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M.E., C&I-2 sem
nd
2014-2015
6. What are the modes of operation of the square wave BLDC motor?
There are two modes of operation: 120 degree mode and 180 degree mode. The mode
corresponds to the conduction period of the switches in the voltage source inverter. Each switch
conducts for the period 120 or 180 degree as per the mode. Commutation from one conducting
device to another takes place at every 60 degree intervals.
7. Why the shape of the emf waveform of a BLDC is trapezoidal?
The ideal shape of the emf waveform is rectangular. The effect of slotting and
fringing causes its corner to be rounded and hence the shape is trapezoidal with flat top
portion with 120 degree.
Prepared by Dr.S.Visalakshi
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
M.E., C&I-2 sem
nd
2014-2015
8. Give the emf and torque equations of the square wave BLDC
motor.
The emf equation is given by E = k and the torque equation is given by T = kI. where
k is the armature constant depending on the number of turns in series per phase in the
armature winding, is rotor speed in rad / sec and is the flux ( mainly contributed by the
Permanent Magnet on the rotor). I is the load current.
9. Compare 120 degree and 180 degree operation of BLDC motor.
The 180 degree magnetic arc motor uses 120 degree mode of inverter operation. The motor
with 120 degree magnetic arc uses 180 degree mode of inverter
operation.
In 180 degree mode of inverter has 1.5 times copper losses but produce same torque with
only 2/3 of magnetic material. Motor operation is less efficient.
10. What are the types of sensors used with PMBLDC motors?
Hall effect sensors are most commonly used for speed, position sensing with PMBLDC
motors. Optical Disc based sensors are also used. Presently rotor position sensors are avoided by
using alternative methods called as Sensor less control methods, which uses terminal emf
measurement, third harmonic voltage measurement, flux estimation and neuro fuzzy techniques etc.
11. Why MOSFET or IGBTs are used in inverters for PMBLDC motors?
These devices operate at very high switching frequencies for PWM method of operation. The
duty cycle of the PWM decides the average voltage applied to the motor and hence the speed is
adjusted. These devices are easy to commutate by using microprocessor or microcontroller based
software. (Base drive)
12. Write the dynamic equations of the PMBLDC motor.
The dynamic model equations of PMBLDC motor is given by di /dt =( v R i e () ) / L
a
an
a
a
dib/dt =( vbn R ib eb () ) / L , dic/dt =( vcn R ic ec() ) / L , d/dt = [ T e Tl B ] / J , d/dt = P
/ 2 where the Torque developed is given by , T = (e ()i +e ()i + e () i ) / , T = Load torque
e
a
a
a
b
a
c
L
applied, B is the coefficient of friction and J is the moment of inertia.
13. What are the relative merits and demerits of brush less DC motor drives?
Merits: Commutator less motor , Specified electrical loading is better, Heat can be easily dissipated,
No sparking takes place due to brush, Source of EMI is avoided
Demerits: Above 10 kW, the cost of magnet is increase, Due to centrifugal force the magnet may
come out.
14. How the direction of rotation is reversed in case of PMBLDC motor
The direction of rotation can be reversed by reversing the logic sequences in PMBLDC motor
15.What are the various kinds of permanent magnets?
There are basically three different types of permanent magnets which are used in small DC motors
Alnico magnets, Ferrite or ceramic magnet, and Rare - earth magnet (samarium cobalt magnet )
16.Write the difference between square wave PMBL and sine wave PMBL motor.
Square wave PMBL
It has rectangular distribution of
magnetic flux in the air gap.
It has rectangular current
waveforms.
It has concentrated stator
winding
Prepared by Dr.S.Visalakshi
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
M.E., C&I-2 sem
nd
2014-2015
17. Write the expression of torque equation of a sine wave PMBL motor.
For
an
ideal
case
3
2 2
I Bm r1 l N s sin Nm
and
for
the
practical
case
3p
E ph I sin Nm
Where Bm = Maximum flux density in the air gap Wb / m2, l = axial length of the magnetic path, m
Ns = stator poles, = torque angle , p = Number of pole pairs
18. Write the expression for induced emf / phase of the sine wave PMBL motor.
For
an
ideal
case
1
E ph
Bm r1 l N s and
2p 2
for
the
practical
case
Prepared by Dr.S.Visalakshi
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
M.E., C&I-2 sem
nd
2014-2015
Prepared by Dr.S.Visalakshi
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
M.E., C&I-2 sem
nd
2014-2015
20. Write down the expressions for the self and synchronous reactance of PMSM?
Xs = (3 0 Ns2 l r1 ) / 8 p2 g2
PART B
1. Derive the EMF and torque equation of BLPM Sine wave motor.
2. Explain the microprocessor based control of permanent magnet synchronous motors with a
neat block diagram.
3. Explain in detail the vector control of permanent magnet synchronous motor.
4. With neat sketch, discuss the torque speed characteristics of PMSM.
5. What are the differences in the constructional features of PMBLDC and PMSM?
6. Draw and explain the phasor diagram of permanent magnet synchronous motor.
7. With a neat diagram, explain the operation of power of controller for perma nent magnet
synchronous motor.
8. Explain circle diagram of permanent magnet synchronous motor.
9. Discuss the different rotor configurations of PM synchronous machines.
10.Write a detailed technical note on the following (i) vector control of PMSM (ii)
microprocessor based control
Valliammai Engineering College
Prepared by Dr.S.Visalakshi
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
M.E., C&I-2 sem
nd
2014-2015
Co-energy is defined as w1 di
Prepared by Dr.S.Visalakshi
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
M.E., C&I-2 sem
nd
2014-2015
11. Why rotor position sensor is essential for the operation of Switched Reluctance motor?
It is normally necessary to use a rotor position sensor for communication and speed
feedback. The turning ON and OFF operation of the various devices of power semiconductor
switching circuit are influenced by signals obtained from rotor position sensor.
12. What are the two types of current control techniques?
Hysteresis type control, PWM type control
13. What is meant by energy ratio?
Energy ratio = (Wm / Wm + R) 0.45 Wm = Mechanical energy transformed
This energy ratio cannot be called as efficiency. As the stored energy R is not wasted as a loss but it is
feedback to the source through feedback diodes.
14. What is phase winding of SRM?
Stator poles carrying field coils. The field coils of opposite poles are connected in series such
that mmfs are additive and they are called Phase winding of Switched Reluctance motor.
15. What is Hysteresis current control?
This type of current controller maintains a more or less constant throughout the conduction
period in each phase. This controller is called hysteresis type controller.
16. Define: Chopping mode of operation of Switched Reluctance motor?
In this mode, also called low speed mode, each phase winding gets excited for a period
which is sufficiently long.
17. Define: Single pulse mode of operation of Switched Reluctance motor?
In this mode, also called high speed mode, the current rise is within limits during the small time
interval of each phase excitation.
18. What are the merits of classic converter or power controller in SRM?
Control of each phase is completely independent of the other phases; the energy from the off going
phase is feedback to the source, which results in useful utilization of the energy.
19. What are the different power converters used for the control of switched reluctance motor?
Classic converter, (n+1) power semiconductor switch, phase windings using bifilar wires, split
power supply converter, dump c converter.
20. Why SR machines popular in adjustable speed drives?
Rotor is simple and it tends to have a low inertia, The stator is simple to wind, In most
applications the bulk of the losses appear on the stator, which is relatively easy to cool, Due to the
absence of magnet the maximum permissible rotor temperature may be higher than in PM motors,
Under fault conditions the open circuit voltage and short circuit current are zero or varying small,
Extreme by high speeds are possible
PART B
1. Explain the construction and working of Switched Reluctance motor?
2. With a block diagram explain the importance of closed loop control of Switched Reluctance
motor.
3. Describe the Hysteresis type and PWM type current regulator for one phase of Switched
Reluctance motor.
4. (i)Explain in detail about microprocessor based control of Switched Reluctance motor.
(ii) Explain how the effect of saturation improves the efficiency in SRM.
5. Describe the various power controller circuits to Switched Reluctance motor and explain the
operation of any one scheme with suitable circuit diagram.
6. Describe the various operating modes of Switched Reluctance motor.
7. Derive the voltage and torque equation of Switched Reluctance motor.
8. Draw and explain torque speed characteristics of Switched Reluctance motor.
9. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of Switched Reluctance motor.
10. Discuss in detail the frequency of variation of the inductance of each phase winding
of Switched Reluctance Motor.
Valliammai Engineering College
Prepared by Dr.S.Visalakshi
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
M.E., C&I-2 sem
nd
2014-2015
Prepared by Dr.S.Visalakshi
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
M.E., C&I-2 sem
nd
2014-2015
PART B
1. Explain the construction and principle of operation of 1-phase and 2-phase of
Variable Reluctance Stepping Motor.
2. Explain the construction and operation of permanent magnet Stepping motor?
3. Explain the construction and operation of hybrid Stepping motor?
4. Discuss the static and dynamic characteristics of stepper motor with neat sketch?
5. What are the drawbacks of open loop system? What is the need of closed loop control
of stepper motor?
6. Explain in detail the linear and non linear analysis of stepper motor?
7. Explain in detail the drive system of a stepping motor?
8. Explain in detail the multi stack Variable Reluctance Stepping motor?
9. Explain the concept of torque production in variable reluctance stepping motor.
10. Problem on torque and stepping angle of stepper motor.
Prepared by Dr.S.Visalakshi
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
M.E., C&I-2 sem
nd
2014-2015
10
Prepared by Dr.S.Visalakshi
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
M.E., C&I-2 sem
nd
2014-2015
Because of noiseless operation and ability to drive high inertia loads, hysteresis motors are
particularly well suited to drive timing devices, electric clocks, tape-decks, turn tables and other
precision audio equipment.
PART B
1. What is the principle and working of hysteresis motor? Explain.
2. What is the principle and working of AC series motor? Explain
3. Explain the principle of operation and applications of repulsion motor and hysteresis motor.
4.Explain Hysteresis motor with neat sketches the principle of operation and the application.
5. A 100W , 2pole ,50Hz, 230V single phase series motor with salient poles has a total resistance
of 15 leakage resistance of 40, mutule resistance of 80 (in d-axis) and 50 (in q-axis). If
the stray power losses are 20watts, calculate the current , speed and power factor of the motor
at full-load.
6. What is the constructional difference between dc series and 1phase series motor? Why should
a series motor never be operated on no load? List the common application of 1 phase series
motor
7. Mention the problems usually encountered when a dc series motor is operated on ac.
What design modification are to be incorporated for its satisfactory operation on ac? Compare
the speed for dc and ac.
8. Explain commutation in ac series motor and Derive the torque equation of ac series motor.
9. Draw the phasor diagram of a single phase series motor and show that its
performance characteristics can be predicted from a circle diagram. Sketch the typical
performance characteristics against current. What are the special design features when
compared to a series motor?
10. Describe the construction of a synchronous hysteresis motor and show that it develops a
running torque both at synchronous and asynchronous speed of rotor.
11
Prepared by Dr.S.Visalakshi
www.Vidyarthiplus.com