Chapter 11 Mastering Physics

10/8/2015
Chapter11HomeworkAssignment
Due:11:00pmonSaturday,October10,2015
Youwillreceivenocreditforitemsyoucompleteaftertheassignmentisdue.GradingPolicy
VideoTutor:BalancingaMeterStick
First,launchthevideobelow.Youwillbeaskedtouseyourknowledgeofphysicstopredicttheoutcomeofan
experiment.Then,closethevideowindowandanswerthequestionatright.Youcanwatchthevideoagainatany
point.
PartA
Supposewereplacethemassinthevideowithonethatisfourtimesheavier.Howfarfromthefreeendmustwe
placethepivottokeepthemeterstickinbalance?
Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem.
Forthemetersticktobeinequilibrium,thenettorqueonitmustbezero.Torquesaboutthefulcrummay
beexertedbythemasshangingfromtheendofthestickandbythesticksownweight.
Usetheconditionthatthenettorquemustbeequaltozerotoobtainarelationshipinvolving1)thedistance
betweentheleftendofthestickandthefulcrumand2)thedistancebetweenthecenterofmassofthe
stickandthefulcrum.Thesetwodistancesmustadduptoaconstant.Youshouldgettwoequationsthat
youcansolveforthelocationofthefulcrum.
ANSWER:
90cm(10cmfromtheweight)
75cm(25cmfromtheweight)
10cm
50cm(inthemiddle)
25cm
Correct
Typesettingmath:20%
https://session.masteringphysics.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?assignmentID=3673484
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ABarSuspendedbyTwoWires
Anonuniform,horizontalbarofmassmissupportedbytwomasslesswiresagainstgravity.Theleftwiremakesan
angle 1 withthehorizontal,andtherightwiremakesanangle 2 .ThebarhaslengthL.
PartA
Findthepositionofthecenterofmassofthebar,x,measuredfromthebar'sleftend.
ExpressthecenterofmassintermsofL, 1 ,and 2 .
Hint1.Natureoftheproblem
Thisisastaticsproblem.Thereisnonetforceortorqueactingonthebar.
Hint2.Torquesaboutleftendofbar
Thenettorqueiszeroaboutanypointyouselect.Hereweaskyoutofindthenettorqueofthesystem
abouttheleftendofthebar.LabelthetensionintheleftwireT1 ,andlabeltheotherwire'stensionT2 .The
weightofthebarisW = mg .NotethatthevectorsumofT1 ,T2 ,andW iszero.Usingthesign
conventionshowninthepicture,expressthesumofthetorquesabouttheleftendofthebar.
AnswerintermsofL,x,W ,T2 ,T1 , 2 ,and/or 1 .Notethatnotallofthesequantitieswillappear
inyouranswer.
ANSWER:
lef t = 0
LT2 sin(
) Wx
Hint3.Forces:xcomponents
AssumethatthetensionsintheleftandrightwiresareT1 andT2 ,respectively.Whatisthesumofthex
componentsoftheforcesFx ?Becausethisisastaticsproblem,theseforceswillsumtozero.
Usethesignconventionindicatedinthefigure,andexpressyouranswerintermsofL,x,W ,T2 ,
T1 , 2 ,and/or 1 .Notethatnotallofthesequantitieswillappearinyouranswer.
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ANSWER:
Fx = 0
T1 cos(
) + T2 cos(
Hint4.Forces:ycomponents
AssumingthatthetensionsintheleftandrightwiresareT1 andT2 ,respectively,whatisthesumofthey
componentsoftheforcesFy ?Becausethisisastaticsproblem,theseforceswillsumtozero.
Usethesignconventionindicatedinthefigure,andexpressyouranswerintermsofL,x,W ,T2 ,
T1 , ,and/or .Notethatnotallofthesequantitieswillappearinyouranswer.
2
1
ANSWER:
Fy = 0
T1 sin(
) + T2 sin(
)W
Hint5.Eliminateweightfromyourequations
Youshouldhavefoundthreeequationsbynow.Itispossibletoeliminatetwovariablesandsolveforxin
termsoftheothers.Asanintermediatestep,solveyourtorqueequationforxintermsofW ,\texttip{T_{\rm
2}}{T_2},\texttip{L}{L},etc.andthensolveyourycomponentforceequationfor\texttip{W}{W}andsubstitute
backintoyourexpressionfor\texttip{x}{x}.Inotherwords,findanexpressionfor\texttip{x}{x}.
Answerintermsof\texttip{T_{\rm1}}{T_1},\texttip{T_{\rm2}}{T_2},\texttip{\phi_{\rm1}}{phi_1},
\texttip{\phi_{\rm2}}{phi_2},and\texttip{L}{L}.
ANSWER:
\texttip{x}{x} \large{\frac{T_{2}{\sin}\left({\phi}_{2}\right)L}{T_{1}{\sin}\left({\phi}_{1}\right)+T_{2}
=
{\sin}\left({\phi}_{2}\right)}}
Hint6.Ausefultrigidentity
Thedimensionsfortheexpressionyoujustfoundfor\texttip{x}{x}arecorrect,sincetheunitsofthe
tensionscancelout,leavingtheunitsoflengthinthenumerator.Ifyounowsolvethexcomponentforce
equationfor\texttip{T_{\rm1}}{T_1}intermsof\texttip{T_{\rm2}}{T_2},andsubstituteintoyourequationfor
\texttip{x}{x},youshouldfindthefollowingtrigidentityuseful:
\sin(a+b)=\sin(a)\cos(b)+\cos(a)\sin(b).
Alternatively,youcouldexpressyouranswerintermsof\tan(\phi_1)and\tan(\phi_2).
ANSWER:
\texttip{x}{x}= \large{L{\frac{{\tan}\left({\phi}_{2}\right)}{{\tan}\left({\phi}_{2}\right)+{\tan}\left({\phi}_{1}\right)}}}
Correct
PrecariousLunch
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Auniformsteelbeamoflength\texttip{L}{L}andmass\texttip{m_{\rm1}}{m_1}isattachedviaahingetothesideofa
building.Thebeamissupportedbyasteelcableattachedtotheendofthebeamatanangle\texttip{\theta}{theta},as
shown.Throughthehinge,thewallexertsanunknownforce,\texttip{F}{F},onthebeam.Aworkmanofmass
\texttip{m_{\rm2}}{m_2}sitseatinglunchadistance\texttip{d}{d}fromthebuilding.
PartA
Find\texttip{T}{T},thetensioninthecable.Remembertoaccountforalltheforcesintheproblem.
Expressyouranswerintermsof\texttip{m_{\rm1}}{m_1},\texttip{m_{\rm2}}{m_2},\texttip{L}{L},\texttip{d}
{d},\texttip{\theta}{theta},and\texttip{g}{g},themagnitudeoftheaccelerationduetogravity.
Hint1.Pickthebestorigin
Thisisastaticsproblemsothesumoftorquesaboutanyaxisawillbezero.Inordertosolvefor\texttip{T}
{T},youwanttopicktheaxissuchthat\texttip{T}{T}willgiveatorque,butasfewaspossibleother
unknownforceswillentertheequations.Sowhereshouldyouplacetheoriginforthepurposeofcalculating
torques?
ANSWER:
Atthecenterofthebar
Atthehinge
Attheconnectionofthecableandthebar
Wherethemaniseatinglunch
Hint2.Calculatethesumtorques
Nowfindthesumofthetorquesaboutcenterofthehinge.Rememberthatapositivetorquewilltendto
rotateobjectscounterclockwisearoundtheorigin.
Answerintermsof\texttip{T}{T},\texttip{L}{L},\texttip{d}{d},\texttip{m_{\rm1}}{m_1},
\texttip{m_{\rm2}}{m_2},\texttip{\theta}{theta},and\texttip{g}{g}.
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ANSWER:
\Sigma\\tau_a=0= \large{\left(\frac{m_{1}L}{2}+m_{2}d\right)gTL{\sin}\left({\theta}\right)}
ANSWER:
\texttip{T}{T}= \large{\frac{g\left(m_{1}{\frac{L}{2}}+m_{2}d\right)}{L{\sin}\left({\theta}\right)}}
Correct
PartB
Find\texttip{F_{\mitx}}{F_x},the\texttip{x}{x}componentoftheforceexertedbythewallonthebeam(\texttip{F}
{F}),usingtheaxisshown.Remembertopayattentiontothedirectionthatthewallexertstheforce.
Expressyouranswerintermsof\texttip{T}{T}andothergivenquantities.
Hint1.Findthesignoftheforce
Thebeamisnotacceleratinginthe\texttip{x}{x}direction,sothesumoftheforcesinthe\texttip{x}{x}
directioniszero.Usingthegivencoordinatesystem,is\texttip{F_{\mitx}}{F_x}goingtohavetobepositive
ornegative?
ANSWER:
\texttip{F_{\mitx}}{F_x}= T{\cos}\left({\theta}\right)
Correct
PartC
Find\texttip{F_{\mity}}{F_y},theycomponentofforcethatthewallexertsonthebeam(\texttip{F}{F}),usingthe
axisshown.Remembertopayattentiontothedirectionthatthewallexertstheforce.
Expressyouranswerintermsof\texttip{T}{T},\texttip{\theta}{theta},\texttip{m_{\rm1}}{m_1},
\texttip{m_{\rm2}}{m_2},and\texttip{g}{g}.
ANSWER:
\texttip{F_{\mity}}{F_y}= g\left(m_{1}+m_{2}\right)T{\sin}\left({\theta}\right)
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Correct
Ifyouuseyourresultfrompart(A)inyourexpressionforpart(C),you'llnoticethattheresultsimplifies
somewhat.Thesimplifiedresultshouldshowthatthefurtherthelunchermovesoutonthebeam,thelower
themagnitudeoftheupwardforcethewallexertsonthebeam.Doesthisagreewithyourintuition?
ThreeLeggedTable
Thetopviewofatable,withweight\texttip{W_{\rmt}}{W_t},isshowninthefigure.Thetablehaslostthelegat
(\texttip{L_{\mitx}}{L_x},\texttip{L_{\mity}}{L_y}),intheupper
rightcornerofthediagram,andisindangeroftippingover.
Companyisabouttoarrive,sothehosttriestostabilizethe
tablebyplacingaheavyvase(representedbythegreen
circle)ofweight\texttip{W_{\rmv}}{W_v}at(\texttip{X}{X},
\texttip{Y}{Y}).Denotethemagnitudesoftheupwardforces
onthetableduetothelegsat(0,0),(\texttip{L_{\mitx}}{L_x},
0),and(0,\texttip{L_{\mity}}{L_y})as\texttip{F_{\rm0}}{F_0},
\texttip{F_{\mitx}}{F_x},and\texttip{F_{\mity}}{F_y},
respectively.
PartA
Find\texttip{F_{\mitx}}{F_x},themagnitudeoftheupwardforceonthetableduetothelegat(\texttip{L_{\mitx}}
{L_x},0).
Expresstheforceintermsof\texttip{W_{\rmv}}{W_v},\texttip{W_{\rmt}}{W_t},\texttip{X}{X},\texttip{Y}{Y},
\texttip{L_{\mitx}}{L_x},and/or\texttip{L_{\mity}}{L_y}.Notethatnotallofthesequantitiesmayappearin
theanswer.
Hint1.Findtheusefulvectorrelations
Thisisastaticsproblem,soaboutanypoint\texttip{p}{p}wehave\sum\vec{\tau_{p}}=0and,at\texttip{p}
{p},\sum\vec{F}=0.Eachisavectorequation,yieldingalgebraicexpressionsforeachofthethree
components,x,y,andz.Usingthecoordinatesystemshowninthefigure,indicateforeachcomponentof
theseequationswhetheritgivesausefulrelationshipamongthevariousforces.
Checkallthatapply.
Hint1.Directionofappliedforces
Alloftheforcesareinthezdirection:Figureoutwhatnonzerocomponentsofthetorquethesecould
possiblygenerate.
ANSWER:
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xcomponentoftheforces
ycomponentoftheforces
zcomponentoftheforces
xcomponentofthetorques
ycomponentofthetorques
zcomponentofthetorques
Hint2.Findtheycomponentofthetorque
Whatis\sum\tau_y,theycomponentofthetorqueequation?
Expresstheycomponentofthetorqueintermsof\texttip{W_{\rmv}}{W_v},\texttip{W_{\rmt}}{W_t},
\texttip{F_{\mitx}}{F_x},\texttip{F_{\mity}}{F_y},\texttip{L_{\mitx}}{L_x},\texttip{L_{\mity}}{L_y},
\texttip{X}{X},and/or\texttip{Y}{Y}.Notethatnotalltermsmayappearintheanswer.
Hint1.Choiceoforiginfortorques
Taketorquesaroundtheoriginofthecoordinatesystem(i.e.,thisbecomespoint\texttip{p}{p}inthe
torqueequations),asthiswillresultinanequationwithoneandonlyoneunknownforce.
Hint2.Signconvention
Ifyoudonotgetthesignfromthecrossproductexpression\tau_y=zF_xxF_z,rememberthat
theytorqueispositiveforclockwiserotationabouttheyaxiswhenlookinginthepositivey
direction.Thisisasubtlepointnormallyyoulookdownonthexyaxesfromabove,thatis,toward
negativez,andsopositivetorque(aboutthezaxis)iscounterclockwise.
ANSWER:
\sum\tau_y=0= \large{W_{v}X+\left(F_{x}\frac{W_{t}}{2}\right)L_{x}}
ANSWER:
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\texttip{F_{\mitx}}{F_x}= \large{{\frac{W_{v}X}{L_{x}}}+{\frac{W_{t}}{2}}}
Correct
PartB
Find\texttip{F_{\mity}}{F_y},themagnitudeoftheupwardforceonthetableduetothelegat(0,\texttip{L_{\mity}}
{L_y}).
Expresstheforceintermsof\texttip{W_{\rmv}}{W_v},\texttip{W_{\rmt}}{W_t},\texttip{Y}{Y},\texttip{X}{X},
\texttip{L_{\mity}}{L_y},and/or\texttip{L_{\mitx}}{L_x}.Notethatnotallofthesequantitiesmayappearin
thefinalanswer.
Hint1.Findthexcomponentoftorque
Whatis\sum\tau_x,thexcomponentofthetorqueequation?
Answerintermsof\texttip{W_{\rmv}}{W_v},\texttip{W_{\rmt}}{W_t},\texttip{F_{\mitx}}{F_x},
\texttip{F_{\mity}}{F_y},\texttip{L_{\mitx}}{L_x},\texttip{L_{\mity}}{L_y},\texttip{X}{X},and/or
\texttip{Y}{Y}.Notethatnotalltermsmayappearintheanswer.Remembertopayattentiontothe
signsofthetorque.
ANSWER:
\sum\tau_x=0= \large{W_{v}Y\left(\frac{W_{t}}{2}F_{y}\right)L_{y}}
ANSWER:
\texttip{F_{\mity}}{F_y}= \large{{\frac{W_{v}Y}{L_{y}}}+{\frac{W_{t}}{2}}}
Correct
PartC
Find\texttip{F_{\rm0}}{F_0},themagnitudeoftheupwardforceonthetableduetothelegat(0,0).
Expresstheforceintermsof\texttip{W_{\rmv}}{W_v},\texttip{W_{\rmt}}{W_t},\texttip{L_{\mitx}}{L_x},
\texttip{L_{\mity}}{L_y},\texttip{X}{X},and/or\texttip{Y}{Y}.Notethatnotalltermsmayappearinthe
answer.
Hint1.Summingthetotalforces
Whatis\sumF_z,thetotalverticalforceonthetable?
Answerintermsof\texttip{W_{\rmv}}{W_v},\texttip{W_{\rmt}}{W_t},\texttip{F_{\mitx}}{F_x},
\texttip{F_{\mity}}{F_y},and/or\texttip{F_{\rm0}}{F_0}.Remembertopayattentiontosigns(witha
positiveforcebeingupwardonthetable).
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ANSWER:
\sumF_{z}=0= F_{0}+F_{x}+F_{y}W_{v}W_{t}
ANSWER:
\texttip{F_{\rm0}}{F_0}= \large{W_{v}\left(1{\frac{X}{L_{x}}}{\frac{Y}{L_{y}}}\right)}
Correct
Whilethehostisgreetingtheguests,thecat(ofweight\texttip{W_{\rmc}}{W_c})getsonthetableandwalksuntilher
positionis(x,y)=(L_x,L_y).
PartD
Findthemaximumweight\texttip{W_{\rmmax}}{W_max}ofthecatsuchthatthetabledoesnottipoverandbreak
thevase.
Expressthecat'sweightintermsof\texttip{W_{\rmv}}{W_v},\texttip{X}{X},\texttip{Y}{Y},\texttip{L_{\mit
x}}{L_x},and\texttip{L_{\mity}}{L_y}.
Hint1.Forcewhentablebeginstotip
Whenthetableisjustbeginningtotipover,whatistheforce\texttip{F_{\rmcrit}}{F_crit}suppliedbytheleg
attheorigin?
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ANSWER:
\texttip{F_{\rmcrit}}{F_crit}= 0
Hint2.Puttingitalltogether
Gobacktoyourpreviousequations,putintheweightand/ortorquefromtheweightofthecat
(\texttip{W_{\rmc}}{W_c})toobtainanewexpressionfor\texttip{F_{\rm0}}{F_0}(checkingyoursigns
carefully),equatethistothevalueyoujustobtainedfor\texttip{F_{\rmcrit}}{F_crit},andsolvefor
\texttip{W_{\rmc}}{W_c}(now\texttip{W_{\rmmax}}{W_max}).
ANSWER:
\texttip{W_{\rmmax}}{W_max}= \large{W_{v}\left(1{\frac{X}{L_{x}}}{\frac{Y}{L_{y}}}\right)}
Correct
Exercise11.22
YouaredoingexercisesonaNautilusmachineinagymtostrengthenyourdeltoid(shoulder)muscles.Yourarmsare
raisedverticallyandcanpivotaroundtheshoulderjoint,andyougraspthecableofthemachineinyourhand64.0{\rm
{\rmcm}}fromyourshoulderjoint.Thedeltoidmuscleisattachedtothehumerus15.0{\rm{\rmcm}}fromtheshoulder
jointandmakesa12.0{\rm^\circ}anglewiththatbone.(Seethefigurebelow.)
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PartA
Ifyouhavesetthetensioninthecableofthemachineto36.0{\rm{\rmN}}oneacharm,whatisthetensionin
eachdeltoidmuscleifyousimplyholdyouroutstretchedarmsinplace?
ANSWER:
T= 605 {\rmN}
Correct
Exercise11.30
Averticalsolidsteelpostofdiameter\texttip{d}{d}=22{\rm{\rmcm}}andlength\texttip{L}{L}=2.40{\rm{\rmm}}is
requiredtosupportaloadofmass\texttip{m}{m}=7700{\rm{\rmkg}}.Youcanignoretheweightofthepost.Take
freefallaccelerationtobeg=9.8{\rmm/s^2}.
PartA
Whatisthestressinthepost?
Expressyouranswerusingtwosignificantfigures.
ANSWER:
P= 2.0106 {\rmPa}
Correct
PartB
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Whatisthestraininthepost?
ANSWER:
\large{\frac{\DeltaL}{L}}= 9.9106
Correct
PartC
Whatisthechangeinthepost'slengthwhentheloadisapplied?
ANSWER:
\DeltaL= 2.4105 {\rmm}
Correct
SpinningMassonaSpring
Anobjectofmass\texttip{M}{M}isattachedtoaspringwithspringconstant\texttip{k}{k}whoseunstretchedlengthis
\texttip{L}{L},andwhosefarendisfixedtoashaftthatisrotatingwithangularspeed\texttip{\omega}{omega}.Neglect
gravityandassumethatthemassrotateswithangularspeed\texttip{\omega}{omega}asshown.Whensolvingthis
problemuseaninertialcoordinatesystem,asdrawnhere.
PartA
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Giventheangularspeed\texttip{\omega}{omega},findtheradius\texttip{R\left(\omega\right)}{R(omega)}atwhich
themassrotateswithoutmovingtowardorawayfromtheorigin.
Expresstheradiusintermsof\texttip{k}{k},\texttip{L}{L},\texttip{M}{M},and\texttip{\omega}{omega}.
Hint1.Accelerationatacertainpoint
Find\texttip{a\left(\omega\right)}{a(omega)},thexcomponentoftheaccelerationofmass\texttip{M}{M}at
theinstantpicturedinthefigure.
Answerintermsof\texttip{R}{R}and\texttip{\omega}{omega}.
Hint1.Expressionforcentripetalacceleration
Recallthatthemagnitudeofcentripetalaccelerationforconstantcircularmotionisa_{\rm
cent}=v^2/R.Thisexpressioncanbeconvertedinto\texttip{\omega}{omega}and\texttip{R}{R}with
thestandardequationforvelocityofdistance/time.
ANSWER:
\texttip{a\left(\omega\right)}{a(omega)}= R{\omega}^{2}
Hint2.Graphicaldescriptionofforces
Whichfiguredescribescorrectlytheinertialforce(s)actingonmass\texttip{M}{M}?
ANSWER:
Figure1
Figure2
Figure3
Figure4
Hint3.Springforceataparticularinstant
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Whatis\texttip{F_{\rmspring}\left(R\right)}{F_spring(R)},thexcomponentoftheforceexertedbythespring
attheinstantpicturedinthefigure?
Answerintermsof\texttip{k}{k},\texttip{R}{R},and\texttip{L}{L}.
Hint1.Whatdeterminesthespringforce?
Recallthattheamountofforceaspringexertsisproportionaltothedistanceitisstretchedor
compressedwithrespecttoitsequilibriumlength(\texttip{L}{L}inthiscase).
ANSWER:
\texttip{F_{\rmspring}\left(R\right)}{F_spring(R)}= k\left(RL\right)
Hint4.Newton's2ndlaw
Themassismovingonacircularpath,andsothereisaconstantchangeinthedirectionofitsvelocity
vectorandhenceaninwardradialacceleration.Thevectorsumofallforcesactingontheobject,
\texttip{\vec{F}_{\rmtotal}}{F_total_vec},mustacttokeepthemassonthecirculartrajectoryatconstant
speed.Hencetheforcesareradialand
F_{\rmtotal}=ma_{\rmradial}.
Keepinmindthatweare(asalways)usinganinertialreferencesystem.
ANSWER:
\texttip{R\left(\omega\right)}{R(omega)}= \large{\frac{kL}{kM{\omega}^{2}}}
Correct
PartB
Assumethat,atacertainangularspeed\texttip{\omega_{\rm2}}{omega_2},theradius\texttip{R}{R}becomes
twice\texttip{L}{L}.Find\texttip{\omega_{\rm2}}{omega_2}.
Answerintermsof\texttip{k}{k}and\texttip{M}{M}.
Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
InPartA,youhaveobtainedtheformula\large{R(\omega)=\frac{kL}{kM\omega^2}}.Nowusetheadditional
pieceofinformation:R(\omega_2)=2Ltosolvefor\texttip{\omega_{\rm2}}{omega_2}.
ANSWER:
\texttip{\omega_{\rm2}}{omega_2}= \large{\sqrt{\frac{k}{2M}}}
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Correct
PartC
Youprobablyhavenoticedthat,asyouincrease\texttip{\omega}{omega},therewillbeavalue,\texttip{\omega
_{\rmcrit}}{omega_crit},forwhich\texttip{R\left(\omega\right)}{R(omega)}goestoinfinity.Find\texttip{\omega
_{\rmcrit}}{omega_crit}.
Answerintermsof\texttip{k}{k}and\texttip{M}{M}.
Hint1.Whatequationtouse
Notethatthedenominatorofyourexpressionfor\texttip{R\left(\omega\right)}{R(omega)}isafunctionof
\texttip{\omega}{omega}.Thecriticalpoint(s)of\texttip{R\left(\omega\right)}{R(omega)}willcoincidewith
theroot(s)ofthedenominator.Beforeanswering,analyzethephysicalvalidityofyouranswer.
ANSWER:
\texttip{\omega_{\rmcrit}}{omega_crit}= \large{\sqrt{\frac{k}{M}}}
Correct
PartD
Whatishappeningtothespringastheangularvelocityapproaches\texttip{\omega_{\rmcrit}}{omega_crit}?
Choosethebestoption.
Hint1.Graphicalhelp
Anyspringbehavesasshowninthetwographs:
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ANSWER:
Thespringstrecheslinearlythenbreaksat\omega=\omega_{\rmcrit}.
Thevalueof\texttip{\omega_{\rmcrit}}{omega_crit}issolargethatthespringwillbehavelinearlyforany
practicallyattainable\texttip{\omega}{omega}.
As\texttip{\omega}{omega}approaches\texttip{\omega_{\rmcrit}}{omega_crit}thespringstops
behavinglinearlyandbeginstoactmorelikeanunstretchableroduntiliteventuallybreaks.
Correct
Young'sModulus
LearningGoal:
TounderstandthemeaningofYoung'smodulus,toperformsomereallifecalculationsrelatedtostretchingsteel,a
commonconstructionmaterial,andtointroducetheconceptofbreakingstress.
Hooke'slawstatesthatforspringsandother"elastic"objects
F=k\Deltax,
where\texttip{F}{F}isthemagnitudeofthestretchingforce,\Deltaxisthecorrespondingelongationofthespringfrom
equilibrium,and\texttip{k}{k}isaconstantthatdependsonthegeometryandthematerialofthespring.Ifthe
deformationsaresmallenough,mostmaterials,infact,behavelikesprings:Theirdeformationisdirectlyproportionalto
theexternalforce.Therefore,itmaybeusefultooperatewithanexpressionthatissimilartoHooke'slawbutdescribes
thepropertiesofvariousmaterials,asopposedtoobjectssuchassprings.Suchanexpressiondoesexist.Consider,
forinstance,abarofinitiallength\texttip{L}{L}andcrosssectionalarea\texttip{A}{A}stressedbyaforceofmagnitude
\texttip{F}{F}.Asaresult,thebarstretchesby\DeltaL.
Letusdefinetwonewterms:
Tensilestressistheratioofthestretchingforcetothe
crosssectionalarea:
\large{{\rmstress}=\frac{F}{A}}.
Tensilestrainistheratiooftheelongationoftherodto
theinitiallengthofthebar:
\large{{\rmstrain}=\frac{\DeltaL}{L}}.
Itturnsoutthattheratioofthetensilestresstothetensile
strainisaconstantaslongasthetensilestressisnottoo
large.Thatconstant,whichisaninherentpropertyofa
material,iscalledYoung'smodulusandisgivenby
\large{Y=\frac{F/A}{\DeltaL/L}.}
PartA
WhatistheSIunitofYoung'smodulus?
Hint1.Lookatthedimensions
IfyoulookatthedimensionsofYoung'smodulus,youwillseethattheyareequivalenttothedimensionof
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pressure.UsetheSIunitofpressure.
ANSWER:
Pa
Correct
PartB
Considerametalbarofinitiallength\texttip{L}{L}andcrosssectionalarea\texttip{A}{A}.TheYoung'smodulusof
thematerialofthebaris\texttip{Y}{Y}.Findthe"springconstant"\texttip{k}{k}ofsuchabarforlowvaluesof
tensilestrain.
Expressyouranswerintermsof\texttip{Y}{Y},\texttip{L}{L},and\texttip{A}{A}.
Hint1.UsethedefinitionofYoung'smodulus
Considertheequationdefining\texttip{Y}{Y}.Thenisolate\texttip{F}{F}andcomparetheresultwithHooke's
law:F=k\Deltax.
ANSWER:
\texttip{k}{k}= \large{Y{\frac{A}{L}}}
Correct
PartC
Tenidenticalsteelwireshaveequallengths\texttip{L}{L}andequal"springconstants"\texttip{k}{k}.Thewiresare
connectedendtoend,sothattheresultantwirehaslength10L.Whatisthe"springconstant"oftheresultingwire?
Hint1.Thespringconstant
UsetheexpressionforthespringconstantdeterminedinPartB.FromtheexpressionderivedinthePartB,
youcandeterminewhathappenstothespringconstantwhenthelengthofthespringincreases.
ANSWER:
0.1k
\texttip{k}{k}
10k
100k
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Correct
PartD
Tenidenticalsteelwireshaveequallengths\texttip{L}{L}andequal"springconstants"\texttip{k}{k}.Thewiresare
slightlytwistedtogether,sothattheresultantwirehaslength\texttip{L}{L}anditscrosssectionalareaistentimes
thatoftheindividualwire.Whatisthe"springconstant"oftheresultingwire?
Hint1.Thespringconstant
UsetheexpressionforthespringconstantdeterminedinPartB.FromtheexpressionderivedinPartB,you
candeterminewhathappenstothespringconstantwhentheareaofthespringincreases.
ANSWER:
0.1k
\texttip{k}{k}
10k
100k
Correct
PartE
Tenidenticalsteelwireshaveequallengths\texttip{L}{L}andequal"springconstants"\texttip{k}{k}.TheYoung's
modulusofeachwireis\texttip{Y}{Y}.Thewiresareconnectedendtoend,sothattheresultantwirehaslength
10L.WhatistheYoung'smodulusoftheresultingwire?
ANSWER:
0.1Y
\texttip{Y}{Y}
10Y
100Y
Correct
PartF
Tenidenticalsteelwireshaveequallengths\texttip{L}{L}andequal"springconstants"\texttip{k}{k}.TheYoung's
modulusofeachwireis\texttip{Y}{Y}.Thewiresareslightlytwistedtogether,sothattheresultantwirehaslength
\texttip{L}{L}andistentimesasthickastheindividualwire.WhatistheYoung'smodulusoftheresultingwire?
ANSWER:
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10/8/2015
0.1Y
\texttip{Y}{Y}
10Y
100Y
Correct
Byrearrangingthewires,wecreateanewobjectwithnewmechanicalproperties.However,Young'smodulus
dependsonthematerial,whichremainsunchanged.TochangetheYoung'smodulus,onewouldhaveto
changethepropertiesofthematerialitself,forinstancebyheatingorcoolingit.
PartG
ConsiderasteelguitarstringofinitiallengthL=1.00meterandcrosssectionalareaA=0.500squaremillimeters.
TheYoung'smodulusofthesteelisY=2.0\times10^{11}pascals.Howfar(\texttip{\DeltaL}{DeltaL})wouldsuch
astringstretchunderatensionof1500newtons?
Usetwosignificantfiguresinyouranswer.Expressyouranswerinmillimeters.
ANSWER:
\texttip{\DeltaL}{DeltaL}= 15 \rm{mm}
Correct
Steelisaverystrongmaterial.Forthesenumericvalues,youmayassumethatHooke'slawholds.However,
forgreatervaluesoftensilestrain,thematerialnolongerbehaveselastically.Ifthestrainandstressarelarge
enough,thematerialdeteriorates.Thefinalpartofthisproblemillustratesthispointandgivesyouasenseof
the"stretchinglimit"ofsteel.
PartH
Althoughhumanbeingshavebeenabletoflyhundredsofthousandsofmilesintoouterspace,gettinginsidethe
earthhasprovenmuchmoredifficult.Thedeepestmineseverdrilledareonlyabout10milesdeep.Toillustratethe
difficultiesassociatedwithsuchdrilling,considerthefollowing:Thedensityofsteelisabout7900kilogramsper
cubicmeter,anditsbreakingstress,definedasthemaximumstressthematerialcanbearwithoutdeteriorating,is
about2.0\times10^9pascals.Whatisthemaximumlengthofasteelcablethatcanbeloweredintoamine?
Assumethatthemagnitudeoftheaccelerationduetogravityremainsconstantat9.8meterspersecondper
second.
Usetwosignificantfiguresinyouranswer,expressedinkilometers.
Hint1.Whydoesthecablebreak?
Thecablebreaksbecauseofthestressexertedonitbyitsownweight.Atthemomentthatthebreaking
stressisreached,thestressatthetopofthecablereachesitsmaximum,andthematerialbeginsto
deteriorate.
Introduceanarbitrarycrosssectionalareaofthecable(whichwillcanceloutofthefinalanswer).Themass
ofthecablebelowthetoppointcanbefoundastheproductofitsvolumeanditsdensity.Usethistofind
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theforceatthetopthatwillleadtothebreakingstress.
Hint2.Findthestressinthecable
Assumethatthecablehascrosssectionalarea\texttip{A}{A}andlength\texttip{L}{L}.Thedensityis
\texttip{\rho}{rho}.Themaximumstressinthecableisattheverytop,whereithastosupportitsown
weight.Whatisthismaximumstress?
Expressyouranswerintermsof\texttip{\rho}{rho},\texttip{L}{L},and\texttip{g}{g},themagnitude
oftheaccelerationduetogravity.Recallthatthestressistheforceperunitarea,sotheareawillnot
appearinyourexpression.
ANSWER:
maximumstress= {\rho}Lg
ANSWER:
26 \rm{km}
Correct
Thisisonlyabout16miles,andwehaveassumedthatnoextraloadisattached.Bytheway,thislengthis
smallenoughtojustifytheassumptionofvirtuallyconstantaccelerationduetogravity.Whenmakingsuch
assumptions,oneshouldalwayschecktheirvalidityafterobtainingaresult.
Problem11.76
Youaretryingtoraiseabicyclewheelofmass\texttip{m}{m}andradius\texttip{R}{R}upoveracurbofheight
\texttip{h}{h}.Todothis,youapplyahorizontalforce\texttip{\vec{F}}{F_vec}.
PartA
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Whatistheleastmagnitudeoftheforce\texttip{\vec{F}}{F_vec}thatwillsucceedinraisingthewheelontothecurb
whentheforceisappliedatthecenterofthewheel?
ANSWER:
F= \large{\frac{mg\sqrt{2Rhh^{2}}}{Rh}}
Correct
PartB
Whatistheleastmagnitudeoftheforce\texttip{\vec{F}}{F_vec}thatwillsucceedinraisingthewheelontothecurb
whentheforceisappliedatthetopofthewheel?
ANSWER:
F= \large{mg\sqrt{\frac{h}{2Rh}}}
Correct
PartC
Inwhichcaseislessforcerequired?
ANSWER:
caseA
caseB
Correct
Problem11.94
Compressivestrengthofourbonesisimportantineverydaylife.Young'smodulusforboneisabout1.4\times10^{10}\
{\rmPa}.Bonecantakeonlyabouta1.0%changeinitslengthbeforefracturing.
PartA
Whatisthemaximumforcethatcanbeappliedtoabonewhoseminimumcrosssectionalareais3.0\{\rm
cm}^{2}?(Thisisapproximatelythecrosssectionalareaofatibia,orshinbone,atitsnarrowestpoint.)
ANSWER:
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10/8/2015
F_{\rmmax}= 4.2104 {\rmN}
Correct
PartB
Estimatethemaximumheightfromwhicha70{\rmkg}mancouldjumpandnotfracturethetibia.Takethetime
betweenwhenhefirsttouchesthefloorandwhenhehasstoppedtobe0.006{\rms},andassumethatthestress
isdistributedequallybetweenhislegs.
ANSWER:
h_{\rmmax}= 2.6 {\rmm}
Correct
Problem11.83
Agaragedoorismountedonanoverheadrail(thefigure).
ThewheelsatAandBhaverustedsothattheydonotroll,
butratherslidealongthetrack.Thecoefficientofkinetic
frictionis0.49.Thedistancebetweenthewheelsis2.00{\rm
m},andeachis0.50{\rmm}fromtheverticalsidesofthe
door.Thedoorisuniformandweighs945{\rm{\rmN}}.Itis
pushedtotheleftatconstantspeedbyahorizontalforce
\vecF.
PartA
Ifthedistancehis1.48{\rm{\rmm}},whatistheverticalcomponentoftheforceexertedonthewheelAbythe
track?
ANSWER:
F_V= 130 {\rmN}
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Correct
PartB
Ifthedistancehis1.48{\rm{\rmm}},whatistheverticalcomponentoftheforceexertedonthewheelBbythe
track?
ANSWER:
F_V= 815 {\rmN}
Correct
PartC
Findthemaximumvaluehcanhavewithoutcausingonewheeltoleavethetrack.
ANSWER:
h_{\rmmax}= 2.04 {\rmm}
Correct
ScoreSummary:
Yourscoreonthisassignmentis101%.
Youreceived11.06outofapossibletotalof11points.
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F_{\rmmax}= 4.2104 {\rmN}

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