Cameroon

Cameroon
Republic of Cameroon
Rpublique du Cameroun

Flag

Coat of arms

Motto:
"Paix Travail Patrie"(French)
"Peace Work Fatherland"
Anthem:
Cameroun, Berceau de nos Anctres(French)
O Cameroon, Cradle of our Forefathers

Cameroon

Capital

Yaound
[1]
352N 1131E
Largest city

Douala

Official languages

French
English

Ethnicgroups

Demonym

31% Cameroon Highlanders

19% Equatorial Bantu
11% Kirdi
10% Fulani
8% Northwestern Bantu
7% Eastern Nigritic
13% other African
<1% non-African

Cameroonian

Government

Dominant-party presidential republic

President

Paul Biya

Prime Minister

Philmon Yang
Legislature

National Assembly
Independence from France

Declared

1 January 1960

Annexation of former
British Cameroons

1 October 1961
Area

Total

475,442km (54th)
183,569sqmi

Water(%)

0.57

Population
-

July 2013estimate

22,534,532 (58th)

2005census

17,463,836

Density

39.7/km2 (167th)
102,8/sqmi

GDP(PPP)

2013estimate

Total

$53.162billion

Per capita

$2,400 (90)

GDP(nominal)

2013estimate

Total

$27.88billion

Per capita

$1,268

Gini(2007)

38.9
medium

HDI (2013)

0.500
low 150th
Currency

Central African CFA franc (XAF)

Time zone

WAT (UTC+1)

Cameroon

Summer(DST)

a.

not observed(UTC+1)
Drives on the

right

Calling code

+237

ISO 3166 code

CM

Internet TLD

.cm
[2]

These are the titles as given in the Constitution of the Republic of Cameroon, Article X ( English
at the Wayback
[3]
Machine (archived February 28, 2006) and French
at the Wayback Machine (archived February 28, 2006) versions). 18
January 1996. The French version of the song is sometimes called Chant de Ralliement, as in Swarovski Orchestra (2004).
National Anthems of the World. Koch International Classics; and the English version "O Cameroon, Cradle of Our
Forefathers", as in DeLancey and DeLancey 61.

Cameroon, officially the Republic of Cameroon (French: Rpublique du Cameroun), is a country in the west
Central Africa region. It is bordered by Nigeria to the west; Chad to the northeast; the Central African Republic to
the east; and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and the Republic of the Congo to the south. Cameroon's coastline lies on the
Bight of Bonny, part of the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean. The country is often referred to as "Africa in
miniature" for its geological and cultural diversity. Natural features include beaches, deserts, mountains, rainforests,
and savannas. The highest point is Mount Cameroon in the southwest, and the largest cities are Douala, Yaound and
Garoua. Cameroon is home to over 200 different linguistic groups. The country is well known for its native styles of
music, particularly makossa and bikutsi, and for its successful national football team. French and English are the
official languages.
Early inhabitants of the territory included the Sao civilisation around Lake Chad and the Baka hunter-gatherers in the
southeastern rainforest. Portuguese explorers reached the coast in the 15th century and named the area Rio dos
Camares (Shrimp River), which became Cameroon in English. Fulani[4] soldiers founded the Adamawa Emirate in
the north in the 19th century, and various ethnic groups of the west and northwest established powerful chiefdoms
and fondoms. Cameroon became a German colony in 1884 known as 'Kamerun".
After World War I, the territory was divided between France and Britain as League of Nations mandates. The Union
des Populations du Cameroun (UPC) political party advocated independence, but was outlawed by France in the
1950s. It waged war on French and UPC militant forces until 1971. In 1960, the French-administered part of
Cameroon became independent as the Republic of Cameroun under President Ahmadou Ahidjo. The southern part of
British Cameroons merged with it in 1961 to form the Federal Republic of Cameroon. The country was renamed the
United Republic of Cameroon in 1972 and the Republic of Cameroon in 1984.
Compared with other African countries, Cameroon enjoys relatively high political and social stability. This has
permitted the development of agriculture, roads, railways, and large petroleum and timber industries. Nevertheless,
large numbers of Cameroonians live in poverty as subsistence farmers. Power lies firmly in the hands of the
authoritarian president since 1982, Paul Biya, and his Cameroon People's Democratic Movement party. The
English-speaking territories of Cameroon have grown increasingly alienated from the government, and politicians
from those regions have called for greater decentralization and even secession (for example: the Southern
Cameroons National Council) of the former British-governed territories.

Cameroon

History
Main article: History of Cameroon
The territory of present day Cameroon was first settled during the
Neolithic Era. The longest continuous inhabitants are groups such as
the Baka (Pygmies).[5] From here, Bantu migrations into eastern,
southern, and central Africa are believed to have originated about
2,000 years ago. The Sao culture arose around Lake Chad c. AD 500
and gave way to the Kanem and its successor state, the Bornu empire.
Kingdoms, fondoms, and chiefdoms arose in the west.
Portuguese sailors reached the coast in 1472. They noted an abundance
of the ghost shrimp Lepidophthalmus turneranus in the Wouri River
and named it Rio dos Camares (Shrimp River), which became
Cameroon in English. Over the following few centuries, European
interests regularised trade with the coastal peoples, and Christian
missionaries pushed inland. In the early 19th century, Modibo Adama
led Fulani soldiers on a jihad in the north against non-Muslim and
partially Muslim peoples and established the Adamawa Emirate.
Bamum script
Settled peoples who fled the Fulani caused a major redistribution of
population. The northern part of Cameroon was an important part of the Muslim slave trade network.
The Bamum people have an indigenous writing system, known as Bamum script or Shu Mom. The script was
developed by Sultan Ibrahim Njoya in 1896,[6] and is taught in Cameroon by the Bamum Scripts and Archives
Project. The German Empire claimed the territory as the colony of Kamerun in 1884 and began a steady push inland.
They initiated projects to improve the colony's infrastructure, relying on a harsh system of forced labour.[7] With the
defeat of Germany in World War I, Kamerun became a League of Nations mandate territory and was split into
French Cameroun and British Cameroons in 1919. France integrated the economy of Cameroun with that of
France[8] and improved the infrastructure with capital investments, skilled workers, and continued forced labour.
The British administered their territory from neighbouring Nigeria. Natives complained that this made them a
neglected "colony of a colony". Nigerian migrant workers flocked to Southern Cameroons, ending forced labour but
angering indigenous peoples.[9] The League of Nations mandates were converted into United Nations Trusteeships in
1946, and the question of independence became a pressing issue in French Cameroun. France outlawed the most
radical political party, the Union des Populations du Cameroun (UPC), on 13 July 1955. This prompted a long
guerrilla war and the assassination of the party's leader, Ruben Um Nyob. In British Cameroons, the question was
whether to reunify with French Cameroun or join Nigeria.
On 1 January 1960 at 2:30am, French Cameroun gained independence
from France under President Ahmadou Ahidjo. On 1 October 1961, the
formerly British Southern Cameroons united with French Cameroun to
form the Federal Republic of Cameroon. Ahidjo used the ongoing war
with the UPC to concentrate power in the presidency, continuing with
this even after the suppression of the UPC in 1971.[10]
His political party, the Cameroon National Union (CNU), became the
sole legal political party on 1 September 1966 and in 1972, the federal
system of government was abolished in favour of a United Republic of
Cameroon, headed from Yaound.[11] Ahidjo pursued an economic

Former president Ahmadou Ahidjo arrives in

Washington D.C. in July 1982.

Cameroon

policy of planned liberalism, prioritising cash crops and petroleum exploitation. The government used oil money to
create a national cash reserve, pay farmers, and finance major development projects; however, many initiatives failed
when Ahidjo appointed unqualified allies to direct them.[12]
Ahidjo stepped down on 4 November 1982 and left power to his constitutional successor, Paul Biya. However,
Ahidjo remained in control of the CNU and tried to run the country from behind the scenes until Biya and his allies
pressured him into resigning. Biya began his administration by moving toward a more democratic government, but a
failed coup d'tat nudged him toward the leadership style of his predecessor.[13]
An economic crisis took effect in the mid-1980s to late 1990s as a result of international economic conditions,
drought, falling petroleum prices, and years of corruption, mismanagement, and cronyism. Cameroon turned to
foreign aid, cut government spending, and privatised industries. With the reintroduction of multi-party politics in
December 1990, the former British Cameroons pressure groups called for greater autonomy, and the Southern
Cameroons National Council advocated complete secession as the Republic of Ambazonia.[14] In February 2008,
Cameroon experienced its worst violence in 15 years when a transport union strike in Douala escalated into violent
protests in 31 municipal areas.
In May 2014, in the wake of the Chibok schoolgirl kidnapping, Presidents Paul Biya of Cameroon and Idriss Deby of
Chad announced they are waging war on Boko Haram, and deployed troops to the Nigerian border.

Politics and government

Main article: Politics of Cameroon

Unity Palace Cameroon Presidency

The President of Cameroon has broad, unilateral powers to create

policy, administer government agencies, command the armed forces,
negotiate and ratify treaties, and declare a state of emergency.[15] The
president appoints government officials at all levels, from the prime
minister (considered the official head of government), to the provincial
governors and divisional officers. The president is selected by popular
vote every seven years.

Corruption is rife at all levels of government. In 1997, Cameroon

established anti-corruption bureaus in 29 ministries, but only 25% became operational, and in 2012, Transparency
International placed Cameroon at number 144 on a list of 176 countries ranked from least to most corrupt. On 18
January 2006, Biya initiated an anti-corruption drive under the direction of the National Anti-Corruption
Observatory. There are several high corruption risk areas in Cameroon, for instance, customs, public health sector
and public procurement.
Cameroon's legal system is largely based on French civil law with common law influences. Although nominally
independent, the judiciary falls under the authority of the executive's Ministry of Justice. The president appoints
judges at all levels. The judiciary is officially divided into tribunals, the court of appeal, and the supreme court. The
National Assembly elects the members of a nine-member High Court of Justice that judges high-ranking members of
government in the event they are charged with high treason or harming national security.

Cameroon

Human rights organisations accuse police and military forces of mistreating and
even torturing criminal suspects, ethnic minorities, homosexuals, and political
activists. Prisons are overcrowded with little access to adequate food and medical
facilities, and prisons run by traditional rulers in the north are charged with
holding political opponents at the behest of the government. However, since the
first decade of the 21st century, an increasing number of police and gendarmes
have been prosecuted for improper conduct.
The National Assembly makes legislation. The body consists of 180 members
who are elected for five-year terms and meet three times per year. Laws are
passed on a majority vote. Rarely has the assembly changed or blocked
legislation proposed by the president. The 1996 constitution establishes a second
A statue of a chief in Bana, West
house of parliament, the 100-seat Senate, was established in April 2013 and is
Region.
headed by a senate president who is the constitutional successor in case of
untimely vacancy of the presidency . The government recognises the authority of
traditional chiefs, fons, and lamibe to govern at the local level and to resolve disputes as long as such rulings do not
conflict with national law.[16]
President Biya's Cameroon People's Democratic Movement (CPDM) was the only legal political party until
December 1990. Numerous regional political groups have since formed. The primary opposition is the Social
Democratic Front (SDF), based largely in the Anglophone region of the country and headed by John Fru Ndi.[17]
Biya and his party have maintained control of the presidency and the National Assembly in national elections, which
rivals contend were unfair. Human rights organisations allege that the government suppresses the freedoms of
opposition groups by preventing demonstrations, disrupting meetings, and arresting opposition leaders and
journalists. Freedom House ranks Cameroon as "not free" in terms of political rights and civil liberties.[18] The last
parliamentary elections were held on 22 July 2007.
Cameroon is a member of both the Commonwealth of Nations and La Francophonie. Its foreign policy closely
follows that of its main ally, France (the former colonial ruler).[19][20] The country relies heavily on France for its
defence, although military spending is high in comparison to other sectors of government.[21] Biya has clashed with
the government of Nigeria over possession of the oil rich Bakassi peninsula (however, this was resolved with
Greentree Agreement) and with Gabon's president, El Hadj Omar Bongo, over personal rivalries.

Education and health

Main articles: Education in Cameroon and Health in Cameroon
In 2001, the literacy rate of Cameroon was estimated to be 67.9% (77% for males and 59.8% for females). Most
children have access to state-run schools that are cheaper than private and religious facilities.[22] The educational
system is a mixture of British and French precedents[23] with most instruction in English or French.[24] Cameroon
has one of the highest school attendance rates in Africa. Girls attend school less regularly than boys do because of
cultural attitudes, domestic duties, early marriage and pregnancy, and sexual harassment. Although attendance rates
are higher in the south, a disproportionate number of teachers are stationed there, leaving northern schools
chronically understaffed.
The quality of health care is generally low.[25] In Cameroon, there is only one doctor for every 5,000 people,
according to the World Health Organization. Due to financial cuts in the health care system there are few
professionals. Doctors and nurses, which were trained in Cameroon, emigrate because in Cameroon the payment is
bad for too much work. Nurses are unemployed even though their help is needed. Some of them even help out
voluntarily so they will not lose their skills. Outside the major cities, facilities are often dirty and poorly
equipped.[26] Life expectancy at birth is estimated to be 54.71 years in 2012, among the lowest in the world.

Cameroon

Endemic diseases include dengue fever, filariasis, leishmaniasis, malaria, meningitis, schistosomiasis, and sleeping
sickness.[27] The HIV/AIDS seroprevalence rate is estimated at 5.4% for those aged 1549, although a strong stigma
against the illness keeps the number of reported cases artificially low. Traditional healers remain a popular
alternative to Western medicine.

Administrative divisions
Main articles: Regions of Cameroon and Departments of Cameroon
The constitution divides Cameroon into 10 semi-autonomous regions, each under
the administration of an elected Regional Council. A presidential decree of 12
November 2008 officially instigated the change from provinces to regions. Each
region is headed by a presidentially appointed governor. These leaders are
charged with implementing the will of the president, reporting on the general
mood and conditions of the regions, administering the civil service, keeping the
peace, and overseeing the heads of the smaller administrative units. Governors
have broad powers: they may order propaganda in their area and call in the army,
gendarmes, and police. All local government officials are employees of the
central government's Ministry of Territorial Administration, from which local
governments also get most of their budgets.
Cameroon is divided into 10 regions.
The regions are subdivided into 58 divisions (French dpartements). These are
headed by presidentially appointed divisional officers (prfets). The divisions are
further split into sub-divisions (arrondissements), headed by assistant divisional officers (sous-prefets). The districts,
administered by district heads (chefs de district), are the smallest administrative units.

The three northernmost regions are the Far North (Extrme Nord), North (Nord), and Adamawa (Adamaoua).
Directly south of them are the Centre (Centre) and East (Est). The South Province (Sud) lies on the Gulf of Guinea
and the southern border. Cameroon's western region is split into four smaller regions: the Littoral (Littoral) and
Southwest (Sud-Ouest) regions are on the coast, and the Northwest (Nord-Ouest) and West (Ouest) regions are in the
western grassfields.

Geography
Main article: Geography of Cameroon
At 475,442 square kilometres (183,569sqmi), Cameroon is the world's
53rd-largest country. It is slightly larger than the nation of Sweden and
comparable in size to Papua New Guinea. The country is located in
Central and West Africa on the Bight of Bonny, part of the Gulf of
Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean. Cameroon lies between latitudes 1
and 13N, and longitudes 8 and 17E.

Volcanic plugs dot the landscape near Rhumsiki,

Far North Region.

Tourist literature describes Cameroon as "Africa in miniature" because

it exhibits all major climates and vegetation of the continent: coast,
desert, mountains, rainforest, and savanna.[28] The country's
neighbours are Nigeria to the west; Chad to the northeast; the Central
African Republic to the east; and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and the

Republic of the Congo to the south.

Cameroon is divided into five major geographic zones distinguished by dominant physical, climatic, and vegetative
features. The coastal plain extends 15 to 150 kilometres (9 to 93mi) inland from the Gulf of Guinea and has an

Cameroon

average elevation of 90 metres (295ft).[29] Exceedingly hot and humid with a short dry season, this belt is densely
forested and includes some of the wettest places on earth, part of the Cross-Sanaga-Bioko coastal forests.[30]
The South Cameroon Plateau rises from the coastal plain to an average elevation of 650 metres (2,133ft).[31]
Equatorial rainforest dominates this region, although its alternation between wet and dry seasons makes it is less
humid than the coast. This area is part of the Atlantic Equatorial coastal forests ecoregion.
An irregular chain of mountains, hills, and plateaus known as the
Cameroon range extends from Mount Cameroon on the
coastCameroon's highest point at 4,095 metres (13,435ft)almost
to Lake Chad at Cameroon's northern border at 1305'N. This region
has a mild climate, particularly on the Western High Plateau, although
rainfall is high. Its soils are among Cameroon's most fertile, especially
around volcanic Mount Cameroon.[] Volcanism here has created crater
lakes. On 21 August 1986, one of these, Lake Nyos, belched carbon
dioxide and killed between 1,700 and 2,000 people.[32] This area has
been delineated by the World Wildlife Fund as the Cameroonian
Highlands forests ecoregion.

Countryside near Ngaoundal in Cameroon's

Adamawa Region.

The southern plateau rises northward to the grassy, rugged Adamawa Plateau. This feature stretches from the
western mountain area and forms a barrier between the country's north and south. Its average elevation is 1,100
metres (3,609ft), and its average temperature ranges from 22C (71.6F) to 25C (77F) with high rainfall
between April and October peaking in July and August.[33] The northern lowland region extends from the edge of the
Adamawa to Lake Chad with an average elevation of 300 to 350 metres (984 to 1,148ft). Its characteristic
vegetation is savanna scrub and grass. This is an arid region with sparse rainfall and high median temperatures.
Cameroon has four patterns of drainage. In the south, the principal rivers are the Ntem, Nyong, Sanaga, and Wouri.
These flow southwestward or westward directly into the Gulf of Guinea. The Dja and Kad drain southeastward into
the Congo River. In northern Cameroon, the Bnou River runs north and west and empties into the Niger. The
Logone flows northward into Lake Chad, which Cameroon shares with three neighbouring countries.

Economy and infrastructure

Main article: Economy of Cameroon
Cameroon's per-capita GDP (Purchasing power parity) was estimated
as US$2,300 in 2008, one of the ten highest in sub-Saharan Africa.
Major export markets include France, Italy, South Korea, Spain, and
the United Kingdom. Cameroon is aiming to become an emerging
country by 2035.
Cameroon has had a decade of strong economic performance, with
GDP growing at an average of 4% per year. During the 20042008
Douala, the economic capital of Cameroon
period, public debt was reduced from over 60% of GDP to 10% and
official reserves quadrupled to over USD 3billion. Cameroon is part of the Bank of Central African States (of which
it is the dominant economy), the Customs and Economic Union of Central Africa (UDEAC) and the Organization for
the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA). Its currency is the CFA franc.

Cameroon

9
Unemployment was estimated at 30% in 2001, and about a third of the
population was living below the international poverty threshold of
US$1.25 a day in 2009. Since the late 1980s, Cameroon has been
following programmes advocated by the World Bank and International
Monetary Fund (IMF) to reduce poverty, privatise industries, and
increase economic growth. The government has taken measures to
encourage tourism in the country.
A touristic area in Limbe

Yaound Sport palace

Cameroon's natural resources are very well suited to agriculture and

arboriculture. An estimated 70% of the population farms, and
agriculture comprised an estimated 19.8% of GDP in 2009. Most
agriculture is done at the subsistence scale by local farmers using
simple tools. They sell their surplus produce, and some maintain
separate fields for commercial use. Urban centres are particularly
reliant on peasant agriculture for their foodstuffs. Soils and climate on
the coast encourage extensive commercial cultivation of bananas,
cocoa, oil palms, rubber, and tea. Inland on the South Cameroon
Plateau, cash crops include coffee, sugar, and tobacco. Coffee is a
major cash crop in the western highlands, and in the north, natural
conditions favour crops such as cotton, groundnuts, and rice. Reliance
on agricultural exports makes Cameroon vulnerable to shifts in their
prices.

Livestock are raised throughout the country. Fishing employs 5,000

people and provides over 100,000 tons of seafood each year.
Bushmeat, long a staple food for rural Cameroonians, is today a
delicacy in the country's urban centres. The commercial bushmeat
trade has now surpassed deforestation as the main threat to wildlife in
Cameroon.
The southern rainforest has vast timber reserves, estimated to cover
A Fulani herder drives his cattle in northern
37% of Cameroon's total land area. However, large areas of the forest
Cameroon.
are difficult to reach. Logging, largely handled by foreign-owned
firms, provides the government US$60million a year as of 1998, and
laws mandate the safe and sustainable exploitation of timber. Nevertheless, in practice, the industry is one of the
least regulated in Cameroon.
Factory-based industry accounted for an estimated 29.7% of GDP in 2009. More than 75% of Cameroon's industrial
strength is located in Douala and Bonabri. Cameroon possesses substantial mineral resources, but these are not
extensively mined. Petroleum exploitation has fallen since 1986, but this is still a substantial sector such that dips in
prices have a strong effect on the economy. Rapids and waterfalls obstruct the southern rivers, but these sites offer
opportunities for hydroelectric development and supply most of Cameroon's energy. The Sanaga River powers the
largest hydroelectric station, located at Eda. The rest of Cameroon's energy comes from oil-powered thermal
engines. Much of the country remains without reliable power supplies.
Transport in Cameroon is often difficult. Except for the several relatively good toll roads which connect major cities
(all of them one-lane) roads are poorly maintained and subject to inclement weather, since only 10% of the roadways
are tarred. Roadblocks often serve little other purpose than to allow police and gendarmes to collect bribes from
travellers.[34] Road banditry has long hampered transport along the eastern and western borders, and since 2005, the
problem has intensified in the east as the Central African Republic has further destabilised.

Cameroon

10

Intercity bus services run by multiple private companies connect all major cities. They are the most popular means of
transportation followed by the rail service Camrail. Rail service runs from Kumba in the west to Blabo in the east
and north to Ngaoundr. International airports are located in Douala and Yaound, with a third under construction
in Maroua. Douala is the country's principal seaport. In the north, the Bnou River is seasonally navigable from
Garoua across into Nigeria.[35]
Although press freedoms have improved since the first decade of the 21st century, the press is corrupt and beholden
to special interests and political groups.[36] Newspapers routinely self-censor to avoid government reprisals. The
major radio and television stations are state-run and other communications, such as land-based telephones and
telegraphs, are largely under government control.[37] However, cell phone networks and Internet providers have
increased dramatically since the first decade of the 21st century[38] and are largely unregulated.

Demographics

Yaounde Panoramic view

Main articles: Demographics of Cameroon and Languages of Cameroon

[39]

Population in Cameroon
Year

Million

1971

7.0

1990

12.2

2009

19.5

Source: OECD/World Bank

The population total in Cameroon was 20,030,362 in 2011. The life expectancy is 53.69years (52.89years for males
and 54.52years for females).
Cameroon's population is almost evenly divided between urban and rural dwellers.[40] Population density is highest
in the large urban centres, the western highlands, and the northeastern plain.[41] Douala, Yaound, and Garoua are
the largest cities. In contrast, the Adamawa Plateau, southeastern Bnou depression, and most of the South
Cameroon Plateau are sparsely populated.[42]
According to Cameroon government website, fertility rate was 5.0 in 2004.[43]
People from the overpopulated western highlands and the underdeveloped north are moving to the coastal plantation
zone and urban centres for employment.[44] Smaller movements are occurring as workers seek employment in
lumber mills and plantations in the south and east.[45] Although the national sex ratio is relatively even, these
out-migrants are primarily males, which leads to unbalanced ratios in some regions.[46]

Cameroon

11
Both monogamous and polygamous marriage are practiced, and the
average Cameroonian family is large and extended.[47] In the north,
women tend to the home, and men herd cattle or work as farmers. In
the south, women grow the family's food, and men provide meat and
grow cash crops. Cameroonian society is male-dominated, and
violence and discrimination against women is common.[48]

Estimates identify anywhere from 230 to 282 different folks and

linguistic
groups in Cameroon.[49][50] The Adamawa Plateau broadly
The homes of the Musgum, in the Far North
bisects these into northern and southern divisions. The northern
Region, are made of earth and grass.
peoples are Sudanese groups, who live in the central highlands and the
northern lowlands, and the Fulani, who are spread throughout northern Cameroon. A small number of Shuwa Arabs
live near Lake Chad. Southern Cameroon is inhabited by speakers of Bantu and Semi-Bantu languages.
Bantu-speaking groups inhabit the coastal and equatorial zones, while speakers of Semi-Bantu languages live in the
Western grassfields. Some 5,000 Gyele and Baka Pygmy peoples roam the southeastern and coastal rainforests or
live in small, roadside settlements.[51] Nigerians make up the largest group of foreign nationals.[52]

Refugees
Main article: Refugees in Cameroon
In 2007, Cameroon hosted a total population of refugees and asylum seekers of
approximately 97,400. Of these, 49,300 were from the Central African Republic
(many driven west by war), 41,600 from Chad, and 2,900 from Nigeria.
Kidnappings of Cameroonian citizens by Central African bandits have increased
since 2005.

Elephants in Waza National Park

In the first months of 2014, thousands of refugees fleeing the violence in the
Central African Republic arrived in Cameroon.
On June 4, 2014, AlertNet reported:
Almost 90,000 people have fled to neighbouring Cameroon since December and up to 2,000 a week, mostly
women and children, are still crossing the border, the United Nations said.
"Women and children are arriving in Cameroon in a shocking state, after weeks, sometimes months, on the
road, foraging for food," said Ertharin Cousin, executive director of the World Food Programme (WFP).

Languages
The European languages introduced during colonialism have created a linguistic divide between the population who
live in the Northwest and Southwest regions and the French-speaking remainder of the country.[53] Both English and
French are official languages, although French is by far the most understood language (80+%).[54] German, the
language of the original colonisers, has long since been displaced by French and English. Cameroonian Pidgin
English is the lingua franca in the formerly British-administered territories.[55] A mixture of English, French, and
Pidgin called Camfranglais has been gaining popularity in urban centres since the mid-1970s.[56]

Cameroon

12

Religion
Main article: Religion in Cameroon
[57]

Religion in Cameroon (Pew Research)

religion

percent

Catholic

40%

Protestant

30%

Muslim

18%

None

6%

Folk

3%

Other

3%

Cameroon has a high level of religious freedom and diversity. The predominant faith is Christianity, practiced by
about two-thirds of the population, while Islam is a significant minority faith, adhered to by about one-fifth. In
addition, traditional faiths are practiced by many. Muslims are most concentrated in the north, while Christians are
concentrated primarily in the southern and western regions, but practitioners of both faiths can be found throughout
the country. Large cities have significant populations of both groups. Muslims in Cameroon are divided into Sunnis,
Shias, Ahmadis, Sufis, and non-denominational Muslims[58]
People from the North-West and South-West provinces are largely Protestant, and the French-speaking regions of
the southern and western regions are largely Catholic. Southern ethnic groups predominantly follow Christian or
traditional African animist beliefs, or a syncretic combination of the two. People widely believe in witchcraft, and
the government outlaws such practices. Suspected witches are often subject to mob violence. The Islamist jihadist
group Boko Haram has been reported as operating in North Cameroon.[59]
In the northern regions, the locally dominant Fulani ethnic group is mostly Muslim, but the overall population is
fairly evenly divided among Muslims, Christians, and followers of indigenous religious beliefs (called Kirdi
("pagan") by the Fulani). The Bamum ethnic group of the West Region is largely Muslim. Native traditional
religions are practiced in rural areas throughout the country but rarely are practiced publicly in cities, in part because
many indigenous religious groups are intrinsically local in character.

Cameroon

13

Culture
Main article: Culture of Cameroon
Further information: Cuisine of Cameroon, Music of Cameroon and Public holidays in Cameroon
Music and dance are an integral part of Cameroonian ceremonies,
festivals, social gatherings, and storytelling.[60] Traditional dances are
highly choreographed and separate men and women or forbid
participation by one sex altogether.[61] The goals of dances range from
pure entertainment to religious devotion.[] Traditionally, music is
transmitted orally. In a typical performance, a chorus of singers echoes
a soloist.[62]

Dancers greet visitors to the East Region.

Musical accompaniment may be as simple as clapping hands and

stomping feet,[63] but traditional instruments include bells worn by
dancers, clappers, drums and talking drums, flutes, horns, rattles,
scrapers, stringed instruments, whistles, and xylophones; the exact
combination varies with ethnic group and region. Some performers
sing complete songs by themselves, accompanied by a harplike
instrument.[64]

Popular music styles include ambasse bey of the coast, assiko of the
Bassa, mangambeu of the Bangangte, and tsamassi of the Bamileke.[65]
Nigerian music has influenced Anglophone Cameroonian performers,
and Prince Nico Mbarga's highlife hit "Sweet Mother" is the
top-selling African record in history.[66] The two most popular styles
are makossa and bikutsi. Makossa developed in Douala and mixes folk
music, highlife, soul, and Congo music. Performers such as Manu
Dibango, Francis Bebey, Moni Bil, and Petit-Pays popularised the
style worldwide in the 1970s and 1980s. Bikutsi originated as war
Yaounde National Museum
music among the Ewondo. Artists such as Anne-Marie Nzi developed
it into a popular dance music beginning in the 1940s, and performers
such as Mama Ohandja and Les Ttes Brules popularised it internationally during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s.[67]
Cuisine varies by region, but a large, one-course, evening meal is
common throughout the country. A typical dish is based on cocoyams,
maize, cassava (manioc), millet, plantains, potatoes, rice, or yams,
often pounded into dough-like fufu (cous-cous). This is served with a
sauce, soup, or stew made from greens, groundnuts, palm oil, or other
ingredients.[68] Meat and fish are popular but expensive additions.[69]
Dishes are often quite hot, spiced with salt, red pepper, and
Maggi.[70][71][72] Water, palm wine, and millet beer are the traditional
mealtime drinks, although beer, soda, and wine have gained popularity.
Silverware is common, but food is traditionally manipulated with the
A woman weaves a basket near Lake Ossa,
Littoral Region. Cameroonians practice such
right hand. Breakfast consists of leftovers of bread and fruit with
handicrafts throughout the country.
coffee or tea, generally breakfast is made from wheat flour various
different foods such as puff-puff (doughnuts), accra banana made from
bananas and flour,bean cakes and many more. Snacks are popular, especially in larger towns where they may be
bought from street vendors.[73][74]

Cameroon
Traditional arts and crafts are practiced throughout the country for commercial, decorative, and religious purposes.
Woodcarvings and sculptures are especially common.[75] The high-quality clay of the western highlands is suitable
for pottery and ceramics. Other crafts include basket weaving, beadworking, brass and bronze working, calabash
carving and painting, embroidery, and leather working. Traditional housing styles make use of locally available
materials and vary from temporary wood-and-leaf shelters of nomadic Mbororo to the rectangular mud-and-thatch
homes of southern peoples. Dwellings made from materials such as cement and tin are increasingly common.[76]
Contemporary art is mainly promoted by independent cultural organizations (Doual'art, Africra) and artist-run
initiatives (Art Wash, Atelier Viking, ArtBakery).
Cameroonian literature and film have concentrated on both European
and African themes. Colonial-era writers such as Louis-Marie Pouka
and Sankie Maimo were educated by European missionary societies
and advocated assimilation into European culture as the means to bring
Cameroon into the modern world.[77] After World War II, writers such
as Mongo Beti and Ferdinand Oyono analysed and criticised
colonialism and rejected assimilation.[78]
Shortly after independence, filmmakers such as Jean-Paul Ngassa and
Thrse Sita-Bella explored similar themes.[79][80] In the 1960s,
Cameroon faces Germany at Zentralstadion in
Mongo Beti and other writers explored post-colonialism, problems of
Leipzig, 27 April 2003.
African development, and the recovery of African identity.[81]
Meanwhile, in the mid-1970s, filmmakers such as Jean-Pierre
Dikongu Pipa and Daniel Kamwa dealt with the conflicts between traditional and post-colonial society. Literature
and films during the next two decades concentrated more on wholly Cameroonian themes.[82]
National policy strongly advocates sport in all forms. Traditional sports include canoe racing and wrestling, and
several hundred runners participate in the 40km (25mi) Mount Cameroon Race of Hope each year.[83] Cameroon is
one of the few tropical countries to have competed in the Winter Olympics. However, sport in Cameroon is
dominated by association football (soccer). Amateur football clubs abound, organised along ethnic lines or under
corporate sponsors. The Cameroon national football team has been one of the most successful in Africa since its
strong showing in the 1990 FIFA World Cup. Cameroon has won four African Cup of Nations titles and the gold
medal at the 2000 Olympics.[84]

Notable people from Cameroon

Alfred Aboya, basketball player

BeBe Zahara Benet, drag queen
Richard Bona, musician
Manu Dibango, musician
Joel Embiid, University of Kansas basketball player
Samuel Eto'o, footballer
Marc-Vivien Fo, footballer
Wes Madiko, musician
Luc Richard Mbah a Moute, basketball player
Roger Milla, footballer
Thomas Nkono, footballer
Yannick Noah, tennis player

John Fru Ndi, chairman of the SDF political party

14

Cameroon

Notes
[1] http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=Cameroon& params=3_52_N_11_31_E_type:country
[2] https:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20060228030033/ http:/ / confinder. richmond. edu/ admin/ docs/ Cameroon. pdf
[3] https:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20060228030033/ http:/ / www. prc. cm/ instit/ consti. htm
[4] In ; in .
[5] DeLancey and DeLancey 2.
[6] DeLancey and DeLancey 59
[7] DeLancey and DeLancey 125.
[8] DeLancey and DeLancey 5.
[9] DeLancey and DeLancey 4.
[10] DeLancey and DeLancey 6.
[11] DeLancey and DeLancey 19.
[12] DeLancey and DeLancey 7.
[13] DeLancey and DeLancey 8.
[14] DeLancey and DeLancey 9.
[15] Neba 250.
[16] Neba 252.
[17] West 11.
[18] Cameroon is rated at six in both categories on a scale of one to seven, with one being "most free" and seven being "least free". Freedom
House.
[19] DeLancey and DeLancey 126
[20]
[21]
[22]
[23]
[24]
[25]
[26]
[27]
[28]
[29]
[30]
[31]
[32]
[33]
[34]
[35]
[36]
[37]
[38]
[39]
[40]
[41]
[42]
[43]
[44]
[45]
[46]
[47]
[48]
[49]
[50]
[51]
[52]
[53]

Ngoh 328.
DeLancey and DeLancey 30.
Mbaku 15.
DeLancey and DeLancey 1056.
Mbaku 16.
DeLancey and DeLancey 21.
West 64.
West 5860.
DeLancey and DeLancey 16.
Neba 14.
Neba 28.
Neba 16.
DeLancey and DeLancey 161 report 1,700 killed; Hudgens and Trillo 1054 say "at least 2,000"; West 10 says "more than 2,000".
Neba 29.
Hudgens and Trillo 1036.
DeLancey and DeLancey 68.
"Cameroon Annual Report 2007".
Mbaku 20.
Mbaku 201.
PDF (http:/ / iea. org/ co2highlights/ co2highlights. pdf) pp. 8789.
West 3.
Neba 10911.
Neba 111.
http:/ / www. statistics-cameroon. org/ downloads/ La_population_du_Cameroun_2010. pdf
Neba 1056.
Neba 106.
Neba 1034.
Mbaku 139.
Mbaku 141.
Neba 65, 67.
West 13.
Neba 48.
Neba 108.
DeLancey and DeLancey 28.

[54] Nathan, Fernand (ed.) (2010) La langue francaise dans le monde en 2010 (http:/ / www. francophonie. org/ IMG/ pdf/
langue_francaise_monde_integral. pdf), ISBN 2098824076.
[55] Neba 94.

15

Cameroon
[56] DeLancey and DeLancey 131
[57] Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project: Cameroon (http:/ / www. globalreligiousfutures. org/ countries/ cameroon/
religious_demography#/ ?affiliations_religion_id=0& affiliations_year=2010). Pew Research Center. 2010.
[58] Pew Forum on Religious & Public life. 9 August 2012. Retrieved 29 October 2013
[59] Boko Haram timeline: From preachers to slave raiders (http:/ / www. bbc. co. uk/ news/ world-africa-22538888). BBC. 15 May 2013.
retrieved 19 June 2013
[60] Mbaku 189
[61] Mbaku 204.
[62] Mbaku 189.
[63] Mbaku 191.
[64] West 189.
[65] DeLancey and DeLancey 184.
[66] Mbaku 200.
[67] DeLancey and DeLancey 51
[68] West 845.
[69] Mbaku 1212.
[70] Hudgens and Trillo 1047
[71] Mbaku 122
[72] West 84.
[73] Mbaku 121
[74] Hudgens and Trillo 1049.
[75] West 17.
[76]
[77]
[78]
[79]
[80]
[81]
[82]
[83]
[84]

Mbaku 1103.
Mbaku 801
Mbaku 77, 834
DeLancey and DeLancey 11920
West 20.
Mbaku 856.
DeLancey and DeLancey 120.
West 127.
West 923, 127.

References
DeLancey, Mark W. and DeLancey, Mark Dike (2000). Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Cameroon (3rd
ed.). Lanham, Maryland: The Scarecrow Press. ISBN0810837757.
Hudgens, Jim and Trillo, Richard (1999). West Africa: The Rough Guide (3rd ed.). London: Rough Guides.
ISBN1858284686.
Mbaku, John Mukum (2005). Culture and Customs of Cameroon. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.
ISBN0313332312.
Neba, Aaron (1999). Modern Geography of the Republic of Cameroon (3rd ed.). Bamenda: Neba Publishers.
West, Ben (2004). Cameroon: The Bradt Travel Guide. Guilford, Connecticut: The Globe Pequot Press.
ISBN1841620785.

Further reading
"Cameroon Annual Report 2007" (https://web.archive.org/web/20070526152356/http://www.rsf.org/
article.php3?id_article=20731) at the Wayback Machine (archived May 26, 2007). Reporters without Borders.
Accessed 6 April 2007.
"Cameroon" (https://web.archive.org/web/20070113020758/http://hdr.undp.org/hdr2006/statistics/
countries/country_fact_sheets/cty_fs_CMR.html) at the Wayback Machine (archived January 13, 2007). Human
Development Report 2006. United Nations Development Programme. Accessed 6 April 2007.
Fonge, Fuabeh P. (1997). Modernization without Development in Africa: Patterns of Change and Continuity in
Post-Independence Cameroonian Public Service. Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press, Inc.

16

Cameroon
MacDonald, Brian S. (1997). "Case Study 4: Cameroon", Military Spending in Developing Countries: How Much
Is Too Much? McGill-Queen's University Press.
Njeuma, Dorothy L. (no date). " Country Profiles: Cameroon (http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/soe/cihe/inhea/
profiles/Cameroon.htm)". The Boston College Center for International Higher Education. Accessed 11 April
2008.
Sa'ah, Randy Joe (23 June 2006). " Cameroon girls battle 'breast ironing' (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/
5107360.stm)". BBC News. Accessed 6 April 2007.
Wight, Susannah, ed. (2006). Cameroon. Spain: MTH Multimedia S.L.
" World Economic and Financial Surveys (http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2006/02/data/index.
aspx)". World Economic Outlook Database, International Monetary Fund. September 2006. Accessed 6 April
2007.

External links
Government
Presidency of the Republic of Cameroon (http://www.presidenceducameroun.com)
Prime Minister's Office (http://www.spm.gov.cm/index.php?L=1)
National Assembly of Cameroon (http://www.assemblenationale.cm/)
Global Integrity Report: Cameroon (http://www.globalintegrity.org/report/Cameroon/2010/) has reporting on
anti-corruption in Cameroon
Chief of State and Cabinet Members (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/
world-leaders-c/cameroon.html)
General information
Cameroon (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cm.html) entry at The World
Factbook
Cameroon Corruption Profile (http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/
cameroon/business-corruption-in-cameroon.aspx) from the Business Anti-Corruption Portal
Cameroon (http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/cameroon.htm) from UCB Libraries GovPubs
Cameroon (http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Africa/Cameroon) at DMOZ
Cameroon profile (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13146029) from the BBC News

Wikimedia Atlas of Cameroon

Key Development Forecasts for Cameroon (http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.
aspx?Country=CM) from International Futures
Trade
World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Cameroon (http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/CMR/
Year/2012/Summary)

17

Article Sources and Contributors

Article Sources and Contributors

Cameroon Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=612298719 Contributors: -- April, 1Cadillac man, 5 albert square, 7, 99of9, A D 13, A Softer Answer, A Werewolf, A-giau,
A12n, ADINSX, AP2B1R, AUG, Aaker, Abce2, AbstractIllusions, AcidSnow, Acquaticjane, Acroterion, Acs4b, ActivExpression, Addihockey10, Addshore, AdjustShift, Adolphus79,
Adrianbrodal, AdultSwim, Aflm, Aherunar, Ahkond, Ahoerstemeier, Aitias, AjaxSmack, Akanemoto, Alan Liefting, Alanparkinson, Alansohn, Alawadhi3000, Aldux, AlefZet, Aleksa Lukic,
Alex Konop, Alex43223, AlexOUK, Alexandrakloesel, Alexbrewer, Alexf, Alfie66, Aligherio, All N Ever, Amakuru, Amcaja, Amingeorge, AminouT, Andajara120000, Andrew Levine, Anita
Cheh, Ankit jn, Ann Weaver Hart, Antandrus, Aordictator, Arbor to SJ, ArchonMeld, Art LaPella, Ashwee, Asmatcz, Astrotrain, Ativoj, Attilios, Aude, Auntof6, Avala, Avkenhk, AxelBoldt,
Aymatth2, Backslash Forwardslash, Bamenda Toronto Festival, Bansp, Barneca, Bart133, Barticus88, Bastin, Bayee, Bazonka, Bcasterline, Bearly541, Bejnar, Belovedfreak, Bender235, Bessala,
Beve, Bgwhite, Bharatveer, Big Adamsky, Big Bird, BirgitteSB, Blanchardb, Bletch, Blondeguynative, Blue520, Bmdavll, Bob rulz, Bob the Wikipedian, Bobblewik, Bobo192, Bonadea,
Bonderededed, Bongwarrior, Borigue, Bornintheguz, Bowdenator, Break Me (Beatzz song), BrendaNguMbu, Briaboru, Brian0918, Brianga, Brianski, Brighterorange, Brilliant Pebble, Brion
VIBBER, Brutaldeluxe, Buaidh, CHawc, CNBH, Cacophony, CalJW, Caltas, Cam2011, Cam3r0nrock, CambridgeBayWeather, Cameron5dollars, Cameroonworks, Camisawsum, Can't sleep,
clown will eat me, Cantus, Caponer, Cardoerr, Carl Logan, CarlKenner, Cburnett, Cc2cc4cc6, Cdc, Cenarium, Chanheigeorge, Chaser, Cherry blossom tree, Chipmunkdavis, ChongDae, Chris
Bennett, ChrisGualtieri, Chrism, Christchurch, Chrono1084, Circeus, Ckatz, CleanEdit, ClickRick, Closedmouth, Cocytus, Coinmanj, ColdFusion650, Colipon, Commander Shepard,
CommonsDelinker, Connormah, Constantine31313, Conte di Cavour, Conversion script, Corvus13, Credema, CsDix, Cubs197, Cwolfsheep, D6, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, DMG413, DVdm, Dalf,
DaltinWentsworth, Dangerjoe, DangerousPanda, Danny, Dannyhoffman, Darwinek, David Kernow, Davidcannon, Debollweevil, Delirium, Delldot, Delusion23, DennyColt, DerHexer,
Dethme0w, Dharmabum420, Dina, Diofky, Diplomacy, Discospinster, Djembayz, DocWatson42, Docu, Dolovis, Donutcity, Downtown dan seattle, Dr. Blofeld, DrKiernan, Drasidae, Drbug,
Drc79, Dscho, Dudley Miles, Dulcem, Duras2000, Dysepsion, Dz3, E Pluribus Anthony, Edgar181, Editor2423, Editore99, Edward, El C, Electionworld, Elephantspike, Ellywa, Emara, EmirA,
EmmaDeclercq, Endofskull, Enlil Ninlil, Epbr123, Epeefleche, Epicgenius, Esanchez7587, Essoliv, Esurnir, Eubulides, Everyking, Evildonky, Exert, Eyallow, Ezeu, FF2010, Falconpimp,
Farosdaughter, Felipe Menegaz, FeralChild666, Finell, Finklestein inc., Flatterworld, Flyer22, Fotang, Francis Lima, Freddy S., Fredrik, Frehley, Frietjes, FruitMonkey, Fry1989, Frymaster,
Ftroit, Funandtrvl, FutureTrillionaire, Fuzheado, Gadfium, Gaius Cornelius, Galoubet, Garrisonroo, Gatemansgc, Gauss, Geo0910, GeorgeLouis, GermanJoe, Gertjan R., Gggh, Ghepeu,
Giants2008, Gideon2f, Gilliam, Gingekerr, Ginsuloft, Glane23, Glorious Sparrow, Goatasaur, Goddymbuh, Gogo Dodo, Golbez, Gonzonoir, Good Olfactory, Goustien, Graham87, Green Giant,
Greenman, Greenshed, Gregums, Grendelkhan, Grosscha, Grshiplett, Gryffindor, Gscshoyru, Guaka, Gwen-chan, Gwernol, Gyopi, Gzornenplatz, Gkhan, HIDECCHI001, Hadal, Hairy Dude,
Halmstad, Hamster X, Hamtechperson, Hardouin, Harryboyles, HeikoEvermann, Helpsome, Henrygb, Herostratus, Hisenflay, Hjalnobel, HkCaGu, Hmains, Hobartimus, Hoppeduppeanut,
Hoshie, Hseabury, Hsidfnvuvudnbfkdhyid, HuddyBadger, IJA, Idaltu, Ief, Ifnord, IkonicDeath, Infrangible, Infrogmation, Inhakito, Insanity Incarnate, Iopensa, Iridescent, IronGargoyle, Isarra,
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Jeffrd10, Jeffrey O. Gustafson, Jensonmorton, JesseGarrett, Jguard18, Jhbuk, Jhendin, Jiang, Jim1138, Jimm222888, Jimtaip, Jmhall97, JoSePh, JoanneB, Jodosma, Joe Billy Bob, Joefromrandb,
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rolls, Tim Ivorson, Tired time, Tjromick, To lead you in the summer to join the black parade!, Tobby72, Togui, Tom Radulovich, Tommy2010, Tony1, Touji127, Toussaint, Tpbradbury,
Treemapper, Treisijs, Triwbe, TrollishTackyBling, Tropicana100, TutterMouse, Tyler, UESPArules, Ucucha, Ufwuct, Ugog Nizdast, Ungvichian, Unitedstates1000, Urhixidur, Urmom120214,
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YUL89YYZ, Yamla, Yngvarr, Yo yo yo175, Yolo 04529, Zafiroblue05, Zepheus, Zeriyth, Zleitzen, Zoicon5, , 1215 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

File:Flag of Cameroon.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Cameroon.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: (of code) cs:User:-xfiFile:Coat of arms of Cameroon.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_arms_of_Cameroon.svg License: unknown Contributors: , vectorisation by Connormah (?)
File:Cameroon (orthographic projection).svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cameroon_(orthographic_projection).svg License: Public Domain Contributors:
MSClaudiu
File:Cameroon - Location Map (2013) - CMR - UNOCHA.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cameroon_-_Location_Map_(2013)_-_CMR_-_UNOCHA.svg License:
unknown Contributors: Odder, Pharos
File:Decrease Positive.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Decrease_Positive.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Decrease2.svg: Sarang derivative work:
Dodoste (talk)
File:Shumom-text.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Shumom-text.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Amcaja, Ji-Elle, KillOrDie, Nerika, Nikkimaria, Olaf
Studt
File:DF-SC-83-08609.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:DF-SC-83-08609.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: A1C William Firaneck
Image:YaoundeUnityPalace.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:YaoundeUnityPalace.png License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors:
User:Borigue
File:Statue d'un chef coutumier Bana.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Statue_d'un_chef_coutumier__Bana.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Amcaja,
Daderot, Foroa, Ranveig, Tatoute
File:Provinces of Cameroon EN.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Provinces_of_Cameroon_EN.svg License: UN map Contributors: Dulcem, Interiot, Papatt
File:Rhumsiki Peak.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Rhumsiki_Peak.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Amcaja, Gilgameshkun,
Reykholt
File:Hills near Ngaoundal.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hills_near_Ngaoundal.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Amcaja, Mac9,
RedWolf
Image:Douala.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Douala.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Njeimosestimah
Image:Limbe1.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Limbe1.png License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Borigue

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Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

Image:YaoundeSportPalace.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:YaoundeSportPalace.png License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors:
User:Borigue
File:Fulani herd in the dust.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Fulani_herd_in_the_dust.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors:
User:Amcaja
File:YaoundePanoramicView.jpeg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:YaoundePanoramicView.jpeg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors:
User:Borigue
File:Maison obus.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Maison_obus.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Amcaja, Astirmays, Coyau, Francis
Lima, Graphophile, HenkvD, JackyR, Look2See1, Man vyi, Moonik, TomAlt
Image:Elephants around tree in Waza, Cameroon.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Elephants_around_tree_in_Waza,_Cameroon.jpg License: Creative Commons
Sharealike 1.0 Contributors: Amcaja
File:Baka dancers June 2006.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Baka_dancers_June_2006.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Embassy of the United States of
America to Cameroon.
File:YaoundeNationalMuseum.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:YaoundeNationalMuseum.png License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0
Contributors: Borigue
File:Woman weaving baskets near Lake Ossa.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Woman_weaving_baskets_near_Lake_Ossa.jpg License: Creative Commons
Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: ymea
File:Cameroon vs Germany 2003.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cameroon_vs_Germany_2003.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors:
User:Amcaja
File:Gnome-globe.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Gnome-globe.svg License: GNU Lesser General Public License Contributors: David Vignoni

License
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/

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