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ndice
ndice..........................................................................................................................2
Ecuaciones diferenciales (definiciones).................................................................4
Pgina 10...................................................................................................................5
Ejercicios Pgina 11...................................................................................................8
Tarea pgina 132.....................................................................................................18
Tarea pgina 138.....................................................................................................20
Ejercicios pgina (138-139).....................................................................................23
Ecuaciones Homogneas........................................................................................29
Conjunto fundamental de soluciones......................................................................31
Reduccin de orden.................................................................................................32
Ecuaciones lineales homogneas con coeficientes constantes.............................36
Tarea........................................................................................................................39
VARIACIN DE PARMETROS.............................................................................55
Transformada de la Laplace....................................................................................61
TRANSFORMADAS DE LAPLACE.........................................................................77
TRANSFORMADA DE LAPLACE INVERSA...........................................................88
FRACCIONES PARCIALES....................................................................................90
TRANSFORMADAS DE LAPLACE INVERSAS.....................................................92
TRANSFORMADAS DE LAPLACE INVERSA CON FRACCIONES PARCIALES. 94
PRIMER TEOREMA DE TRASLACIN..................................................................98
TRANSFORMADA DE LAPLACE DE UNA DERIVADA..........................................98
47 Ejercicios escaln unitario y segundo teorema de translacin........................100
Conclusin.............................................................................................................112
Pgina 10
Establezca el orden de la ecuacin diferencial ordinaria dada. Determine si
la ecuacin es lineal o no lineal.
Ejercicio 1
(x-1) y 4xy + 5y = cosx
Solucin
Ecuacin diferencial Ordinaria, Orden 2, Lineal
Ejercicio 2
x
d3 y
dx 3
dy
( dx
)4 + y = 0
Solucin
Ecuacin diferencial Ordinaria, Orden 3, No Lineal
Ejercicio 3
t5 y t3 y + 6y = 0
Solucin
Ecuacin diferencial Ordinaria, Orden 4, Lineal
Ejercicio 4
d2 u
dr 2
du
dr
+ u = cos (r+u)
Solucin
Ecuacin diferencial Ordinaria, Orden 2, No Lineal
Ejercicio 5
d2 y
dx 2
dy
dx
1+
Solucin
Ecuacin diferencial Ordinaria, Orden 2, No Lineal
Ejercicio 6
d2 R K
=
dt 2 R 2
Solucin
Ecuacin diferencial Ordinaria, Orden 2, Lineal
Ejercicio 7
(Sen ) y - (cos ) y = 2
Solucin
Ecuacin Diferencial Ordinaria, Orden 3, Lineal
Ejercicio 8
x - ( 1
x2
3
) x + x = 0
Solucin
Ecuacin Diferencial Ordinaria, Orden 2, No Lineal
Ejercicio 11
2Y+Y=0; Y=e-x/2
Y=e-x/2
Y= -
X
-x/2
2 e
2Y+Y=0
2(-
X
-x/2
-x/2
2 e )+ e =0
2X
-x/2
-x/2
2 e + e =0
-xe-X/2+e-x/2=0
Ejercicio 13
Y- 6Y+13Y=0; Y=e3xcos2x
Y= e3xcos2x
Y=e3x (cos2x) + (e3x) cos2x
=-2e3xsen2x + 3e3xcos2x
Sustituir Y, Y, Y
Y- 6Y+13Y=0
5e3xcos2x 12e3xsen2x + 12e3xsen2x 18e3xcos2x + 13e3xcos2x=0
5e3xcos2x 18e3xcos2x + 13e3xcos2x 12e3xsen2x + 12e3xsen2x=0
18e3xcos2x + 18e3xcos2x=0
0=0
Ejercicios Pgina 11
Determinar los valores de m tales que la funcin Y=e mx sea una
solucin de la Ecuacin Diferencial dada
Ejercicio 27
Y+2Y=0;
Y=emx
Y=memx
Sustituir Y, Y
memx + emx =0
emx (m + 2)=0
Si (m + 2)=0
Entonces m = -2
Comprobacin -2 + 2=0
Ejercicio 28
5Y=2Y;
Y=emx
Y=memx
5 memx = 2 emx
5 memx - 2 emx =0
emx (5m 2)=0
5m -2 = 0 Ecuacin caracterstica
Si (5m 2)=0
Entonces m = 2/5 Solucin de la ecuacin diferencial
2
Y=
e5
Comprobacin
5y= 2y
2
5(
2
2 5
e ) = 2( e 5
5
2( e
2
5
) = 2( e
Ejercicio 30
2Y+7Y- 4Y=0;
Y=emx
Y=memx
Y= m2 emx
2
5
)
)
Sustituir Y, Y, Y
2 m2 emx + 7 memx - 4 emx =0
emx (2m2+7m-4)=0
(m+4)(2m-1)=0
Determine los valores de m tales que la funcin Y=x m sea una solucin de la
Ecuacin Diferencial dada
Ejercicio 32
+x2 Y- 7xY +15Y=0;
Y=xm
Y=mxm-1
Y=m (m-1)xm-2
Sustituir Y, Y, Y
+ x2 xm-2 (m (m-1)) 7m (x xm-1) + 15 xm =0
xm (m2 - m) -7 m xm +15 xm =0
xm (m2-m-7m+15)=0
xm (m2 -8m +15) =0
xm (m 5)(m 3) =0
Si (m 5)=0 Entonces m1=5
Si (m 3)=0 Entonces m2=3
1
cos 5 x
5
3.-
dx +e 3 x dy=0 (1 ) dx=e 3 x dy e 3 x
dy = e3 x dx y=
x
5.-
1 3 x
e +C
3
dy
=4 y
dx
dy
dy
dx
=4 y xdy=4 y dy =4
dx
y
x
7.-
dy
dy 1
=1 = 3 x
dx
dx e
dy
dx
dy
dx
= 4 =4 ln y=4 ln x+C eln y =e 4 ln x ec y=x 4 c
y
x
y
x
dy 3 x+2 y
=e
dx
dy 3 x 2 y
dy
=e e dy=e3 x e 2 y dx 2 y =e3 x dx e2 y dy= e 3 x dx
dx
e
1 2 y 1 3 x
e = e +c 3 e2 y =2 e3 x + c
2
3
15.-
ds
=K 5
dr
ds
ds
lns
kr+ c
kr
=kdr = kdr ln s=kr e =e s=e c
s
s
17.-
dp
= p p2
dt
dp
1
1
1
dp
dp
=dt
dp=dt +
dp=dt +
= dt
2
p
p
1
p
p
(
1
p
)
(
1
p
)
p p
lnp
ln pln ( 1p )=t +c e e
ln ( 1 p )
t +c
=e
ln
p
( 1 p )
=e
t +c
p
t
=e c
1 p
18.-
ce
t
1+c e
dn
t +2
+ n=nt e
dt
dn
dn
dn
dn
t +2
t2
t +2
t +2
=nt e n =nt e n =n ( t e 1 ) = ( t e 1 ) dt
dt
dt
dt
n
u=t dv= e t +21
du=t u=dt v=et +2
dn
t +2
t+2
t+2
te +2
t +2
= t e dt dt ln n=t e e t+ c n=e e t+ c
n
dx
=4 ( x 2 +1 ) , x
=1
dt
4
()
4
x
=1 = =x =x
4
4 x
4
()
4 dt tan x= 4 t + c
dx
dx
=4 ( x 2 +1 ) dx=4 ( x 2 +1 ) dt
=
2
dt
1+ x
1= 4
( 4 )+c tan
4
3
1= + c 45 = +c = + c
=c c=
4
4
4
4
x ( t )=x
1 t= x=1 tan1
4
4
()
tan
3
(1 x )tan ( 4 t ) x=tan ( 4 t3 /4 )
4
3
1
x = 4 t +c tan x=4 t
tan
4
tan1
27.-
1 y 2 dx 1x 2 dy =0 , y ( 0 )= 23
dx
dy
dx
dy
=
=
sin 1 x =sin1 y + c
2
2
2
2
1x 1 y
1x
1 y
sin
y=sin x +60
1 3
1 3
0= sin
+ c sin
=c c =60 sen
2
2
1
sin
1
y=sen(sin x +60)
x
sin1
x
sin1
y=cos 60 +cos
x
1
sin
x
sin1
1
3
y= x + cos
2
2
y=sin 1 x seny=x sen 2=x 2 sen 2 y +cos 2 y =1 cosy= 1sen 2
cosy=1x 2 cos ( sin1 x ) = 1x 2
2x
31.e dy
+ 2 e2 x y=0
dy
dy
dx
+2 y=f ( x ) y ( 0 )=0 f ( x )= 1 , 0 x 3 +2 y=1
dx
0 , x>3 dx
dy e 2 x
=0
2 dx
dx
e
dy
e2 x
e
2x
dx e 2 x dx=0 dx
dy
2x
2x
+ 2 e y=e
dx
dy e 2 x 2 x
=e
dx
2x
1 dydxe
dx = e2 x dx
1 2x
2x
y e = e + c
2
1
y= ce2 x
2
1
0= ce2 (0 )
2
1
0= +c
2
c=
1
2
1 1 2 x
y= e
2 2
1 1 2 x
e
2
2
f ( x )=
1
1
( e 6 ) e2 x
2
2
y e2 x =c 1
y e2 x =c 1 e2 x
1 1 2 x
e
f ( x )= 2 2
c 1e2 x
1 1
c 1 e2(3)= e2(3)
2 2
1 1
c 1 e6= e6
2 2
1
1
c 1= e6
2
2
dy
32.- dx + y =f (x )
y ( 0 )=1 f ( x )= 1 ,0 x 1
1 , x> 1
dy
+ y =1
dx
dy e x
=e x
dx
dy e x
dx = e x
dx
dy e x
+ y e x =e x
dx
dy e x x
=e
dx
y e x =e x +c
x
y=1+ce
c=2.7182
dydxe = e x
y e x =e x +c
x
y=1+2.7182 e
x
f ( x )= 1+2.7182xe
1+ce
y=1+e c
1
1+c 1 e =1+2.7182e
y=1+e c
0=1+ c
c 1 e1=2+2.7182 e1
1=c
y=1ex
c 1=2 e +2.7182 e
dy
+ y =1
dx
x
dy e
+ y e x =e x
dx
1+2 . 7182 e
e
1
1+2 e + 2. 71(x)
f ( x )=
x , 0 x 1
0 , x >
33.-
dy
+2 xy=f ( x ) y ( 0 )=2 f ( x )=
dx
2 xdx
1 + 3 x
y=
e
2 2
ex 2
ex
ex
dy
+2 x e x y =x e x
dx
2
dy
=x e x
dx
dy
+2 xy=0
dx
e
x2
dy
=0
dx
2
dy
e x dx = x e x
dy
e x dx =0 dx
2
y e x =c 1
1 x
x
y e = e +c
2
2
1
y= +ex c
2
y=
c1
ex
2
1
2= +e(0) c
2
2
1
2= + c
2
y=c 1 ex
1 +3 x
f ( x )= 2 2 e
c 1 ex
c=
3
2
1 +3 1
e =c 1 e1
2 2
1
3
e+ =c 1
2
2
1 +3
e =c 1 e1
2 2
1 +3 x
e
f ( x )= 2 2
1
3
e+ (ex )
2
2
34.-
(1+ x )
dy
+2 xy=f ( x ) y ( 0 )=0 f ( x )= x , 0 x 1
dx
x , x> 1
1
dy
1+ x 2 +2 xy =x
2
dx
1+ x
dy 2 x
x
+
y=
2
2
dx 1+ x
1+ x
1+2 xx2 dx
e
e
du
u
y=
1 x
c
+
2 1+ x2 1+ x 2
x
2
2(1+ x )
( 1+ x 2 ) dy + 2 xy =x
dx
dy 2 x
x
+
y=
2
dx 1+ x
1+ x 2
( 1+ x 2 ) y =1 x 2 +c
2
x
2
2(1+ x )
f ( x )=
2
1 x
c
+
2
2 1+ x 1+ x 2
1 c 1
+ =
4 2 4
y=
c 1 1
= +
2 4 4
c=
4
4
c=1
x
2
2(1+ x )
f ( x )=
2
Tarea pgina 219
1 x
1
+
2 1+ x 2 1+ x 2
C1 0+C 2 x +C3 e x
C2 x+ C3 e x
C2 x+C3 e x =0
0 1 e1
0 1
e
0 2
e2
0 ( e 22 e ) + ( 0 ) +e1 ( 0 )=0
2
2
17. f 1 ( x )=5 , f 2 ( x )=cos x , f 3 ( x )=sen x
2
18. f 1 ( x )=cos 2 x , f 2 ( x )=1 , f 3 ( x )=cos x
2
2
21. f 1 ( x )=1+ x , f 2 ( x )=x , f 3 ( x )=x
C1 1+ x+C 2 x +C 3 x
C1 1+ x+C 2 x +C 3 x =0
0 1 3
1
0 4
3 4 0
0 ( 16 ) + ( 0+12 ) +3 (4 )=0
x
x
22. f 1 ( x )=e , f 2 ( x ) =e , f 3 ( x ) =sen h x
f 3 ( x )=sen h x+ f 1 ( x ) + f 2 ( x )
x
f 3 ( x )=sen h x+ f 1 ( x ) e +f 2 ( x ) e =0
y = e
2
2x
4x
ee 4 x dx
2x
y2 = e dx
2x
y2 = e X
P(x) = -4
y2 =
2x
4 dx
e
2
(e2 x )
dx
2.- y + 2y + y = 0;
2
y =
x e x
e
dx
x 2 e2 x
y =
x e x
dx
dx
2
x
y2 =
x e x ln |x 2|
P(x) = 2
y2 =
x e x
2 dx
e
2
( x ex )
dx
dx
e
sin 3 x
dx
( sin3 x )2
0 dx
4.- y + 9y = 0;
y1 =
y =
sin 3 x
ex
dx
sin 2 3 x
y2 =
sin 3 x
1
dx
sin 2 3 x
y2 =
sin 3 x csc 3 x dx
y2 =
sin 3 xcot 3 x
y2 =
sin 3 x
y2 =
cos 3 x
sin 3 x
P(x) = 0
y2 =
cos 3 x
sin3 x
5.- y - y = 0;
y =
1
dx
2
cosh x
y2 =
cosh x
y2 =
cosh x sech x dx
cosh x
P(x) = 0
y =
cosh x
e
dx
( cosh x )2
0 dx
y2 =
cosh x sech x dx
y2 =
cosh xtanh x
y2 =
cosh x
y2 =
sin h x
sinh x
( cos
hx)
13.- x2 y xy + 2y = 0;
y1 =
x sin (ln x)
1 2 ''
[ x y x y' +2 y=0 ]
2
x
y''
P(x) =
1 ' 2
y + 2 y =0
x
x
1
x
y =
dx
e x
x sen(ln x )
dx
2
( xsin ( ln x ) )
dx
y2 =
e x
x sin ( ln x )
dx
2
( xsin ( ln x ) )
y =
x sin (ln x)
e ln x
dx
x 2 sin 2 ( ln x )
y2 =
x sin (ln x)
x
dx
2
x sin ( ln x )
y2 =
x sin ( ln x )
dx
dx
2
x sin ( ln x )
y2 =
x sin ( ln x ) x csc 2 ( ln x ) dx
y2 =
x sin ( ln x )x cot ( ln x )
1
d= dx
x
d
sen 2
x sin ( ln x )
y2 =
x cos ( ln x )
x sin (ln x)
y2 = x cos ( ln x )
m=
1 1
8
m 1=
1+1
=0
8
m 2=
1+1 2 1
= =
8
8
4
Y 1=e 0 x Y 2=e
Y =C 1+ C2 e
2.-
1
4
1
x
4
m e 36 e
mx
e mx ( m236 )=0
m 36=0
m=
0 04 (1)(36)
2(1)
m=
0 144
2
m 1=
0+12
=6
2
m 2=
012
=6
2
Y 1=e 6 x Y 2=e6 x
Y =C 1 e6 x +C 2 e6 x
''
'
4.- y 3 y +2 y=0
m2 e mx 2 me mx +2 emx =0
e mx ( m23 m+2 )=0
m23 m+ 2=0
m=(3 ) 324 ( 1 )( 2 )
m=
3 98
2
m 1=
3+ 1
=2
2
m 2=
31
=1
2
Y 1=e 2 x Y 2=e x
Y =C 1 e2 x +C 2 e x
''
5.- y +8 y +16=0
m2 e mx + 8 me mx + 16 emx =0
e mx ( m2 +8 m+ 16 )=0
m2+ 8 m+16=0
( m+ 4 )( m+ 4 )=0
m1=4 m2=4
Y 1=e4 x Y 2=x e4 x
Y =C 1 e4 x + C2 xe4 x
''
''
6.- y 10 y + 25 y=0
m2 e mx 10 m emx +25 e mx =0
e mx ( m210 m+25 ) =0
m210 m+ 25=0
( m5 ) ( m5 ) =0
m1=5 m2=5
5x
5x
Y 1=e Y 2=x e
Y =C 1 e5 x +C 1 x e5 x
Y 4 Y 5 Y =0
m3 e mx 4 m25 me mx =0
e mx ( m34 m25 m )=0
m34 m25 m=0 ( m+1 ) ( m25 m )=0
( m1 )=0 m=1
m25 m=0 m2=0
m ( m5 )=0 m35=0 m3=5
La solucin general
Y =C 1 ex +C 2+C 3 e5 x
29)
m2+ m+16=0
b24 ac =0 o 24 ( 1 )( 16 ) =64<0
b24 ac <0
Como
Z =a+bi
m=
x=
0
0 64 i
8
8
+ ( 1 )4 ( 1 ) (16 )=
+
m1=0+ =4 m 2=0 =4
2
2
2
2
2
0 x
Y 1=e
0x
La solucin general
Y ( x ) =C 1 cos 4 x +C 2 sin 4 x
Para encontrar C1 y C2
y ( o )=C 1cos 4 (0)+ sin 4 (0)
2=C 1 cos 0+ C 2 sin 0
2=C 1 ( 1 ) +C 2(0)
2=C 1
C 1=2
b b24 ac
2a
d2 y
dy
4 5 y =0, y ( 1 )=0, y ( 1 )=2
2
dt
dt
31)
2
m 4 m5=0
a=1b=4 c=5
b 4 a> 0
Como
x=
4 (4 ) 4 ( 1 ) (5 )
b b24 ac
4+ 36 4 +6
m1=4=
=4+ =
=5
2a
2
2
2 (1 )
x=
4 (4 ) 4 ( 1 ) (5 )
b b24 ac
4+ 36 46 2
m2=4=
=4+ =
= =1
2a
2
2
2
2 (1)
Y la solucin es
Y 1=e 5 x Y 2=e1 x
Solucin general
Y ( x ) =C 1 e5 x +C 2e1 x
Para encontrar C1, C2
Y (1)= 0
y (1 ) =C 1 e5 (1 )+ C 2 e1 (1)
5
0=C 1 e +C 2 e
5
C 1 e =C 2 e
Y (1)=2
y ( 1 ) =5C 1e
5 (1)
1 (1 )
C 2 e
2=5 C 1 e C 2 e
C 1+ C 2 =2
5 C 1+ 1C 2
1 1 =16=6
5 1
1 0
1 2 2 1
C 1=
=
=
6
6 5
1 0
5 2 2
1
C 2=
=
=
6 6 3
Entonces la solucin es
y ( x )=
33)
5 5 x 1 1 x
e e
3
3
y y +2 y=0 ; y ( o ) = y ( 0 )=0
m2m+2=0
A=1, B=-1, C=2
b24 ac =0 14 ( 1 ) ( 2 )=7 7<0
Entonces hay dos soluciones complejas y conjugadas
n=
b b 24 ac
1 7
m1=
+
2a
2 2i
b b 24 ac
1
7
n=
m2=
2a
2
2i
Entonces la solucin general es:
y ( x )=e
1
x
2
(C 1cos 27 x +C 2 sin 27 x)
Para encontrar a c1 y c2
1
y ( 0 )=e 2
(o )
x 7
1 x
7
7
7
7
7
y ( x )= e 2 C 1 cos x +C 2 sin x +e 2 ( C 1 sin x+ C 2cos x )
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
y ( x )=
1
e
2
1
( 0)
2
7
7
C 1 cos ( 0 ) +C 2sin ( 0 ) +e
2
2
1
( 0)
2
( 27 C 1 sen ( 0) 27 +C 2 cos 27 ( 0 ))
7 C 2 cos 0=0
2
0
7 C 2=0 C 2= 7 C 2=0
2
2
35)
Si m+6 ->m3=-6
Entonces la solucin general es
0x
6 x
y=C 1 e +C 2 e
6 x
+C 3 x e
y ( 0 )=36 C 2 e
6 x
+C 3[6 e
6 x
6 {e
6 x
6 x e
C1
C2
C3
0C1 6C2
C3
0 C 1 36 C 2 12 C 3
1 1
0
=0 6
1
0 36 12
0
1
0
C 1= 1 6
1
7 36 12
1 0 0
C 2= 0 1 1
0 7 12
C3=
1 1
0
0 6 1
0 36 7
0
1
7
1 1
0 6 =7236=36
0 36
0
1 712 19
=
1
6=
36
36
7 36
1 0 12+7 19
=
0 1=
36
36
0 7
1 1 4236 6
=
0 6 =
36
36
0 36
}]
x=
19 x 19 6 x 6
e + e + X e6 x
36
36
36
Ecuaciones Homogneas
Terea pg. 129
En los problemas 15 a 22 determine si el conjunto de funciones es linealmente
independiente.
16.-
f 3 ( X ) =e x
f 1 ( X ) =0 , f 2 ( X )= X ,
Constantes C1 , C2 y C 3 .
C1 0
x
+ C2 x+ C3 e
C2 x+C3 e x =0
x
- C2 x+ C3 e
C2 x+ C3 e x
2C 2 x +C 3 e x
=0
el determinante
0 1 e1
1
0 1
e
2
0 2
e
=0
=0
1
1
1
2
2
1
= 0 (1) ( e ) + 0 (2) ( e ) + 0 (-1) ( e 0 ( 1 ) ( e ) 0 ( 2 e ) +0 ( e ) =0
0=0
Las funciones son linealmente independientes.
17.-
f 1 ( X ) =5 , f 2 ( X )=cos x ,
Factorizando:
5 ( cos2 x+ Sen2 x )
f 3 ( X ) =Sen x
5 (1) = 5
18.f1(X)
f 1 ( X ) =cos 2 x , f 2 ( X ) =1,
/ 2 f3(X)
f 3 ( X ) =cos x
2
- f 2 ( X ) = 2 cos x1=cos 2 x
19.-
f 1 ( X ) =x , f 2 ( X ) =x1,
C1 f 1 ( 2 ) +C2 f 2 ( X ) +C 3
C1 x
f 3 ( X ) =x+ 3
f 3 ( X ) =0
x
x
+ C2 -1) + C3 +3)
x+ ( x 1 )+ ( x +3 )
-1 -2 +2 = 0
0 -1 +3 = 0
1+0 +4 = 0
1 2 2
0 1 3
1
0 4
4 + 0 6 (-2)
4 6 (-2)
=0
Son linealmente dependientes.
21.-
f 1 ( X ) =1+ x , f 2 ( X ) =x ,
C1 f 1 ( x )+ C2 f 2 ( x )+C 3 f 3 ( x )=0
f 3 ( X ) =x 2
x
x2
C1 (1+ x ) +
C2 ) + C 3 )
1+ x+ x + x 2 = 0
1+0+0=0
2+1+1=0
3+2+4=0
1 0 0
2 1 1
3 2 4
= 4+0+0020
22.-
f 1 ( X ) =e x , f 2 ( X )=ex ,
f 3 ( X ) =sen h x
f 3 ( X ) =sen hx f 1 ( x ) +f 2 ( x )
x
f 3 ( X ) =sen hx e +e
f 3 ( X ) =sen hx
y 1 , y 2 .. y n
y 1 , y 2 .. y n
y 1=e , y 2=e
4x
Soluciones de
y y 12 y=0
Solucin:
e3 x
e4 x
3 x
4x
3 e
4e
7 ex
C1 e3 x + C2 e 4 x
w ( y 1, y 2)
cos lnx
1
sen lnx
x
sen lnx
1
cos lnx
x
2
1
1
cos (lnx )+ sen(lnx)
x
x
=
1
= x
Solucin:
Reduccin de orden
a2 ( x ) y +a1 ( x ) y +a 0 ( x ) y=0 ( 1 )
Suponga que
y2
w ( y 1, y 2)
x2
x 2 lnx
2 x 2 x lnx+ x
2 x 3 lnx+ x 32 x3 lnx=x 3
tal que
y1
se
y1 y y2
Formula:
y 2= y 1
P ( x ) dx
e
( y 1)2
Ejemplo:
2
x y 3 xy +4 y=0 y 1=x
y
3x
4
y + 2 y=0
2
x
x
3
4
y + 2 y=0
x
x
P ( x )=
3
x
Sustitucin:
y 2=x
x 2
3
dx
x
2 2
(x )
dx ; x
x3
dx
dx ; x 2 ; x 2 lnx
4
x
x
y 2=x 2 lnx
Ejemplo:
y +16 y=0 y 1=cos 4 x
P ( x )=0
3x
x
x4
dx
y 2=cos 4 x
e
1
dx ; cos 4 x
dx
2
(cos 4 x )
cos 2 4 x
0 dx
4x
; y =sen 4 x
( sen
cos 4 x )
2
w ( y 1, y 2)
cos 4 x
sen 4 x
4 sen 4 x 4 cos 4 x
y1 ( x )
es una solucin de la
1.-
y 4 y +4 y =0 ; y 1=e 2 x
P ( x )=4
y 2= y 1
P ( x ) dx
e ( y )2
1
dx
e2 x
e
dx
(e2 x )2
4
dx
4x
e
dx
e4 x
e2 x
2x
dx
e2 x x
y 2=xe 2 x
y +2 y + y =0 ; y 1=xex
2.P ( x )=2
e
y 2=xe
dx
(x ex )2
2 dx
xe
dx
x 2 dx
e2 x
xe 2 2 x dx
x e
x
;
x
x e lnx
y 2=x ex ln x 2
4.-
y +9 y=0 ; y 1=sen 3 x
P ( x )=0
y 2=sen 3 x
e
dx
(sen 3 x )2
0 dx
2
= sen 3 x csc 3 x dx
;
;
y 2=cos 3 x
5.P ( x )=0
y y=0 ; y 1=cosh x
sen 3 x
sen 3 x ctg3 x
1
dx
sen2 3 x
cos 3 x
= sen 3 x Sen 3 x
cos 3 x
y 2=cosh x
e
dx
(cosh x)2
0 dx
cosh x
1
dx
cosh 2 3 x
2
= cosh x sech x dx = cosh x tanh x
senh x
= cosh x cosh x
senh x
y 2=Senh x
13.-
Forma estndar:
y
x
y +2 y=0
x2
P ( x )=
1
x
x sen (lnx)
dxx
x sen(lnx)
x
dx
2
x sen lnx
2
1
y + 2 y =0
x
x sen (lnx)
lnx
e
x sen(lnx)
x sen(lnx)
dx
2
x sen lnx
x sen(lnx)
csc (ln x )
dx
x
1
x
2
x sen lnxctglnx
cos lnx
= x sen lnx sen lnx = x cos lnx
y 2=x cos lnx
mx
mx
2 mx
1.- 4 y + y =0 ; y=e ; y =me ; y =m e
4 m2 e mx +me mx +0 e mx =0
e mx ( 4 m2+ m+0 )=0
Ecuacion caracteristica:
4 m +m+0
Discriminante:
b24 ac =124 ( 4 )( 0 )
1
m 1=
1+ 1
1 1 2 1
=0 m 2=
= =
2(4 )
2( 4)
8
4
Solucion general:
2.-
y=C 1+ C2 e
x
4
m2 e mx + 0 me mx 36 e mx =0
e mx ( m 2 +036 )=0
Ecuacion caracteristica:
m2+036
a=1b=0 c=36
Discriminante:
b24 ac =024 ( 1 )(36 )
144
m 1=
0+ 144 12
0 144 12
= =6 m 2=
=
=6
2(1)
2
2(1)
2
Solucion general:
y=C 1 e6 x +C 2 e6 x
4.-
m2 e mx 3 me mx +2 emx =0
e mx ( m23 m+2 )=0
Ecuacion caracteristica:
m23 m+ 2
a=1b=3 c=2
Discriminante:
b24 ac =(3)24 (1 ) ( 2 )
1
m 1=
3+ 1 4
3 1 2
= =2 m 2= = =1
2(1) 2
2(1) 2
Solucion general:
y=C 1 e2 x +C 2 e x
5.-
mx
mx
2 mx
2 mx
mx
mx
m e + 8 me + 16 e =0
e mx ( m2 +8 m+ 16 )=0
Ecuacion caracteristica:
Factoriando:
m2+8 m+16
(m+4)( m+ 4)
Si
( m+ 4 )=0 m1 =4
Si
( m+ 4 )=0 m2 =4
Solucion general:
4 x
y=C 1 e
6.-
4 x
+ C2 x e
m2 e mx 10 me mx +25 e mx=0
e mx ( m210 m+25 ) =0
Ecuacion caracteristica:
Factoriando:
m210 m+ 25
(m5)(m5)
Si
( m5 ) =0 m1=5
Si
( m5 ) =0 m2=5
Solucion general:
y=C 1 e5 x +C 2 x e5 x
(1)..
2
(2).. 4 m 4 m3=0
2
b 4 ac =64>0
m=
4 64
8
Por lo tanto:
m 1=
4+ 8 12 3
= =
8
8 2
m 2=
48 4 1
=
=
8
8
2
Solucin:
3
y 1=e 2 , y 2 =e
1
x
2
Solucin General:
3
y=C 1 e 2 +C 2 e
1
x
2
y(0) =1
3
x
2
y(0) =C1 e + C2 e
1
x
2
=1
x
3
1
y'= C 1 e 2 C 2 e
2
2
1
x
2
3
1
( 0 )= C 1 (1 ) C2 (1 )=5
2
2
y
y ( 0 )=1, y ' ( 0 ) =5
3
1
( 0 )= C 1 C 2=5
2
2
.. (4)
y
3 y 4 se resuelven por Cramer Sistema de ecuaciones.
C1 =
11
4
C2 =
7
4
Tarea
29
} +16y=0
;
y
2 mx
mx
mx
m e + 0 me + 16 me =0
A=1 B=0 C=16
e mx ( m2 +0 m+ 16 )=0
b24 ac =04 ( 1 ) (16 )=64< 0
m 1=
0+ 64 i
=0+4 i
2
m 2=
0 64 i
=04 i
2
Solucin:
y 1=e 0 x cos 4 x ; y 2=e0 x sen 4 x
Solucin General:
y( x)=C 1 cos 4 x +C2 sin 4 x
y(0) =C1 cos 4(0)+C 2 sin 4 ( 0 )=2
C2 =2
y ' =C 1Sen 4 x +C2 4 cos 4 x
E.C
m + 0 m+16 m=0
2 1
=
4
2
1
y=2 cos 4 x sin 4 x
2
31
d2 y
dy
4 5 y =0
2
dt
dt
E.C.
; y (1)= 0,
a=1b=4 c=5
m24 m5=0
b24 ac =(4 )24 ( 1 ) (5 )=36
m 1=
4+ 36
=5
2
m 2=
4 36
=1
2
Solucin:
y 1=e 5 t ; y 2=et
Solucin General:
y( x)=C 1 e 5 t +C 2 et
y ( x)=5 C1 e 5 t +C2 et
y(1) =C1 e5 (1)+ C2 e(1)=0
C1 e 5+ C2 e1=0 . (1)
5 (1)
y (1)=5C 1 e
(1 )
+C 2e
=2
y ( 1 )=2
5 C1 e +C 2e =2 (2)
Sistema de Ecuaciones:
e5
e1
4
4
4
5
1 =e 5 e =6 e
5 e e
1
0 e
2 e
1 5
C1 =
= e
1 =
4
3
2 e
6 e
C2 =
e5 0 2 e 5 1 1
=
=
e
5
5 e 2 6 e 4 3
Solucin:
1
1
y= e5 e5 t e 1 et
3
3
1
1
y= e5 (t 1) e(t 1)
3
3
} + {y} ^ {'} +2y=0
y
33.
E.C.
m2+ m+2=0
a=1b=1 c=2
1+ 7 i 1 7
=
+ i
2
2
2
m 2=
1 7 i 1 7
= i
2
2
2
Solucin:
y 1=e
1
x
2
x
7
7
cos x ; y 2=e 2 sen x
Solucin general:
1
x
2
y( x)=C 1 e
cos
7 x +C e
1
1
x
2
sen
7 x
2
1 1 x 7
7 x +C 1 e 12 x 7 cos 7 x
y ' (x)=C 1 e 2 sen
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
x
2
y( x)=C 1 e
7
cos (0)+C 1 e
2
1
x
2
7
sen ( 0 )=0
2
C1 =0
7 ( 0 )
2
y ' (0) =
1
(0)
2
1
e
2
(C 1 cos
7 (0)+C sen +e
2
2
1
(0)
2
7 C cos 7 ( 0 )=0
2
7 C =0
2
C2 =0
Solucin General:
y=0
'' '
''
'
y +12 y + 16 y =0
m3+ 12m2 +36 m=0
m ( m2 +12 m+ 36 )=0
m ( m+6 )( m +6 ) =0
Si m= 0
Si m+6=0
m1=0
m2=6
Si m+6=0
m3=6
Solucin General:
y=C 1+ C2 e6 x + C3 x e6 x
y(0) =C1 +C 2 e6 (0 )+C 3 x e6(0) =0
C1 +C 2+ C3=0 (1)
e6 x 6 x e6 x =0
6 x
y ' (x)=6 C2 e C 3
y ' (0) =0 C1 6 C2 +C 3=1 (2)
y ' ' (0 )=0 C1 +36 C 212 C3=7 (3)
1 1
0 1 1
0 6
1 0 6=7236=36
0 36 12 0 36
0
1
0 0 1
1 6
1 1 6 =7+12=5
7 36 12 7 36
1 0
0 1 0
0 1
1 0 1 =12+7=5
0 7 12 0 1
1 1
0 1 1
0 6 1 0 6 =4236=6
0 36 7 0 36
C1 =
5
5
6 1
C 2=
C 3= =
36
36
36 6
Tarea
''
(4 )
y 2 y + y =0
24.
4
m 2m +1=0
( m21 ) ( m21 ) =0
( m1 ) ( m+1 ) ( m1 ) ( m+ 1 )=0
Si
m1=0 m1=1
Si
m+ 1=0 m2 =1
Si
m1=0 m1=1
Si
m+ 1=0 m2 =1
Solucin:
Solucin General:
x
y=C 1 e +C 2 e +C 3 xe +C 4 xe
d4 x
d2 x
16
+24
+ 9 y=0
25.
d x4
d x2
16 m4 +24 m2 +9 y=0
a=4 b=0 c =3
( 4 m2+3 )( 4 m2 +3 ) =0
( 4 m2+0 m+3 ) ( 4 m2 +0 m+ 3 )=0
m 1=
0+ 48 i
4 3
3
=0+ i=0+ i
8
8
2
m 2=
0 48i
4 3
3
=0 i=0 i
8
8
2
m 3=
0+ 48 i
4 3
3
=0+ i=0+ i
8
8
2
m 4=
0 48 i
4 3
3
=0 i=0 i
8
8
2
Solucin:
3
3
3
3
y 1=e 0 x cos x y 2=e0 x sen x y 3=xe 0 x cos x y 4 =x e 0 x sen x
2
2
2
2
Solucin General:
3
3
3
3
y=C 1 cos x +C 2 sen x +C 3 xcos x +C 4 xsen x
2
2
2
2
27.
d5u d 4u
d3u
d 2 u du
+5
2
10
+ +5 u=0
5
4
3
2
dr
dr
dr
dr dr
m+ 5=0 m1 =5
Si m1=0 m2=1
Si
m+ 1=0 m3=1
Si m1=0 m4=1
Si
m+ 1=0 m5=1
Solucin:
5 r
y 1=e
Solucin General:
5 r
y=C 1 e
+C 2 e +C 3 e +C 4 r e +C 5
d5 x
d4 x
d3 x
d2 x
2
7
+12
+
8
=0
28.
ds5
ds4
ds 3
ds2
2 m5 7 m4 +12 m3 +8 m2=0
x 2 ( 2 m37 m2+ 12m+8 ) =0
x 2 ( 2 m+1 ) ( m24 m+8 ) =0
x ( 2 m2+ m )( m2 4 m+8 )=0
Si
x=0 m1=0
2 x 2 + x +0 ; a=2b=1 c=0
m 2=
1+ 1 0
= =0
2(2)
4
m 3=
11 2 1
=
=
2(2)
4
2
2
m 4=
4+ 16 i 4 4
= + i=2+2i
2
2 2
m 5=
4 16 i 4 4
= i=22i
2
2 2
Solucin:
y 1=e 0 s y 2=s e 0 s y 3 =e
1
s
2
Solucin General:
y=c1 +c 2 S+ c 3 e
36.
'' '
1
s
2
''
'
y +2 y 5 y 6 y=0
( m+ 1 ) ( m2 +m6 )=0
( m+ 1 )( m2 )( m+3 )=0
Si
( m+ 1 )=0 m1=1
Si
( m2 )=0 m2=2
Si
( m+ 3 )=0 m3=3
Solucin:
y 1=ex y 2=e 2 x y3 =e3 x
Solucin General:
x
2x
3 x
y=C 1 e +C 2 e +C 3 e
(0)
y(0) =C1 e
+C 2 e
2(0)
3 (0 )
+C 3 e
=0
2 ( 0)
3 ( 0 )
+2 C2 e 3 C 3 e
=0
1 0 1 1 0
1 0 3 1 0 =1+3=2
1 1 9 1 1
1 1 0 1 1
1 2 0 1 2 =2+ 1=3
1 4 1 1 4
Solucin General:
y=
1 x 1 2 x 1 3 x
e + e + e
6
15
10
y - y' + y = 2 Sen3x
6 1 2 1 3
1
=
=
=
30
6 30 15 30 10
a=1b=1 c=1
1+ 3 i 1 3 i
= +
2
2 2
m 2=
1 3i 1 3 i
=
2
2
2
Solucin:
1
x
3
y 1=e 2 cos x
2
1
x
3
y 2=e 2 sen x
2
Solucin
yc
3 x
2
3 x +c sin
c 1 cos
2
2
1
x
2
y c =e
Si
g ( x ) =2sin x
Sustituir
} , {y} ^ {'} Y y
A cos 3 x+ B sin 3 x
Sistema de ecuaciones:
3 A8 B=2
y p=
A=
6
72
B=
6
16
cos 3 x sin3 x
73
73
3 x
2
3 x +c sin
c 1 cos
2
2
1
x
2
y x =e
2.
Para
yc
y + 4y' -2y = 0
m2+ 4 m2=0
A=1
2
2
b 4 ac =1 4 (1 ) (2 )=24> 0
m 1=
4+ 24
=2+ 6
2
m 2=
4 24
=2 6
2
Solucin:
y 1=c 1 e(2+ 6) x + c2 e (2 6) x
Para
yp
B=4
C=2
16
73
g ( x ) =2 x 23 x +6
S
'
y p=2 Ax+ B
y p= A x + Bx +C
'
y p=2 A
Sustituyendo:
2 A+ 8 Ax +4 B2 A x 22 Bx2 C=2 x2 3 x +6
2
2 A x + ( 8 A2 B ) x +(2 A+ 4 B2 C)=2 x 3 x+ 6
2 A=2
Entonces
8 A2 B=3
A=1
Entonces
2 A+ 4 B2C=6
Entonces
B=
5
2
C=9
y x= y c+ y p
5
y p=x 2 x9
2
Solucin General:
5
y x =C 1 e(2+ 6) x +C 2 e(26 )x x 2 + x+ 9
2
Ejercicio 1:
y '' +3 y ' + 2 y =6
Para yc:
y ( x)= y c + y p
Solucin:
3+ 324 (1)(2) 2
3 32 4 (1)(2) 4
m 1=
= =1 ; m2 =
=
=2
2
2
2(1)
2(1)
Soluciones para yc:
y 1=ex ; y 2=e2 x
y c =c 1 e + c 2 e
2 x
y p= A
y p= A ; y 'p=0 ; y 'p' =0
Entonces:
Ejercicio 3:
y ' ' 10 y ' +25 y=30 x +3
Para yc:
y ( x)= y c + y p
Solucin factorizando:
m210 m+25 ( m5 ) ( m5 ) m 1=5 ; m2=5
5x
5x
y 1=e ; y 2=xe
y c =c 1 e5 x + c2 xe5 x
''
y p= Ax+ B ; y p= A ; y p =0
30
6
6
15
3
A= ;10 A +25 B=3 10 +25 B=3 25 B=3+12 B= B=
25
5
5
25
5
()
Ejercicio 5:
1 '' '
y + y + y=x 22 x
4
Para yc:
y (x)= y c + y p
1 '' '
1 2
y + y + y=0 m +m+ 1=0
4
4
Solucin:
m 1=
1+ 124(1/ 4)(1) 1
1+ 124(1/ 4)(1) 1
= =2 ; m1=
=
=2
2
2/4
2(1/4)
2(1/4)
4
2 x
y 1=e
y c =c 1 e
2 x
; y 2=xe
2 x
2 x
+ c2 xe
g ( x ) =x2 2 x
2
y p= A x + Bx +c
y p= A x 2+ Bx +c ; y'p=2 Ax +B ; y 'p' =2 A
2
A+ B+C=x 22 x
4
y ( x )=c 1 e
2 x
+c 2 xe
+ x 4 x +
7
2
Ejercicio 8:
''
'
4 y 4 y 3 y=cos 2 x
Para yc:
y (x)= y c + y p
Solucin:
4+ (4)24( 4)(3) 12 3
m 1=
= =
8 2
2( 4)
m 2=
4 (4 )24 (4 )(3) 4 1
=
=
8
2 Soluciones
2(4)
para
yc:
y 1=e 3 x /2 ; y 2=e1 x/ 2
y c =c 1 e3 x/ 2+ c2 e1 x/ 2
g ( x ) =cos 2 x
y p= A cos 2 x +B sen 2 x
Entonces:
y p= A cos 2 x +B sen 2 x ; y 'p=2 A sen 2 x+ 2 B cos 2 x ; y 'p' =4 A cos 2 x4 B sen 2 x
Sustitucin en la ecuacin inicial:
16 A cos 2 x16 B sen 2 x+ 8 A sen 2 x8 B cos 2 x3 A cos 2 x3 B sen 2 x=cos 2 x (19 A8 B ) cos 2
Ahora se compara coeficientes del polinomio para hallar A y B:
19 A8 B=1 ; 8 A19 B=0
Ahora nos qued un sistema de ecuaciones y se resuelve por matrices:
19 8 =361+64 =425
8
19
1 1 8 =19 ; 2 19 1 =8
0 19
8
0
A=
19
8
A=
; B= 2 B=
425
425
19
8
cos 2 x
sen 2 x
425
425
Ejercicio 15:
''
y + y=2 x senx
Para yc:
y (x)= y c + y p
Solucin:
m 1=
0+ 024 ( 1 )( 1 )
2
=0+ i=0+i
2
2(1)
0 02 4 ( 1 ) ( 1 )
2
m 2=
=0 i=0i
2
2 (1 )
Soluciones para yc:
y c =c 1 cosx+c 2 senx
g ( x ) =2 x senx
y p=( A x 2 +Bx ) cosx+ ( C x 2 + Ex ) senx
Entonces:
y p=( A x 2 +Bx ) cosx + ( C x 2 + Ex ) senx
y 'p=[(2 Ax +B)cosx( A x 2 + B ) senx]+ [(2 Cx+ E)senx+ ( C x2 + Ex ) cosx ]
y ''p=A x 2 cosx+ (B+ 4 C ) xcosx+ ( 2 A +2 E ) cosxC x 2 senx+ (4 A+ E ) xsenx+ (2 B+ 2C ) senx
1
1
; B=0 ; C=0 ; 2 A+ 2 E=0 A=E E=
2
2
Ejercicio 27:
y '' + 4 y=2
''
y (x)= y c + y p
y despus
( 8 )= 12 ; y ( 8 )=2
'
y + 4 y=0 m + 4=0
Solucin:
0+ 024(1)(4 )
4
m 1=
=0+ i=0+2 i
2
2(1)
m 2=
0 02 4 (1)(4)
4
=0 i=02i Soluciones
2
2(1)
0x
para
yc:
0x
g ( x ) =2
y p= A ; y 'p=0 ; y 'p' =0
2
1
A=
4
2
y p= A
1
2
y
( 8 )= 12 ; y ( 8 )=2
'
y'
| |( )
2
2
2
2 = 2 ( 2 ) + ( 2 ) 2 =2
2
2
2
2
2
| |
| |
2
=
=0
;
2
1
2 2
2
2
2
1
2
c 1=
( )
= 2+ 2 2=2 2
0
2 2
c 1= c 1=0 ; c2= 2 c 2= c 2= 2
1
2
VARIACIN DE PARMETROS
Ejercicio 1:
y '' + y=secx
''
y ( x)= y c + y p
y + y=0 m +1=0
Para yc:
Solucin:
0+ 024 ( 1 )( 1 )
2
m 1=
=0+ i=0+i
2
2(1)
m 2=
0 02 4 ( 1 ) ( 1 )
2
=0 i=0i
2
2 (1 )
y c =c 1 cosx+c 2 senx
'
'
'
0 =( cosx ) ( secx ) W =1
W 2 cosx
2
senx secx
f ( x )=secx
u'1=
W1
W
tanx
1
u '1=
u'1=tanx ;u '2= 2 u'2 = u '2=1
W
1
W
1
'
y (x)= y c + y p
Ejercicio 2:
''
y + y=tanx
Para yc:
y ( x)= y c + y p
Solucin:
0+ 024 ( 1 )( 1 )
2
m 1=
=0+ i=0+i
2
2(1)
m 2=
0 02 4 ( 1 ) ( 1 )
2
=0 i=0i
2
2 (1 )
y c =c 1 cosx+c 2 senx
f ( x )=tanx
W1
cosxsecx
u '1=
u'1 =cosxsecx
W
1
u'2=
W2
senx
u '2=
u '2=senx
W
1
Solucin para:
y (x)= y c + y p
Ejercicio 3:
y '' + y=senx
y (x)= y c + y p
Para yc:
Solucin:
m 1=
0+ 024 ( 1 )( 1 )
2
=0+ i=0+i
2
2(1)
0 02 4 ( 1 ) ( 1 )
2
m 2=
=0 i=0i
2
2 (1 )
Soluciones para yc:
y c =c 1 cosx+c 2 senx
'
u1 y1 +u2 y 2=0
u'1 y'1 +u'2 y '2=f (x)
Entonces se calcula el wronskiano de las soluciones de yc:
f ( x )=senx
0
senx =sen 2 x ;W cosx
0 =( cosx )( senx )
2
senx cosx
senx senx
u'1=
2
W1
sen x
u '1=
u'1=sen 2 x
W
1
u'2=
W2
( cosx )( senx )
u '2=
u'2 =( cosx ) ( senx )
W
1
Solucin para:
y p=
cos 2 x
2
1
x cosx
2
y (x)= y c + y p
1
y ( x )=c 1 cosx+ c2 senx x cosx
2
Ejercicio 4:
y '' + y=secx tanx
Para yc:
Solucin:
m 1=
0+ 024 ( 1 )( 1 )
2
=0+ i=0+i
2
2(1)
0 02 4 ( 1 ) ( 1 )
2
m 2=
=0 i=0i
2
2 (1 )
Soluciones para yc:
y c =c 1 cosx+c 2 senx
y (x)= y c + y p
f ( x )=secx tanx
0
senx =senx ( secx tanx ) W =tan 2 x
1
secx tanx cosx
0
W 2 cosx
=cosx ( secx tanx ) W 2=tanx
senx secx tanx
u'1=
2
W1
tan x
u '1=
u'1 =tan 2 x
W
1
u'2=
W2
tanx
u '2=
u'2=tanx
W
1
y (x)= y c + y p
Ejercicio 19:
4 y' ' y =x e x /2
y (x)= y c + y p
''
4 y y =0 4 m 1=0
Para yc:
Solucin:
m 1=
0+ 024 ( 4 ) (1 ) 4 1
= =
8 2
2 (4 )
0 02 4 ( 4 ) (1 ) 4 1
m 2=
= =
8 2
2( 4)
Soluciones para yc:
y 1=e x /2 ; y 2=ex /2
y c =c 1 e x/ 2+ c 2 ex /2
'
'
'
W ( e x /2 , ex/ 2)
e x /2
ex /2
1 0 1 0
e e W =1
x /2
x/ 2 =
2
2
1 /2 e
1/2 e
x
e x/2
W1 x e
4
x
2
| |
e x /2
1
= x ;W2
1/2 e x /2 4
1/2 e x /2
1
x
W1
4
1
'
'
u1=
u 1=
u '1=
x
W
1
4
1 x
xe
W2
4
1
'
'
u2 =
u 2=
u'2= x e x
W
1
4
x
1 x
x e2 = 4 x e
4
f ( x )=(x e 2 )/4
1
1 2
x dx u1=
x
4
8
1
xe x e x
x e x dx u2 =
4
4
4
x
Solucin para:
1 2 2 1 2 1 2
y p=
x e + xe e
8
4
4
x /2
+c 2 e
x/ 2
1 2
1
x e 2 + xe 2
8
4
y (x)= y c + y p
Transformada de la Laplace
Sea f una funcin definida para t0, entonces se dice que la integral
L { f (t ) }= est f ( t ) dt
0
L {1 } = est 1 dt
0
est dt
0
1 st
e
s
Evaluamos a t en 0 y en
1
1 s (0)
es ( )
e
s
s
1
1
es ( ) +
s
s
1 sb
e lim esb =0
b s
b
lim
1
eb
1
2
3
4
5
0.36
0.13
0.04
0.01
0.006
1
s
Ejercicio 1
L {t }= est t dt
0
du=dt
1 st
v s e
st
dv e dt
Evaluamos a t en 0 y en
t
1
est + est dt
s
s 0
1
est dt
s 0
( 1s ) {1}
1
s2
Ejercicio 2
L { t 2 } = est t 2 dt
0
du= 2t dt
st
dv e dt
1 st
v s e
Evaluamos a t en 0 y en
t 2 st 2
e + est t dt
s
s 0
t st 2 { }
e + Lt
s
s
( 2s )( s1 )
2
s3
Tarea
m
2
1.- x y ' '2 y =0
'
y=x ; y =m x
m1
''
; y =m ( m1 ) x
m2
x 2 ( m ( m1 ) x m 2 ) 2 xm =0
m ( m1 )2 x m =0
xm
x m ( m2 m2 )=0
( m+ 1 )( m2 )=0
si m+1=0 m1=1
si m2=0 m 2=2
La solucin general es
1
y=c 1 x +c 2 x
2.-
''
'
x y + y =0
x (m ( m1 ) x
m2
)+mx
m1
m ( m1 )+ mx =0
x m1
x m1 ( m 2m+m ) =0
m 2=0
m1=0
m2=0
La solucin general es
y=c 1+c 2 lnx
3 ' ''
3.- x y 6 y=0
=0
'
y=x ; y =m x
m1
''
; y =m ( m1 ) x
m2
' ''
; y =m(m2)(m1) x
x 3 ( m ( m2 ) ( m1 ) ) x m 3 6 x m=0
m ( m2 )( m1 ) 6 x m=0
xm
3
m 3 m + 2m6=0
( m3 ) ( m2 +2 )=0
si m3=0 m1=3
2 ''
'
4.- x y +3 x y =0
m2
+3 x ( m xm 1) =0
2
x
x ( m ( m1 ) ) +3 m x =0
x m ( m2 m+3 m ) =0
m2+ 2m=0
m ( m+2 )=0
si m=0 m1=0
si m+2=0 m2=2
m3
La solucin general es
2
y=c 1+c 2 x
y ( x )=c 1+c 2 x
y ' ( x )=2 c 2 x3
2
y (1 ) =c 1+ c 2 ( 1 ) =0
y (1 ) =c 1+ c 2=0
'
y ( 1 )=2 c 2 ( 1 ) =4
y ' ( 1 )=2 c 2=4
c 2=2
c 1+ c 2=0 c 12=0 c 1=2
c 1=2
Sustituyendo en c1 y c2
y ( x )=22 x2
y (1 ) =1; y ' ( 1 )=2
2 ''
'
5.- x y + x y + y =0
m
'
y=x ; y =m x
m1
''
; y =m ( m1 ) x
m2
m ( m1 ) x
m ( m1 )+ x m+ x =0
xm
m2m+ x m m+ x m=0
xm
x m ( m2 +1 ) =0
m2+1 m=i m=0 1
m2
+ x mx
x2
m1
+ x =0
y (1 ) =1
y (1 ) =c 1 cos ln ( 1)+ c 2 sin ln ( 1)
c 1=1
y ' (1 )=2
'
y=
1
1
c 1 cos lnx+ c 2 sin lnx
x
x
y (1 ) =
1
1
c 1 cos ln (1)+ c 2sin ln ( 1)
1
1
c 2=2
y=cos lnx + 2sin lnx
t +7
11.- f ( t )=e
L { f (t ) }= est f ( t ) dt
0
L {e
t +7
}= est et +7 dt
0
est et e7 dt
0
e 7 e (1s ) t dt
0
e 7 (1s )
e
1s
Evaluando a t en 0 y
es
e
e (1 s) 0
e
e (1s )
e
lim e (1s )b
1s
1s
1s b
e7
1s
e7
1s
2 t5
12.- f ( t )=e
L { e2 t 5 }= est e2t 5 dt
0
est e2 t e5 dt
0
e5 e(2+ s) t dt
0
e5
e( 2+s )
( 2+ s)
Evaluando a t en 0 y
e5 ( 2+s ) e5 ( 2+s ) 0
e5
e
+
e
lim e( 2+s ) b
2+ s
2+ s
2+ s b
0+
e5
2+ s
e
2+ s
4t
13.- f ( t )=t e
L { t e 4 t } = est t e 4 t dt
0
t e (4 s) t dt
0
du=dt
( 4 s) t
dt
dv e
1 (4 s )t
v 4s e
1
1
t e( 4s )t
e(4s )t dt
4s
4s 0
Evaluando a t en 0 y
tenemos
1
e(4 s)t
2
(4s)
1
1
e (4 s) +
e (4 s) 0
2
2
( 4s )
( 4s )
1
lim e( 4s ) b
2
( 4s ) b
0+
1
( 4s )2
1
( 4s )2
2 2 t
14.- f ( t )=t e
L { t 2 e2 t }= est t 2 e2 t dt
0
t 2 e(2+ s) t dt
0
du=2t dt
( 2+s ) t
dv e
1 ( 2+s )t
v 2+ s e
dt
t 2 ( 2+s ) t 2
e
+
t e(2+ s) t dt
2+ s
2+ s 0
Se vuelve a integrar
u=t
du=dt
( 2+s ) t
dv e
1 ( 2+s )t
v 2+ s e
dt
2
2
t e( 2+s ) t +
e( 2+s )t dt
3
2
( 2+ s )
(2+ s ) 0
Evaluando a t en 0 y
2
2
e(2 +s ) +
e(2 +s )0
3
3
( 2+ s )
( 2+ s )
2
lim e(2 +s )t
3
( 2+ s ) b
0+
2
( 2+ s )3
2
( 2+ s )3
t
15.- f ( t )=e sin t
e( s+ 1) t sin t dt
0
dt
u= sin t
du= cos t dt
( s +1) t
dt
dv= e
1 ( s+ 1) t
v= s+1 e
sin t (s +1) t 1
e
+
cos t e( s+1 )t dt
s+1
s +1 0
du= sint
( s +1) t
dt
dv= e
1 ( s+ 1) t
v= s+1 e
[
[
1 cos t ( s+1) t 1
e
+
e( s+1 )t sin t dt
s+1 s +1
s+1 0
1
1
1
e( s+1 )t sin t dt
s +1
s+1
s+1
1
e (s +1) t sin t dt=
s +1
s +1
1
1+
s +1
1
1+
( s+1) t
( s+1 ) +1
sin t dt =
2
2
( s+1 ) ( s+ 1 ) +1
1
(s +1)2 +1
Ejercicios
Evalu
f ( t )= 0 0 t <3
2t 3
L { f (t ) } donde
f(x)
2
t
3
2
2 est dt est
s
3
Evaluando a t en 3 y
queda
2
e3 s
s
Evalue
L { f (t ) } donde
1
f ( t )= 0 0 t <1
tt1
L { f (t ) }= e
st
0 dt+ est t dt
1
est t dt
1
u= t
st
dv= e dt
v=
1 st
e
s
t
1
est + est dt
s
s 1
t
1 1 st
est +
e
s
s s
Evaluando a t en 1 y
queda
t st 1 st
e 2 e
s
s
1 s es
e + 2
s
s
Tarea
( ) 1 0 t<1
1.- f t = 1 t 1
st
dt+ est dt
1
1
1
est est
s
s
Evaluando a t en 0 y 1, tambin en 0 y
1
1 1
es + es
s
s s
2
1
es
s
s
( ) 4 0 t< 2
2.- f t = 0 t 2
L { f (t ) }= e
st
4 dt+ est 0 dt
2
4
4 est dt est
s
0
Evaluando a t en 0 y 2 queda
4
4
es ( 0) + es ( 2 )
s
s
4
4
e2 s +
s
s
queda
( ) t 0 t<1
3.- f t = 1 t 1
t e
st
dt+ est dt
1
u= t
st
dv= e dt
v=
1
1 st
e
s
t
1
est + est dt + est dt
s
s 0
1
1
1
1
est 2 est est
s
s
s
Evaluando a t en 0 y 1 , as como tambin en 1 y
1 s 1 s 1 1 st
e 2 e + 2 + e
s
s
s s
1 s 1
e + 2
2
s
s
( ) 2t +1 0 t <1
4.- f t =
0 t 1
1
L { f (t ) }= e
st
2t +1 dt+ est 0 dt
2 t est +est dt
0
}
1
queda
u= t
st
dv= e dt
v=
1 st
e
s
( 1s e
t st 1
e + est dt + est dt
s
s 0
0
st
1 st 1 st
e e
s
s2
Evaluando a t en 0 y 1 queda
2 s 2 s 2 1 s 1
e 2 e + 2 e +
s
s
s
s s
2 s 2 3 s 1
e + 2 e +
s
s2
s s
( ) sin t 0 t<
5.- f t =
0t
du= cos t dt
st
dv= e dt
v=
1 st
e
s
sin t st 1 st
e + e cos t dt
s
s 0
Integrando por partes nuevamente
u= cos t
du= sint dt
st
dv= e
dt
1 st
e
s
v=
sin t st 1 cos t st 1
e +
e + est cos t dt
s
s
s
s 0
st
cos t
1
sin t dt= 2 est 2 est sin t dt
s
s 0
1
2
s
( ) e
1+
st
sin t dt=
1 s 1
e + 2
2
s
s
s
s
1
1
es + 2
2 es + 2
2
s +1
( s +1 )
( s +1 ) s +1
e +1
2
s +1
( ) 0 0 t< /2
6.- f t = cos t t /2
dv= e
du= sint dt
dt
Se evala en
v=
1 st
e
s
y
2
cos t st 1
e est sint dt
s
s /2
Integramos por partes nuevamente
u= sin t
du= cos t dt
st
dv= e
dt
1 st
e
s
v=
1 sin t st 1
e + est cost dt
s
s
s
y
2
Se evala en
( )
st
st
1
cos t = 2 e
s
s
cos t dt = 2
e
( s +1 ) s2
1 s / 2
e
s +1
2
s
2
s
2
1+
1 s +1
= 2
2
s
s
8.f(x
1
1
m=
y 2 y 1 20
=
=2
x 2x 1 21
y y 1=m ( xx 1 )
y0=2 ( x1 ) y=2 x2
f ( t )= 0 0 t<1
2t2 t 1
2 t e
st
dt2 est dt
1
u= t
st
dv= e dt
v=
1 st
e
s
t st 1
2 st
st
2
e + e dt + e
s
s 1
s
2 t st 2 st 2 st 2 s 2 s 2 s
e 2e + e e + 2e e
s
s
s
s
s
s
2 s
e
2
s
9.-
f(x)
1
m=
y 2 y 1 01
=
=1
x 2x 1 10
y y 1=m ( xx 1 )
y1=1 ( x0 ) y=x+1
f ( t )= 1t 0 t< 1
0t 1
L { f ( t ) }= e
st
st
1t dt + est 0 dt
dt t est dt
0
u= t
st
dv= e dt
v=
1 st
e
s
1
1
t st 1
est
e + est dt
s
s
s 0
1
1 t
1
es + + est + 2 est
s
s s
s
1 s 1 1 s 1 s 1
e + + e + 2 e 2
s
s s
s
s
1 s 1 1
e 2+
s2
s s
10.f(x)
C
{ }
0 0 t <a
f ( t )= c a t <b
0 t> b
1
c
c est dt est
s
0
c
c
esb + esa
s
s
c
(esa esb ) TRANSFORMADAS DE LAPLACE
s
L { f ( t ) }= estf ( t ) dt
0
integral converga.
Cuando la integral de la definicin converge el resultado es una funcin F(s).
L {1 } = e 1 dt = est dt=
st
L {e
3 t
1 st 1 s ( ) 1 0 1
e =
e
e =
s
0
s
s
s
3t
s+ 3
s +3
1 st
e
s
1
1
t st 1
0
s
1
st
0
s( )
L {t }= e + e dt=
e
e +
= 2
s
0 s 0
s
s
s
s
Transformadas de Laplace
L {f ( t ) }
L { af ( t ) }=a L { f ( t ) }
L { f ( t ) + g( t) }=L { f ( t ) } + L { g (t ) }
L {5 sen 4 t }=5 L { sen 4 t }
L { sen t+ cos t }=L { sen t }+ L {cos t }
( s +3 )
s +3
1)
1 t 11 0 t <1
f ( t ) =
1
{ f (t) }= e dt + est dt
st
1 s(1)
1 s(0) 1 s 1
e lim e = e
s
s
s
b 0 s
lim
b 1
1 s ( )
1 s ( 1) 1 s 1 1 s
e
lim
e = e + e
s
s
s s
b 1 s
1 s 1
e + lim
2
s b
es
( 1s + 1s ) 1s
s
{ f (t) } 2 e 1
s
s
2)
0t 2 4 0 t <2
f ( t ) =
2
lim
{ f (t) }=
b2
4 s (2 )
4
4 2 s 4
e
lim es ( 0)=
e +
s
s
s
s
b0
2 s
{ f (t) } 4 e + 4
s
1 t 1t 0 t <1
f (t )=
3)
u=t ; du=dt
dv=est ; dv =
1 st
e
s
t
1
est 10+ est dt
s
s
1 s(1)
0 s (0 ) 1 s
e lim
e =
e
s
b1 s
b 0 s
lim
1 s
1
e + est dt
s
s
1
1
es 2 est 10
s
s
1 s
1
1
1 s 1 s 1
e + lim 2 es( 1)lim 2 es ( 0)=
e 2e + 2
s
s
b1 s
b 0 s
s
s
1
1
1
es 2 es+ 2 + est dt
s
s
s 1
es
es
( 1s s1 )+ s1 1s e
st
( 1s s1 )+ s1 1s e
st
{ f (t) } 12 e + 12
s
1
1 s ( )
1 s (1 ) s 1 1 1 1 s
+ es + lim
e
lim
e =e
+ e
s
s
s s2 s2 s
b
b1 s
2 t +1 0 t <1
0t 1
f ( t )=
4)
{ f ( t ) }= est ( 2 t+1 ) dt
0
u=2 t + 1; du=2 dt
dv=est ; dv =
( 2t +1 )
1 st
e
s
( 1s e ) 1s e
st
st
2 dt
2 st 1 st 1 2
t e e 0 + est dt
s
s
s
2
1
2
1
1
1
( 1 ) es ( 1) es (1 ) lim
( 0 ) es (0 ) es (0) = es +
s
s
s
s
b1 s
b0 s
lim
s
{ f ( t ) }= e +1 + 2 est dt
s
s
s
{ f ( t ) }= e +1 + 2 est 10
s
s
{ f ( t ) }= e +1 + lim 22 es (1)lim 22 es ( 0)= e + 1 22 es + 22
b1
b 0
s
s
{ f (t) }= e +1 2 e 2+2
5)
0t sen(t)0 t<
f ( t )=
u=sen(t); du=cos ( t )
st
dv=e ; dv =
1 st
e
s
t
1 st
e cos ( )
s
1
sen ( t ) est 0
s
1
1
sen ( ) es ( )lim
sen ( 0 ) es ( 0)=0
b1 s
b 0 s
lim
{ f (t) }=
1 st
e cos ( t ) dt
s 0
u=cos ( t ) ; du=sen ( t)
dv=est ; dv =
1 st
e
s
( 1s ) 1s cos ( t ) e
st
{ f (t) }=lim
b 1
{ f (t) }=
1 1 st
s e (sen ( t ) )
s
1
1
1
1
cos ( ) es ( )lim
cos ( 0 ) es ( 0)= es +
s
s
s
b 0 s
( 1s ) 1s e
1 1
+ est ( sen ( t ) ) dt
s s
(1+
1
e +1
) est sen (t)dt=
2
2
s 0
s
est sen(t)dt=(
0
es + 1
1
)( 1+ 2 )
2
s
s
{ f (t) }= e 2 +1
s +1
cost t / 20 0 t < /2
6 f ( t )=
/2
/2
u=cos ( t ) ; du=sen ( t)
st
dv=e ; dv =
1 st
e
s
t
1 st
e sen ( )
s
1
cos ( t ) est 0
s
1
1
s ( )
cos ( ) e
lim
cos( ) e
2
b s
b/2 s
lim
1
{ f (t) }= est sen(t )t
s /2
u=sen ( t ) ; du=cos ( t )
dv=est ; dv =
1 st
e
s
s ( / 2)
=0
( 1s ) 1s sen ( t ) e
st
/ 2
1 1 st
s e ( cos (t ) )
s
1
1
1
1
cos ( ) es ( ) lim
cos ( /2 ) es ( /2)= es +
s
s
b s
b/2 s
{ f (t) }= lim
{ f (t) }=
( 1s ) 1s e
s /2
1 1
+ est ( cos ( t ) ) dt
s s
est sen (t) dt= s12 (es / 2+1) s12 est ( cos ( t ) ) dt
/2
est sen (t) dt s12 est ( sen ( t )) dt= s12 (es +1)
/2
1
es +1
st
)
e
cos
(t)dt=
s 2 /2
s2
(1+
st
cos(t ) dt=(
/2
1
s
2
) (1+
e2
{ f (t) }= 2
s +1
8)
2 t 2 t 10 0 t <1
f ( t ) =
Y 0=
20
( x2 )=2 x2
21
1
)
2
s
f ( t )=2 t2
1
{ f ( t ) }= est ( 2 t2 ) dt
1
u=2 t 2 ; du=2 dt
dv=est ; dv =
( 2t2 )
1 st
e
s
( 1s e ) 1s e
st
st
2dt
2 st 1 st 2
t e e 1 + est dt
s
s
s
2
2
2
1
2 s 2 s
( ) es ( ) es ( ) lim
( 1 ) es (1 ) es( 1)=
e e =0
s
s
s
s
b s
b 1 s
lim
2 st
e 1
s2
2
{f ( t ) }=
s
st
dt=
2 s ( )
2
2 s
e
lim 2 es (1 )= 2 e
2
b s
b 1 s
s
{ f ( t ) }= lim
2
{ f (t) }= 2 es
s
9)
t +1 0 t <1
0t 1
f ( t )=
Y 0=
10
( x 1 )=x+1
01
f ( t )=t+1
1
{ f ( t ) }= est (t+1 ) dt
0
dv=e ; dv =
(t+1 )
1 st
e
s
( 1s e ) 1s e
st
st
dt
1 st 1 st 1 1
st
t e e 0 e dt
s
s
s
1
1
1
1
1
( 1 ) es ( 1) es (1 ) lim
( 0 ) es (0 ) es( 0)=
s
s
s
b1 s
b0 s
lim
1 1
{ f ( t ) }= est dt
s
1 1
{ f ( t ) }= + 2 est 10
s s
1
2
1
1 1
1
{ f ( t ) }= + lim 2 es (1)lim 2 es ( 0)= + 2 es 2
s
b 1
s
{ f (t) }= 1 e 1
2
10)
b 0
s s
0 0 t a
cat b
0 t >b
f (t )=
a
st
{ f (t) }= est c dt
a
c
c
{ f (t) }= esb esa
s
e
( saesb )
c
{ f (t ) }=
s
11)
f ( t )=e t +7
{e t +7 }= est e t +7 dt
0
{e }=e est et dt
t +7
e
1
1
( s +1)
( 7) lim
e
0 lim
e 0 (s +1)
b s +1
b 0 s+ 1
t +7
{e }=
7
{e t +7 }= e
s+ 1
2 t5
f ( t )=e
12)
{e2 t5 }= est e2 t5 dt
0
{e
2 t5
}=e est e2 t dt
5
e
1
1
( s2)
(5) lim
e
0 lim
e 0 (s2 )
b s2
b 0 s2
2 t5
{e
}=
5
{e2 t5 }= e
s2
f ( t )=te 4 t
13)
{te }= est t e4 t dt
4t
{te4 t }= t et (s +4) dt
0
u=t ; du=dt
dv=et (s+ 4) ; dv=
1
e t (s+4 )
s +4
1
1
e t (s+4 ) dt
s+ 4 s +4
{te4 t }=
{te4 t }=
lim t
1
1
0
e t (s+ 4) dt
s+ 4
s +4
{te4 t }= 1 e t (s+4 ) dt
s+ 4
{te4 t }= 1 ( 1 e t (s+4 ) dt)
s+ 4 s +4
1
1
e (s +4 ) 0 lim
e0 (s+4 )
2
2
b (s+ 4)
b 0 (s+ 4)
{te4 t }=lim
{te4 t }=
1
2
(s+ 4)
f ( t )=t 2 e2 t
14)
{t e }= est t 2 e2 t dt
2 2 t
{t 2 e2 t }= t2 e t(s +2) dt
0
dv=e
; dv=
{t 2 e2 t }=
{t 2 e2 t }=
e
s+ 4
1
2
t (s+2)
e
dt
s+2
s+ 2
lim t 2
1
1
0
e t (s+2) dt
s+2
s+ 2
{t 2 e2 t }= 1 e t (s+2) dt
s +2
{t 2 e2 t }=( 2 ) 1 ( 1 e t (s+2 ) dt)
s+ 2 s+ 2 s +2
{t 2 e2 t }=lim
2
2
e (s+2 ) 0 lim
e 0 (s+2)
3
3
b 0 (s+ 2)
(s+2)
{t 2 e2 t }=
2
3
(s+ 2)
15 f ( t ) =et sen t
L { e sen t }= e
t
stt
et ( s+1 )
s+1
et (s +1) cos t 1
et (s +1) sen t dt
s+ 1
0 s+1 0
et (s +1) sen t 1
1
L { e sen t }=
+
et (s +1) cos t dt =0+
s +1
0 s+1 0
s+1
t
t (s+1)
t ( s +1)
dt v=
e
s+1
et ( s+ 1) sen t dt
et ( s+1 ) cos t
1
s+1
0 s+1 0
1
L { et sen t }=0+
s+ 1
et (s+ 1) sen t dt
s +1
s +1
s +1
s+1 0
t
L { et sen t }=
1
1
1
L { et sen t }
s +1 s +1 s+ 1
L { et sen t }=
1
1
L { et sen t }
2
2
(s+ 1) ( s+1)
L { e sen t } +
t
1
1
t
L { e sen t } =
2
2
(s +1)
(s +1)
1
1
+1 =
2
2
( s +1 )
(s+1)
L { et sen t } +
1+( s+1)2
1
=
2
( s+ 1)2
( s+1 )
L { e sen t }=
1
1
= 2
2
( s+1) + 1 s +2 s +2
L { e sen t } +
t
16 f ( t )=e cos t
L { e cos t } = e
t
st+ t
L { et cos t } =
t ( s1)
et ( s+1)
s +1
cos t
1
1
1
et ( s1) sen t dt=
et ( s1) sen t dt
s1
0 s1 0
s1 s1 0
t (s+1 )
et (s +1)
dt v=
s+ 1
et ( s1) sen t 1
+
et ( s1) cos t dt
s1
0 s1 0
1
1
L { e t cos t }=
s1 s1
1
1
1
L { e cos t } =
et (s1 ) cos t dt
s1 s1 s1 0
t
L { et cos t } =
L { e cos t } +
]
[
1
1
1
1
1
L { et cos t } =
L { e t cos t }
s1 s1 s1
s1 ( s1)2
1
1
t
L { e cos t } =
2
s1
( s1)
L { e cos t } +
t
1
1
+1 =
2
s1
( s1 )
1+(s1)2
1
t
{
}
L e cos t +
=
2
( s1 )
L { e cos t } =
s1
1
1
=
=1+ ( s1 )=s
2
1
( s1 ) (s1)
(s1)
s
s
= 2
2
(s1) +1 s 2 s+2
17 f ( t )=t cos t
L {t n f (t) }=(1)n
d
F (s )
ds
est
s
est cos t 1 st
1 1
L { cos t } =
e sen t dt = est sen t dt
s
0 s 0
s s 0
u=sen t du=cos t dv=est dt v=
est
s
est sen t 1
+ est cos t dt
s
0 s 0
1 1
L {cos t } =
s s
1 1 1
L { cos t } =
est cos t dt
s s s 0
] [
1 1 1
1 1
L { cos t } =
L { cos t } = 2 L { cos t }
s s s
s s
L { cos t } +
1
1
L { cos t }=
2
s
s
L { cos t } +
( s1 +1)= 1s
L { cos t } +
( )
1+ s
1
=
2
s
s
1 2
s
s
s
L { cos t } = 2 = 2
s + 1 s +1
L {t cos t }=(1)1
] [
( )
18 f ( t ) =t sen t
L {t n f (t) }=(1)n
] [ ]
s 2+1s ( 2 s )
d
s
s 2+12 s2
s2 +1
s2 +1
=1
=1
1
=
2
2
2
2
ds s 2 +1
( s2 +1 )
( s 2+1 )
( s2 +1 ) ( s 2 +1 )
d
F (s )
ds
est
s
est sen t 1
1
L { sen t }=
+ est cos t dt= est sen t dt
s
0 s 0
s 0
u=cos t du=sen t dv=est dt v=
est cos t 1
est sen t dt
s
0 s 0
1
L { sen t }=
s
[ [
1 1 1
L { sen t }=
est sen t dt
s s s 0
]]
est
dv
s
1
1
L { sen t }= 2 2 L { sen t }
s
s
L { sen t }+
L { sen t }+
L { sen t }+
1
1
L { sen t }= 2
2
s
s
1
1
+1 = 2
2
s
s
( )
1+s 2
1
= 2
2
s
s
( )
1 2
s
s2
1
L { cos t } = 2
= 2
s + 1 s +1
] [ ] [ ]
0 ( s 2+1 ) 2 s
d
1
2 s
2 s
2s
L {t cos t }=(1)
=1
=1 2 2 1 2 2 = 2 2
2
2
2
ds s +1
( s +1 )
( s +1 )
( s +1 ) ( s + 1 )
1
( )
, es decir,
, es decir,
, es decir,
, escrita
1.L1
2.L
3.L1
{ cs }=c
{ }
n!
n
=t
n+1
s
{ }
s
=cos kt
s + k2
2
4.L
{ }
5.L1
s
=cos h kt
2
s k
k
=sen h kt
2
s k
6.L
k
=sen kt
2
s +k
2
}
}
Ejemplos:
L1
{ }
1
=e7 t
s 7
2
1 48
1
1 1
1 48
1
1 48
1 4 !
4
4
5 =L
L
=L
L
=L { t } 2 L
=L { t }L {2 t } =L {t 2 t }
2
2
5
1 +1
4 +1
4 +1
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
L1
2
2
(s +2)2
4s
4
1 s + 4 s+ 4
1 s
=L
=L
+ L1 3 + L1 3 =L { 1+ 4 t +2 t 2 }
3
3
3
s
s
s
s
s
L1
{ } { } { }
} {} { } { } { }
} {
{ }
} {} { } {}
{ }
{ } {
2 s+5
2s
5
s
5 1 3
5
1
1
1
=L
+
L
=2
L
+
L
=L 2 sen 3 t+ cos 3 t
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
s +9
s +9
s +9
s +3
s +3
FRACCIONES PARCIALES
Muchas transformadas inversas se pueden obtener directamente de las
tablas basadas en trasformadas de Laplace estndar y en sus propiedades. Sin
embargo al resolver ecuaciones diferenciales con frecuencia se necesitara la
trasformada inversa de F(s) en donde es una funcin racional.
Una funcin racional es un cociente de dos polinomios.
F(s) es un cociente de dos polinomios en s.
En este caso se pueden usar fracciones parciales para expresar F(s)
como la suma de trminos ms sencillos cuando el discriminante para distinguir
entre las races reales (b^2 -4ac > 0), las races complejas (b^2 -4ac < 0) y
races reales repetidas (b^2 -4ac = 0).
Ejemplos:
F ( s )=
2 s+1
2
s 3 s +2 s
F ( s )=
2 s+1
2 s+1
=
2
s 3 s +2 s s (s2)( s1)
A ( S2 ) ( S +1 )+ B ( S ) ( S1 ) +C (S )(S2)
2 s+1
A
B
C
= +
+
=
s (s2)(s1) S S2 S1
s( s2)(s1)
A ( S2 ) ( S +1 ) +B ( S ) ( S1 ) +C ( S )( S2 )=2 S +1
S=0 A ( 02 ) ( 0+1 ) +B ( 0 )( 01 ) +C ( 0 ) ( 02 )=2 ( 0 ) +1 A=
1
2
L1 { F (s ) }=L1
5
2
1
5
2
2
3
1 1 1 5 1 1
1
1 5
+
= L
+ L
3 L1
= + e 2 t3 e t
S S2 S1 2
S 2
S2
S1 2 2
{}
{ }
{ }
F ( s )=
1
s + s20
F ( s )=
1
1
=
s + s20 (s +5)(s4)
A ( S4 )+ B ( S+5 )
1
A
B
=
+
=
(s +5)(s4) S+ 5 S4
( s+5)(s4 )
A ( S4 ) + B ( S +5 )=1
S=4 A ( 44 ) + B ( 4 +5 )=1 B=
1
9
L1 { F (s ) }=L1
1
9
1
1
9
9
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 5 t 1 4 t
+
= L
+ L
=
e + e
S+ 5 S4
9
S+ 5 9
S4
9
9
F ( s )=
1
( s2 )( s3 ) (s6)
F ( s )=
1
( s2 ) (s3)(s6)
{ }
{ }
A ( S3 ) ( S6 )+ B ( S2 )( S6 ) +C (S3)( S2)
2 s+1
A
B
C
=
+
+
=
( s2 ) (s3)( s6) S2 S3 S6
( s2 ) (s3)(s6)
A ( S3 ) ( S6 ) +B ( S2 )( S6 ) +C ( S3 ) ( S2 ) =1
S=2 A ( 23 )( 26 ) +B ( 22 )( 26 ) +C ( 23 ) (22 )=1 A=
1
2
S=6 A ( 63 ) ( 66 ) + B ( 62 ) ( 66 ) +C ( 63 ) ( 62 )=1C=
L1 { F (s ) }=L1
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
1 1 1
1
1 1
1
1
+
= L
L1
+
= e2 t e3 t + e6 t
S2 S3 S6 2
S2
S3 2 S6 2
2
{ } { } { }
1.
1
{}
1
3
s
2.
L1
L1(
{ }
1
2 +1
{ }
1 1 1
1 2
L
= t
2+1
2!
2
s
1
1
n!
3!
)= 3 3 +1 3+1
4
s
s
s
s
{}
1 1 3!
1
1
1
=
L1 4 = t 3 = t 3
4
n+1
3!
6
s 3! s
s
( )
3.
L1
{(
2 1
s s3
{ }
4 3 1 5!
1 5
4
1 5
t +
=
t =4 t 3 +
t
6
5 ! s 5+1 120
6
120
+1
3+ 1
4.
{ } {
L1
3
2
2
3
( s+1 )
s3 +3 s2 +3 s +1
1
3
3
1
1 s +3 ( s ) +3 s ( 1 ) +1
=L
=
=L1
+ L1 2 + L1 3 + L1 4 =L
4
4
4
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
{} {} { } { }
5.
L1
{ } {
2
( s+2 )2
1 2 4
2
1!
4
2!
1
1 s +2 s +4
=L
=L1 + 2 + 3 =1+ L1 1 +1 =2 t+ L1 2+1 = t 2=
3
3
s s s
1!
2!
2
s
s
s
s
1+ 2t+
} {
{ }
{ }
{ }
{ }
1 2
t
2
6.
L1
7.
8.
9.
10.
} { } {} { }
1 1
1
1
1
1
1
1!
1
+
=L1 2 L1
+ L1
= L1 1+1 =t1+ L1
=e 2 t=t1+ e2 t
2
s
s2 1 !
s (2 )
s s s2
s
s
L1
L1
{} { }
L1
L1
{}
{ }{ }
{ }
6
1
4
6
4
6
1
1
6
L1
=L1
=4+ L1 4+1 = t 4 L1
=
=e8 t =4+ t 4e
2
s+
8
s
4
!
24
s+8
24
s
(
8
)
s
s
1
1
= L1
4 s+1 4
{ } { }
1
1
= L1
5 s2 5
{ } { }
2
t
5
{ }
1
1
1
= L1
= e4
1
4
1
4
4 s+
s+
4
4
1
1
1
= L1
= e
2
5
2 5
5 s
s
5
5
5
5 1 7
5
= L
= sen 7 t
2
2
7
7
s + 49
s +7
2
L1
11.
12.
{ }
10
s
=10 L1 2 2 =10 cos 4 s
s +16
s +4
2
{ } {
4s
s
s
1
1
=L
=L
2
2 1
4 s +1
1
2
s+
s+
4
2
(( ) )
1
=cos t
2
13.
L1
{ }
{ ( )} { ( )}
1
2
1
1
1
1
= L1
= L1
2
4
1
4
4 s +1
1
s2 +
s2+
4
2
14.
1
1
= (2 ) L1
4
} { } { }
1
2
s 2+
1
2
2
1
= sen t
4
2
{ }
2 s6
2s
6
s
1
1
1
=L
L
=2 L
2
2
2
2
2
s +9
s +9
s +9
s +9
{ }
3
=2 cos 3 t 2 sen 3 t
2
s +3
2
15.
L1
{ } { } { } {
s +1
s
1
s
1 1
1
1
=L1 2
+ L1 2
= L1 2
=cos 2+
L
= sen 2t L1
2
2
2
2
s +2
s +2
s +2
2
2
s +( 2 )
s +( 2 )
s1
2
s + s2
F ( s )=
s1
s1
=
2
s + s2 (s1)(s +2)
A ( S1 ) + B ( S+ 2 )
s1
A
B
=
+
=
(s +2)(s1) S+2 S1
( s1)( s+2)
A ( S1 ) + B ( S+ 2 )=s1
S=1 entonces A ( 11 ) + B (1+2 )=11
por lo tanto B=
2
3
L1 { F (s ) }=L1
2 F ( s )=
F ( s )=
1
1
3
3
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 2 t 1 t
= L
L
=
e e
S+ 2 S1
3
S+ 2 3
S1
3
3
{ }
2 s13
s + 8 s+ 15
2
2 s13
2 s13
=
s +8 s+15 ( s+3)(s+5)
2
A ( S+ 5 ) +B ( S+3 )
2 s13
A
B
=
+
=
(s +3)(s +5) S+3 S +5
(s +3)(s +5)
A ( S +5 ) +B ( S+3 )=2 s13
S=3 A (3+ 5 ) +B (3+3 ) =2(3)13
A=
1
3
19
2
{ }
B=
23
2
L1 { F (s ) }=L1
19 23
2
2
19 1 1
23 1 1
19 3 t 23 5 t
+
= L
+ L
=
e + e
S +3 S +5
2
S +3
2
S +5
2
2
{ }
{ }
3 F ( s )=
F ( s )=
S1
s +6 s +5
2
S1
s1
=
s +6 s+5 (s+1)( s+5)
2
A ( S+1 ) + B ( S+ 5 )
s1
A
B
=
+
=
S+5
S+
1
(s +1)(s +5)
( s+1)(s+5)
A ( S +1 )+ B ( S+5 ) =s1
S=5 A (5+ 1 )+ B (5+5 )=(5)1
A=
3
2
1
2
L1 { F (s ) }=L1
4 F ( s )=
F ( s )=
3
1
1
1
2
2
3
1
1
1
1
1
= L
L
= e5 t et
S+ 5 S+ 1 2
S+ 5 2
S +1 2
2
{ }
1
s + s6
2
1
1
=
s + s6 (s+3)(s2)
2
A ( S2 )+ B ( S+3 )
1
A
B
=
+
=
(s +3)(s2) S +3 S2
( s+ 3)( s2)
A ( S2 ) + B ( S +3 )=1
{ }
4
5
L { F (s ) }=L
5 F ( s )=
F ( s )=
4
5
4
4
1
1
5
5
4
1
4
1
4 3 t 4 2 t
+
= L
+ L
=
e + e
S+ 3 S2
5
S+3 5
S2
5
5
{ }
{ }
3
s S
2
3
3
=
s s s(s1)
2
A ( S1 ) + B ( S )
3
A
B
= +
=
S
S1
s (s1)
s(s1)
A ( S1 ) + B ( S )=3
S=0 entonces A ( 01 ) +B ( 0 )=3 por lo tanto A=3
S=1 entonces A ( 11 ) + B (1 )=3 por lo tanto B=3
L1 { F ( s ) }=L1
6 F ( s )=
F ( s )=
1
{3S + S13 }=3 L { 1S }+3 L { S1
}=3+3 e
7 s3
s 25
7s
3
2
2
2
s +( 5) s +( 5)
2
L1 { F (s ) }=L1
7s
3
s
3
2
=7 L1 2
L
2
2
2
2
5
s +( 5) s +( 5)
s +( 5)
f ( t )=7 cos 5 t
3
sen 5 t
5
5
2
s +( 5)
2
L { f ( t ) }= estf ( t ) dt=F ( s)
0
L {e f ( t ) }=F ( sa )
at
L {e f ( t ) }=L { f ( t ) } s (sa)
at
L {e f ( t ) }= e e f ( t ) dt= e
at
st
at
2t
L { e t }=L { t } s ( s2 )=
2 t
L {e
f ( t ) dt= et (sa )f ( t ) dt
(st +at)
3! 3!
3!
= 4=
3+1
4
s
s ( s2)
4
4
=
2
s +16 ( s+2) + 16
2
st
L { f ' (x ) }=f (t ) e
st
dy
+3 y=13 sen 2t y ( 0 )=6
dt
26
s +4
( )
6 + ( s +3 ) L { y } =
( s 26+4 )+6
( s +3 ) L { y } =
s
( 2+4 )(s +3)
26
L { y }=
s
( 2+4 )(s +3)
26
L1 {L { y } }=L1 {
6 s +50
}
2
( s + 4 ) ( s +3 )
2+ 4
6 s2 +50
As+ B
=
2
( s + 4 ) ( s+3 )
104
=8 A=68=2 B=18+3 ( 8 )=6
13
L1 { L { y } }=L1
y (t )=2 L1
} { } { } {
} {
} { }
s
2
1
+3 L1 2 2 + 8 L1
2
s+3
(s + 2 )
( s +2 )
2
} { }
2 s+6
8
2 s
6
8
+ L1
=L1 2
+ L1 2
+ L1
2
s+3
s +3
(s + 4 )
( s +4 )
( s +4 )
0 0 t<2
f (t) 3 2 t <5
t5t
0+ ( 30 ) (t2 )+ (t3 ) ( t5)
f ( t )=3 ( t2 )+ ( t3 ) (t5)
2.-
10 t<1
11
t<2
f (t)
12 t<3
1 3 t
sin t 0 t <
f (t) 0 t <2
sin t 2 t < 3
03 t
t
t0
sin
t
0sin ( t ) +
t+
sin
t
t
sin
t
sin ( t ) +
t
f (t )=sin
{ }
t , 0 t<1
t +2,1 t<2
f ( t )= t2, 2 t< 3
t +4, 3 t< 4
0, 4 t
m=
y 2 y 1
x 2x 1
(0, )
en terminos de una
m=
01
=1
21
y1=1 ( x1 ) y=x +2
(t+ 4( t2 ) u ( t3 ) ]+
( t2(t+2 ) u ( t2 ) ]+
t+ [ (t +2t ) u ( t1 ) ] +
f ( t )=[2t +2 u (t1 ) ]+ [ 4 u ( t2 ) ]+ [2 t+6 u ( t3 ) ] +[t4 u ( t1 ) ]
Ejercicio 5.
{ }
1,0 t <1
f ( t )= 0,1 t <2
1,2 t <3
0, 3 t
1+ ( 01 ) u ( t1 ) + ( 10 ) u ( t2 ) + ( 01 ) u(t3)
f ( t )=1+ [ (1 ) u ( t1 ) ] + [ u ( t2 ) ]+[ (1 ) u ( t3 ) ]
Ejercicio 6.
t , 0 t <1
t
1,1
t <2
f ( t )=
t 2,2 t <3
0,3 t
m=
y 2 y 1
x 2x 1
m=
10
=1
10
y y 1=m ( xx 1 ) y =1 ( x ) ; f ( t ) =t
( 0t2 ) u (t3 ) }
t+ [( t1t ) u ( t1 ) ]+ [ ( t2 )( t1 ) u ( t2 ) ]
t+ [(1 ) u ( t1 ) ]+ [ u ( t+2 ) ] +[ (t+ 2 ) u ( t3 ) ]
Ejercicio 7.
{ }
0, 0 t <1
t+1, 1 t< 2
f ( t )= 1,2 t<3
t4,3 t < 4
0, 4 t
Ejercicio 8.
{ }
0, 0 t <1
t ,1 t<3
f ( t )= t ,3 t<5
0,5 t< 6
1, 6 t
0+ [ ( t0 ) u ( t1 ) ] + [ ( tt ) u ( t3 ) ] +[ ( 0t ) u ( t5 ) ]
f ( t )=[ tu ( t1 ) ]+[(t ) u ( t5 ) ]
Ejercicio 9.
{ }
t , 0 t <1
t
,1 t<3
f ( t )=
t , 3 t < 5
0,5 t
0+ [ (t0 ) u ( t1 ) ]+ [( tt ) u ( t3 ) ]+[ ( 0t ) u ( t5 ) ]
f ( t )=[ (t ) u ( t 1 ) ]+[ (t ) u (t5 ) ]
Ejercicio 10.
g ( t )=25
a=1
g ( t )=6
y (t )=25 H ( t1 ) +6 h (t 3)
y ( s) de
y (t)
a=3
es ( 2 {1 } +5 { 1 } ) +e3 s (6 { 1 } )
es
( 2s + 5s )+e ( 6s )
1
y (s)= (e s +e3 s 6 )
s
3 s
a=2
22.-
y()s=e-3s/s3: a=3
L{y(s)}=H(t-3) L -1{1/s3}t->t-3
L{y(s)}=H(t-3) ! t 2
t->t-3
L{y(s)}=H(t-3)
23.y(s)=e-2s 1/s2+s + e-3s 1/s2+5
(t-3)2
24.-
s/s2+9
25.-
y(s)= e-3s/s2+2s+2
31.- y+y=g(t);
G(t) ={0
1
0
y(0)=y(0)=0
0 t <2
2 t< 5
5t
0[u(t-0)-u(t-2)]+1[u(t-2)-u(t-5)]+0[u(t-5)]
U(t-2)-u(t-5)=g(t)
-y(0)-Sy(0)+S^2 L {y} =u(t-2)-u(t-5)
S^2 L {y} = u(t-2) u(t-5)
L {y} = u(t-2) u(t-5) + 1/S^2
L -1 L {y} = L -1 L { u(t-2) u(t-5) + 1/S^2}
Y= u(t-2) u(t-5) t
32.- y+y=g(t);
G(t) ={0
1
2
y(0)=y(0)=0
0 t <2
2 t< 3
3t
0[u(t-0)-u(t-1)]+1[u(t-1)-u(t-3)]+2[u(t-3)]
u(t-1)-u(t-3)]+2[u(t-3) =g(t)
y(0)=1
G(t) =
G(t) ={t 0 t <1
t+2 1 t< 2
0 2t
0[u(t-0)-u(t-1)]+t+2[u(t-1)-u(t-2)]+0[u(t-2)]
t+2[u(t-1)-u(t-2)]= g(t)
-y(0)-Sy(0)+S^2 L {y} = t+2[u(t-1)-u(t-2)]
S^2 L {y} = t+2[u(t-1)-u(t-2)]
L -1 L {y} = L -1 L { t+2[u(t-1)-u(t-2)]} + L -1{1/ S^2}
Y= t+2[u(t-1)-u(t-2)] t
35.- y+ 2y +10y=g(t);
G(t) ={1
1
y(0)=1, y(0)=0
0 t <3
3t
1[u(t-0)-u(t-3)] + 0[u(t-3)]
u(t-0)-u(t-3) = g(t)
-y(0)-Sy(0)+S^2 L {y} = u(t-0)-u(t-3)
S^2 L {y} = u(t-0)-u(t-3)
L -1 L {y} = L -1 L {u(t-0)-u(t-3)}
36.- y+ 5y + 6y=g(t);
y(0)=y(0)=0
0t<1
1 t< 2
2 t< 3
3 t
G(t)= 1-u8t-1)+u(t-2)-u(t-3)
-y(0)-Sy(0)+S^2 L {y} = 1-u8t-1)+u(t-2)-u(t-3)
S^2 L {y} = 1-u8t-1)+u(t-2)-u(t-3)
L {y} = 1-u8t-1)+u(t-2)-u(t-3) + 1/S^2
L -1 L {y} = L -1 L { 1-u8t-1)+u(t-2)-u(t-3) + 1/S^2}
Y= 1-u8t-1)+u(t-2)-u(t-3)t
38.- y+ 2y + y=g(t);
G(t) ={t^2
1
y(0)=1, y(0)=1
0 t <1
1 t
G(t) = u(t-1)
-y(0)-Sy(0)+S^2 L {y} = u(t-1)
S^2 L {y} = u(t-1)
40.- y''-9y=g(t)
42.- y'+5y=g(t)
y'+5y= e3tu(t-4)
y(0)=0 g(t)= {
L { y'+5y }= L {e3tu(t-4)}
5y(s) +5y(s)= e-4t L {e3t+12} - e3t/s-3 e-4t
y(s)= 1/ (s-s)(5-5) e-l2' e-4t = e-l2' e-4t/s-3
y(s)= 1 / (s-s)(5-5) e-l2' e-4t 1 / (s-3)(s+5) = A3+5A-3B / (s-3)(s+5)
y(s)= e-l2/8 / s-3 - e-l2/8 / s+5 e-4t
y(t)= [e-l2/8 e3(t-4) - e-l2/8 e-5(t-4) u(t-4)]
y'+4y=cost-costu(t- /2)
L{y'+4y}= L{cost}-1{cost u (t- /2)}
y(s)-4y(s)=s/s2+1 - e -/2 L{cos(t- /2)}
y(s)=(s-4)=s/s2+1- e -s/2 L{-sent}=s/s2+1 e -s/2
y(s)= s/(ss+1)(s-4) - 1/(ss+1)(s-4) e -s/2
y(s)= (-4/17s)/ ss+1 + (1/17)/ ss+1 + (4/17s)/ ss+4-[-(1/17s) ss+1e
ss+1e -s/2+ (1/17s)/s-4+1e -s/2]
-s/2
- (4/17s)
y'+2y=sent u (t-3)
L{y'+2y}= L{sentu(t-3)}
y(s)= y'+2y= L{sentu(t-3)}
y(s)+2y(s)= e -3t L{sent(t-3)}= e -3t L{sent+sen3}
y(s)(s+2)= 1/s2+2 e -3t+sen3/s e -3t
y(s)=1/(s2+1)(s+2) e -3t+ sen3/(s+2) e -3t
1/(s2+1)(s+2) = (As+B/s2+1) +(c/s+2)=As2+2As+Bs+2B+Cs2
y(s)=1/cost u (t-3) +2/s sent u (t-3) +1/s e -2t(t-3) +sen3/su(t-3)-sen3/2(t-3)
y(t)=(1/5vos(t-3) +2/sen(t-3) +1/s e -2(t-3))y(t-3)
46.- y'+4y=g(t) y(0)=0 g(t)= {
y'+4y=sent-sent u (t-5)
L{y'+4y}= L{sent}-e -3t L{sen(t+5)}
sy(s)+4y(s)=1/s2+1-e -st L{sent+sen5}=(1/1+s2)(1/1+s2est)
y(s)=1/(1/s2)(s+4) 1/(s+1)(s+4) e st sen5/s(s+4) e st
y(t)=-1/17cost+4/17sent + 1/17 e 4t+1/17costu(t-5)- 4/17e4t u (t-5)
y(t)=-1/17cost+4/17sent+1/17costu(t-5)-4/17e4t-4/17e4tu(t-5)
y(t)=- 1/17cost+4/17sent+1/17e4t+[1/17cost(t-5)-4/17sentu(t-5)] u(t-5)
y''+9y=sent-sentu(t-4)
L{y''+9y}= L{sent3-e4t } L{sent+sen4}
S2y(s)+1+9y(s)= 1/s2+1 1/s2+1e4t-sen4/s e4t
Conclusin