Types of cells

Prokaryote
bacteria cells
- no organelles

- organelles

Eukaryote
animal cells
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Eukaryote
plant cells

Why organelles?
Containers

mitochondria

create different local environments

separate pH, or concentration of materials

distinct & incompatible functions

chloroplast

Membranes as sites for chemical reactions

unique combinations of lipids & proteins
embedded enzymes & reaction centers

chloroplasts & mitochondria

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Golgi

ER

Building Proteins
Organelles involved
nucleus
ribosomes
endoplasmic reticulum
(ER)
Golgi apparatus
vesicles

The Protein Assembly Line

nucleus
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ribosome

ER

Golgi
apparatus

vesicles

Nucleus

DNA

Function

chromosome

protects DNA
Structure

histone protein

nuclear envelope
double membrane
membrane fused in spots to create pores
allows large macromolecules to pass through
nuclear
pores

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What kind of
molecules need to
pass through?

nuclear
pore

nucleolus

nuclear envelope

nuclear
membrane

production of mRNA
from DNA in nucleus

DNA

Nucleus

mRNA

2
mRNA travels from
nucleus to ribosome
in cytoplasm through
nuclear pore
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nuclear pore

small
ribosomal
subunit
mRNA
large
ribosomal
subunit
cytoplasm

Nucleolus
Function

ribosome production
build ribosome subunits from rRNA & proteins
exit through nuclear pores to cytoplasm &

combine to form functional ribosomes

large subunit

small
subunit

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rRNA &
proteins

ribosome

nucleolus

Types of Ribosomes
Free ribosomes
suspended in cytosol
synthesize proteins that
function in cytosol

Bound ribosomes
attached to endoplasmic
reticulum
synthesize proteins
for export or
for membranes

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membrane proteins

Endoplasmic Reticulum
Function
processes proteins
manufactures membranes
synthesis & hydrolysis of many compounds

Structure

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membrane connected to nuclear envelope &

extends throughout cell

Smooth ER function
Membrane production
Many metabolic processes

synthesis
synthesize lipids
oils, phospholipids, steroids

hydrolysis
hydrolyze glycogen into glucose
in liver
detoxify drugs & poisons
in liver
ex. alcohol

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Membrane Factory
Build new
membrane

synthesize
phospholipids
builds membranes

ER membrane
expands
bud off & transfer

to other parts of
cell that need
membranes

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Rough ER function
Produce proteins for export out of cell
protein secreting cells
packaged into transport vesicles for export

Which cells
have lot of
rough ER?

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Golgi Apparatus

Function

finishes, sorts, tags & ships cell products

like UPS shipping department

ships products in vesicles

Which cells
have lots
of Golgi?

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membrane sacs
UPS trucks

secretory
vesicles

transport vesicles

Vesicle transport

protein

vesicle
budding
from rough
ER
ribosome

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migrating
transport
vesicle

fusion
of vesicle
with Golgi
apparatus

Putting it together
nucleus
nuclear pore

Making proteins

cell
membrane

protein secreted

rough ER

ribosome

vesicle

proteins

smooth ER
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transport
vesicle

cytoplasm

Golgi
apparatus

Making Energy: Mitochondria

mitochondria breaks down glucose
into ATP, water and carbon dioxide
(cellular respiration)

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Where does the glucose come

from?
Chloroplasts!
make glucose using energy from the
sun, water and carbon dioxide
(photosynthesis!)

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Cell membrane
controls what comes in and out of the cell.
lipid bilayer with
phospholipids
carbohydrates
proteins
cholesterol

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AP Biology

AP Biology

Any
Questions!!

AP Biology

2007-2008