CHAPTER 8

ADDITIONAL SUBJECTS IN
FUNDMENTALS OF FLOW

Dr . Ercan Kahya

Vorticity for the z axis:

When vorticity is zero,

irrotational flow

Figure shows how

the wood chips float

Case (a): rotational flow

Case (b): irrotational flow
Although liquid makes a rotary movement, its microelements
always face the same direction without performing rotation.
In natural vortices such as hurricanes, tornados, eddying water currents has a
basic structure with a forced vortex at the center and free vortex at the periphery.

Given closed curve s, the integrated vs along this same curve is

called circulation . Taking counterclockwise rotation positive,

Circulation d of elemantary rectangle ABCD (area dA)

& the circulation is equal to the product of vorticity by area. Integration gives

Stokes theorem: surface integral of vorticity equal to the circulation

If there is no vorticity inside a closed curve, then circulation around it is zero.

Flow of viscous fluid

Mass flow rate at inlet & outlet sections in x- & y-directions

Fluid mass stored in the fluid element per unit time (x-dir.) :

Fluid mass stored in the fluid element per unit time (y-dir.) :

Mass change in unit time (right hand side) :

Continuity Equation
or

Unsteady flow & compressible fluid

& for real and ideal fluid

For steady flow and incompressible fluid:

For steady flow and incompressible fluid for axially

symetric flow using cylindrical coordinates:

For axially symetric flow using cylindrical coordinates:

The strict solutions obtained for N-S equations to date are

only for some special flows. Two such examples are:
Flow of a viscous fluid between two parallel plates

A flow in a long circular pipe is a parallel flow of axial symmetry .

In this case, it is convenient to use the Navier-Stokes equation using
cylindrical coordinates

Under the same conditions as in the previous section, N-S

equation simplifies to