Fourier Series

Example 1
Find the fundamental frequency of the
following Fourier series:

(a) : f (t ) 5 cos 40t cos 80t

(b) : f (t ) 5 cos 20t 2 cos 40t cos 80t

Solution to Example 1
(a ) : f (t ) 5 cos 40t cos 80t

(b) : f (t ) 5 cos 20t 2 cos 40t cos 80t

SOLUTION :
1 2f 40

SOLUTION :
1 2f 20

2 f 40
f 20 Hz

2 f 20
f 10 Hz

Example 2
Find the amplitude and phase of the
fundamental component of the function:
f (t ) 0.5 sin 1t 1.5 cos 1t 3.5 sin 2 1t
................... 3 cos 3 1t

Recall:

R cos(t ) a cost b sint

where :
R a b
2

b
tan
a
1

Solution to Example 2
Fundamental component:

0.5 sin 1t 1.5 cos 1t

R cos(t ) a cos t b sin t
where :
R a b 1.5 0.5 1.58
1 b
1 0.5
tan
tan
0.32radians
a
1.5
2

Example 3
Sketch the graph of the periodic function
defined by

f (t ) t..........0 t 1....... period (T ) 1

Solution to Example 3
f(t)
1

-1

Example 4
Write down a mathematical expression of
the function whose graph is:
f(t)

-2

-1

Solution to Example 4
t..............0 t 1..........T 2
f (t )
1.............1 t 2

Example 5:
Sketch the graph of the following periodic
functions:

(a) : f (t ) t ,1 t 1;T 2
2

0,0 t 2 ;T
(b) : f (t )
sin t , t

t ,2 t 0;T 3
(c) : f (t )
t ,0 t 1

Solution to Example 5
(a)
f(t)

-1

Solution to Example 5
(b)
f(t)

/2

3/2

Solution to Example 5
(c)

-2

-1

Example 6
Show that f(t) is even
a)
f(t)

Solution to Example 6
(a) f(t) = f(-t)
cos t = cos (t)

Example 6
Show that f(t) is even
f(t)
b)

Solution to Example 6
(b) f(t) = f(-t)
t2 = (-t)2
t2 = t2

Example 6
Show that f(t) is even
c)

f(t)
3

Solution to Example 6
(c.) f(t)
3

= f(-t)
= 3

Example 7
Show that f(t) is odd

f(t)

4
t

Solution to Example 7
f(-t) = -f(t)
sin(-/4) = -sin(/4)
sin (-t) = -sin(t)

Example 8
State the product of the following
functions:
(a) f(t) = t3 sin wt
(b) f(t) = t cos 2t
(c) f(t) = t + t2

Solution to Example 8
f(t) = t3 sin wt
= (odd)(odd) = even
f(t) = t cos 2t
= (odd)(even) = odd

f(t) = t + t2
= odd + even = neither

Example
Find the Fourier series of the function

f (t ) t on t
Answer:

a0 0
an 0
2
bn cos n
n

2
f (t ) cos n sin nt
n
n 1

Solution
1
a0
2
1
a0
2

f (t )dt

tdt

1 t
1 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 1
a0

(0)

2 2 2 2
2 2
a0 0
2

Solution
1

an

f (t ) cos ntdt

an

u t

t cos ntdt

dv cos ntdt
1
du dt v sin nt
n

Solution

1
1 t
an sin nt
sin ntdt

n
n

1 t
1
an sin nt 2 cos nt
n
n

1
( )
1
1

an sin n
sin n( ) 2 cos n 2 cos n( )
n
n
n
n

1
1

an sin n sin n 2 cos n 2 cos n

n
n
n
n

an 0

Solution
1

bn

f (t ) sin ntdt

bn

u t

t sin ntdt

dv sin ntdt
1
du dt v cos nt
n

Solution

1
t
1
bn cos nt cos ntdt

n
n

1
t
1
bn cos nt 2 sin nt
n
n

1
( )
1
1

bn cos n
cos n( ) 2 sin n 2 sin n( )
n
n
n
n

bn

1
1

cos
n

cos
n

sin
n

sin
n

n
n
n
n

1 2
2

bn
cos n cos n
n
n

Solution

2
f (t ) cos n sin nt
n
n 1

Solution using Half Range Sine

Series

Solution using Half Range Sine

Series
Half range sine series
a0 = 0
an = 0

Solution using Half Range Sine

Series
bn:

2 L
bn f (t ) sin ntdt
L 0
2

bn
(
t
)
sin
ntdt

0
u t dv sin ntdt
1
du dt v cos nt
n

1
2 t cos nt
bn
cos ntdt

n 0 0 n

Solution using Half Range Sine

Series
bn:

2 t cos nt
1
bn
2 sin nt

n 0 n
0

2
(0)
1
1

bn cos n
cos n(0) 2 sin n 2 sin n(0)
n
n
n
n

bn cos n
n

2
bn cos n
n

Solution using Half Range Sine

Series

2
f (t ) cos n sin nt
n
n 1

Example
Expand the given function into a Fourier
series on the indicated interval.
0t 5
4,
f (t )
4, 5 t 0
a

0
0
Answer:
an 0
8
bn
(1 cos n )
n

8
nt
f (t )
(1 cos n ) sin
5
n 1 n

Solution
a0
a0
a0
a0
a0

5
1 L
1 0

f
(
t
)
dt

4
)
dt

(
4
)
dt
0

2 L L
2(5) 5
1
0
5

4t 5 4t 0
10
1
4(0) 4(5) 4(5) 4(0)
10
1
20 20
10
0

Solution
1 L
nt
an f (t ) cos
dt

L
L
L
5
1 0
nt
nt
an (4) cos
dt (4) cos
dt

5
0
5
5
5
1
5
nt
5
nt
an (4)
sin
(4)
sin
5
n
5
n
5
0
5
1 20
nt
20
nt
an
sin

sin

5 n
5 5 n
5 0

1 20
n (0) 20
n (5) 20
n (5) 20
n (0)
an
sin

sin
sin

sin

5 n
5
n
5 n
5
n
5
1 20
20

an
sin n
sin n
5 n
n

an 0

Solution

1 L
nt
f
(
t
)
sin
dt
L L
L
5
1 0
nt
nt
bn (4) sin
dt (4) sin
dt

5
0
5
5
5

bn

1
5
nt
bn (4)
cos
5
n
5
1 20
nt
bn
cos
5 n
5

5
nt
( 4)
cos
n
5

20
nt

cos
n
5

bn

1 20
n (0) 20
n (5) 20
n (5) 20
n (0)
cos

cos

cos

cos

5 n
5
n
5 n
5
n
5

bn

1 20 20
20
20

cos
n

cos
n

5 n n
n
n

1 20
bn
(2)(1 cos n )
5 n
8
bn
(1 cos n )
n

Solution

8
nt
f (t )
(1 cos n ) sin
5
n 1 n

Solution using Half Range Sine

Series

Solution using Half Range Sine

Series
Half range sine series
a0 = 0
an = 0

Solution using Half Range Sine

Series
bn
bn
bn
bn

2 L
nt
f (t ) sin
dt

L 0
L
2 5
nt
(4) sin
dt

0
5
5
5

2
5
nt
cos
( 4)

5
n
5 0
5

2
20
nt
cos

5 n
5 0

Solution using Half Range Sine

Series
2 20
n (5) 20
n (0)
bn
cos

cos

5 n
5
n
5
2 20
20
bn
cos n

5 n
n
2 20
bn
(1 cos n )
5 n
8
bn
(1 cos n )
n

Solution using Half Range Sine

Series

8
nt
f (t )
(1 cos n ) sin
5
n 1 n

Example
Find the Fourier series of the function

f (t ) t
Answer:

a0

on

3
4
an 2 cos n
n
bn 0

4
f (t )
2 cos n cos nt
3 n 1 n

Solution

1
a0
2
1
a0
2

f (t )dt

1
a0
2

t
1 ( )3 ( )3 1 2 3
3 2 3 3 2 3

a0

2
3

t dt

Solution
1

an

f (t ) cos ntdt

an

u t2

t 2 cos ntdt

dv cos ntdt
1
du 2tdt v sin nt
n

2
2

2t
1 t
1 t
2
an sin nt
sin ntdt sin nt t sin ntdt

n
n
n
n

Solution
ut

dv sin ntdt
1
du dt v cos nt
n

1
1 t
2 t
an sin nt cos nt
cos ntdt

n
n
n n

1 t
2 t
1
an sin nt cos nt 2 sin nt

n
n n
n

1 t
2t
2
an sin nt 2 cos nt 3 sin nt
n
n
n

Solution
2
1 2
( ) 2
2( )
2
2

an sin n
sin n( ) 2 cos n
cos
n
(

sin
n

sin
n
(

3
n
n
n2
n3
n

n
2
1 2
2
2
2
2

an sin n
sin n 2 cos n 2 cos n 3 sin n 3 sin n
n
n
n
n
n

n
1 4

cos
n

n
4
an 2 cos n
n
an

Solution
1

bn

f (t ) sin ntdt

bn

u t2

sin ntdt

dv sin ntdt
1
du 2tdt v cos nt
n

1 t2

1 t2
2t
2
bn cos nt cos ntdt cos nt t cos ntdt

n
n
n
n

Solution
ut

dv cos ntdt
1
du dt v sin nt
n

1 t2
bn cos nt
n

1 t2
bn cos nt
n

1
2 t
sin nt
sin ntdt

nn
n

2 t
1
sin nt 2 cos nt

n n
n

1 t
2t
2
bn cos nt 2 sin nt 3 cos nt
n
n
n

Solution

2( )
1 2
( ) 2
2( )
2
2

cos n
cos n( ) 2 sin n
sin
n
(

cos
n

cos
n
(

)
3

2
3
n
n
n
n
n
n

2
1 2
2
2
2
2

cos n
cos n 2 sin n 2 sin n 3 cos n 3 cos n
n
n
n
n
n

n
0

4
f (t )
2 cos n cos nt
3 n 1 n

Solution using Half Range Cosine

Series

Solution using Half Range Cosine

Series
Half range cosine series
bn = 0

Solution using Half Range Cosine

Series
a0

a0

f (t )dt

t dt

1 t
1 ( )3 (0)3 1 3
a0

3 0 3
3 3
3

a0

2
3

Solution using Half Range Cosine

Series
an

an

u t2

f (t ) cos ntdt
t 2 cos ntdt

dv cos ntdt
1
du 2tdt v sin nt
n

2
2

2t
2 t
2 t
2
an sin nt
sin ntdt sin nt t sin ntdt
0
n
n
n
n 0

0
0

Solution using Half Range Cosine

Series
u t

dv sin ntdt
1
du dt v cos nt
n

1
2 t
2 t
an sin nt cos nt cos ntdt

0 n
n
n n
0
0

2 t
2 t
1
an sin nt cos nt 2 sin nt

n
n n
n
0
0
0

2 t
2t
2
an sin nt 2 cos nt 3 sin nt
n
n
n
0
0
0

Solution using Half Range Cosine

Series
2
2 2
(0) 2
2(0)
2
2

an sin n
sin n(0) 2 cos n 2 cos n(0) 3 sin n 3 sin n(0)
n
n
n
n
n

n
2 2

cos
n

n 2
4
an 2 cos n
n
an

Solution using Half Range Cosine

Series

4
f (t )
2 cos n cos nt
3 n 1 n

Example
Write the sine series of f(t) = 1 on [0,5]
Answer:

a0 0
an 0
2
bn
(1 cos n )
n

2
nt
f (t )
(1 cos n ) sin
5
n 1 n

Solution

Solution
Half range sine series
a0 = 0
an = 0

Solution
bn: b 2 L f (t ) sin nt dt
n
0
L
L
2 5
nt
bn (1) sin
dt
5 0
5

2
5
nt
bn (1)
cos

5
n
5 0

Solution
bn: b 2 5 cos n (5) 5 cos n (0)

5 n
5
n
5
2 5
5
bn
cos n
5 n
n
2 5
bn
(1 cos n )
5 n
2
bn
(1 cos n )
n

Solution
2
nt
f (t )
(1 cos n ) sin
5
n 1 n

Example
Find the convergence of f(x) on [-2,2]
ex

f (t ) 2 x 2
9

,2 t 1
,1 t 2
,t 2

Solution

Solution
f (2) f (2)
x 2 : f (2)
2
2 x 2 e x
f (2)
2
2
( 2 )
2(2) e
8 7.4
f (2)

0.31
2
2

Solution
x 1:

f (1) f (1)
f (1)
2
e x 2 x 2
f (1)
2
e (1) 2(1) 2 0.37 2
f (1)

0.82
2
2

Solution

x 2:

f (2) f (2)
99
f (2)

9
2
2

Example
Express the function in terms of H(t) and find its
Fourier transform

0, t 0
f (t ) at
e , t 0

Solution
F ( )

F ( )
F ( )
F ( )
F ( )

f (t )e it dt

1
2
1
2
1

(0)e dt (e at )e it dt
i t

(e

at

i t

)e dt

( a i ) t

e
2 (a i )
1

1
2 a i

1
2

e ( a i ) t dt

1 e ( a i ) e ( a i )( 0)

Seatwork
1. Find the Fourier series representation of the
function with period T= 1/50 given by:

1.......0 t 0.01
f (t )
0......0.01 t 0.02

Seatwork
2. Find the Fourier series representation of
the function with period 2 defined by

f (t ) t ,0 t 2
2

Seatwork
3. Find the half range sine series of

f ( x)

(x )

0 x

Seatwork
4. Find the half range cosine series of

f ( x)

(x )

0 x