which pe, ted ne cons he pes the ich, Switerland was ret ha ape ce Se of teers Cty comp, 8 md che mountain ad ocared: fr from bring a gl nei ee a borer areable nly 10 hardy Sout ws be See pre er ecccin ateet cone and wel iy of iu Weer mourtais at this time, A. vigorous can. Str unin in the 17s o crave ateton 0 the Limp se dy Fee neo he Rocks. Colorado was prochaine i See aaron of America, of in a more exuberant mood, Switzerland the Calerado of Europe” 2 Bar Pomery, Pome, Tn Search ofthe Golden ern arid (Be Yo estih ol th Golden Wes The Fonsi i We CHAPTER seven environment, perception, and world views Inthe last chapter T sketched the role of culture in condoning pep Seenmental perception and values. Taking the phys ein fore Constant, we saw how people with diferent expercace, cieeronic feekpwound, and aim evaluated it; and alto how, a society and clue fhe attitude toward an environment can change—esen roeneisel— Satine. In this chapter I shall emphasize the effect ofthe pha tng SPception,atitudes, and world view, proceeding fom the spl © 3B: ftom the impact of environment on the intepeatin of visa fea 9b structuring of the world based on the major pss! case ofthe habitat. ‘nvironment and perception Hi ¥ , and are clasifable invari vay Ama” habitats vary greatly in character and ge hanes The crete ot th straight lines, angles, and rectang incom eile atl, the countSee 4 ance of emitve Pe eetrcttercsre, vere sn Be en rctonene ahogh ter a ge Feiearlcorencreat iam ever fo the ey that are recanulr ch a a, renin hl peopl wh Tv ma cre, mga ees oer! seme Pa tc an oration of 2 ec 2 rea pace (Fgre Ba) This tendency has great fn sec i re ig A ty el ae cng fs eam taper = nosetanglt ate Toe ey, On i ao nepet ave a ese seg rom aingoal as he Inert ins ae reed. We may tertre expec ty aed Fy of weigh line andthe see of angles rather ee a imate ve in-a cote carpentred nord a ne nts because cld weater forces peopl 1 pnd ive culture eve the Fegan: the The veri - herent Hsin Figure 8 Eavironment and ition, mnvmmeny erceton, ad word egy pas ‘The percept udgen sie mes of tine se ay silt 1 that Between cyan ene Bi er zoament APPEATS 0 alleCt a person's jadpe : ein on ee of ap igus a fe aps vertical 2lving ay epee!» relate og tron ira en, cen ee fon pment «freshorened Foren fe, ea ee eae Teme Fo image ae the eno en the ame deat DI as evarsom costie a ici Tee Les, wach I eh etch rs ertorcnnt seit apron may ace the nape ase ee i teinal extensions as greatly foreshortened lines on the horient| Ser at an ad one to suppose that rainforest dvellers and people whoee ee Gethesaryae surrounded by tovering teement’an te her nay De iter hn pe) tnpececal tie tg sees i eyolriiod ood cual werans vik crt perceptual acuity and the challenge of harsh environments File can develop exceptional percepts! anit in te coe of singly tthe cage ohare oe A ‘cr example, there are times when no horizon separates the sky from the tat when the scene is visually undifferentiated. The Esto rae ‘Blea travel a hundred or more miles across such wastes. His cus are less thaltan acc elfactry and tactile Hes ude y the econ ad ‘sell of winds, and by the feel of ice and snow under his fet. Aivilik havea leat ele diferent tems forte vr wih an ‘ably forthe eiterentcondion of ov i equal ih At et *3Y of extreme contrast, hs a very limited vocabulary, not ty in Sie 2 ay ht Hee but abo topes of ature at oft im ly iGeber andrei Yer i he ety man sou become a id ot) to perceive snow sutface shagpetese differen qualities in the sow si © designate them. ed tothe Bushman of the Kalahari desert h ss succesfully spond Moat sega, onal canna st mene 5 et eal They and eins of Cour DES eth rey Mlare on Veeat Perception ( eesent : he icnns os, chaleage of Bs gs caloric, the fod that is avaiable, Coery requirement 8 Eo claie. Thus contrary to popular be, ce wre diane = a the desert as © develop his pereptual succenel 2 hunter 804 6 i particulary i this true of eyesighy, Se ese ert cy. Acoding to Hae, amateur Foe fl very quickly ow long it is since 3 “Thomas the Give Bete, oc insect bas passed. They can pick out Pf deduce accurately the size, sex, build, and See ant ade ter, The) know anima Pee inh yt pal preven, Whee pt in te Sy inancively record not only the lok peta penn hm tee bras oti me amen a ull Yen n ecg the cn fee cite fruits and roots. Laurens van der legal aed botanical evidence lagen a tty ea amos isle in grass and thor jst above the Pee Fd and vome indaingihable from many oer, weld aa ae Lael iv ad gro defy with thec digging sch to pro oe ae iy gporance of Kalahari botany, called wild carrots, pots SET temips sect potatoes and artichokes Mr af the Kaaba doer in which the ilove Bushmen The ext ony teres but devoid of landmaris, except forthe bacbeb trees on Bite grow farapan:; some areas bave none. To the Bushmen the desert et fests and empy. They Have an extrnordinarly detailed brow! tip of there rang area, which for each band of abou twenty peo feny wach an xen seveal hundred square miles, Within their ot terior the Bushmen "know every Bish and stone, every convolution f the ground and hae wally named every place in it where a certain Kind ‘of veld food may grow, even if that place is only a few yards in diameter for where thee is only a patch of tall arrow grass or a bee tree, and in th “a et pl ope sy haces of acs by me esintayofBskmes et during the hot season when the let 2 Richard B Lee, “What Hunters Do for a Living, or How 10 Make Oot 1 Scare Reoucts” ia Ricard B. Lee and. Ines DeVore, Man the Hen” Been ge me His Ties Th Umi? Pepe (New York: Kropt, Vinese Taisen van dr Fou, The Lowt World of the Kalahari (Baltimore Pers” iP a Thomas; The Heres People, p10, ment, perception, and world views sie Pst nt pn te - = tale a ity highly developed smong the Give mite ala, sot of he Ocoee Sot. green PAS environment is still arid, but unlike the neces K lie he a BAT Ting surface masked by castes of sll tres, by egos Fst dali aks ater nn Ta ey ee ad cy fits OE somewhat grander style. They are less contey the a vance Brejalthough they know vast sections of ther tetra aeea ao ee whereabouts of game and veld food, thy do ret kre et Bi eppecige.cbocsua of ndbassassle wee eee "icuoute, ae va aa tea environment and world view Natural environment and worldview are lly related: word view “eesti derived from an alien cure, x necemariy contracted ext Halen clements of 2 people's social and physal sting. In rnc SiGaluoites the physical setting isthe enopy of rate sed it mr Tare. Like means of Hvelinood, world view recs the shythms a fees of the natural environment. To illustrate ths watintip we tarbegn withthe Congo rainforest andthe semiarid platens ef he Ame Gai Sahwest: the one is a total ambiance in which a prple cn ne ianened, whereas the other is noted for the architectural sharps of lendmarks, We then move to consider how dualistic societies extend their Phi to the sharply dichotoized environments (rnin, fiestgrasiand) they occupy; lastly, we note the extent thatthe couolob® ‘ithe ancient Near Eastern peoples bear the imprints of thir environmen THE YOREST AMBIANCE cc and earth; Ae ban habitat te chit dincion of he ae ine allenveloping nature. It is not differentiated 25 1 2 no ron it lack landmark thas 9 ousening MS UM, and no tre that exis in sharp elation TE se (pking kn; there ae no distant is Ths eM ge aber tive mot so much on earth, wih the BEATS py Son a iin ae adorei MO ee taht In thir conmography. The sun self & not 2 TT ie fort fer scrote sy but rather patches of BANE EY oh H the to hundred or legends called ramscold ies eee ieacae Ie ie have a exsed knowledge of fauna and flora wet re Bela eytcaliacvisen They ex at none sn nk aga nae whch hy 0 fee tae tare hay ent ey enero PecEPON 1 the ia ene espe han een en 2 le range. In ng set rt inn gly bye wun rales wily ay ana oso Hane, Ovbis tn eo sep sl ay Suan te ick of tres nd he ayes th Pg et of eaig the ccs for pespetiv. Calin Tu ee Psdenment ofthe Pygmy, Kenge, when he wa lea bal es pear Lake Edvard A fosk of Bofors grazed send Loe on te re tiny weve sanding. Kenge aaked Tun ‘Rian ect a hse” with the ay spear vo bein a ural three are concer find these would appe# “Te sese of cme is pas and their memory with Tear hen 1 told Kenge tht the ines were buffalo, he roared with Lanhier and Weld ne aot to tl sich stupid Tis, When Henri, who sas thorouahy Pan wld his the same thing, and explained that wistors to the pak Bad's have guide with them at all ines because there were so many in fern animals Reng sill ia’ believe but strained his eyes to 6 mom ‘Seay and ated what hind of bufalo chey were that they were 0 sal Told him they were sometimes nearly twice the size of a forest bla, anf hae ie dab ald ot ang therein fen ity were tried telling im they were possibly as far away 2 pula wo the tillage of Kops, beyond Phoyo, He began scraping tbe ™ BO eeeetneigen Cus vas trees (On another ocssion Turnbull pointed to a boat in the mile of lake. Te nas a lng fing bost with several people in it. Kenge theelt iat iting pee of woot uti Pygmies lack the stars, the seasons, the $k) ‘arth that figure prominently in the cosmic views of most other Peo? and te a Fea pt nants Jn Br > GS Temi the Sut aa M Tab “The Mut yg An Exhnomani S60, fet oi Par, The Nmeran Mosun Naual Hr, 98 P23 Cain A Tara 1980) Gain MC Turnbull The Foret People (London: Chatto & Winds a —— civnment, preelion, and world vias 4 sic the al-astaining pave ins or, th ave eaion. Closenes tothe fortis expen ot) ai et emance takes place in a forest cere AY wa Las dace lone in the oreeih the fat tas a he aint tn ety Scrat wth mal pe ut Sd fetes A the ine of bey len er coy te put ated, th aes ofthe Forest she uses them or craton, lothing seats is soe seh fre In hung, chee den ee etl wien herrea cn zit pes 3 ual instrament, cared rund ie eh Meares drab slic of tn a a aa de ty a perveive environment undsingied yn ho i ies ig that the Pygmies shoul! strbute spec ips ee and. Un ining it the mound rater han he eels att wee The clearest idea that the Pyginies have conceming the sugeratr, wr fur beyond death, beyond men and animal rd beeed men win Situ ino animals i the Beal Song of a Bid? hey clot ain “The world view of the pueblo Indians of the American Sots ‘many ways, the antithesis of that of the Congo Pygmy. I ako ls dsinctve in the sense that its major features are shared by other peoples fn Indian from Santa Ana pueblo should find it easier to accept the su tural exmography of the Egyptians and the Chinese than ihe wale fated ambiance of the Pygmies. We are perhaps inclined fo asune st the greatest contrast in ie tye exis between 2 nnlrte ee and Gis ofan urbanized society, when in fac the coat ray he = SE ‘org “primitives” who live in totally diferent natural eno "The coimos of the pueblo Indians is spatially welder, SE te oor, Their natural environment i We seid a fo the eye sweeping vistas snd prominent annals Mi Nea and lito scaptred sharpens The nd Tel Salle stata of sandstone an ale, cap er Nai a, Calor when te nn Hw i the 4, The {18 hy, the but and resh othe dk eh {the Blue of springs and small lakes are justaPoe bright palete of the Southwest, For livelihood of =~ sri 1989) Gel Ms Tumba, Waynerd Sercents laos eeerin, ond world es event, 8 coe, Ti Sd ter vegetables. The fo eres a Be edb the neal hyn, and hepa, a ennain esetilly the same hat go wih ha naire prominent nthe Publ nan Se a Ind conve ofthe earth 5 guns a ve Th Stn wow in which asi or god ler Fog iid. Ech ore raps oi ae tbe hr end toma wens nga w pure nor in gee Fee uadieeresralyareenignd t bower: hotter ca a dead or, the vn, buster snd dogs, Cad Bee Segawa tebe wea side ea” “ridcle vor Mera Paid and nad define the vercal axe. Zach of tc Bees te t.oen cal and ardial—an array of correspondenen re apace te Chie. Ther greece ad SPemicneereftureomos dopicted though rather wea, a aris races cies Acre Seno Drain gaa eal parlors and in tes cates carrera Ses rary have name on ee eek get anal mes AL Sana A ard ate hae, where te pincipl dig Ce ple cal “ie pe Before the conquest a and the other two are known as the oe ree directions zenith and nadir, by the stratification of the earth in colored aati ivi oe ans ber se te layer at the surface), and in the creation myth. The latter usually tells of tow cpp odin hc ata fon ey che south revel enemas ihe not asp. THe Po Lempnsnastn sted ionay soho ara ath ky Sa legend, the move was to the White House; here they lived with the £03 who taught them traditions, situals, and songs that promoted fertility. THe A se pans ot en ot a pace The Sy cra enn Tn ca ee ae thy ll ermal the ae doce aes of i Car eee rego) ell gheela ther than from below: the earth, and corn play prominett he Puce of Santa Ana, New Mexico, American Bere, 44, No (1942), 39-42, 80-04 Dik (apt Mend ote Keren uch. tniar iy re, peach ein tb in sat timer of the World (New York: Columbia 8), pp, 83-98. sewnment,prcetion, and old views olen 1 rarmnth fertilize the Geld. Te erie ay, e house water spirits; they are suo identified with ie ate entains of selves supernatural. Springs ace rita ake its dally joy en ties the aye. The sy “mother” and, nundown, Tn ane te course pe sun marks the ariculturl and creole Anong the Hopi, planting dates are established by the popes sf ft tated the surimer slice; the progress ivefealtnanl rg ape ita ii ssi rsaty srt bcos ee terion oie planing ater ste, The Za Lea en Tela ites in fo planing, bt ey chao ee ae I asta ging of tess gots ree ta re eter facia ein agp ana ae I IGA rere tn sie or trogen opt Inuit the time fr sory ling lying nnd ping are Aste bighy deren pce of he pb nda in fon tesa unorgsied enviroment of th alin Ey Heed sence of clctrans die m betel mo) Ae rt del The anf envmen ert tefoeimonotony ie Inte ert teen ya ie in coal and harms wey, mente wo et ‘doe asociation with each other need some form of release from the te ‘ios that are bound to build up over time, Unlike the pueblo Indias, the ymmiet cannot find release in ‘clearly marked seasonal changes of activi tot in seatonal ceremonials; they have, however, one break the hoo! ‘een which lasts two months around June. This i a ie when fe ‘saint mtn and en Ss pn alr a {Gliese in ban fer cmp Te 2” M enmities to, wane and thé forging of new friendships the an “Moronze» exvimowsuens ano nuatasti AHTURES wee have noted earlier the tendency of the uma, mo polar opposites such a life and deat rind 0 onesie fad dake my aie of Gls Parsons, Pusblo Indian Religion (CHEM? Prana ats, Paco Jaen elHeaven 29 ear ese of trout: it afets a People’s social og Ceol cs er eee aay end inl jy viable index of polaris: We have already seen in chap serving a5 clearly VOT cae the thinking and social patterns of the yet Nia te bs adapted mcfly 0 2 abary Terentted ening aan he dualistic organization ofits economic, social, and religions ton eal Bound the dichotomy fn nature ‘ “The Lele live in the southwestern part of the Congo rainforest, sou and west of the Kasai River, ina zone where the dense equatorial rainfoven ties way to the grasland. Their environment is split between thick feresed alleys and gras-topped hill The Lele are hunters and agricul tural They live in villages built on the grassland. Each village is sun. rounded bya ing of rafia palm; beyond it le the grass and scrub leading to the fore. Their staple fod is corm, which is grown in the forest by the slash and burn method. Both men and women engage in this activity, hue ‘other economic activites are separated by sex. Hunting and the collection ‘of medicinal plants are exclusively the work of men; women’s job io live fhponds in the marshy streams and to grow groundnuts in te frasland, Rival values and economic activity seem unrelated, ‘The Lee religion isnot centered on the rafia palm, despite the fact that it plays a Imajr roe in their economy. All the produets of the palm are used: for ht bulding and basketry, for arrow shafts, forthe fibers with which they weave {pai rafia cloth. In adltion the palm yields an unfermented wine, which fom th second staple article of det. The cultivation of corn has nfl {feifeanes either: On the other hand, hunting is immensely important in tHe slpiws and socal outlook of the Lele despite the fact that the Lele at mediocre hunters, and meat isnot, from a nutritional inispe Seca 8 nutritional viewpoint, The forest ss 4 mystique thatthe graslan villages do pate the grasland and the villages tak of ie fre) wih amon pote embasinam, Go 2! ‘lng aed thing They ofen conan the fore wi Th ket ett i ay, when the dusty slag i amples? "0510 the colar dak othe fore» Mer bos tt a BPE ee a ar ee ty, si te mel er Rt onment, perception, and word vies ® 2, Sara ey ave mg def ea ier, giving the impression that se st Tato wate, RY rear thee Meg element! = rm geslan, however, as no prestige; iver and age mundnut plots but they avoid even set ee Sg fin soe bites he gan gd mee se ‘ote men, sto the women dark and vaguely threatening. ; riverine environments, cosmology, and architecture ‘Two ancient civilizations, Egypt and Mesopotamia, developed ont ‘erie environments of the Near East. Their workl views dered, rec ing he disimilar experiences of a nature that ruled over asely cen set the people's lives—with order in Egypt, and somewhat capcistyin Mesopotamia TM dominant geographic facts of Hyp ae det be Nl ir The dees canne report sen wit ae fre Sin: the Nils River ntrodueco «mr ah ra fl 8 Aen sndy nase, The od wate of Ne se ret) ag 8 2 nly water buch tery hay nT inte lowes ane ac of veri mE © 1 BEPn, He hates darkines an the clo Ar ance err ll Eq geitPh of the sun over cloud and storm? Cloud may ll in ot depend on rain, Clu ides the sun ans i Pn empeatre, Wir the sun pe ero ld sin ot les Sense g cient Be “Thought ie Asc 2 Tate a) PH SP the ttc a2 4 iret ed, Development of Religion 2 ean ty olin A: Wilton, (New Yorks Harrenvbonment, perception, end etd tae 3 i is covered, and even m ature t rise sharply when t even move whey the temperate stern hotizan, cold sets in see teow de western horizon, cold sets in rag nates ey ‘s iy the cold which, together with danse Th antl ad Bete with ce won ad the Nil, oer aps Gente are relatively unimportant "The ancient Exyptian’s environ = angue Aone might expect, rena a favored color and identified yi Sa ee et sdopecd” The Merogph for Tgyyt oe Se eek where gn compote Be ae inns thatthe ancient Egyptian found foreign scenes ouside er et tangy vee oy a te cig renee me apornl ins aap teresting, cers er mental values were enshrined in the shy” from £m ing oma «le Sningang anon 20 Meewdotn The Hiery of Herdotes, cans. George Ration (CHES EvoyepatdiaBciantca, tn, 1982), Book I, chances 13 : 1 Hees! Pasko, HA Fraslion, ie’ A, Wile? god hold J Belore Phisophy (Baise, Bees Maeeh (Baier: Feakin 1851, pe 816 85, —— Bee hits, widvinteics jog 8 daly trajectory acros pe un making the ay. saith fy inhabitants there should have look # nt ia Sed solar theology. Lower Eyes staf ou st Ure Hivos theology of the Ney ng 2c nat she mors ais. Austen in mye Me eee are el view dominated by the Nie the reg of ge ey lao goal ofthe lead, fori alone did not gery tates COMP int blow the bron W fecemtancy of the sun mythology the plac of ged esr 0 the lace wh alin ma the sun itself underwent «dang The egyptian environment is symmetialy dap an tat tan, the Bouncing cliffs of the valley on one seme bale Sethe ober; and beyond them the deters are alte in thane Gail tht ymretry in nature hate infnce the ding fle grindeur with which the ideal of balance i expend in coca and architecture. ‘The geographical gmmetrs of eat and nee a site by symmetries along the vertical axis, At he cemercf te case ‘iteeanh (Geb), which has the shape ofthe Nile Valley plate ih Wighrins—and it Boats on the primordial waters (in) ot of whch ie ite. Above the enrth i the inverted pan ofthe sy the syne Ni), and below itis the counterheaven (Naanet), ging te sade wi Game belies find expression in Egypt's monumental arcienre eer the pyramid. It is made up of four equal issceles triangles com Stat doa singe pint, ‘The base i a exact square ad it oat Brey to the cardinal directions. The Gest Pyramid of Cheops ep toe than 3" 6 from the true north. The interplay toe Pa ‘omens stressed by the precision of orientation. The square es [oes ranges emphasie the ge toward symmetry tha Pn 0 itis expressive domains of Egyptian life. The upward pointing wise eet sseciated with the uprising fame; it prota a male pce me oppste ofthe downward ping an tion Egyptian and Mesopotamian figures of e=°k te db Bram exited as part of a lnge ahi etch was wo provide the appropriate = ‘tual, namely, the transformation of the deaé ples th PE go tector ae rasta bing nto a teal dy. Ante son 24 ab wo Ber i Oe or asal asthe al its daily eycle of birth, life, rd i tbo of the king entailed movement wean Mal Pi : Moret al, Before Philosophy, pp. 32-87 ae, ron and world ies ; casocnment, pret cy the valley temple, on the bor ie Jin the valley temp! borders of plate nee and an mami 8 nan tenes deal ie valley ere othe orn) tng Sp rsa ne ‘The semper fn she Gimbal fe the est ie 2 Pestle of the catseay, dark, Fry rT vf es Oy Khe nen of on mer the King wa ually tearm shen the Pm ani mening ofthe sarcophagus ito the hea of a emer cane: THe ope ofthe Cae vey Fr eet pn Te wan of he lr rw th Be and kee he ween elon of ure fn the rani Hone Sesion The prams 2 tomb; yet ako gmboe a a alec, she wpuing fame, and the sun—eteral i? se Pan ing was 2 god, his goverament divine. Other poven a ear A en gon Promoted chat Bb yen fe hin. EYP was ve Se ees aad tie vain Oy fr ee dm ve walle Nor ver they of gat Sa tet enim watered war ee eee i cen al vcore nevi ache pets pace ak sing ae ofeach Seen ue hae la wath and rages bt oad Sec apis Nt ch ie known au = Copa str han Aion (Fel Amare), wich Ss eating rt ero he et bak of Oe N Moe cla met cy nod td ne ser cern The Maiplnamtsetcac sree es random. The apes Seren dy naettth eye ved omy rat Tecan neh pete eqn te prensa ter ao the Egyptian world view:2! Egyptian settlements, unlike those in several other seamen of crate so coins Eps nel 22 esse ed ied ance onthe her emiered 0 te = paradigm. “The maturlenvitontients of Ey ents of Egypt and Mesopotamia ate fat ot ack rafal ad ha agsicaltare depends cm water fom the Peroni ives hat run though them. But there are important ifr 7 5 Gen The Boma Pun The Bsns of renee (HY Eten og me et wi S eter, The Beginnings of Civilization (New York Mentt vazonent, percetion, and werd views a ae of Beypt is truly tid; that of Mey ee fee the average four no he Me i em te meat 1h a ay agin eg an neo alr witou gain th a ete Nile to Beypt it ts dependability, The Tigi and hha tO i ave (98 less preilable regimes, Maximum fow gf ee onc in sng with the malig of snow and we hace sal ipin he headstrears i highly vatiable. Over te upper tone ey te inches of precipaton have been ene es Se saMrinvater is augmented by snow-mel, the rut b dinars we food waters that took mon sastrous fod sca : ve pny PFE as ol Mecptaia Tix Caplan inte ay ee scimtrmricaly disposed abot the Nie River In compensa Site te act te, Ther thet ey aivjed off from the flooded lands around them: they are not the pass ‘pditection that the Nile : ape pte end of the third millennium mc, the Meponian adi Saed an urban civilization and evolved a distinctive word view Gat fered ceiain characteristics of thet environment. In one myih on weld tog the beginning was depicted as a watery chat made up ofthe ee es weet waters (dps), the sea (Tiamat), and mit (Mam). Te age of Apu and Tiamat gave birth to two god whch rpeeiet, ‘lL The myth would thus seen to have transposed a readily observable phe xeon in nature, namely, when fresh water runs into she sy, midi ‘kpoited and land appears. The completed cosmos consisted of the earth ‘ih wae flat dine: Over it lay a vast holow space, enced by 2d ‘fein the shape of vault: Between heaven and car wa 8 ie 2 and spirit—the expansion of sshich separated besten fm cath rounding the heaven-earth (anki) om all sides, as well as top and et= "=, the boundless sea? Bee A pantheon of gods, numbering in the hundreds, supervised the unk diered gre a importance, Tie fut Ot fered reat in funtion 20d important, Ts ft ‘te ci ne STE etic were the evened (dn), he > Sede th ¢ fed lists and were often portrayed as acting tot Te ten prayed ain ee a i), and the great mothergoddes (Ninkarse), 7) pee aman, unlike the Egyptian, did Bi ecren ocr PiieRMet, The Sumerians (Chicago: Usiveriyoll " sp ua Be conta mite and admin pees potamian nature, compe Bayptian natu, 988 UH a tere el Bef amen res ember rt ng my mene ey nngs ie nase conuson enigod was supreme, but by 2900 1.0. Exit “atone time, An the heaven i secs o ave taken his pace 3 Fader ne pba in sity subg reac oveeching by, Dut was power at et ll Bere evox ciment between: Heaven, and earth embodied active BP exsist wil of the go, He wn conc Boe eee ety wih a band in the planning and eration of mot meatus of the cones, Unfortunate his dy cided se (punitment, od altough 2 paternal gue fll of concen inp Pe fr people, he could be a5 vilent and unpredictable as the storm. Sr embevid wisdom, He was the creative, life-giving sweet waters sell eset springy and vers. While Enlil looked after the bigger projets Met dovkel on the general plan, Enki lent his skills to the detailed working Faure and culture, The gods Ninhursag became a rather misty fig i le stad nillensium ne. Her name might once have been fi, mothe. Udi, dad se was probably the consort of heaven. An, She was regardel {the anh of all ivng things Whar the cosmological ideas of Mesopotamia reflected certain aspect ‘js tut eavronment, they were alo strongly colored by the ng, with Io Rojecturally the most prominent feature within ete on terrae side the sacred compe Le) god. At the start of the fourth mill {he iy belonged ism 8 lennium i, pele sims to the temple. Later the chief temple was plated en sail ha aeaple compound surrounded by a wall Ditanesbetyoes eh aad iy inereased. "The terrace became higher and highs sate aa amis ant distinctive contribution to achiete, Te poms NepPempe and of the zggurat, combined withthe iw Hat he ey nat simate of the gods, would suggest chat the sate was organized as hon seiput as we have noted, this type of rule did nt aes bl The Gals in the city (there were usually several) owned only a fein of tiland in the city state; the remainder belonged to the noble sed come vires. Moreover, priests and temple retainess exerced lite sear pecs ‘The architectural personality of the Mesopotamian city ected i comic blfs more closely than it did its politcal economy, Zigua ould fetoompare with the great Egyptian pyramids in monumentliy bt they tence loomed large on the fat landscape, The zggurat of te mon fe4Nenne in Ur (2250-2100? n.c) was a slid mas of brickwork that mie ‘athe iregular stages to a height of about seventy feet. From it sana ila one could see across the desolate plains to the cgruats of Hnduand Arba, ‘The stepped tower stood for many aspects of Mesopo‘amit thinking, Anca is efferent names were “Hout of Mountain,” "Mow Suan?” and "ond between Heaven and Earth.” As mountainit 2 Center of the world; it was the earthly throne of the E60 Ag 4 monumental sacrificial altar. ‘The immediate * wold appear uch as rough, or peat to have been a natural disse Ae fot reat blessing, such asthe rich overfiow ofthe THE aah : bor of conucion int 25 ASH to respond enthusiastically to the lab reois ® tai age of faith, peasants and nobles ate responded ee Te me of cathedral, The oa ae 3 pa Mee ting of cathedrals, The sggurat thes sn Nese ie Me that differed Te roe pra Play Oh Was located in the heart of the ¢ the othe Jn the land of the dead Pak i 5 ole, “Investigating. the Origins of Met? Pee ae anion cian”CHAPTER EIGHy topophilia and environment ‘Gives the focal interest in environmental attitudes and values, I have tried to clarify their meaning through the simple device (in chapters 6 and 7) of Aichotomising culture-nvironment. This procedure enabled me to examine the dyad from two perspectives, fist of culture, then of environment. 18 chaptes8 and 9I shall adopt & similar strategy, but narrow the focus © ‘specific manifestations of the human love of place or topophilia. The m=? topic of this chapter are: (1) the ways through which human bei! ‘spond to the environment, which may vary from visual and aesthe appreciation to bodily contact; (2) the relations of health, familiarity, 8 awareness of the past wo topophilia; (3) the impact of urbanization 0” WN appreciation of the countryside and wilderness. This conglomeration z themes reflects the complexity of the idea of topophilia. The topics of 2” ter 8 do share, however, a common emphasis, which is the range, Y= Sad intent of the topophilic sentiment. How the elements of environ Permeate the content of tor lia is the theme of chapter 9- Again e Soul renee ht tng an sje ae ten mere sundering of topophilia and environment serves a purpose i it fac expenition. 2 seppita and environment 8 word “topophilia” is a neologim, uel in wnent, These differ greatly in intensity, subg i ‘0 environment nd mae of pu The response wnay be primarily sethetie: it mare $e gam the fceting pleasure one gels from a view wort gt em iy be tactile, a delight in the feel of air, water, ary, Moye em Ets easy 10 expres ae feelings that one ha omard mat {oboe the locus of memories, and the means of gnng eye ge can be sure thatthe place or environment has bee Ueaotonally charged events or perceived as a aybel Te sad ae iin human affection for the Greek wagedian, Eurpida, & pty wily shared among all men: “Wife, dear inthis light of te bor toy tothe eye isthe placid ocean-flod, and the earth in th Hess ot sing and wide-spreading water, and of many lovely sighs ight Tua te prais, But for the childless and those consumed with longing, eg isa or lovely to behold as to seein their hoses the iit that revbor ies bring"! esthetic appreciation Sir Kenneth Clark, the art historian, underlined the epkemealiy of fap when he sid, “I faney that one cannot enjoy put a Sato (3o-alled) for longer than one can enjoy the sell of 2 oH MSE my cae is es than two minutes” To atend 0 2 get ek ILSt longer than that, knowledge of historia crim tas wale 10 one’ attention fixed on the work while the senses have Ems 64° {ML nd. Clark believes that ashe remenber the facto he PE tiesto fit the picture in front of him into its place aa them fem.Of the artis, his powers of receptivity are gradually renew Mint 2Uldenly they make him see a beautiful passage of raving, oe ould have overlooked had not an intellectual PISS onciously ms Ee son equal ei What Kenneth Clark says of art appreciation i e027 . the Grek Tee Sofa Rahn Tac, Theat te tT ae Mature (Te then, 1887) eget Kemeif'ste (Toronto: Roswell & Hui Mae lark, Looking at Pictures (New York: gy ach, Looking at Pitre 16 _Zapeptibe end esvorment % Meee aac, Egret Coe pee rac 3 scenery. se Lane he ceadaopped notin ridge of Acre Te et tne 1 Pan omen whe wth tn and cas ine See ys he Semmes Sex, es son se Bynes ple 9 fame shapes and calour wold hk Imenser even than PST Fraland oF the Rockics Half their transigued secre the same Nom er of wo thousand years befor, or the menay Sec rey ston wos rani Ses we sats: expres of natore ae tly to carh re i itn sen contact with an pet fey ee Pe afore isthe athens ofthe acquired late fr Seances evo fg aces at oe Hows al A Mee ate te mtu of this experince cea em re Te 5 Wordzworths dramatic perception of Mount Helen fe OTA Dees ener and De Quincey waked one ight fom BES Gemeente postal carer bo usualy brought hen Serica on te conocer ey wee sno for nes and waited Tiras ty ern for ver an hour No sound came up through te iy fad Ar merely Wordsords would setch Mime on the rnd Sabre scart ground the hop of catching the sound of eon Pees deters Tarbes 0 De Quincy, ‘The most int At the very instant when I raised my bead from the ground, in final ab ‘deament of ope for thi nigh, atthe very instant when the organs of ate fion were all st oncerelaning from thei tension, the bright sar hanging the ar above tho outlines of masyy blackness of the Helvellyn, fll de) ‘pon my ye, and penetrated my capacity of apprehension with a pat 24 2 sae of the Infinite, that would not have arrested me under otber cr ‘The journals of explorers are rich in these sudden revelations of 3% ‘al beauty for example, Clarence King’s description ofthe Yosemite iting hilin he se tor, and Sie Francis Younghsband’ ocr S of bis ecoscter with Mt Kinchinjunga—one of almost mystical ints) when the mits that usually enshrouded the Himalayan peak unesPec 1 ‘Parted to reveal its distant, ethereal splendor. This kind of experien®® * 9 FL Loca The Gretes Proiem and Other Essays (London: Cas 2 ‘Thcmas De Qsincey, “Wilkam Wordsworth,” Literery Reminiscent (Kong HEED. pe 512-17 Gora fa Nowe Fr Stalin stoner Se=* 1 (leony: Indiana Uns Prow 1938), €D opie and environment * Ss oie preted tte ns as cover thought (and he is surly noe eT Waetscae, whether in erature or in Hie wane 8) ats inducing. In the 1920s McGovern was a qt? PO™ weang Bet ental Stun He wanted to woe Tine ein Uma Sg ma. Tn Indi he fourd tha perma a Bale red, Undaunted the scholacexplorer went in ete Us TE ein the vente. For im the meng of ace Sy fais counted for more than the enjoyment of sn Yer Se pny, hen the sn 3 ype ee Soncan the pols ofthe Himalayas, McGovem aimed ea ‘Shay the nest wow I had ever sen, and een wad a ha Sams as mel had cause wo drink in its pandear"™ The visual enjoyment of nature varies in kind and ieny. ten tele more than the acceptance of a socal convention Mach oun Jeecing ters to be motivated by the dese to ealct a mary Nene Pak sicker as postble. The camera is indispensable 1 the ser fe white can prove to himelf and to his neighbors tht be has aca testo Crater Lake. A snapshot that failed to registers anered a as ee iself has been deprived of exstene. Such brates wi ate eu fall shor of the authentic. Tour has social wes andi ene ‘eecoomy, but it does not enjoin man and nature® The appreiain lsdeape is more personal and longer lasting when i is mined wih the Seany of human incidents. It also endures beyond the fering when ‘stbetic pleasure is combined with scientific curiosity. Intense awareness sfeavironmental beauty normally comes as a sudden revelation. Such avate= ‘sis least affected by received opinions and it also seems to be larry lent of the character of the environment. Homely and even db ‘k= can reveal aspects of themselves that went unnoticed before, and this “Ss ight into the real is sometimes experienced as beauty Phyical contact snarl enim # tees Bedem life physical contact with one's satus! Ea, nely indirect and limited to special occasions a CLINE MeCorera, To Ehse in Digi (Lo Pres, 1855)snpopiie ond enironment i gest man nlveient With Rate on et Shing tabi the Bed windy zeal ale pen the other har sh spot ay wag enh sees an fe na ited aint nature in vee ot meas Inek (and counercultaral poe acu invelverient with the Me Fhe gene, sel Biya seat ct ey en the tempo of HE 00 lve ang nln Canes 2 simply of repone presed in Tnes such as these “And down om knees aright I’ mest, epee coul thie feshe flow’r I gett, Reaaeg aay ill enclosed was Upon the small ond soft, rete 70, ing fren populasion, technol (Prologue 1 the Legend of Good Women) “The childike enjoyment of nature places little importance on pictur eaqunen We know relatively Hite as to how a young child perceives the Giproand, pas, or seashore that he is taken to, The composed view arene count for les than particular objects and physical sensations. A A Milne creator of the popular Pooh stories, has the gift of intimating the ind of coy, immediate world that a young child knows. Visual apprecs: fon, discerning and reflective, creates aesthetic distance. For a young child the sethetc dtance is minimal, When Christopher Robin goes down to the Saouting sea he feels the sand in his hair and the sand between the toes. Happiness isto put on a new mackintosh and stand in the rain Nature yields delectable sensations to the child, with his openness of rind, cardesnes of person, and lack of concern for the accepted canons f ‘beauty. Am adult mutt learn to be yielding and careless like a clild i te ‘were to enjoy nature polymorphously. He needs to slip into old clothes * that he could feel free to stretch out on the hay beside the brook and bate in a meld of physical sensations: the smell of hay and of horse dung; warmth of the round, its hard and soft contours; the warmth of the AY tempered by breve the ting of an ant making its way vp the aC fis leg the ply of shifting laf shadows on his face; the sound of 2, ‘over the pebbles and boulders, the sound of cicadas and distant trafic: So an environment might break. ll the formal rules of euphony and aethee"S subatituting confusion for order, and yet be wholly satisfying: ye ‘The small farmer or peasant’s attachment to land is deep. NAW known theo he ned to gain thing, Pre worker, whe HE ache with fatigue, say that “their trades have entered into them.” For sopophiia ond 2 er, nature has entered—and beaut psig OT ature can be said (0 embody Ke pent Sage oe oe Muscles and scars bear wines tee seme farmers opps cmpunte ar a i a al dependence a the fat that te agg BE ee sustains hope. Aesthetic appreciation i proms cya i om an of America's deep South ssid to Robert od fh vrei always there, waiting for me, and its cGy fe the ti gsas much me as my own arms and legs” And "Th ani fd Shaner bot hs leroy iad rl feel fine and if there's trouble with groving heer gee rhe working farmer des not tate mature ins pte fon, TE sabe profoundly avare of is beasty, A yung haope fa ite Robert Coles, showed no desire to migrate orth apie te vere of his fe at home. Te would mise the farm, he expined In a rene would miss watching the sun go down, Mficker out, te a end fis lots wax and is going away, disappearing”* "Topaphilie sentiment among farmers difers widely in accorlaace wih thie ecoeconomic status. The farm laborer works coe tothe sl: hs téaion with nature is a love-hate bond. Ronald Blythe reminds ws tat fren in the 1900s the hired hand in England had few renards ote than Iiecettage and a meager living. He had no greater sure of pride han Sioun physical strength and the ability to plow a stright frou ts ephemeral signature on the earth. The small farmer who owned hs arteter off: he could nurse a pious attitude toward the land that Foted him and that was his sole security. The sucensful pops tek posesive price in his estate, in the transformation of mature (0° fil wold of his own design. Attachment to place am a emes® Ef Fes name nba feel far ofthe Great Pl farmer ms mld Se fe threat of drought and dust storm. Those who cA800\ 5 iy ethos wh op 2 curious pie 1 = 1 hang on seem to develop ot dure. When Saarinen, in his study of drought 08 TS OT gays, {ere wheat grr pure of 2 mB ‘haracteristic response was that the dustbow! si ne We, Wain Jor Cod, wars » Eel 1985) ye 1390. Itt Cols Migrants, PP 411, 527.tepophiia and ensroene! eS remains Beease he oves the sail agg J heer but oowstecan do beer centr ut the challenge of raking» £7 iu in is world The farmer is no exc Tocca anne eet bird th, anal death of WHE itch. In fact, little is knows a ee isn van, any soe Ech aa ein by Pole it anal! nc i things: however hard, i boasts seriou health and topophilia are infused by a sence of physical well From tine to time we ing 6 a mcrtonn and embraces, a8 it were, a part of the word: i Ba at Sata bens seni, O! What» bea Fea the bers that popular musical of the Tate 194%, Oklahoma Sag and heathy people experience the mood more frequently than cer Hear ough thy ae les able to describe the sensation other than with eccersace of ther bodies. William James put it this way: “Apart from sting aevaly religioss, we all have moments when the univers Ile Saat ap round with fendines. In youth and health, fo somes, in the woods or onthe mountains, there come days when the weather seems all whippering with peace, hours when the goodness and beauty of exience fenfld us lke a dry, warn climate, or chime through us as if our inner eas tree subtly singing with the worlds security." The seventeenth-centey poet, Thomas Trahere, wrote: "You never enjoy the world aright, sl the 44 il foveth in your vein, till you are clothed with the heavens, and zoned with stan.” Poetic hyperbole—and yet in a sense the sea docs fw jin our veins: the chemical composition of our blood is a reminder of ov remote ancestry inthe primordia! oceans Ik may wem far-fetched to deteet any relation between the sense of welbbcing after, say a good breakfast and the holy fervor of a Christin Poet lite Traber Yet the fact thatthe words “healt,” “wholeness” 20 “olines” are etymologically related suggests a common meaning. An or nary fellow embraces the world of golf in a temporary overflow of well being, the toly (whole) person the world itself. Characteristically 1 feeling depends less on external circurnstances than on the internal stale 4 Thomas F. Saaines, Perception of the Drought Hazard on the Gre TM Uninerty of Chcags Depanmete of Goottary:Rewarch ver SO)" 1 G36 pe stort Be ia Melia ws Vert of Regus Rapeience (New York: Mode® opti ad encroment 4, that is, whether Ie has put good brea pontine ee evel, whether he enjoys the =yeestt i his reo ‘eae tha e #400 The authority on mysticism, Evelyn Una ge Petal ye psig” Vaisng down the Ne il, eps, lS walking. dow’ fotting HM min 4 4; ber in road i ree fd) landscape with joy an ad tae erpeney sordid) th joy and astonishmen, Eye the leg a omething universal an tien gs He onitoity end eltachment Fama breed afleton when i dos eed ote snare of how a person can become deeply atached wai tesa Meech man’ belongings are an extern of his promise ag rhe is to diminish, in his own estimation, his work as husar ey fdathing the most personal of one’s belonging. Iti a rae adh ches fencof sof does not suffer in nakedness, or who does not fel a tence Enenty when he has (0 wear someone else's clothes, Beyond eehing ‘yeson inthe process of time invests bis of his emotional fei is hone tal beyond the home in his neighborhood. To be foribly evicted frm ene’ tne and neighborhood is to be stripped ofa sheathing, which ini fa ‘iy protects the human being from the bewilderments of the outie wo ‘stom people are reluctant to part with their shaples old coat fer ey ‘,0.0me people —especally older people—are reluctant o stand tr ‘idmighborhood for the new housing development. Awareness of the past is an important element inthe lve of pee atic rhetoric has always stressed the roots of a people. To enhance ‘aly, history is made visible by monuments in the landscape and pat b= ‘se rconied inthe ble that te od of eos ied Netra peoples can be strongly attached to their home sounds Th ty ack the chronological sense of irreversible events charac ier point at the bonds of nurture (the mothersarh ens {SE into History, Stichlow, an ethnologist who bows OF eee ‘ape intimately, says of the Aranda that he “ne 4 ten Mey fbr of his beng. Yen teat wil ome BS {EzMlns an ancetal ese ch as ben sme Sg {REI by white unuper af his grou tery, Le tN {EIRP thar are domnating moter which conten TED ya iat of the totemic ancentors.” The love of he ROMS ET, bale for historically, Mountains and eeeks 204 2950810 ety ‘He Aranda not merely interesting oF beaifel $= eeeiia and ensronent ie repopti cers fom whore hse! as descended, oy, i Tandkcape the ancient story of the jt are the handiwork of in the " rrouetiNg fees recorded in hom he reveres; bein re deads of the immoral beings 5 eings, who fon and the dds of the MsttTyan shape once more; beings, many of whoq bref space may © fhe as known in his 07 ‘brothers, and as his moth age-old family te." fence as his fathers and grandfath on experi hers and ad sisters, The whole countryside is his es is livin patition Ae modern state in Europe, patriotism as an emo. pect locally: iti evoked by abstract categories serene hand, and by certain symbols, such as the Memnstate is too large, its boundaries to arbitea, aa oo eroeneous wo command the kind of affection that aries ot By aecene and intimate krwledge. Modern man has conquered dstae Teeee ime. Ina lifespan, a man now-—as in the past—ean establish pro found oot only ina small comer of the world. ‘rarosam means the love of one’ terra potria or natal land, Tn ancient times it yas stity a local sentiment, The Greeks did not apply patriotism Jndseriminatey to all Greek-speaking lands, but to small fragments such i= Athens, Sparta, Corinth, and Smvena. The Phoenicians were patriotic to Tye, Sidon, of Carthage; not to Phoenicia generally. The city aroused profound emotions, especially when it eame under attack. When the Romans ‘ought to punish the Carthaginians for disobedience by razing their city © the ground, citizens of Carthage begged their masters to spare the physical ciy, its stones and temples, t0 which no posible guilt could be attached rd instead if nectary, exterminate the entice population. In the Middle ‘Ags allegiance was owed tothe lord, othe city, or both, and by exter tos teritory. But the sentiment covered variable extensions of the teritom ot to a land of precise limit beyond which it must turn into indifference hate, The modern nation asa large bounded space is eifficult to experien= fn any direct way; ite realty forthe individual depends on the ingest of certain kinds of hnowledge. Decades or even centuries after the iret have accepted the en of “natin” there may remain & ‘substantial portion ofthe poulc who have never har oft or example the a ie ineteenth-century Tsarist Rusia was entirely ignorant oY tended fat that : 08 Dretended fact that they belonged to a Russian society united by a com Since the birth of tion is rarely ted €9 any of pride and power, on t Bag, on the othe. The mo% 19.6. H. Suthow, dant TG, Salm, Arnie radon (Cason: Metourse Unive PS spt one ernment sre are two Kind of patriotism, eal and {a ite experience of lace, ad on ie oe ath we lve Bas no guarantee tongs fe iy ode: Me ellective egotism and pride, Such sennre a Fain “gs030 2 Sc, Britain in the ninetenth centay ear NRO a he re de feptcal. Kiling’s Tes 'L do not love my empire’ foes mre Bem ai fel affection fora vast system of impersonal pyc 8 te engi oof frag poo. seme Sind can conceive the empire a8 vitim—an in seer be dese al needs or exmpanon ngland is an example of a modem nation small enough tobe wk ei clone vent eee aioe ie ey era is ead oars te Pee Richer 11 (nc 2, non 1}, nee he hemp eo ee Froen? “ile world,” “blessed plot. Std ites Bred frien tt wt Pepe reine hese Bakara athe opie ojo mat Dias defenive to shoe MR ee op tas arp onde Bene hs eon is real isle 4st asthe pretense to “love for humanity” arouses our spc, 0 ‘pili ings false when itis claimed fora large tettry. A compact ie sad down to man's biologic needs and sense-bound capacities ems ‘uy Tnadion, a people can more readily identify with an ara it 2 Fi be a natural nik. Affection cannot be sched ot ose Isic olen is « conglomeration of Heterogeneous pats bed ‘stb Se B contrat, the home region (psy) has hirano 28 Bat be physiographic unit (a. valley, coast, or limestone ‘outcrop) small Sif to be known personally. Tn between i the modern sat, 1 © Se of hinrical continuity: power is more dif than ia US OE ‘St cis most conspicuous bond, On the ober asd te es Teaihife to be known personally, its shape too eid sr eas a natural unit; Not only for reson of eee Bu 8 "the i ought 10 eer Ee. RRilsion of onganie unity, poi! Faden MMe So pi ad IV frontiers to the river, mountain, oF #1 BOY Ty HS to large for the exercise of genuine cpap “Sat a lan, 192! Wd Hayes, Baye on Nationa (Sew YOR Mean ils or Bae sp Ao Se PT sin’ (Ronit Uae rm =