Solutions

Solution Vocabulary

The solvent does the dissolving: whatever you

have more of.
The solute is dissolved; its the thing you have
less of.
Memory trick: solvent has more letters than
solute, so its the thing you have more of.

Why do some things

dissolve in water? Why
dont they just sit there
and get wet?

Why does anything even dissolve? Why

doesnt it just sit there?
Solubility guideline:
Like dissolves like.
Polar solvents (like water) dissolve polar
things.
Non-polar solvents (like oil) dissolve nonpolar things.

Polar? Non-polar?
Something is polar if it has two
opposite ends.
The earth is polar because it
has a north pole and a south
pole.
A person is bi-polar if they
have two opposite moods.

Polar? Non-polar?
In

chemistry, a molecule is polar

if it has one end with a + charge
and one end with a charge.

Polar? Non-polar?
What determines whether a
molecule is polar?
Remember electronegativity?
Electronegativity is the ability
of an atom to attract shared
electrons towards itself.

When atoms share electrons in a

covalent bond, they have a tug of
war over the electrons.

If the two atoms have different electronegativities,

they wont share the electrons evenly. One atom will
pull harder on the electrons than the other atom.

Oxygen has a higher electronegativity than hydrogen,

so oxygen wins the electron tug-of-war. The electrons
spend more time on the oxygen end of the molecule.

Be sure to know that water is a polar

molecule because the oxygen atom
does not share the electrons equally
with the hydrogen atoms.
Therefore, a water molecule has a
partially negative end and a partially
positive end.

Its the polarity of water that

makes it such a good solvent:

Lets see how it works:

http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/essentialchemistry/flash/molvie1.swf

How could we make that salt

crystal dissolve faster?
Factors that affect the speed of dissolving:
temperature (the water molecules will move
faster at higher temperatures)
stirring or agitation (brings fresh water
molecules into contact with the salt)
surface area (grinding up the solute into smaller
pieces increases the area of contact between
the salt and water)

Solubility

Solubility: the amount of a solute

that will dissolve in a given solvent

What factors affect solubility?

Temperature Effects
Higher temperature usually
increases the solubility of a solid in a
liquid. But not always!
We must read the effect of
temperature from a graph of
experimental data.
The graphs are called solubility
curves.

Solubility Curves

Use the graph in your notes to answer the questions follow.

Saturated Solutions
You read from the solubility curve that 36.0 g NaCl
will dissolve in 100 mL of water. 36.0 grams is the
most you can dissolve. If you dissolve 36 grams,
you will have a saturated solution.

Saturated Solutions

Supersaturated solutions can be made by heating

the solvent, dissolving a lot of solute, and letting
it cool off.