2.C.

1:ac
Organismsusefeedbackmechanismstomaintaintheirinternalenvironmentsandrespondto
externalenvironmentalchange.
a.Negativefeedbackmechanismsmaintaindynamichomeostasisforaparticularcondition
(variable)byregulatingphysiologicalprocesses,returningthechangingconditionbacktoits
targetsetpoint.
operonsingeneregulation
temperatureregulationinanimals
plantresponsestowaterlimitations
b.Positivebackmechanismsamplifyresponsesandprocessesinbiologicalorganisms.The
variableinitiatingtheresponseismovedawayfromtheinitialsetpoint.Amplificationoccurs
whenthestimulusisfurtheractivatedwhich,inturn,initiatesanadditionalresponsethat
producessystemchange.
lactationinmammals
onsetoflaborinchildbirth
ripeningoffruit
c.Alterationinthemechanismsoffeedbackoftenresultsindeleteriousconsequences.
diabetesmellitusinresponsetodecreaseinsulin
dehydrationinresponsetodecreasedantidiuretichormone(ADH)
gravesdisease(hyperthyroidism)
bloodclotting

2.D.3:a
Biologicalsystemsareaffectedbydisruptionstotheirdynamichomeostasis.
a.disruptionsatthemolecularandcellularlevelsaffectthehealthoftheorganism.
physiologicalresponsestotoxicsubstances
dehydration
immunologicalresponsestopathogens,toxinsandallergens

2.E.2:ab
Timingandcoordinationofphysiologicaleventsareregulatedbymultiplemechanisms.
a.Inplants,physiologicaleventsinvolveinteractionsbetweenenviornmentalstimuliandinternal
molecularsignals.
1. Phototropism,ortheresponsetothepresenceoflight.
2. Photoperiodism,ortheresponsetochangeinlengthofthenight,thatresultsinflowering
inlongdayandshortdayplants
b.Inanimals,iternalandexternalsignalsregulateavarietyofphysiologicalresponsesthat
synchonrizewithenvironmentalcycles.

3.B.2:ab
Avarietyofintercellularandintracellularsignaltransmissionsmediategeneexpression.
a.Signaltransmissionwithinandbetweencellsmediatesgeneexpression.
cytokinesregulategeneexpressiontoallowforcellreplicationanddivision.

matingpheromonesinyeasttriggermatinggeneexpression
levelsofcAMPregulatemetabolicgeneexpressioninbacteria
expressionoftheSRYgenetriggersthemalesexualdevelopmentpathwayinanimals.
ethylenelevelscausechangesintheproductionofdifferentenzymes,allowingfruitsto
ripen.
seedgerminationandgibberellin
b.Signaltransmissionwithinandbetweencellsmediatescellfunction.
matingpheromonesinyeasttriggermatinggenesexpressionandsexualreproduction.
pathogensstimulatecellsdifferentiationanddevelopment
changesinp53activitycanresultincancer
HOXgenesandtheirroleindevelopment

3.D.1:ad
Cellcommunicationprocessessharecommonfeaturesthatreflectasharedevolutionary
history.
a.Communicationinvolvestransductionofstimulatoryorinhibitorysignalsfromothercells,
organismsortheenvironment.
b.Correctandappropriatesignaltransductionprocessesaregenerallyunderstrongselective
pressure.
c.Insinglecelledorganisms,signaltransductionpathwaysinfluencehowthecellrespondsto
itsenvironment.
Useofchemicalmessengersbymicrobestocommunicatewithothernearbycellsandto
regulatespecificpathwaysinresponsetopopulationdensity(quorumsensing)
Useofpheromonestotriggerreproductionanddevelopmentalpathways
Responsetoexternalsignalsbybacteriathatinfluencescellmovement
d.Inmulticellularorganisms,signaltransductionpathwayscoordinatetheactivitieswithin
individualcellsthatsupportthefunctionoftheorganismasawhole.
Epinephrinestimulationofglycogenbreakdowninmammals
Temperaturedeterminationofsexinsomevertebrateorganisms
DNArepairmechanisms

3.D.2:a,b,c1
a.Cellscommunicatebycelltocellcontact.
Tofosterstudentunderstandingofthisconcept,instructorscanchooseanillustrativeexample
suchas:
Immunecellsinteractbycellcellcontact,antigenpresentingcells,helperTcellsand
killerTcells.[Seealso2.D.4]
Plasmodesmatabetweenplantcellsthatallowmaterialtobetransportedfromcelltocell.
b.Cellscommunicateovershortdistancesbyusinglocalregulatorsthattargetcellsinthe
vicinityoftheemittingcell.
Tofosterstudentunderstandingofthisconcept,instructorscanchooseanillustrativeexample
suchas:
Neurotransmitters

Plantimmuneresponse
Quorumsensinginbacteria
Morphogensinembryonicdevelopment
c.Signalsreleasedbyonecelltypecantravellongdistancestotargetcellsofanothercelltype.
Evidenceofstudentlearningisademonstratedunderstandingofthefollowing:

3.D.3:a12,b13
Signaltransductionpathwayslinksignalreceptionwithcellularresponse.
a.Signalingbeginswiththerecognitionofachemicalmessenger,aligand,byareceptor
protein.
1. Differentreceptorsrecognizedifferentchemicalmessengers,whichcanbepeptides,
smallchemicalsorproteins,inaspecificonetoonerelationship.
3.D.4:a
a.Conditionswheresignaltransductionisblockedordefectivecanbedeleterious,preventative
orprophylactic.
3.E.2:a13,b13,c13,d
4.A.4:b
b.Interactionsandcoordinationbetweensystemsprovideessentialbiologicalactivities.
Respiratoryandcirculatory
Nervousandmuscular
Plantvascularandleaf